TAPS S. Gjessing
Internet-Draft M. Welzl
Intended status: Informational University of Oslo
Expires: September 14, 2017 March 13, 2017

A Minimal Set of Transport Services for TAPS Systems
draft-gjessing-taps-minset-04

Abstract

This draft recommends a minimal set of IETF Transport Services offered by end systems supporting TAPS, and gives guidance on choosing among the available mechanisms and protocols. It is based on the set of transport features given in the TAPS document draft-ietf-taps-transports-usage-03.

Status of This Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

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This Internet-Draft will expire on September 14, 2017.

Copyright Notice

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction

An application has an intended usage and demands for transport services, and the task of any system that implements TAPS is to offer these services to its applications, i.e. the applications running on top of TAPS, without binding them to a particular transport protocol. Currently, the set of transport services that most applications use is based on TCP and UDP; this limits the ability for the network stack to make use of features of other protocols. For example, if a protocol supports out-of-order message delivery but applications always assume that the network provides an ordered bytestream, then the network stack can never utilize out-of-order message delivery: doing so would break a fundamental assumption of the application.

By exposing the transport services of multiple transport protocols, a TAPS system can make it possible to use these services without having to statically bind an application to a specific transport protocol. The first step towards the design of such a system was taken by [RFC8095], which surveys a large number of transports, and [TAPS2], which identifies the specific transport features that are exposed to applications by the protocols TCP, MPTCP, UDP(-Lite) and SCTP as well as the LEDBAT congestion control mechanism. The present draft is based on these documents and follows the same terminology (also listed below).

The number of transport features of current IETF transports is large, and exposing all of them has a number of disadvantages: generally, the more functionality is exposed, the less freedom a TAPS system has to automate usage of the various functions of its available set of transport protocols. Some functions only exist in one particular protocol, and if an application would use them, this would statically tie the application to this protocol, counteracting the purpose of a TAPS system. Also, if the number of exposed features is exceedingly large, a TAPS system might become very hard to use for an application programmer. Taking [TAPS2] as a basis, this document therefore develops a minimal set of transport features, removing the ones that could be harmful to the purpose of a TAPS system but keeping the ones that must be retained for applications to benefit from useful transport functionality.

Applications use a wide variety of APIs today. The point of this document is to identify transport features that must be reflected in *all* network APIs in order for the underlying functionality to become usable everywhere. For example, it does not help an application that talks to a middleware if only the Berkeley Sockets API is extended to offer "unordered message delivery". Instead, the middleware would have to expose the "unordered message delivery" transport feature to its applications (alternatively, there may be interesting ways for certain types of middleware to try to use some of the transport features that we describe here without exposing them to applications, based on knowledge about the applications -- but this is not the general case). In most situations, in the interest of being as flexible and efficient as possible, the best choice will be for a middleware or library to expose all of the transport features that are recommended as a "minimal set" here. As an example considering only TCP and UDP, a middleware or library that only exposes TCP's reliable bytestream cannot make use of UDP (unless it implements extra functionality on top of UDP) -- doing so could break a fundamental assumption that applications make about the data they send and receive.

This document approaches the construction of a minimal set of transport features in the following way:

  1. Categorization: the superset of transport features from [TAPS2] is presented, and transport features are categorized for later reduction.
  2. Reduction: a shorter list of transport features is derived from the categorization in the first step. This removes all transport features that do not require application-specific knowledge or cannot be implemented with TCP.
  3. Discussion: the resulting list shows a number of peculiarities that are discussed, to provide a basis for constructing the minimal set.
  4. Construction: Based on the reduced set and the discussion of the transport features therein, a minimal set is constructed.

2. Terminology

The following terms are used throughout this document, and in subsequent documents produced by TAPS that describe the composition and decomposition of transport services.

Transport Feature:
a specific end-to-end feature that the transport layer provides to an application. Examples include confidentiality, reliable delivery, ordered delivery, message-versus-stream orientation, etc.
Transport Service:
a set of Transport Features, without an association to any given framing protocol, which provides a complete service to an application.
Transport Protocol:
an implementation that provides one or more different transport services using a specific framing and header format on the wire.
Transport Service Instance:
an arrangement of transport protocols with a selected set of features and configuration parameters that implements a single transport service, e.g., a protocol stack (RTP over UDP).
Application:
an entity that uses the transport layer for end-to-end delivery data across the network (this may also be an upper layer protocol or tunnel encapsulation).
Application-specific knowledge:
knowledge that only applications have.
Endpoint:
an entity that communicates with one or more other endpoints using a transport protocol.
Connection:
shared state of two or more endpoints that persists across messages that are transmitted between these endpoints.
Socket:
the combination of a destination IP address and a destination port number.

3. Step 1: Categorization -- The Superset of Transport Features

Following [TAPS2], we divide the transport features into two main groups as follows:

  1. CONNECTION related transport features
    - ESTABLISHMENT
    - AVAILABILITY
    - MAINTENANCE
    - TERMINATION
  2. DATA Transfer Related transport features
    - Sending Data
    - Receiving Data
    - Errors

Because QoS is out of scope of TAPS, this document assumes a "best effort" service model [RFC5290], [RFC7305]. Applications using a TAPS system can therefore not make any assumptions about e.g. the time it will take to send a message. We also assume that TAPS applications have no specific requirements that need knowledge about the network, e.g. regarding the choice of network interface or the end-to-end path. Even with these assumptions, there are certain requirements that are strictly kept by transport protocols today, and these must also be kept by a TAPS system. Some of these requirements relate to transport features that we call "Functional".

Functional transport features provide functionality that cannot be used without the application knowing about them, or else they violate assumptions that might cause the application to fail. For example, unordered message delivery is a functional transport feature: it cannot be used without the application knowing about it because the application's assumption could be that messages arrive in order. Failure includes any change of the application behavior that is not performance oriented, e.g. security.

"Change DSCP" and "Disable Nagle algorithm" are examples of transport features that we call "Optimizing": if a TAPS system autonomously decides to enable or disable them, an application will not fail, but a TAPS system may be able to communicate more efficiently if the application is in control of this optimizing transport feature. These transport features require application-specific knowledge (e.g., about delay/bandwidth requirements or the length of future data blocks that are to be transmitted).

The transport features of IETF transport protocols that do not require application-specific knowledge and could therefore be transparently utilized by a TAPS system are called "Automatable".

Finally, some transport features are aggregated and/or slightly changed in the TAPS API. These transport features are marked as "ADDED". The corresponding transport features are automatable, and they are listed immediately below the "ADDED" transport feature.

In this description, transport services are presented following the nomenclature "CATEGORY.[SUBCATEGORY].SERVICENAME.PROTOCOL", equivalent to "pass 2" in [TAPS2]. The PROTOCOL name "UDP(-Lite)" is used when transport features are equivalent for UDP and UDP-Lite; the PROTOCOL name "TCP" refers to both TCP and MPTCP. We also sketch how some of the TAPS transport services can be implemented. For all transport features that are categorized as "functional" or "optimizing", and for which no matching TCP primitive exists in "pass 2" of [TAPS2], a brief discussion on how to fall back to TCP is included.

We designate some transport features as "automatable" on the basis of a broader decision that affects multiple transport features:

3.1. CONNECTION Related Transport Features

ESTABLISHMENT:

AVAILABILITY:

MAINTENANCE:

TERMINATION:

3.2. DATA Transfer Related Transport Features

3.2.1. Sending Data

3.2.2. Receiving Data

3.2.3. Errors

This section describes sending failures that are associated with a specific call to in the "Sending Data" category (Section 3.2.1).

4. Step 2: Reduction -- The Reduced Set of Transport Features

By hiding automatable transport features from the application, a TAPS system can gain opportunities to automate the usage of network-related functionality. This can facilitate using the TAPS system for the application programmer and it allows for optimizations that may not be possible for an application. For instance, system-wide configurations regarding the usage of multiple interfaces can better be exploited if the choice of the interface is not entirely up to the application. Therefore, since they are not strictly necessary to expose in a TAPS system, we do not include automatable transport features in the reduced set of transport features. This leaves us with only the transport features that are either optimizing or functional.

A TAPS system should be able to fall back to TCP or UDP if alternative transport protocols are found not to work. Here we only consider falling back to TCP. For some transport features, it was identified that no fall-back to TCP is possible. This eliminates the possibility to use TCP whenever an application makes use of one of these transport features. Thus, we only keep the functional and optimizing transport features for which a fall-back to TCP is possible in our reduced set. "Reset Association" and "Notification of Association Reset" are only functional because of their relationship to "Obtain a message delivery number", which is functional. Because "Obtain a message delivery number" does not have a fall-back to TCP, none of these three transport features are included in the reduced set.

4.1. CONNECTION Related Transport Features

ESTABLISHMENT:

AVAILABILITY:

MAINTENANCE:

TERMINATION:

4.2. DATA Transfer Related Transport Features

4.2.1. Sending Data

4.2.2. Receiving Data

4.2.3. Errors

This section describes sending failures that are associated with a specific call to in the "Sending Data" category (Section 3.2.1).

5. Step 3: Discussion

The reduced set in the previous section exhibits a number of peculiarities, which we will discuss in the following.

5.1. Sending Messages, Receiving Bytes

There are several transport features related to sending, but only a single transport feature related to receiving: "Receive data (with no message delineation)" (and, strangely, "information about partial message arrival"). Notably, the transport feature "Receive a message" is also the only non-automatable transport feature of UDP(-Lite) that had to be removed because no fall-back to TCP is possible. It is also represents the only way that UDP(-Lite) applications can receive data today.

For the transport to operate on messages, it only needs be informed about them as they are handed over by a sending application; on the receiver side, receiving a message only differs from receiving a bytestream in that the application is told where messages begin and end in the former case but not in the latter. The receiving application can still operate on these messages as long as it does not rely on the transport layer to inform it about message boundaries.

For example, if an application requests to transfer fixed-size messages of 100 bytes with partial reliability, this needs the receiving application to be prepared to accept data in chunks of 100 bytes. If, then, some of these 100 byte messages are missing (e.g., if SCTP with Configurable Reliability is used), this is the expected application behavior. With TCP, no messages would be missing, but this is also correct for the application, and possible retransmission delay is acceptable within the best effort service model. Still, the receiving application would separate the byte stream into 100-byte chunks.

Note that this usage of messages does not require all messages to be equal in size. Many application protocols use some form of Type-Length-Value (TLV) encoding, e.g. by defining a header including length fields; another alternative is the use of byte stuffing methods such as COBS [COBS]. If an application needs message numbers, e.g. to restore the correct sequence of messages, these must also be encoded by the application itself, as the sequence number related transport features of SCTP are no longer provided (in the interest of enabling a fall-back to TCP).

For the implementation of a TAPS system, this has the following consequences:

5.2. Stream Schedulers Without Streams

We have already stated that multi-streaming does not require application-specific knowledge. Potential benefits or disadvantages of, e.g., using two streams over an SCTP association versus using two separate SCTP associations or TCP connections are related to knowledge about the network and the particular transport protocol in use, not the application. However, the transport features "Choose a scheduler to operate between streams of an association" and "Configure priority or weight for a scheduler" operate on streams. Here, streams identify communication channels between which a scheduler operates, and they can be assigned a priority. Moreover, the transport features in the MAINTENANCE category all operate on assocations in case of SCTP, i.e. they apply to all streams in that assocation.

With only these semantics necessary to represent, the interface to a TAPS system becomes easier if we rename connections into "TAPS flows" (the TAPS equivalent of a connection which may be a transport connection or association, but could also become a stream of an existing SCTP association, for example) and allow assigning a "Group Number" to a TAPS flow. Then, all MAINTENANCE transport features can be said to operate on flow groups, not connections, and a scheduler also operates on the flows within a group.

For the implementation of a TAPS system, this has the following consequences:

5.3. Early Data Transmission

There are two transport features related to transferring a message early: "Hand over a message to transfer (possibly multiple times) before connection establishment", which relates to TCP Fast Open [RFC7413], and "Hand over a message to transfer during connection establishment", which relates to SCTP's ability to transfer data together with the COOKIE-Echo chunk. Also without TCP Fast Open, TCP can transfer data during the handshake, together with the SYN packet -- however, the receiver of this data may not hand it over to the application until the handshake has completed. This functionality is commonly available in TCP and supported in several implementations, but the TCP specification does not specify how to provide it to applications.

The amount of data that can successfully be transmitted before or during the handshake depends on various factors: the transport protocol, the use of header options, the choice of IPv4 and IPv6 and the Path MTU. A TAPS system should therefore allow a sending application to query the maximum amount of data it can possibly transmit before or during connection establishment, respectively.

5.4. Sender Running Dry

The transport feature "Notification that the stack has no more user data to send" relates to SCTP's "SENDER DRY" notification. Such notifications can, in principle, be used to avoid having an unnecessarily large send buffer, yet ensure that the transport sender always has data available when it has an opportunity to transmit it. This has been found to be very beneficial for some applications [WWDC2015]. However, "SENDER DRY" truly means that the buffer has emptied -- i.e., when it notifies the sender, it is already too late, the transport protocol already missed an opportunity to send data. Some modern TCP implementations now include the unspecified "TCP_NOTSENT_LOWAT" socket option proposed in [WWDC2015], which limits the amount of unsent data that TCP can keep in the socket buffer; this allows to specify at which buffer filling level the socket becomes writable, rather than waiting for the buffer to run empty.

SCTP has means to configure the sender-side buffer too: the automatable Transport Feature "Configure send buffer size" provides this functionality, but only for the complete buffer, which includes both unsent and unacknowledged data. SCTP does not allow to control these two sizes separately. A TAPS system should allow for uniform access to "TCP_NOTSENT_LOWAT" as well as the "SENDER DRY" notification.

5.5. Capacity Profile

The transport features:

all relate to a QoS-like application need such as "low latency" or "scavenger". In the interest of flexibility of a TAPS system, they could therefore be offered in a uniform, more abstract way, where a TAPS system could e.g. decide by itself how to use combinations of LEDBAT-like congestion control and certain DSCP values, and an application would only specify a general "capacity profile" (a description of how it wants to use the available capacity). A need for "lowest possible latency at the expense of overhead" could then translate into automatically disabling the Nagle algorithm.

In some cases, the Nagle algorithm is best controlled directly by the application because it is not only related to a general profile but also to knowledge about the size of future messages. For fine-grain control over Nagle-like functionality, the "Request not to bundle messages" is available.

5.6. Security

Both TCP and SCTP offer authentication. SCTP allows to configure which of SCTP's chunk types must always be authenticated -- if this is exposed as such, it creates an undesirable dependency on the transport protocol. Generally, to an application it is relevant whether the transport protocol authenticates its own control data, the user data, or both, and a TAPS system should therefore allow to configure and query these three cases.

TBD -- more to come in the next version. This relates to the TCP Authentication Option in Section 7.1 of [RFC5925], which is not currently covered.

Set Cookie life value -- TBD in the next version: SCTP is client-side, TCP is server-side.

5.7. Packet Size

UDP(-Lite) has a transport feature called "Specify DF field". This yields an error message in case of sending a message that exceeds the Path MTU, which is necessary for a UDP-based application to be able to implement Path MTU Discovery (a function that UDP-based applications must do by themselves). This is the only transport feature related to packet sizes. UDP applications typically make use of IP-layer functionality to obtain the size of the link MTU; it would therefore seem that offering such functionality to TAPS applications could be useful, albeit in a transport protocol independent way.

This also relates to the fact that the choice of path is automatable: if a TAPS system can switch a path at any time, unknown to an application, yet the application intends to do Path MTU Discovery, this could yield very inefficient behavior. Thus, a TAPS system should probably avoid automatically switching paths, and inform the application about any unavoidable path changes, when applications request to disallow fragmentation with the "Specify DF field" feature.

6. Step 4: Construction -- the Minimal Set of Transport Features

Based on the categorization, reduction and discussion in the previous sections, this section presents the minimal set of transport features that is offered by end systems supporting TAPS. They are described in an abstract fashion, i.e. they can be implemented in various different ways. For example, information that is provided to an application can either be offered via a primitive that is polled, or via an asynchronous notification.

Future versions of this document will probably describe the transport features in this section in greater detail; for now, we only specify how they differ from the transport features they are based upon. We carry out an additional simplification: CONNECTION.ESTABLISHMENT "Specify number of attempts and/or timeout for the first establishment message" and CONNECTION.MAINTENANCE "Change timeout for aborting connection (using retransmit limit or time value)" are essentially the same, just applied upon connection establishment or during the lifetime of a connection. The same is the case for CONNECTION.ESTABLISHMENT "Specify which chunk types must always be authenticated" and CONNECTION.MAINTENANCE "Change authentication parameters". We therefore state that connections (called TAPS flows) must be instantiated before connecting them, and allow configurations to be carried out before connecting (in cases where this is not allowed by the transport protocol, a TAPS system will have to internall delay this configuration until the flow has been connected).

6.1. Flow Creation, Connection and Termination

A TAPS flow must be "created" before it is connected, to allow for initial configurations to be carried out. All configuration parameters in Section 6.2 and Section 6.3 can be used initially, although some of them may only take effect when the flow has been connected. Configuring a flow early helps a TAPS system make the right decisions. In particular, the "group number" can influence the the TAPS system to implement a TAPS flow as a stream of a multi-streaming protocol's existing association or not.

A created flow can be queried for the maximum amount of data that an application can possibly expect to have transmitted before or during connection establishment. An application can also give the flow a message for transmission before or during connection establishment, and specify which case is preferred (before / during). In case of transmission before establishment, the receiving application must be prepared to potentially receive multiple copies of the message.

To be compatible with multiple transports, including streams of a multi-streaming protocol (used as if they were transports themselves), the semantics of opening and closing need to be the most restrictive subset of all of them. For example, TCP's support of half-closed connections can be seen as a feature on top of the more restrictive "ABORT"; this feature cannot be supported because not all protocols used by a TAPS system (including streams of an association) support half-closed connections.

After creation, a flow can be actively connected to the other side using "Connect", or passively listen for incoming connection requests with "Listen". Note that "Connect" may or may not trigger a notification on the listening side. It is possible that the first notification on the listening side is the arrival of the first data that the active side sends (a receiver-side TAPS system could handle this by continuing a blocking "Listen" call, immediately followed by issuing "Receive", for example). This also means that the active opening side is assumed to be the first side sending data.

A flow can be actively closed, i.e. terminated after reliably delivering all remaining data, or aborted, i.e. terminated without delivering remaining data. A timeout can be configured to abort a flow when data could not be delivered for too long. Because half-closed connections are not supported, when a TAPS host receives a notification that the peer is closing or aborting the flow, the other side may not be able to read outstanding data. This means that unacknowledged data residing in the TAPS system's send buffer may have to be dropped from that buffer upon arrival of a notification to close or abort the flow from the peer. In case of SCTP streams, "Stream Reset" (a "SSN Reset Request Parameter" in a "RE-CONFIG" chunk [RFC6525]) can be used to notify a peer of an intention to close a flow.

6.2. Flow Group Configuration

A flow group can be configured with a number of transport features, and there are some notifications to applications about a flow group. Here we list transport features and notifications that are taken from Section 4 unchanged, with the exception that some of them can also be applied initially (before a flow is connected).

Timeout, error notifications:

Checksums:

Others:

The following transport features are new or changed, based on the discussion in Section 5:

6.3. Flow Configuration

A flow can be assigned a priority or weight for a scheduler.

6.4. Data Transfer

6.4.1. The Sender

This section discusses how to send data after flow establishment. Section 6.1 discusses the possiblity to hand over a message to send before or during establishment.

For compatibility with TCP receiver semantics, we define an "Application-Framed Bytestream". This is a bytestream where the sending application optionally informs the transport about frame boundaries and required properties per frame (configurable order and reliability, or embedding a request not to delay the acknowledgement of a frame). Whenever the sending application specifies per-frame properties that relax the notion of reliable in-order delivery of bytes, it must assume that the receiving application is 1) able to determine frame boundaries, provided that frames are always kept intact, and 2) able to accept these relaxed per-frame properties. Any signaling of such information to the peer is up to an application-layer protocol and considered out of scope of this document.

Here we list per-frame properties that a sender can optionally configure if it hands over a delimited frame for sending with congestion control, taken from Section 4:

Additionally, an application can hand over delimited frames for unreliable transmission without congestion control (note that such applications should perform congestion control in accordance with [RFC2914]). Then, none of the per-frame properties listed above have any effect, but it is possible to use the transport feature "Specify DF field" to allow/disallow fragmentation.

AUTHOR'S NOTE: do folks agree with this design? It ties fragmentation to UDP only, because we called SCTP's "Configure message fragmentation" transport feature "automatable". It is indeed questionable whether applications need control over fragmentation when they work with SCTP -- doing so creates a complication for app writers that may not be necessary, especially when messages can be interleaved.

Following Section 5.7, there are two new transport features and a notification:

There are two more sender-side notifications. These are unreliable, i.e. a TAPS system cannot be assumed to implement them, but they may occur: Section 5.4 -- SCTP's "SENDER DRY" is a special case where the threshold is 0). Note that this threshold and its notification should operate across the buffers of the whole TAPS system, i.e. also any potential buffers that the TAPS system itself may use on top of the transport's send buffer.

"Notification of draining below a low water mark" is a generic notification that tries to enable uniform access to "TCP_NOTSENT_LOWAT" as well as the "SENDER DRY" notification (as discussed in

6.4.2. The Receiver

A receiving application obtains an Application-Framed Bytestream. Similar to TCP's receiver semantics, it is just stream of bytes. If frame boundaries were specified by the sender, a TAPS system will still not inform the receiving application about them, but frames themselves will always stay intact (partial frames are not supported - see Section 5.1). Different from TCP's semantics, there is no guarantee that all bytes in the bytestream are received, and that all of them are in the same sequence in which they were handed over by the sender. If an application is aware of frame delimiters in the bytestream, and if the sender-side application has informed the TAPS system about these boundaries and about potentially relaxed requirements regarding the sequence of frames or per-frame reliability, frames within the receiver-side bytestream may be out-of-order or missing.

7. Conclusion

By decoupling applications from transport protocols, a TAPS system provides a different abstraction level than the Berkeley sockets interface. As with high- vs. low-level programming languages, a higher abstraction level allows more freedom for automation below the interface, yet it takes some control away from the application programmer. This is the design trade-off that a TAPS system developer is facing, and this document provides guidance on the design of this abstraction level. Some transport features are currently rarely offered by APIs, yet they must be offered or they can never be used ("functional" transport features). Other transport features are offered by the APIs of the protocols covered here, but not exposing them in a TAPS API would allow for more freedom to automate protocol usage in a TAPS system.

The minimal set presented in this document is an effort to find a middle ground that can be recommended for TAPS systems to implement, on the basis of the transport features discussed in [TAPS2]. This middle ground eliminates a large number of transport features on the basis that they do not require application-specific knowledge, but rather rely on knowledge about the network or the Operating System. This leaves us with an unanswered question about how exactly a TAPS system should automate using all these transport features.

The answers are different for every case. In some cases, it may be best to not entirely automate the decision making, but leave it up to a system-wide policy. For example, when multiple paths are available, a system policy could guide the decision on whether to connect via a WiFi or a cellular interface. Such high-level guidance could also be provided by application developers, e.g. via a primitive that lets applications specify such preferences. As long as this kind of information from applications is treated as advisory, it will not lead to a permanent protocol binding and does therefore not limit the flexibility of a TAPS system. Decisions to add such primitives are therefore left open to TAPS system designers.

8. Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the participants of the TAPS Working Group and the NEAT research project for valuable input to this document. We especially thank Michael Tuexen for help with TAPS flow connection establishment/teardown and Gorry Fairhurst for his suggestions regarding fragmentation and packet sizes. This work has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 644334 (NEAT). The views expressed are solely those of the author(s).

9. IANA Considerations

XX RFC ED - PLEASE REMOVE THIS SECTION XXX

This memo includes no request to IANA.

10. Security Considerations

Authentication, confidentiality protection, and integrity protection are identified as transport features by [RFC8095]. As currently deployed in the Internet, these features are generally provided by a protocol or layer on top of the transport protocol; no current full-featured standards-track transport protocol provides all of these transport features on its own. Therefore, these transport features are not considered in this document, with the exception of native authentication capabilities of TCP and SCTP for which the security considerations in [RFC5925] and [RFC4895] apply.

11. References

11.1. Normative References

[RFC8095] Fairhurst, G., Trammell, B. and M. Kuehlewind, "Services Provided by IETF Transport Protocols and Congestion Control Mechanisms", RFC 8095, DOI 10.17487/RFC8095, March 2017.
[TAPS2] Welzl, M., Tuexen, M. and N. Khademi, "On the Usage of Transport Features Provided by IETF Transport Protocols", Internet-draft draft-ietf-taps-transports-usage-03, March 2017.

11.2. Informative References

[COBS] Cheshire, S. and M. Baker, "Consistent Overhead Byte Stuffing", September 1997.
[I-D.ietf-tsvwg-rtcweb-qos] Jones, P., Dhesikan, S., Jennings, C. and D. Druta, "DSCP Packet Markings for WebRTC QoS", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-tsvwg-rtcweb-qos-18, August 2016.
[LBE-draft] Bless, R., "A Lower Effort Per-Hop Behavior (LE PHB)", Internet-draft draft-tsvwg-le-phb-00, October 2016.
[RFC2914] Floyd, S., "Congestion Control Principles", BCP 41, RFC 2914, DOI 10.17487/RFC2914, September 2000.
[RFC4895] Tuexen, M., Stewart, R., Lei, P. and E. Rescorla, "Authenticated Chunks for the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)", RFC 4895, DOI 10.17487/RFC4895, August 2007.
[RFC5290] Floyd, S. and M. Allman, "Comments on the Usefulness of Simple Best-Effort Traffic", RFC 5290, DOI 10.17487/RFC5290, July 2008.
[RFC5925] Touch, J., Mankin, A. and R. Bonica, "The TCP Authentication Option", RFC 5925, DOI 10.17487/RFC5925, June 2010.
[RFC6458] Stewart, R., Tuexen, M., Poon, K., Lei, P. and V. Yasevich, "Sockets API Extensions for the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)", RFC 6458, DOI 10.17487/RFC6458, December 2011.
[RFC6525] Stewart, R., Tuexen, M. and P. Lei, "Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Stream Reconfiguration", RFC 6525, DOI 10.17487/RFC6525, February 2012.
[RFC7305] Lear, E., "Report from the IAB Workshop on Internet Technology Adoption and Transition (ITAT)", RFC 7305, DOI 10.17487/RFC7305, July 2014.
[RFC7413] Cheng, Y., Chu, J., Radhakrishnan, S. and A. Jain, "TCP Fast Open", RFC 7413, DOI 10.17487/RFC7413, December 2014.
[WWDC2015] Lakhera, P. and S. Cheshire, "Your App and Next Generation Networks", Apple Worldwide Developers Conference 2015, San Francisco, USA, June 2015.

Appendix A. Revision information

XXX RFC-Ed please remove this section prior to publication.

-02: implementation suggestions added, discussion section added, terminology extended, DELETED category removed, various other fixes; list of Transport Features adjusted to -01 version of [TAPS2] except that MPTCP is not included.

-03: updated to be consistent with -02 version of [TAPS2].

-04: updated to be consistent with -03 version of [TAPS2]. Reorganized document, rewrote intro and conclusion, and made a first stab at creating a real "minimal set".

Authors' Addresses

Stein Gjessing University of Oslo PO Box 1080 Blindern Oslo, N-0316 Norway Phone: +47 22 85 24 44 EMail: steing@ifi.uio.no
Michael Welzl University of Oslo PO Box 1080 Blindern Oslo, N-0316 Norway Phone: +47 22 85 24 20 EMail: michawe@ifi.uio.no