| 6lo | Lijo Thomas |
| Internet-Draft | C-DAC |
| Intended status: Standards Track | P. Akshay |
| Expires: September 5, 2018 | Smarten Spaces |
| Satish Anamalamudi | |
| Huaiyin Institute of Technology | |
| S.V.R.Anand | |
| Malati Hegde | |
| Indian Institute of Science | |
| C. Perkins | |
| Futurewei | |
| March 4, 2018 |
Packet Delivery Deadline time in 6LoWPAN Routing Header
draft-ietf-6lo-deadline-time-01
This document specifies a new type for the 6LoWPAN routing header containing the delivery deadline time for data packets. The deadline time enables forwarding and scheduling decisions for time critical IoT M2M applications that need deterministic delay guarantees over constrained networks and operate within time-synchronized networks.
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This Internet-Draft will expire on September 5, 2018.
Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.
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Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) are likely to be deployed for real time industrial applications requiring end-to-end delay guarantees [I-D.ietf-detnet-use-cases]. A Deterministic Network ("detnet") typically requires some data packets to reach their receivers within strict time bounds. Intermediate nodes use the deadline information to make appropriate packet forwarding and scheduling decisions to meet the time bounds.
The draft [I-D.ietf-roll-routing-dispatch] specifies the 6LoWPAN Routing Header (6LoRH), compression schemes for RPL routing (source routing) operation [RFC6554], header compression of RPL Packet Information [RFC6553], and IP-in-IP encapsulation. This document specifies a new Deadline-6LoRHE type for the 6LoWPAN Dispatch Page 1, so that the deadline time of data packets can be included within the 6LoWPAN routing header. This document also specifies handling of the deadline time when packets traverse through time-synchronized networks operating in different timezones or distinct reference clocks. Time synchronization techniques need not be mandated by this specificiation. There are a number of standards available for this purpose, including IEEE 1588 [ieee-1588], IEEE 802.1AS [dot1AS-2011], IEEE 802.15.4-2015 TSCH [dot15-tsch], and more.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
This document uses terminology consistent with the terminology used in [RFC6550] and [I-D.ietf-6tisch-terminology]. Also, in this document, the terms "expiration time", "delivery deadline time", and "deadline" are used interchangeably with the same meaning.
0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- ... -+
|1|0|1| Length | Type | |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- ... -+
<-- length -->
Figure 1: 6LoRHE format
Note: this section is not normative. It is included for convenience, and may be deleted in a later revision of this document. The generic header format of the 6LoRHE is specified in [I-D.ietf-roll-routing-dispatch]. Figure 1 illustrates the 6LoRHE generic format.
The Deadline-6LoRHE (see Figure 2) is an elective 6LoRH (i.e., a 6loRHE) that provides the Deadline time (DT) for an IPv6 datagram in a compressed form. Along with the deadline, the header can include the packet Origination Time (OT), to enable a close estimate of the total delay incurred by a packet. The OT field is initialized by the sender using the current time at the outgoing network interface through which the packet is forwarded.
The deadline field contains the value of the delivery deadline time for the packet. The packet SHOULD be delivered to the Receiver before this time.
All nodes within the network SHOULD process the Deadline-6LoRHE in order to support delay-sensitive deterministic applications. The packet deadline time (DT) and origination time (OT) are represented in time units determined by a scaling parameter in the routing header. One of the time units is the Network ASN (Absolute Slot Number) which can be used in case of a time slotted synchronized network, for instance a 6TiSCH network, where global time is maintained in the units of slot lengths of a certain resolution.
The delay experienced by packets in the network is a useful metric for network diagnostics and performance monitoring. Whenever the packets crosses into a network using a different reference clock, the Origination Time field is updated to represent the same Origination Time as expressed using the reference clock of the outgoing interface into the new network. This is the same as the current time when the packet is transmitted into the new network, minus the delay already experienced by the packet, say 't'. In effect, to the newly entered network, the packet will appear to have originated 't' time units earlier with respect to the reference clock of the new network.
Origination Time in new network = current_time_in_new_network - delay_already_experienced_in_previous_network(s)
There are multiple ways that a packet can be delayed, including propagation delay and queuing delays. Sometimes there are processing delays as well. For the purpose of determining whether or not the deadline has already passed, these various delays are not distinguished.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|1|0|1| Length | 6LoRH Type |O|D| DTL | OTL | TU| EXP | Rsv |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| DT (variable length) | OT(variable length)(optional) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 2: Deadline-6LoRHE format
Length (5 bits): Length represents the total length of the Deadline-6LoRHE type measured in octets.
6LoRH Type: TBD
O flag (1bit): Indicates the presence of Origination Time field. '1' means the OT field is present, and '0' means it is absent.
D flag (1 bit): The 'D' flag, set by the Sender, indicates the action to be taken when a 6LR detects that the deadline time has elapsed. If 'D' bit is 1, then the 6LR MUST drop the packet if the deadline time is elapsed. If 'D' bit is 0, then the 6LR MAY ignore the deadline time and forward the packet.
DTL (3 bits): Length of DT field.
OTL (3 bits) : Length of OT field.
TU (2 bits) : Indicates the time units for DT and OT fields
EXP (3 bits) : Multiplication factor expressed as exponent of 10.
Rsv (3 bits) : Reserved
DT Value (8..64-bit) : Deadline Time value
OT Value (8..64-bit) : Origination Time value
Whenever a sender initiates the IP datagram, it includes the Deadline-6LoRHE along with other 6LoRH information.
Example: Consider a 6TiSCH network with time-slot length of 10ms. Let the current ASN when the packet is originated be 54400, and the maximum allowable delay (max_delay) for the packet delivery is 1 second from the packet origination, then:
Deadline-6LoRHE encoding with 'O' flag set to 1 :
+-------------------+
| Time Synchronized |
| Network |
+---------+---------+
|
|
|
+--------------+--------------+
| |
+-----+ +-----+
| | Backbone | | Backbone
o | | router | | router
+-----+ +-----+
o o o
o o o o o o o o o
o LLN o o LLN o o
o o o o o o o o o
6LoWPAN Network (subnet N1) 6LoWPAN Network (subnet N2)
Figure 3: Intra-network Timezone Scenario
In this section, Deadline-6LoRHE operation is described for 3 network scenarios. Figure 3 depicts a constrained time-synchronized LLN that has two subnets N1 and N2, connected through LBRs [I-D.ietf-6lo-backbone-router] with different reference clock times T1 and T2.
In scenario 1, shown in Figure 4, the Sender 'S' has an IP datagram to be routed to a Receiver 'R' within the same DODAG. For the route segment from Sender to 6LBR, the Sender includes a Deadline-6LoRHE by encoding the deadline time contained in the inband-OAM header extension. Then 6LR begins hop-by-hop operation to forward the packet towards the 6LBR. Once 6LBR receives the IP datagram, it generates a IPv6-in-IPv6 encapsulated packet when sending the packet downwards to the Receiver [I-D.ietf-roll-useofrplinfo]. The 6LBR copies the Deadline-6LoRHE from the Sender originated IP header to the outer IP header. The Deadline-6LoRHE contained in the inner IP header is elided.
+-------+
^ | 6LBR | |
| | | |
| +-------+ |
Default | (F)/ /| \ | IP-in-IP
routing | / \ / | \ | Encapsulation
| / \ (C) | (D) |
| (A) (B) / | / |\ |
| /|\ |\: (E) : R |
S : : : / \ V
Figure 4: End points within same DODAG(subnet N1)
At the tunnel endpoint of IPv6-in-IPv6 encapsulation, the Deadline-6LoRHE is copied back from the outer header to inner header, and the inner IP packet is delivered to 'R'.
+----------------+
| Time |
| synchronized |------R
| Network |
+----------------+
|
|
----------+-----------
^ |
| +---+---+
| | 6LBR |
Default | | |
routing | +------++
| (F)/ /| \
| / \ / | \
| / \ (C) | (D)
: (A) (B) / | / |\
/|\ |\: (E) :
S : : : / \
: :
Figure 5: Packet transmission in Dissimilar L2 Technologies or Internet
In scenario 2, shown in Figure 5, the Sender 'S' (belonging to DODAG 1) has IP datagram to be routed to a Receiver 'R' over a time-synchronized IPv6 network. For the route segment from 'S' to 6LBR, 'S' includes a Deadline-6LoRHE. Subsequently, 6LR will perform hop-by-hop operation to forward the packet towards the 6LBR. Once the IP datagram reaches 6LBR of DODAG1, it encodes the deadline time (and, if available, the origination time) into the In-band OAM header extension, [I-D.ietf-ippm-ioam-data] and passes the datagram to the IPv6 layer for further routing.
Consider the scenario depicted in Figure 6, in which the Sender 'S' (belonging to DODAG 1) has an IP datagram to be sent to Receiver 'R' belonging to another DODAG (DODAG 2). The operation of this scenario can be decomposed into combination of case 1 and case 2 scenarios. For the route segment from 'S' to 6LBR, 'S' includes the Deadline-6LoRHE. Subsequently, each 6LR will perform hop-by-hop operation to forward the packet towards the 6LBR. Once the IP datagram reaches 6LBR1 of DODAG1, it applies the same rule as described in Case 2 while routing the packet to LBR2 over a (likely) time synchronized wired backhaul. The wired side of LBR2 can be mapped to receiver of Case 2. Once the packet reaches LBR2, it updates the Deadline-6LoRHE by adding the current time of DODAG2. Further, it generates an IPv6-in-IPv6 encapsulated packet when sending the packet downstream to the Receiver [I-D.ietf-roll-useofrplinfo].
Time Synchronized Network
-+---------------------------+-
| |
DODAG1 +---+---+ +---+---+ DODAG2
Instance 1 | 6LBR1 | | 6LBR2 | Instance 2
| | | | |
+-------+ +-------+ |
(F)/ /| \ (F)/ /| \ |
/ \ / | \ / \ / | \ |
/ \ (C) | (D) / \ (C) | (D) |IP-in-IP
(A) (B) / | / |\ (A) (B) / | / |\ | Encapsulation
/|\ |\: (E) : : /|\ |\: (E) : :|
S : : : / \ : : : : / \ |
: : : R V
Network N1, time zone T1 NetWork N2, time zone T2
Figure 6: Packet transmission in different DODAGs(N1 to N2)
Consider an example of a 6TiSCH network in which S in DODAG1 generates the packet at ASN 20000 to R in DODAG2. Let the maximum allowable delay be 1 second. The time-slot length in DODAG1 and DODAG2 is assumed to be 10ms. Once the deadline time is encoded in Deadline-6LoRHE, the packet is forwarded to LBR of DODAG1. Suppose the packet reaches LBR of DODAG1 at ASN 20050.
The remaining time is encoded in In-Band OAM (see Case 2) and forwarded to LBR2 over a different L2-interface, typically wired. Once the packet reaches LBR2, the deadline time in Deadline-6LoRHE is adjusted by adding or subtracting the difference between the reference clocks of the two networks, before forwarding the packet to its connected 6TiSCH network.
6LoRH Type Value
+------------------+--------+
| Deadline-6LoRHE | TBD |
+------------------+--------+
Figure 7: Deadline-6LoRHE type
This document defines a new 6LoWPAN Timestamp Header Type, and assigns a value (TBD) from the 6LoWPAN Dispatch Page1 number space.
The security considerations of [RFC4944], [RFC6282] and [RFC6553] apply. Using a compressed format as opposed to the full in-line format is logically equivalent and does not create an opening for a new threat when compared to [RFC6550], [RFC6553] and [RFC6554].
The authors thank Pascal Thubert for suggesting the idea and encouraging the work. Thanks to Shwetha Bhandari's suggestions which were instrumental in extending the timing information to heterogeneous networks. The authors acknowledge the 6TiSCH WG members for their inputs on the mailing list. Special thanks to Jerry Daniel, Seema Kumar, Avinash Mohan, Shalu Rajendran and Anita Varghese for their support and valuable feedback.
This section lists the changes between draft-ietf-6lo-deadline-time revisions ...-00.txt and ...-01.txt.