Network Address Translation (NAT) Behavioral Requirements for DCCP
draft-ietf-behave-dccp-02.txt

Status of This Memo

By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79.

Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts.

Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as “work in progress.”

The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt.

The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.

This Internet-Draft will expire on March 15, 2009.

Abstract

This document defines a set of requirements for DCCP-capable NATs that would allow certain applications, such as streaming applications to operate consistently. These requirements are very similar to the TCP requirements for NATs already published by this IETF working group. Developing NATs that meet this set of requirements will greatly increase the likelihood that applications using DCCP will function properly.

Table of Contents

1.  Introduction
2.  Definitions
3.  Applicability statement
4.  DCCP Connection Initiation
5.  NAT Session Refresh
6.  Application Level Gateways
7.  Other Requirements Applicable to DCCP
8.  Requirements specific to DCCP
9.  DCCP without NAT support
10.  Security Considerations
11.  IANA Considerations
12.  Acknowledgments
13.  References
    13.1.  Normative References
    13.2.  Informative References

1.  Introduction

For historical reasons, NAT devices are not typically capable of handling datagrams and flows for applications using the Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP)[RFC4340] (Kohler, E., Handley, M., and S. Floyd, “Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP),” March 2006.).

This draft discusses the technical issues involved, and proposes a set of requirements for NAT devices to handle DCCP in a way that enables communications when either or both of the DCCP endpoints are located behind one or more NAT devices. All definitions and requirements in [RFC4787] (Audet, F. and C. Jennings, “Network Address Translation (NAT) Behavioral Requirements for Unicast UDP,” January 2007.) are inherited here. The requirements are otherwise designed similarly to those in [I‑D.ietf‑behave‑tcp] (Guha, S., Biswas, K., Ford, B., Sivakumar, S., and P. Srisuresh, “NAT Behavioral Requirements for TCP,” September 2008.), from which this memo borrows its structure and much of its content.

Note however that, if both endpoints are hindered by NAT devices, the normal model of asymmetric connection model of DCCP will not work. A simultaneous open must be performed, as in [I‑D.ietf‑dccp‑simul‑open] (Fairhurst, G. and G. Renker, “DCCP Simultaneous-Open Technique to Facilitate NAT/Middlebox Traversal,” June 2008.). Also, a separate unspecified mechanism may be needed, such as UNSAF protocols, if an endpoint needs to learn its own external NAT mappings.

2.  Definitions

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119] (Bradner, S., “Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels,” March 1997.).

This documentation uses the term "DCCP connection" to refer to invidual DCCP flows, as uniquely identified by the quadruple (source and destination IP addresses and DCCP ports) at a given time.

This document uses the term "NAT mapping" to refer to state at the NAT necessary for network address and port translation of DCCP connections. This document also uses the terms "endpoint-independent mapping", "address-dependent mapping", "address and port-dependent mapping", "filtering behavior", "endpoint-independent filtering", "address-dependent filtering", "address and port-dependent filtering", "port assignment", "port overloading", "hairpinning", and "external source IP address and port" as defined in [RFC4787] (Audet, F. and C. Jennings, “Network Address Translation (NAT) Behavioral Requirements for Unicast UDP,” January 2007.).

3.  Applicability statement

This document applies to NAT devices that want to handle DCCP datagrams. It is not the intent of this document to deprecate the overwhelming majority of deployed NAT devices. These NATs are simply not expected to handle DCCP, so this memo is not applicable to them.

Expected NAT behaviors applicable to DCCP connections are very similar to those applicable to TCP connections (with the exception or REQ-6 below). The following requirements are discussed and justified extensively in [I‑D.ietf‑behave‑tcp] (Guha, S., Biswas, K., Ford, B., Sivakumar, S., and P. Srisuresh, “NAT Behavioral Requirements for TCP,” September 2008.). These justifications are not reproduced here for the sake of brevity.

In addition to the usual changes to the IP header (in particular the IP addresses), NAT devices need to mangle:

• the DCCP source port, for outgoing packets, depending on the NAT mapping
• the DCCP destination port, for incoming packets, depending on the NAT mapping
• the DCCP checksum, to compensate for IP address and port number modifications.

Because changing the the source or destination IP address of a DCCP packet will normally invalidate the DCCP checksum, it is not possible to use DCCP through a NAT without dedicated support. Some NAT devices are known to provide a "generic" transport protocol support, whereby only the IP header is mangled. That scheme is not sufficient to support DCCP in any case.

4.  DCCP Connection Initiation

4.1.  Address and Port Mapping Behavior

A NAT uses a mapping to translate packets for each DCCP connection. A mapping is dynamically allocated for connections initiated from the internal side, and potentially reused for certain subsequent connections. NAT behavior regarding when a mapping can be reused differs for different NATs as described in [RFC4787] (Audet, F. and C. Jennings, “Network Address Translation (NAT) Behavioral Requirements for Unicast UDP,” January 2007.).

REQ-1: A NAT MUST have an "Endpoint-Independent Mapping" behavior for DCCP.

4.2.  Internally Initiated Connections

REQ-2: A NAT MUST support all valid sequences of DCCP packets (defined in [RFC4340] (Kohler, E., Handley, M., and S. Floyd, “Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP),” March 2006.) and its updates) for connections initiated both internally as well as externally when the connection is permitted by the NAT.

In particular, in addition to handling the DCCP 3-way handshake mode of connection initiation, A NAT MUST handle the DCCP simultaneous-open mode of connection initiation, defined in [I‑D.ietf‑dccp‑simul‑open] (Fairhurst, G. and G. Renker, “DCCP Simultaneous-Open Technique to Facilitate NAT/Middlebox Traversal,” June 2008.). That mode updates DCCP by adding a new packet type, DCCP-Listen. The  DCCP-Listen packet communicates the information necessary to uniquely identify a DCCP session. NATs may utilise the connection information (address, port, Service Code) to establish local forwarding state.

4.3.  Externally Initiated Connections

REQ-3: If application transparency is most important, it is RECOMMENDED that a NAT have an "Endpoint-independent filtering" behavior for DCCP. If a more stringent filtering behavior is most important, it is RECOMMENDED that a NAT have an "Address-dependent filtering" behavior.

• The filtering behavior MAY be an option configurable by the administrator of the NAT.
• The filtering behavior for DCCP MAY be independent of the filtering behavior for any other transport-layer protocol, such as UDP, UDP-Lite, TCP, SCTP.

REQ-4: A NAT MUST wait for at least 6 seconds from the reception of an unsolicited inbound DCCP-Listen packet before it may respond with an ICMP Port Unreachable or an ICMP Protocol Unreachable error. If during this interval the NAT receives and translates an outbound DCCP-Request packet for the connection the NAT MUST silently drop the original unsolicited inbound DCCP-Listen packet. Otherwise the NAT SHOULD send an ICMP Port Unreachable error (Type 3, Code 3) for the original DCCP-Listen, unless the security policy forbids it.

5.  NAT Session Refresh

The "established connection idle-timeout" for a NAT is defined as the minimum time a DCCP connection in the established phase must remain idle before the NAT considers the associated session a candidate for removal. The "transitory connection idle-timeout" for a NAT is defined as the minimum time a DCCP connection in the CLOSEREQ or CLOSING phases must remain idle before the NAT considers the associated session a candidate for removal. DCCP connections in the TIMEWAIT state are not affected by the "transitory connection idle-timeout".

REQ-5: If a NAT cannot determine whether the endpoints of a DCCP connection are active, it MAY abandon the session if it has been idle for some time. In such cases, the value of the "established connection idle-timeout" MUST be of 2 hours 4 minutes or longer. The value of the "transitory connection idle-timeout" MUST be of 4 minutes or longer. The value of the NAT idle-timeouts MAY be configurable.

NAT behavior for handling DCCP-Reset packets, or connections in TIMEWAIT state is left unspecified.

6.  Application Level Gateways

Contrary to TCP, DCCP is a loss-tolerant protocol. Therefore, modifying the payload of DCCP packets may present a significant additionnal challenge in maintaining sane any application-layer state needed for an ALG to function. Additionnaly, there are no known DCCP-capable Application Level Gateways (ALGs) at the time of writing this document.

REQ-6: If a NAT includes ALGs, it MUST NOT affect DCCP.

NOTE: This is not consistent with REQ-6 of [I‑D.ietf‑behave‑tcp] (Guha, S., Biswas, K., Ford, B., Sivakumar, S., and P. Srisuresh, “NAT Behavioral Requirements for TCP,” September 2008.).

7.  Other Requirements Applicable to DCCP

A list of general and UDP specific NAT behavioral requirements are described in [RFC4787] (Audet, F. and C. Jennings, “Network Address Translation (NAT) Behavioral Requirements for Unicast UDP,” January 2007.). A list of ICMP specific NAT behavioral requirements are described in [I‑D.ietf‑behave‑nat‑icmp] (Srisuresh, P., Ford, B., Sivakumar, S., and S. Guha, “NAT Behavioral Requirements for ICMP protocol,” June 2008.). The requirements listed below reiterate the requirements from these two documents that directly affect DCCP. The following requirements do not relax any requirements in [RFC4787] (Audet, F. and C. Jennings, “Network Address Translation (NAT) Behavioral Requirements for Unicast UDP,” January 2007.) or [I‑D.ietf‑behave‑nat‑icmp] (Srisuresh, P., Ford, B., Sivakumar, S., and S. Guha, “NAT Behavioral Requirements for ICMP protocol,” June 2008.).

7.1.  Port Assignment

REQ-7: A NAT MUST NOT have a "Port assignment" behavior of "Port overloading" for DCCP.

7.2.  Hairpinning Behavior

REQ-8: A NAT MUST support "Hairpinning" for DCCP. Futhermore, A NAT's Hairpinning behavior MUST be of type "External source IP address and port".

7.3.  ICMP Responses to DCCP Packets

REQ-9: If a NAT translates DCCP, it SHOULD translate ICMP Destination Unreachable (Type 3) messages.

REQ-10: Receipt of any sort of ICMP message MUST NOT terminate the NAT mapping or DCCP connection for which the ICMP was generated.

8.  Requirements specific to DCCP

8.1.  Partial checksum coverage

DCCP supports partial checksum coverage. A NAT will usually need to perform incremental changes to the packet checksum field, as for other IETF-defined protocols. However, if it needs to recalculate a correct checksum value, it must take the checksum coverage into account, as described in section 9.2 of [RFC4340] (Kohler, E., Handley, M., and S. Floyd, “Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP),” March 2006.).

REQ-11: If a NAT translates a DCCP packet with a valid DCCP checksum, it MUST ensure that the DCCP checksum is translated such that it is valid after the translation.

REQ-12: A NAT MUST NOT modify the value of the DCCP Checksum Coverage.

The Checksum Coverage field in the DCCP header determines the parts of the packet that are covered by the Checksum field. This always includes the DCCP header and options, but some or all of the application data may be excluded as determined on a packet-by-packet basis by the application. Changing the Checksum Coverage in the network violates the integrity assumptions at the receiver and may result in unpredictable or incorrect application behaviour.

8.2.  Services codes

DCCP specifies a Service Code as a 4-byte value (32 bits) that describes the application-level service to which a client application wishes to connect [RFC4340] (Kohler, E., Handley, M., and S. Floyd, “Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP),” March 2006.).

REQ-13: If a NAT translates a DCCP packet, it MUST NOT modify its DCCP service code value.

Further guidance on the use of Service Codes by middleboxes, including NATs, can be found in [I‑D.ietf‑dccp‑serv‑codes] (Fairhurst, G., “The DCCP Service Code,” June 2008.).

9.  DCCP without NAT support

If the NAT device cannot be updated to support DCCP, DCCP datagrams can be encapsulated within an UDP transport header. Indeed, most NAT devices are already capable of handling UDP. This is however beyond the scope of this document.

10.  Security Considerations

[RFC4787] (Audet, F. and C. Jennings, “Network Address Translation (NAT) Behavioral Requirements for Unicast UDP,” January 2007.) discusses security considerations for NATs that handle IP and unicast (UDP) traffic. Security concerns specific to handling DCCP packets are discussed in this section.

REQ-1, and REQ-6 through REQ-13 do not introduce any new known security concerns.

REQ-2 does not introduce any new known security concerns. While a NAT may elect to keep track of some DCCP-specific per-flow state (compared to UDP), it has no obligations to do so.

REQ-3 allows a NAT to adopt either a more secure, or a more application-transparent filtering policy. This is already addressed in [RFC4787] (Audet, F. and C. Jennings, “Network Address Translation (NAT) Behavioral Requirements for Unicast UDP,” January 2007.) and [I‑D.ietf‑behave‑tcp] (Guha, S., Biswas, K., Ford, B., Sivakumar, S., and P. Srisuresh, “NAT Behavioral Requirements for TCP,” September 2008.).

Similar to [I‑D.ietf‑behave‑tcp] (Guha, S., Biswas, K., Ford, B., Sivakumar, S., and P. Srisuresh, “NAT Behavioral Requirements for TCP,” September 2008.), REQ-4 of this document recommends a NAT to respond to unsolicited inbound Sync packets with an ICMP error delayed by a few seconds. Doing so may reveal the presence of a NAT to an external attacker. Silently dropping the Sync makes it harder to diagnose network problems and forces applications to wait for the DCCP stack to finish several retransmissions before reporting an error. An implementer must therefore understand and carefully weigh the effects of not sending an ICMP error or rate-limiting such ICMP errors to a very small number.

REQ-5 recommends that a NAT that passively monitors DCCP state keep idle sessions alive for at least 2 hours 4 minutes or 4 minutes depending on the state of the connection. If a NAT is undergoing a denial of attack, it may attempt to actively determine the liveliness of a DCCP connection or let the NAT administrator configure more conservative timeouts.

11.  IANA Considerations

This document raises no IANA considerations.

12.  Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank Gorry Fairhurst for his comments and help on this document.

This memo borrows heavily from draft-ietf-behave-tcp-07, by S. Guha (editor), K. Biswas, B. Ford, S. Sivakumar and P. Srisuresh.

13.  References

13.1. Normative References

13.2. Informative References

Author's Address

Full Copyright Statement

Copyright © The IETF Trust (2008).

This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights.

This document and the information contained herein are provided on an “AS IS” basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY, THE IETF TRUST AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Intellectual Property

The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79.

Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at http://www.ietf.org/ipr.

The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at ietf-ipr@ietf.org.