Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN) Uniform Resource Identifiers
draft-ietf-behave-turn-uri-04

Abstract

This document defines two URI schemes and the resolution mechanism to generate a list of server transport addresses that can be tried to create a Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN) allocation.

Status of this Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts.

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This Internet-Draft will expire on May 13, 2010.

Copyright Notice

Copyright (c) 2009 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.

This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the BSD License.

Table of Contents

1.  Introduction
2.  Terminology
3.  Syntax of a TURN or TURNS URI
4.  Resolution Mechanism
5.  Examples
    5.1.  Multiple Protocols
    5.2.  Remote Hosting
6.  Security Considerations
7.  IANA Considerations
    7.1.  TURN URI Registration
    7.2.  TURNS URI Registration
    7.3.  RELAY Application Service Tag Registration
    7.4.  turn.udp Application Protocol Tag Registration
    7.5.  turn.tcp Application Protocol Tag Registration
    7.6.  turn.tls Application Protocol Tag Registration
8.  Acknowledgements
9.  References
    9.1.  Normative References
    9.2.  Informative References
Appendix A.  Release notes
    A.1.  Modifications between ietf-04 and ietf-03
    A.2.  Modifications between ietf-03 and ietf-02
    A.3.  Modifications between ietf-02 and ietf-01
    A.4.  Modifications between ietf-01 and ietf-00
    A.5.  Modifications between petithuguenin-03 and ietf-00
    A.6.  Modifications between petithuguenin-03 and petithuguenin-02
    A.7.  Modifications between petithuguenin-02 and petithuguenin-01
    A.8.  Modifications between petithuguenin-01 and petithuguenin-00
    A.9.  Design Notes
    A.10.  Running Code Considerations
    A.11.  TODO List
§  Author's Address

1.  Introduction

The TURN specification (Rosenberg, J., Mahy, R., and P. Matthews, “Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN): Relay Extensions to Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN),” July 2009.) [I‑D.ietf‑behave‑turn] defines a process for a TURN client to find TURN servers by using DNS SRV resource records, but this process does not let the TURN server administrators provision the preferred TURN transport protocol between the client and the server and for the TURN client to discover this preference. This document defines an S-NAPTR application (Daigle, L. and A. Newton, “Domain-Based Application Service Location Using SRV RRs and the Dynamic Delegation Discovery Service (DDDS),” January 2005.) [RFC3958] for this purpose. This application defines "RELAY" as an application service tag and "turn.udp", "turn.tcp", and "turn.tls" as application protocol tags.

To simplify the provisioning of TURN clients, this document also defines a TURN and a TURNS URI scheme and a resolution mechanism to convert these URIs into a list of IP addresses, ports and TURN transport protocols.

Another usage of the resolution mechanism described in this document would be Remote Hosting as described in [RFC3958] (Daigle, L. and A. Newton, “Domain-Based Application Service Location Using SRV RRs and the Dynamic Delegation Discovery Service (DDDS),” January 2005.) section 4.4. For example a VoIP provider who does not want to deploy TURN servers could use the servers deployed by another company but could still want to provide configuration parameters to its customers without explicitly showing this relationship. The mechanism permits one to implement this indirection, without preventing the company hosting the TURN servers from managing them as it see fit.

2.  Terminology

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119] (Bradner, S., “Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels,” March 1997.).

3.  Syntax of a TURN or TURNS URI

A TURN/TURNS URI has the following ABNF syntax [RFC5234] (Crocker, D. and P. Overell, “Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF,” January 2008.):

turnURI   = scheme ":" host [ ":" port ] [ "?transport=" transport ]
scheme    = "turn" / "turns"
transport = "udp" / "tcp" / transport-ext
transport-ext = 1*unreserved

<host>, <port> and <unreserved> are specified in [RFC3986] (Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, “Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax,” January 2005.).

Note that the usage of components defined in the [RFC3986] (Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, “Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax,” January 2005.) as part of a generic hierarchical URI does not mean that a TURN/TURNS URI is hierarchical.

4.  Resolution Mechanism

The resolution mechanism is used only to create an allocation. All other transactions use the IP address, transport and port used for a successful allocation creation.

The resolution algorithm uses <scheme>, <host>, <port> and <transport> from the TURN URI as input. It also uses as input a list ordered by preference of TURN transports (UDP, TCP, TLS) supported that is provided by the application using the TURN client. This list reflects the capabilities and preferences of the application code as opposed to the TURN URI that reflects the preferences of the user of the application. The output of the algorithm is a list of {IP address, transport, port} tuples that a TURN client can try in order to create an allocation on a TURN server.

An Allocate error response as specified in section 6.4 of [I‑D.ietf‑behave‑turn] (Rosenberg, J., Mahy, R., and P. Matthews, “Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN): Relay Extensions to Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN),” July 2009.) is processed as a failure as specified by [RFC3958] (Daigle, L. and A. Newton, “Domain-Based Application Service Location Using SRV RRs and the Dynamic Delegation Discovery Service (DDDS),” January 2005.) section 2.2.4. The resolution stops when a TURN client gets a successful Allocate response from a TURN server. After an allocation succeeds or all the allocations fail, the resolution context MUST be discarded and the resolution algorithm MUST be restarted from the beginning for any subsequent allocation. Servers blacklisted as described in section 6.4 of [I‑D.ietf‑behave‑turn] (Rosenberg, J., Mahy, R., and P. Matthews, “Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN): Relay Extensions to Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN),” July 2009.) SHOULD NOT be used for the specified duration even if returned by a subsequent resolution.

First the resolution algorithm checks that the URI can be resolved with the list of TURN transports supported by the application:

• If <scheme> is defined as "turn" and <transport> is defined as "udp" but the list of TURN transports supported by the application does not contain UDP then the resolution MUST stop with an error.
• If <scheme> is defined as "turn" and <transport> is defined as "tcp" but the list of TURN transports supported by the application does not contain TCP then the resolution MUST stop with an error.
• If <scheme> is defined as "turns" and <transport> is defined as "udp" then the algorithm MUST stop with an error.
• If <scheme> is defined as "turns" and <transport> is defined as "tcp" but the list of TURN transports supported by the application does not contain TLS then the resolution MUST stop with an error.
• If <scheme> is defined as "turns" and <transport> is not defined but the list of TURN transports supported by the application does not contain TLS then the resolution MUST stop with an error.
• If <transport> is defined but unknown then the resolution MUST stop with an error.

After verifying the validity of the URI elements, the algorithm filters the list of TURN transports supported by the application by removing the UDP and TCP TURN transport if the <scheme> is defined as "turns". If the list of TURN transports is empty after this filtering, the resolution MUST stop with an error.

After filtering the list of TURN transports supported by the application, the algorithm applies the steps described below. Note that in some steps, <scheme> and <transport> have to be converted to a TURN transport. If <scheme> is defined as "turn" and <transport> is defined as "udp" then the TURN UDP transport is used. If <scheme> is defined as "turn" and <transport> is defined as "tcp" then the TURN TCP transport is used. If <scheme> is defined as "turns" and <transport> is defined as "tcp" then the TURN TLS transport is used. This is summarized in Table 1.

1. If <host> is an IP address, then it indicates the specific IP address to be used. If <port> is not defined, the default port declared in [I‑D.ietf‑behave‑turn] (Rosenberg, J., Mahy, R., and P. Matthews, “Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN): Relay Extensions to Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN),” July 2009.) for the SRV service name defined in <scheme> is used. If <transport> is defined then <scheme> and <transport> are converted to a TURN transport as specified in Table 1. If <transport> is not defined, the filtered TURN transports supported by the application are tried by preference order. If the TURN client cannot contact a TURN server with this IP address and port on any of the transports supported by the application then the resolution MUST stop with an error.
   
   
2. If <host> is a domain name and <port> is defined, then <host> is resolved to a list of IP addresses via DNS A and AAAA queries. If <transport> is defined, then <scheme> and <transport> are converted to a TURN transport as specified in Table 1. If <transport> is not defined, the filtered TURN transports supported by the application are tried in preference order. The TURN client can choose the order to contact the resolved IP addresses in any implementation-specific way. If the TURN client cannot contact a TURN server with this port, the transport or list of transports, and the resolved IP addresses, then the resolution MUST stop with an error.
   
   
3. If <host> is a domain name and <port> is not defined but <transport> is defined, then the SRV algorithm defined in [RFC2782] (Gulbrandsen, A., Vixie, P., and L. Esibov, “A DNS RR for specifying the location of services (DNS SRV),” February 2000.) is used to generate a list of IP address and port tuples. <host> is used as Name, <scheme> as Service and <transport> as Protocol in the SRV algorithm. <scheme> and <transport> are converted to a TURN transport as specified in Table 1 and this transport is used with each tuple for contacting the TURN server. The SRV algorithm recommends doing an A query if the SRV query returns an error or no SRV RR; in this case the default port declared in [I‑D.ietf‑behave‑turn] (Rosenberg, J., Mahy, R., and P. Matthews, “Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN): Relay Extensions to Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN),” July 2009.) for the SRV service name defined in <scheme> MUST be used for contacting the TURN server. Also in this case, this specification modifies the SRV algorithm by recommending an A and AAAA query. If the TURN client cannot contact a TURN server at any of the IP address and port tuples returned by the SRV algorithm with the transport converted from the <scheme> and <transport> then the resolution MUST stop with an error.
   
   
4. If <host> is a domain name and <port> and <transport> are not defined, then <host> is converted to an ordered list of IP address, port and transport tuples via the S-NAPTR algorithm defined in [RFC3958] (Daigle, L. and A. Newton, “Domain-Based Application Service Location Using SRV RRs and the Dynamic Delegation Discovery Service (DDDS),” January 2005.) by using <host> as the initial target domain name and "RELAY" as the Application Service Tag. The filtered list of TURN transports supported by the application are converted in Application Protocol Tags by using "turn.udp" if the TURN transport is UDP, "turn.tcp" if the TURN transport is TCP and "turn.tls" if the TURN transport is TLS. The order to try the Application Protocol Tags is provided by the ranking of the first set of NAPTR records. If multiple Application Protocol Tags have the same ranking, the preferred order set by the application is used. If the first NAPTR query fails, the processing continues in step 5. If the TURN client cannot contact a TURN server with any of the IP address, port and transport tuples returned by the S-NAPTR algorithm then the resolution MUST stop with an error.
   
   
5. If the first NAPTR query in the previous step does not return any result then the SRV algorithm defined in [RFC2782] (Gulbrandsen, A., Vixie, P., and L. Esibov, “A DNS RR for specifying the location of services (DNS SRV),” February 2000.) is used to generate a list of IP address and port tuples. The SRV algorithm is applied by using each transport in the filtered list of TURN transports supported by the application for the Protocol, <host> for the Name and <scheme> for the Service. The same transport that was used to generate a list of tuples is used with each of this tuples for contacting the TURN server. The SRV algorithm recommends doing an A query if the SRV query returns an error or no SRV RR; in this case the default port declared in [I‑D.ietf‑behave‑turn] (Rosenberg, J., Mahy, R., and P. Matthews, “Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN): Relay Extensions to Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN),” July 2009.) for the SRV service name defined in <scheme> MUST be used for contacting the TURN server. Also in this case, this specification modifies the SRV algorithm by recommending an A and AAAA query. If the TURN client cannot contact a TURN server at any of the IP address and port tuples returned by the SRV algorithm with the transports from the filtered list then the resolution MUST stop with an error.

5.  Examples

5.1.  Multiple Protocols

With the DNS RRs in Figure 1 and an ordered TURN transport list of {TLS, TCP, UDP}, the resolution algorithm will convert the "turn:example.net" URI to the list of IP addresses, port and protocol tuples in Table 2.

example.net.
IN NAPTR 100 10 "" RELAY:turn.udp "" datagram.example.net.
IN NAPTR 200 10 "" RELAY:turn.tcp:turn.tls "" stream.example.net.

datagram.example.net.
IN NAPTR 100 10 S RELAY:turn.udp "" _turn._udp.example.net.

stream.example.net.
IN NAPTR 100 10 S RELAY:turn.tcp "" _turn._tcp.example.net.
IN NAPTR 200 10 A RELAY:turn.tls "" a.example.net.

_turn._udp.example.net.
IN SRV   0 0 3478 a.example.net.

_turn._tcp.example.net.
IN SRV   0 0 5000 a.example.net.

a.example.net.
IN A     192.0.2.1

5.2.  Remote Hosting

In the example in Figure 2, a VoIP provider (example.com) is using the TURN servers managed by the administrators of the example.net domain (defined in Figure 1). The resolution algorithm using the ordered TURN transport list of {TLS, TCP, UDP} would convert the "turn:example.com" URI to the list of IP addresses, port and protocol tuples in Table 2.

example.com.
IN NAPTR 100 10 "" "RELAY:turn.udp:turn.tcp:turn.tls" "" example.net.

6.  Security Considerations

Security considerations for TURN are discussed in [I‑D.ietf‑behave‑turn] (Rosenberg, J., Mahy, R., and P. Matthews, “Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN): Relay Extensions to Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN),” July 2009.).

The Application Service Tag and Application Protocol Tags defined in this document do not introduce any specific security issues beyond the security considerations discussed in [RFC3958] (Daigle, L. and A. Newton, “Domain-Based Application Service Location Using SRV RRs and the Dynamic Delegation Discovery Service (DDDS),” January 2005.). [RFC3958] (Daigle, L. and A. Newton, “Domain-Based Application Service Location Using SRV RRs and the Dynamic Delegation Discovery Service (DDDS),” January 2005.) requests that an S-NAPTR application defines some form of end-to-end authentication to ensure that the correct destination has been reached. This is achieved for "turn" and "turns" URIs by the Long-Term Credential Mechanism defined in [RFC5389], which is mandatory for TURN (Rosenberg, J., Mahy, R., and P. Matthews, “Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN): Relay Extensions to Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN),” July 2009.) [I‑D.ietf‑behave‑turn]. Additionally for a "turns" URI, the usage of TLS has the capability to address the requirement. In this case the client MUST verify the identity of the server by following the identification procedure in section 7.2.2 of [RFC5389] (Rosenberg, J., Mahy, R., Matthews, P., and D. Wing, “Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN),” October 2008.).

The "turn" and "turns" URI schemes do not introduce any specific security issues beyond the security considerations discussed in [RFC3986] (Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, “Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax,” January 2005.).

7.  IANA Considerations

This section contains the registration information for the "turn" and "turns" URI Schemes (in accordance with [RFC4395] (Hansen, T., Hardie, T., and L. Masinter, “Guidelines and Registration Procedures for New URI Schemes,” February 2006.)), one S-NAPTR Application Service Tag, and three S-NAPTR Application Protocol Tags (in accordance with [RFC3958] (Daigle, L. and A. Newton, “Domain-Based Application Service Location Using SRV RRs and the Dynamic Delegation Discovery Service (DDDS),” January 2005.)).

7.1.  TURN URI Registration

URI scheme name: turn

Status: permanent

URI scheme syntax: See Section 3 (Syntax of a TURN or TURNS URI).

URI scheme semantics: See Section 4 (Resolution Mechanism).

Encoding considerations: There are no encoding considerations beyond those in [RFC3986] (Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, “Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax,” January 2005.).

Applications/protocols that use this URI scheme name:

The "turn" URI scheme is intended to be used by applications that might need access to a TURN server.

Interoperability considerations: N/A

Security considerations: See Section 6 (Security Considerations).

Contact: Marc Petit-Huguenin <petithug@acm.org>

Author/Change controller: The IESG

References: This document.

7.2.  TURNS URI Registration

URI scheme name: turns

Status: permanent

URI scheme syntax: See Section 3 (Syntax of a TURN or TURNS URI).

URI scheme semantics: See Section 4 (Resolution Mechanism).

Encoding considerations: There are no encoding considerations beyond those in [RFC3986] (Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, “Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax,” January 2005.).

Applications/protocols that use this URI scheme name:

The "turns" URI scheme is intended to be used by applications that might need access to a TURN server.

Interoperability considerations: N/A

Security considerations: See Section 6 (Security Considerations).

Contact: Marc Petit-Huguenin <petithug@acm.org>

Author/Change controller: The IESG

References: This document.

7.3.  RELAY Application Service Tag Registration

Application Protocol Tag: RELAY

Intended usage: See Section 4 (Resolution Mechanism).

Interoperability considerations: N/A

Security considerations: See Section 6 (Security Considerations).

Relevant publications: This document.

Contact information: Marc Petit-Huguenin <petithug@acm.org>

Author/Change controller: The IESG

7.4.  turn.udp Application Protocol Tag Registration

Application Protocol Tag: turn.udp

Intended usage: See Section 4 (Resolution Mechanism).

Interoperability considerations: N/A

Security considerations: See Section 6 (Security Considerations).

Relevant publications: This document.

Contact information: Marc Petit-Huguenin <petithug@acm.org>

Author/Change controller: The IESG

7.5.  turn.tcp Application Protocol Tag Registration

Application Protocol Tag: turn.tcp

Intended usage: See Section 4 (Resolution Mechanism).

Interoperability considerations:

Security considerations: See Section 6 (Security Considerations).

Relevant publications: This document.

Contact information: Marc Petit-Huguenin <petithug@acm.org>

Author/Change controller: The IESG

7.6.  turn.tls Application Protocol Tag Registration

Application Protocol Tag: turn.tls

Intended usage: See Section 4 (Resolution Mechanism).

Interoperability considerations: N/A

Security considerations: See Section 6 (Security Considerations).

Relevant publications: This document.

Contact information: Marc Petit-Huguenin <petithug@acm.org>

Author/Change controller: The IESG

8.  Acknowledgements

Thanks to Pasi Eronen, Margaret Wasserman, Magnus Westerlund, Juergen Schoenwaelder, Sean Turner, Ted Hardie, Dave Thaler, Alfred E. Heggestad, Eilon Yardeni, Dan Wing, Alfred Hoenes and Jim Kleck for their comments, suggestions and questions that helped to improve this document.

This document was written with the xml2rfc tool described in [RFC2629] (Rose, M., “Writing I-Ds and RFCs using XML,” June 1999.).

9.  References

9.1. Normative References

9.2. Informative References

Appendix A.  Release notes

This section must be removed before publication as an RFC.

A.1.  Modifications between ietf-04 and ietf-03

• Improved the algorithm steps.
• It is possible to use a TLS transport event if the scheme is turn:.
• Clarified when to stop the resolution with an error in step 2.
• Added transport list filtering process.
• Improved security section following sec-dir review.
• Fixed nits reported by gen-art review.
• Added example for remote hosting.
• Removed URIs section.
• Editorial modification.

A.2.  Modifications between ietf-03 and ietf-02

• A turn:<host>?transport=TCP URI fails if the list of supported transports contains only TLS. Using a TLS transport in this case was underspecified.
• Reordered paragraphes in section 4.
• Added table for conversion of <scheme> and <transport> to TURN transport.
• Various editorial modifications.
• SRV algorithm changed to "...recommending an A and AAAA query."
• Put back the changelog for the versions before been accepted as WG item.

A.3.  Modifications between ietf-02 and ietf-01

• Shorten the abstract so it does not overflow on the second page.
• Added text to explicitly say that the resolution is only to create an allocation.
• Added text about failures.
• Fixed the default port for TLS in the example.
• Changed some priority in the example for RFC3958 section 2.2.5.
• Fixed the service/protocol order for the SRV RR in the example.
• Removed reference to draft-wood-tae-specifying-uri-transports as it has an experimental status.

A.4.  Modifications between ietf-01 and ietf-00

• Fixed the contact email.
• Changed the IPR to trust200902.
• Added case for transport defined but unknown.
• Moved RFC 3958 to Normative References.
• Added study of draft-wood-tae-specifying-uri-transports in TODO list.

A.5.  Modifications between petithuguenin-03 and ietf-00

• Renamed the document to "draft-ietf-behave-turn-uri".
• Changed author affiliation.
• Fixed the text in the IANA considerations.

A.6.  Modifications between petithuguenin-03 and petithuguenin-02

• Added Running Code Consideration section.
• Added Remote Hosting example in introduction.
• Changed back to opaque URIs because of [RFC4395] (Hansen, T., Hardie, T., and L. Masinter, “Guidelines and Registration Procedures for New URI Schemes,” February 2006.) Section 2.2. Now use "?" as separator.
• Added IANA considerations section.
• Added security considerations section.

A.7.  Modifications between petithuguenin-02 and petithuguenin-01

• Receiving a successful Allocate response stops the resolution mechanism and the resolution context must be discarded after this.
• Changed from opaque to hierarchical URIs because the ";" character is used in <reg-name>.
• Various nits.

A.8.  Modifications between petithuguenin-01 and petithuguenin-00

• Added <transport-ext> in the ABNF.
• Use the <rulename> and "literal" usages for free-form text defined by [RFC5234] (Crocker, D. and P. Overell, “Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF,” January 2008.).
• Fixed various typos.
• Put the rule to convert <scheme> and <transport> to a TURN transport in a separate paragraph.
• Modified the SRV usage to be in line with RFC 2782.
• Clarified that the NAPTR protocol ranking must be used before the application ranking.
• Added an example.
• Added release notes.

A.9.  Design Notes

• A "turns:" URI can only use the TURN TLS transport but a "turn:" URI can use either a TURN UDP, TCP or TLS transport. This is because the reason for TLS is not security, but be able to traverse even a NAT that can decode Xored IP addresses, and "upgrading" from TCP to TLS is harmless.
• The Application Service Tag is "RELAY" so other relaying mechanisms than TURN (e.g., TWIST) can be registered as Application Protocol Tags.
• S-NAPTR was preferred to U-NAPTR because there is no use case for U-NAPTR.
• <password> is not used in the URIs because it is deprecated. <username> is not used in the URIs because it is not used to guide the resolution mechanism.
• As discussed in Dublin, there is no generic parameters in the URI to prevent compatibity issues.
• Adding optional capabilities (IPv6 allocation, preserve bit, etc...) in the resolution process was rejected at the Dublin meeting.

A.10.  Running Code Considerations

• Zap (<http://www.croczilla.com/zap>). Eilon Yardeni, 8x8 Inc. Implements version -00
• Reference Implementation of TURN URI parser and resolver (<http://ietf.implementers.org/turn-uri-0.2.zip>). Marc Petit-Huguenin. Implements version -04

A.11.  TODO List

(Empty)

Author's Address