| BESS Working Group | J. Drake |
| Internet-Draft | A. Farrel |
| Intended status: Standards Track | E. Rosen |
| Expires: April 30, 2018 | Juniper Networks |
| K. Patel | |
| Arrcus, Inc. | |
| L. Jalil | |
| Verizon | |
| October 27, 2017 |
Gateway Auto-Discovery and Route Advertisement for Segment Routing Enabled Domain Interconnection
draft-ietf-bess-datacenter-gateway-00
Data centers have become critical components of the infrastructure used by network operators to provide services to their customers. Data centers are attached to the Internet or a backbone network by gateway routers. One data center typically has more than one gateway for commercial, load balancing, and resiliency reasons.
Segment routing is a popular protocol mechanism for operating within a data center, but also for steering traffic that flows between two data center sites. In order that one data center site may load balance the traffic it sends to another data center site it needs to know the complete set of gateway routers at the remote data center, the points of connection from those gateways to the backbone network, and the connectivity across the backbone network.
Segment routing may also be operated in other domains, such as access networks. Those domains also need to be connected across backbone networks through gateways.
This document defines a mechanism using the BGP Tunnel Encapsulation attribute to allow each gateway router to advertise the routes to the prefixes in the segment routing domains to which it provides access, and also to advertise on behalf of each other gateway to the same segment routing domain.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
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This Internet-Draft will expire on April 30, 2018.
Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.
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Data centers (DCs) have become critical components of the infrastructure used by network operators to provide services to their customers. DCs are attached to the Internet or a backbone network by gateway routers (GWs). One DC typically has more than one GW for various reasons including commercial preferences, load balancing, and resiliency against connection of device failure.
Segment routing (SR) [I-D.ietf-spring-segment-routing] is a popular protocol mechanism for operating within a DC, but also for steering traffic that flows between two DC sites. In order for an ingress DC that uses SR to load balance the flows it sends to an egress DC, it needs to know the complete set of entry nodes (i.e., GWs) for that egress DC from the backbone network connecting the two DCs. Note that it is assumed that the connected set of DCs and the backbone network connecting them are part of the same SR BGP Link State (LS) instance ([RFC7752] and [I-D.ietf-idr-bgpls-segment-routing-epe]) so that traffic engineering using SR may be used for these flows.
Segment routing may also be operated in other domains, such as access networks. Those domains also need to be connected across backbone networks through gateways.
Suppose that there are two gateways, GW1 and GW2 as shown in Figure 1, for a given egress segment routing domain and that they each advertise a route to prefix X which is located within the egress segment routing domain with each setting itself as next hop. One might think that the GWs for X could be inferred from the routes' next hop fields, but typically it is not the case that both routes get distributed across the backbone: rather only the best route, as selected by BGP, is distributed. This precludes load balancing flows across both GWs.
----------------- ---------------------
| Ingress | | Egress ------ |
| SR Domain | | SR Domain |Prefix| |
| | | | X | |
| | | ------ |
| -- | | --- --- |
| |GW| | | |GW1| |GW2| |
-------++--------- ----+-----------+-+--
| \ | / |
| \ | / |
| -+------------- --------+--------+-- |
| ||PE| ----| |---- |PE| |PE| | |
| | -- |ASBR+------+ASBR| -- -- | |
| | ----| |---- | |
| | | | | |
| | ----| |---- | |
| | AS1 |ASBR+------+ASBR| AS2 | |
| | ----| |---- | |
| --------------- -------------------- |
--+-----------------------------------------------+--
| |PE| |PE| |
| -- AS3 -- |
| |
-----------------------------------------------------
Figure 1: Example Segment Routing Domain Interconnection
The obvious solution to this problem is to use the BGP feature that allows the advertisement of multiple paths in BGP (known as Add-Paths) [RFC7911] to ensure that all routes to X get advertised by BGP. However, even if this is done, the identity of the GWs will be lost as soon as the routes get distributed through an Autonomous System Border Router (ASBR) that will set itself to be the next hop. And if there are multiple Autonomous Systems (ASes) in the backbone, not only will the next hop change several times, but the Add-Paths technique will experience scaling issues. This all means that this approach is limited to SR domains connected over a single AS.
This document defines a solution that overcomes this limitation and works equally well with a backbone constructed from one or more ASes. This solution uses the Tunnel Encapsulation attribute [I-D.ietf-idr-tunnel-encaps] as follows:
In other words, each route advertised by any GW identifies all of the GWs to the same SR domain (see Section 2 for a discussion of how GWs discover each other). Therefore, even if only one of the routes is distributed to other ASes, it will not matter how many times the next hop changes, as the Tunnel Encapsulation attribute (and its remote endpoint sub-TLVs) will remain unchanged.
To put this in the context of Figure 1, GW1 and GW2 discover each other as gateways for the egress SR domain. Both GW1 and GW2 advertise themselves as having routes to prefix X. Furthermore, GW1 includes a Tunnel Encapsulation attribute with a tunnel instance of type "SR tunnel" for itself and another for GW2. Similarly, GW2 includes a Tunnel Encapsulation for itself and another for GW1. The gateway in the ingress SR domain can now see all possible paths to the egress SR domain regardless of which route advertisement is propagated to it, and it can choose one or balance traffic flows as it sees fit.
The protocol extensions defined in this document are put into the broader context of SR domain interconnection by [I-D.farrel-spring-sr-domain-interconnect]. That document shows how other existing protocol elements may be combined with the extensions defined in this document to provide a full system.
To allow a given SR domain's GWs to auto-discover each other and to coordinate their operations, the following procedures are implemented:
The auto-discovery route each GW advertises consists of the following:
To avoid the side effect of applying the Tunnel Encapsulation attribute to any packet that is addressed to the GW itself, the GW SHOULD use a different loopback address for the two cases.
As described in Section 1, each GW will include a Tunnel Encapsulation attribute for each GW that is active for the SR domain (including itself), and will include these in every route advertised externally to the SR domain by each GW. As the current set of active GWs changes (due to the addition of a new GW or the failure/removal of an existing GW) each externally advertised route will be re-advertised with the set of SR tunnel instances reflecting the current set of active GWs.
If a gateway becomes disconnected from the backbone network, or if the SR domain operator decides to terminate the gateway's activity, it withdraws the advertisements described above. This means that remote gateways at other sites will stop seeing advertisements from this gateway. It also means that other local gateways at this site will "unlearn" the removed gateway and stop including a Tunnel Encapsulation attribute for the removed gateway in their advertisements.
When a remote GW receives a route to a prefix X it can use the SR tunnel instances within the contained Tunnel Encapsulation attribute to identify the GWs through which X can be reached. It uses this information to compute SR TE paths across the backbone network looking at the information advertised to it in SR BGP Link State (BGP-LS) [I-D.gredler-idr-bgp-ls-segment-routing-ext] and correlated using the SR domain identity. SR Egress Peer Engineering (EPE) [I-D.ietf-idr-bgpls-segment-routing-epe] can be used to supplement the information advertised in the BGP-LS.
When a packet destined for prefix X is sent on an SR TE path to a GW for the SR domain containing X, it needs to carry the receiving GW's label for X such that this label rises to the top of the stack before the GW completes its processing of the packet. To achieve this we place a prefix-SID sub-TLV for X in each SR tunnel instance in the Tunnel Encapsulation attribute in the externally advertised route for X.
Alternatively, if the GWs for a given SR domain are configured to allow remote GWs to perform SR TE through that SR domain for a prefix X, then each GW computes an SR TE path through that SR domain to X from each of the currently active GWs, and places each in an MPLS label stack sub-TLV [I-D.ietf-idr-tunnel-encaps] in the SR tunnel instance for that GW.
If the GWs for a given SR domain are configured to allow remote GWs to send them a packet in that SR domain's native encapsulation, then each GW will also include multiple instances of a tunnel TLV for that native encapsulation in externally advertised routes: one for each GW and each containing a remote endpoint sub-TLV with that GW's address. A remote GW may then encapsulate a packet according to the rules defined via the sub-TLVs included in each of the tunnel TLV instances.
IANA maintains a registry called "BGP parameters" with a sub-registry called "BGP Tunnel Encapsulation Tunnel Types." The registration policy for this registry is First-Come First-Served.
IANA is requested to assign a codepoint from this sub-registry for "SR Tunnel". The next available value may be used and reference should be made to this document.
[[Note: This text is likely to be replaced with a specific code point value once FCFS allocation has been made.]]
From a protocol point of view, the mechanisms described in this document can leverage the security mechanisms already defined for BGP. Further discussion of security considerations for BGP may be found in the BGP specification itself [RFC4271] and in the security analysis for BGP [RFC4272]. The original discussion of the use of the TCP MD5 signature option to protect BGP sessions is found in [RFC5925], while [RFC6952] includes an analysis of BGP keying and authentication issues.
The mechanisms described in this document involve sharing routing or reachability information between domains: that may mean disclosing information that is normally contained within a domain. So it needs to be understood that normal security paradigms based on the boundaries of domains are weakened. Discussion of these issues with respect to VPNs can be found in [RFC4364] while [RFC7926] describes many of the issues associated with the exchange of topology or TE information between domains.
Particular exposures resulting from this work include:
All of the issues in the list above could cause disruption to domain interconnection, but are not new protocol vulnerabilities so much as new exposures of information that could be protected against using existing protocol mechanisms. Furthermore, it is a general observation that if these attacks are possible then it is highly likely that far more significant attacks can be made on the routing system. It should be noted that BGP peerings are not discovered, but always arrise from explicit configuration.
TBD
Thanks to Bruno Rijsman for review comments, and to Robert Raszuk for useful discussions.
| [I-D.ietf-idr-bgpls-segment-routing-epe] | Previdi, S., Filsfils, C., Patel, K., Ray, S. and J. Dong, "BGP-LS extensions for Segment Routing BGP Egress Peer Engineering", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-idr-bgpls-segment-routing-epe-13, June 2017. |
| [I-D.ietf-idr-tunnel-encaps] | Rosen, E., Patel, K. and G. Velde, "The BGP Tunnel Encapsulation Attribute", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-idr-tunnel-encaps-07, July 2017. |
| [RFC2119] | Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997. |
| [RFC4271] | Rekhter, Y., Li, T. and S. Hares, "A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)", RFC 4271, DOI 10.17487/RFC4271, January 2006. |
| [RFC4360] | Sangli, S., Tappan, D. and Y. Rekhter, "BGP Extended Communities Attribute", RFC 4360, DOI 10.17487/RFC4360, February 2006. |
| [RFC5925] | Touch, J., Mankin, A. and R. Bonica, "The TCP Authentication Option", RFC 5925, DOI 10.17487/RFC5925, June 2010. |
| [RFC7752] | Gredler, H., Medved, J., Previdi, S., Farrel, A. and S. Ray, "North-Bound Distribution of Link-State and Traffic Engineering (TE) Information Using BGP", RFC 7752, DOI 10.17487/RFC7752, March 2016. |