| Network Working Group | T. Morin, Ed. |
| Internet-Draft | S. Litkowski |
| Intended status: Standards Track | Orange |
| Expires: July 8, 2016 | K. Patel |
| Cisco Systems | |
| Z. Zhang | |
| R. Kebler | |
| J. Haas | |
| Juniper Networks | |
| January 05, 2016 |
Multicast VPN state damping
draft-ietf-bess-multicast-damping-03
This document describes procedures to damp multicast VPN routing state changes and control the effect of the churn due to the multicast dynamicity in customer site. The procedures described in this document are applicable to BGP-based multicast VPN and help avoid uncontrolled control plane load increase in the core routing infrastructure. New procedures are proposed inspired from BGP unicast route damping principles, but adapted to multicast.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on July 8, 2016.
Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.
In a multicast VPN [RFC6513] deployed with BGP-based procedures [RFC6514], when receivers in VPN sites join and leave a given multicast group or channel through multicast membership control protocols (IGMP, MLD), multicast routing protocols accordingly adjust multicast routing states and P-multicast tree states, to forward or prune multicast traffic to these receivers.
In VPN contexts, providing isolation between customers of a shared infrastructure is a core requirement resulting in stringent expectations with regards to risks of denial of service attacks. Hence, mechanisms need to be put in place to ensure that the load put on the BGP control plane, and on the P-tunnel setup control plane, remains under control regardless of the frequency at which multicast memberships changes are made by end hosts. By nature multicast memberships change based on the behavior of multicast applications running on end hosts, hence the frequency of membership changes can legitimately be much higher than the typical churn of unicast routing states. Section 16 of [RFC6514] specifically spells out the need for damping the activity of C-multicast and Leaf Auto-discovery routes.
This document describes procedures, remotely inspired from existing BGP route damping, aimed at protecting these control planes while at the same time avoiding negative effects on the service provided, although at the expense of a minimal increase in average of bandwidth use in the network.
The base principle is described in Section 3. Existing mechanisms that could be relied upon are discussed in Section 4. Section 5 details the procedures introduced by these specifications.
Section 6 provides specific details related to the damping of multicast VPNs P-tunnel state.
Finally, Section 7 discusses operational considerations related to the proposed mechanism.
This document reuses terminology from [RFC4601] and [RFC6514].
The procedures described in this document allow the network operator to configure multicast VPN PEs (Provider Edge routers) so that they can delay the propagation of multicast state prune messages between PEs, when faced with a rate of multicast state dynamicity exceeding a certain configurable threshold. Assuming that the number of multicast states that can be created by a receiver is bounded, delaying the propagation of multicast state pruning results in setting up an upper bound to the average frequency at which the router will send state updates to an upstream router.
From the point of view of a downstream router, such as a CE (Customer Edge router), this approach has no impact: the multicast routing states changes that it solicits to its PE will be honored without any additional delay. Indeed the propagation of joins is not impacted by the procedures specified here, and having the upstream router delay state prune propagation to its own upstream router does not affect what traffic is sent to the downstream router. In particular, the amount of bandwidth used on the PE-CE link downstream to a PE applying this damping technique is not increased.
This approach increases the average bandwidth utilization on a link upstream to a PE applying this technique, such as a PE-PE link: indeed, a given multicast flow will be forwarded for a longer time than if no damping was applied. That said, it is expected that this technique will allow to meet the goals of protecting the multicast routing infrastructure control plane without a significant average increase of bandwidth; for instance, damping events happening at a frequency higher than one event per X second, can be done without increasing by more than X second the time during which a multicast flow is present on a link.
To be practical, such a mechanism requires configurability. In particular, means are required to control when damping is triggered, and to allow delaying the pruning of a multicast state for a time increasing with the churn of this multicast state. This will let the operator control the tradeoff made between minimizing the dynamicity and reducing bandwidth consumption.
This section describes mechanisms that could be considered to address the issue, but that end up appearing as not suitable or not efficient enough.
PIM-SM specifications [RFC4609] examine multicast security threats and among other things the risk described in Section 1. A mechanism relying on rate-limiting PIM messages is proposed in section 5.3.3 of [RFC4609], but has the identified drawbacks of impacting the service delivered and having side-effects on legitimate users.
In the context of PIM multicast routing protocols [RFC4601], a mechanism exists that may offer a form of de-facto damping of multicast states, under some conditions. Indeed, when active, the prune override mechanism consists in having a PIM upstream router introduce a delay ("prune override interval") before taking into account a PIM Prune message sent by a downstream neighbor.
This mechanism has not been designed specifically for the purpose of damping multicast state, but as a means to allow PIM to operate on multi-access networks. See [RFC4601] section 4.3.3. However, when active, this mechanism will prevent a downstream router to produce multicast routing protocol messages that would cause, for a given multicast state, the upstream router to send to its own upstream router, multicast routing protocol messages at a rate higher than 1/[prune override interval]. This provides de-facto a form of damping.
Similarly, the IGMP and MLD multicast membership control protocols can provide a similar behavior, under the right conditions.
These mechanisms are not considered suitable to meet the goals spelled out in Section 1, the main reasons being that:
The procedures defined in [RFC2439] and [RFC7196] for BGP route flap damping are useful for operators who want to control the impact of unicast route churn on the routing infrastructure, and offer a standardized set of parameters to control damping.
These procedures are not directly relevant in a multicast context, for the following reasons:
However, the set of parameters standardized to control the thresholds of the exponential decay mechanism can be relevantly reused. This is the approach proposed for the procedures described in this document (Section 5). Motivations for doing so is to help the network operator deploy this feature based on consistent configuration parameter, and obtain predictable results, without the drawbacks of relying on rate-limiting of multicast control protocol exchanges (as exposed in Section 4.1) or on the use of existing PIM/IGMP timers (as exposed in Section 4.2).
This section describes procedures for multicast state damping satisfying the goals spelled out in Section 1. This section spells out procedures for (S,G) states in the PIM-SM protocol [RFC4601] ; they apply unchanged for such states created based on multicast group management protocols (IGMP [RFC3376], MLD [RFC3810]) on downstream interfaces. The same procedures are applied to (*,G) states in the context of PIM-SM ASM groups (damping is not applied to (S,G,Rpt) Prune state).
The following notions introduced in [RFC2439] are reused in these procedures:
Additionally to these values, a configurable increment-factor parameter is introduced, that controls by how much the figure-of-merit is incremented on multicast state update events.
Section 7.3 proposes default and maximum values for the configurable parameters.
On reception of updated multicast membership or routing information on a downstream interface I for a given (S,G) state, that results in a change of the state of the PIM downstream state machine (see section 4.5.3 of [RFC4601]), a router implementing these procedures MUST:
Once the figure-of-merit for (S,G) damping state decays to a value strictly below the configured reuse-threshold, the upstream state machine for (S,G) is recomputed based on states of downstream state machines, eventually leading to a PIM Join or Prune message to be sent to the upstream neighbor.
Same techniques as the ones described in [RFC2439] can be applied to determine when the figure-of-merit value is recomputed based on the exponential decay algorithm and the configured decay-half-life.
Given the specificity of multicast applications, it is REQUIRED for the implementation to let the operator configure the decay-half-life in seconds, rather than in minutes. When the recomputation is done periodically, the period should be low enough to not significantly delay the inactivation of damping on a multicast state beyond what the operator wanted to configure (i.e. for a decay-half-life of 10s, recomputing the figure-of-merit each minute would result in a multicast state to remained damped for a much longer time than what the parameters are supposed to command).
PIM implementations typically follow [RFC4601] suggestion that "implementations will only maintain state when it is relevant to forwarding operations - for example, the 'NoInfo' state might be assumed from the lack of other state information, rather than being held explicitly" (Section 4.1 of [RFC4601]). To properly implement damping procedures, an implementation MUST keep an explicit (S,G) state as long as damping is active on an (S,G). Once an (S,G) state expires, and damping becomes inactive on this state, its associated figure-of-merit and damping state are removed as well.
Note that these procedures:
Note also that no action is triggered based on the reception of PIM Prune messages (or corresponding IGMP/MLD messages) that relate to non-existing (S,G) state, in particular, no figure-of-merit or damping state is created in this case.
The procedures described in Section 5.1 can be applied in the VRF PIM-SM implementation (in the "C-PIM instance"), with the corresponding action to suppressing the emission of a Prune(S,G) message being to not withdraw the C-multicast Source Tree Join (C-S,C-G) BGP route. Implementation of [RFC6513] relying on the use of PIM to carry C-multicast routing information MUST support this technique.
In the context of [RFC6514] where BGP is used to distribute C-multicast routing information, the following procedure is proposed as an alternative to the procedures in Section 5.1 and consists in applying damping in the BGP implementation, based on existing BGP damping mechanism, applied to C-multicast Source Tree Join routes and Shared Tree Join routes (and as well to Leaf A-D routes - see Section 6), and modified to implement the behavior described in Section 3 along the following guidelines:
While these procedures would typically be implemented on PE routers, in a context where BGP Route Reflectors (RRs) are used it can be considered useful to also be able to apply damping on RRs as well. Additionally, for mVPN Inter-AS deployments, it can be needed to protect one AS from the dynamicity of multicast VPN routing events from other ASes.
The choice to implement damping based on BGP routes or the procedures described in Section 5, is up to the implementor, but at least one of the two MUST be implemented. In the perspective of allowing damping to be done on RRs and ASBRs, implementing the BGP approach is RECOMMENDED.
When not all routers in a deployment have the capability to drop traffic coming from the wrong PE (as spelled out in section 9.1.1 of [RFC6513]), then the withdrawal of a C-multicast route resulting from a change in the Upstream Multicast Hop or Upstream Multicast PE SHOULD NOT be damped. An implementation of the specification in this document MUST whether, not damp these withdrawals by default, or alternatively provide a tuning knob to disable the damping of these withdrawals. Additionally, in such a context, it is RECOMMENDED to not enable any multicast VPN route damping on RRs and ASBRs, since these equipments cannot distinguish these events.
Note well that damping SHOULD NOT be applied to BGP routes of the following sub-types: "Intra-AS I-PMSI A-D Route", "Inter-AS I-PMSI A-D Route", "S-PMSI A-D Route", and "Source Active A-D Route".
When selective P-tunnels are used (see section 7 of [RFC6513]), the effect of updating the upstream state machine for a given (C-S,C-G) state on a PE connected to multicast receivers, is not only to generate activity to propagate C-multicast routing information to the source connected PE, but also to possibly trigger changes related to the P-tunnels carrying (C-S,C-G) traffic. Protecting the provider network from an excessive amount of change in the state of P-tunnels is required, and this section details how this can be done.
A PE implementing these procedures for mVPN MUST damp Leaf A-D routes, in the same manner as it would for C-multicast routes (see Section 5.2).
A PE implementing these procedures for mVPN MUST damp the activity related to removing itself from a P-tunnel. Possible ways to do so depend on the type of P-tunnel, and local implementation details are left up to the implementor.
The following is proposed as example of how the above can be achieved.
Specifications exist to support or optimize multicast and broadcast in the context of Ethernet VPNs [RFC7117], relying on the use of S-PMSI and P-tunnels. For the same reasons as for IP multicast VPNs, an implementation of these procedures MUST follow the procedures described in Section 6.1.
In the context of multicast VPNs, these procedures would be enabled on PE routers. Additionally in the case of C-multicast routing based on BGP extensions ([RFC6514]) these procedures can be enabled on ASBRs and Route Reflectors.
Implementing the damping mechanisms described in this document should be complemented by appropriate tools to observe and troubleshoot damping activity.
More specifically it is RECOMMENDED to complement the existing interface providing information on multicast states with information on eventual damping of corresponding states (e.g. MRIB states): C-multicast routing states and P-tunnel states.
The following values are RECOMMENDED to adopt as default conservative values:
For unicast damping, it is common to set an upper bound to the time during which a route is suppressed. In the case of multicast state damping, which relies on not withdrawing a damped route, it may be desirable to avoid a situation where a multicast flow would keep flowing in a portion of the network for a very large time in the absence of receivers.
The proposed default maximum value for the figure-of-merit is 20xincrement-factor, i.e. 20000 with the proposed default increment-factor of 1000.
The following values are proposed as maxima:
This document makes no request of IANA.
Note to RFC Editor: this section may be removed on publication as an RFC.
The procedures defined in this document do not introduce additional security issues not already present in the contexts addressed, and actually aim at addressing some of the identified risks without introducing as much denial of service risk as some of the mechanisms already defined.
The protection provided relates to the control plane of the multicast routing protocols, including the components implementing the routing protocols and the components responsible for updating the multicast forwarding plane.
The procedures describe are meant to provide some level of protection for the router on which they are enabled by reducing the amount of routing state updates that it needs to send to its upstream neighbor or peers, but do not provide any reduction of the control plane load related to processing routing information from downstream neighbors. Protecting routers from an increase in control plane load due to activity on downstream interfaces toward core routers (or in the context of BGP-based mVPN C-multicast routing, BGP peers) shall rely upon the activation of damping on corresponding downstream neighbors (or BGP peers) and/or at the edge of the network. Protecting routers from an increase in control plane load due to activity on customer-facing downstream interfaces or downstream interfaces to routers in another administrative domain, is out of the scope of this document and should rely upon already defined mechanisms (see [RFC4609]).
To be effective the procedures described here must be complemented by configuration limiting the number of multicast states that can be created on a multicast router through protocol interactions with multicast receivers, neighbor routers in adjacent ASes, or in multicast VPN contexts with multicast CEs. Note well that the two mechanism may interact: state for which Prune has been requested may still remain taken into account for some time if damping has been triggered and hence result in otherwise acceptable new state from being successfully created.
Additionally, it is worth noting that these procedures are not meant to protect against peaks of control plane load, but only address averaged load. For instance, assuming a set of multicast states submitted to the same Join/Prune events, damping can prevent more than a certain number of Join/Prune messages to be sent upstream in the period of time that elapses between the reception of Join/Prune messages triggering the activation of damping on these states and when damping becomes inactive after decay.
We would like to thank Bruno Decraene and Lenny Giuliano for discussions that helped shape this proposal. We would also like to thank Yakov Rekhter and Eric Rosen for their reviews and helpful comments. Thanks to Wim Henderickx for his comments and support of this proposal, and Martin Vigoureux and Gunter Van De Velde for their reviews.
| [RFC4609] | Savola, P., Lehtonen, R. and D. Meyer, "Protocol Independent Multicast - Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) Multicast Routing Security Issues and Enhancements", RFC 4609, October 2006. |