| codec | T.B. Terriberry |
| Internet-Draft | Mozilla Corporation |
| Intended status: Standards Track | R. Lee |
| Expires: May 24, 2013 | Voicetronix |
| R. Giles | |
| Mozilla Corporation | |
| November 20, 2012 |
Ogg Encapsulation for the Opus Audio Codec
draft-ietf-codec-oggopus-00
This document defines the Ogg encapsulation for the Opus interactive speech and audio codec. This allows data encoded in the Opus format to be stored in an Ogg logical bitstream. Ogg encapsulation provides Opus with a long-term storage format supporting all of the essential features, including metadata, fast and accurate seeking, corruption detection, recapture after errors, low overhead, and the ability to multiplex Opus with other codecs (including video) with minimal buffering. It also provides a live streamable format, capable of delivery over a reliable stream-oriented transport, without requiring all the data, or even the total length of the data, up-front, in a form that is identical to the on-disk storage format.
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http:/⁠/⁠datatracker.ietf.org/⁠drafts/⁠current/⁠.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on May 24, 2013.
Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http:/⁠/⁠trustee.ietf.org/⁠license-⁠info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.
The IETF Opus codec is a low-latency audio codec optimized for both voice and general-purpose audio. See [RFC6716] for technical details. This document defines the encapsulation of Opus in a continuous, logical Ogg bitstream [RFC3533].
Ogg bitstreams are made up of a series of 'pages', each of which contains data from one or more 'packets'. Pages are the fundamental unit of multiplexing in an Ogg stream. Each page is associated with a particular logical stream and contains a capture pattern and checksum, flags to mark the beginning and end of the logical stream, and a 'granule position' that represents an absolute position in the stream, to aid seeking. A single page can contain up to 65,025 octets of packet data from up to 255 different packets. Packets may be split arbitrarily across pages, and continued from one page to the next (allowing packets much larger than would fit on a single page). Each page contains 'lacing values' that indicate how the data is partitioned into packets, allowing a demuxer to recover the packet boundaries without examining the encoded data. A packet is said to 'complete' on a page when the page contains the final lacing value corresponding to that packet.
This encapsulation defines the required contents of the packet data, including the necessary headers, the organization of those packets into a logical stream, and the interpretation of the codec-specific granule position field. It does not attempt to describe or specify the existing Ogg container format. Readers unfamiliar with the basic concepts mentioned above are encouraged to review the details in [RFC3533].
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
Implementations that fail to satisfy one or more "MUST" requirements are considered non-compliant. Implementations that satisfy all "MUST" requirements, but fail to satisfy one or more "SHOULD" requirements are said to be "conditionally compliant". All other implementations are "unconditionally compliant".
An Opus stream is organized as follows.
There are two mandatory header packets. The granule position of the pages on which these packets complete MUST be zero.
The first packet in the logical Ogg bitstream MUST contain the identification (ID) header, which uniquely identifies a stream as Opus audio. The format of this header is defined in Section 5.1. It MUST be placed alone (without any other packet data) on the first page of the logical Ogg bitstream, and must complete on that page. This page MUST have its 'beginning of stream' flag set.
The second packet in the logical Ogg bitstream MUST contain the comment header, which contains user-supplied metadata. The format of this header is defined in Section 5.2. It MAY span one or more pages, beginning on the second page of the logical stream. However many pages it spans, the comment header packet MUST finish the page on which it completes.
All subsequent pages are audio data pages, and the Ogg packets they contain are audio data packets. Each audio data packet contains one Opus packet for each of N different streams, where N is typically one for mono or stereo, but may be greater than one for, e.g., multichannel audio. The value N is specified in the ID header (see Section 5.1.1), and is fixed over the entire length of the logical Ogg bitstream.
The first N-1 Opus packets, if any, are packed one after another into the Ogg packet, using the self-delimiting framing from Appendix B of [RFC6716]. The remaining Opus packet is packed at the end of the Ogg packet using the regular, undelimited framing from Section 3 of [RFC6716]. All of the Opus packets in a single Ogg packet MUST be constrained to have the same duration. The duration and coding modes of each Opus packet are contained in the TOC (table of contents) sequence in the first few bytes. A decoder SHOULD treat any Opus packet whose duration is different from that of the first Opus packet in an Ogg packet as if it were an Opus packet with an illegal TOC sequence.
The first audio data page SHOULD NOT have the 'continued packet' flag set (which would indicate the first audio data packet is continued from a previous page). Packets MUST be placed into Ogg pages in order until the end of stream. Audio packets MAY span page boundaries. A decoder MUST treat a zero-octet audio data packet as if it were an Opus packet with an illegal TOC sequence. The last page SHOULD have the 'end of stream' flag set, but implementations should be prepared to deal with truncated streams that do not have a page marked 'end of stream'. The final packet on the last page SHOULD NOT be a continued packet, i.e., the final lacing value should be less than 255. There MUST NOT be any more pages in an Opus logical bitstream after a page marked 'end of stream'.
The granule position of an audio data page encodes the total number of PCM samples in the stream up to and including the last fully-decodable sample from the last packet completed on that page. A page that is entirely spanned by a single packet (that completes on a subsequent page) has no granule position, and the granule position field MUST be set to the special value '-1' in two's complement.
The granule position of an audio data page is in units of PCM audio samples at a fixed rate of 48 kHz (per channel; a stereo stream's granule position does not increment at twice the speed of a mono stream). It is possible to run an Opus decoder at other sampling rates, but the value in the granule position field always counts samples assuming a 48 kHz decoding rate, and the rest of this specification makes the same assumption.
The duration of an Opus packet may be any multiple of 2.5 ms, up to a maximum of 120 ms. This duration is encoded in the TOC sequence at the beginning of each packet. The number of samples returned by a decoder corresponds to this duration exactly, even for the first few packets. For example, a 20 ms packet fed to a decoder running at 48 kHz will always return 960 samples. A demuxer can parse the TOC sequence at the beginning of each Ogg packet to work backwards or forwards from a packet with a known granule position (i.e., the last packet completed on some page) in order to assign granule positions to every packet, or even every individual sample. The one exception is the last page in the stream, as described below.
All other pages with completed packets after the first MUST have a granule position equal to the number of samples contained in packets that complete on that page plus the granule position of the most recent page with completed packets. This guarantees that a demuxer can assign individual packets the same granule position when working forwards as when working backwards. For this to work, there cannot be any gaps. In order to support capturing a stream that uses discontinuous transmission (DTX), an encoder SHOULD emit packets that explicitly request the use of Packet Loss Concealment (PLC) (i.e., with a frame length of 0, as defined in Section 3.2.1 of [RFC6716]) in place of the packets that were not transmitted.
There is some amount of latency introduced during the decoding process, to allow for overlap in the MDCT modes, stereo mixing in the LP modes, and resampling, and the encoder will introduce even more latency (though the exact amount is not specified). Therefore, the first few samples produced by the decoder do not correspond to real input audio, but are instead composed of padding inserted by the encoder to compensate for this latency. These samples need to be stored and decoded, as Opus is an asymptotically convergent predictive codec, meaning the decoded contents of each frame depend on the recent history of decoder inputs. However, a decoder will want to skip these samples after decoding them.
A 'pre-skip' field in the ID header (see Section 5.1) signals the number of samples which SHOULD be skipped (decoded but discarded) at the beginning of the stream. This provides sufficient history to the decoder so that it has already converged before the stream's output begins. It may also be used to perform sample-accurate cropping of existing encoded streams. This amount need not be a multiple of 2.5 ms, may be smaller than a single packet, or may span the contents of several packets.
'PCM sample position' = 'granule position' - 'pre-skip' .
The PCM sample position is determined from the granule position using the formula
'PCM sample position'
'playback time' = --------------------- .
48000.0
For example, if the granule position of the first audio data page is 59,971, and the pre-skip is 11,971, then the PCM sample position of the last decoded sample from that page is 48,000. This can be converted into a playback time using the formula
The initial PCM sample position before any samples are played is normally '0'. In this case, the PCM sample position of the first audio sample to be played starts at '1', because it marks the time on the clock after that sample has been played, and a stream that is exactly one second long has a final PCM sample position of '48000', as in the example here.
Vorbis streams use a granule position smaller than the number of audio samples contained in the first audio data page to indicate that some of those samples must be trimmed from the output (see [vorbis-trim]). However, to do so, Vorbis requires that the first audio data page contains exactly two packets, in order to allow the decoder to perform PCM position adjustments before needing to return any PCM data. Opus uses the pre-skip mechanism for this purpose instead, since the encoder may introduce more than a single packet's worth of latency, and since very large packets in streams with a very large number of channels might not fit on a single page.
The page with the 'end of stream' flag set MAY have a granule position that indicates the page contains less audio data than would normally be returned by decoding up through the final packet. This is used to end the stream somewhere other than an even frame boundary. The granule position of the most recent audio data page with completed packets is used to make this determination, or '0' is used if there were no previous audio data pages with a completed packet. The difference between these granule positions indicates how many samples to keep after decoding the packets that completed on the final page. The remaining samples are discarded. The number of discarded samples SHOULD be no larger than the number decoded from the last packet.
The granule position of the first audio data page with a completed packet MAY be larger than the number of samples contained in packets that complete on that page, however it MUST NOT be smaller, unless that page has the 'end of stream' flag set. Allowing a granule position larger than the number of samples allows the beginning of a stream to be cropped or a live stream to be joined without rewriting the granule position of all the remaining pages. This means that the PCM sample position just before the first sample to be played may be larger than '0'. Synchronization when multiplexing with other logical streams still uses the PCM sample position relative to '0' to compute sample times. This does not affect the behavior of pre-skip: exactly 'pre-skip' samples should be skipped from the beginning of the decoded output, even if the initial PCM sample position is greater than zero.
On the other hand, a granule position that is smaller than the number of decoded samples prevents a demuxer from working backwards to assign each packet or each individual sample a valid granule position, since granule positions must be non-negative. A decoder MUST reject as invalid any stream where the granule position is smaller than the number of samples contained in packets that complete on the first audio data page with a completed packet, unless that page has the 'end of stream' flag set. It MAY defer this action until it decodes the last packet completed on that page.
If that page has the 'end of stream' flag set, a demuxer MUST reject as invalid any stream where its granule position is smaller than the 'pre-skip' amount. This would indicate that more samples should be skipped from the initial decoded output than exist in the stream. If the granule position is smaller than the number of decoded samples produced by the packets that complete on that page, then a demuxer MUST use an initial granule position of '0', and can work forwards from '0' to timestamp individual packets. If the granule position is larger than the number of decoded samples available, then the demuxer MUST still work backwards as described above, even if the 'end of stream' flag is set, to determine the initial granule position, and thus the initial PCM sample position. Both of these will be greater than '0' in this case.
Seeking in Ogg files is best performed using a bisection search for a page whose granule position corresponds to a PCM position at or before the seek target. With appropriately weighted bisection, accurate seeking can be performed with just three or four bisections even in multi-gigabyte files. See [seeking] for general implementation guidance.
When seeking within an Ogg Opus stream, the decoder SHOULD start decoding (and discarding the output) at least 3840 samples (80 ms) prior to the seek target in order to ensure that the output audio is correct by the time it reaches the seek target. This 'pre-roll' is separate from, and unrelated to, the 'pre-skip' used at the beginning of the stream. If the point 80 ms prior to the seek target comes before the initial PCM sample position, the decoder SHOULD start decoding from the beginning of the stream, applying pre-skip as normal, regardless of whether the pre-skip is larger or smaller than 80 ms, and then continue to discard the samples required to reach the seek target (if any).
An Opus stream contains exactly two mandatory header packets.
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | 'O' | 'p' | 'u' | 's' | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | 'H' | 'e' | 'a' | 'd' | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Version = 1 | Channel Count | Pre-skip | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Input Sample Rate (Hz) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Output Gain (Q7.8 in dB) | Mapping Family| | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : | | : Optional Channel Mapping Table... : | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 1: ID Header Packet
sample *= pow(10, output_gain/(20.0*256)) ,
The fields in the identification (ID) header have the following meaning:
Starting with "Op" helps distinguish it from audio data packets, as this is an invalid TOC sequence.
However, the 'Input Sample Rate' field allows the encoder to pass the sample rate of the original input stream as metadata. This may be useful when the user requires the output sample rate to match the input sample rate. For example, a non-player decoder writing PCM format samples to disk might choose to resample the output audio back to the original input sample rate to reduce surprise to the user, who might reasonably expect to get back a file with the same sample rate as the one they fed to the encoder.
All fields in the ID headers are REQUIRED, except for the channel mapping table, which is omitted when the channel mapping family is 0. Implementations SHOULD reject ID headers which do not contain enough data for these fields, even if they contain a valid Magic Signature. Future versions of this specification, even backwards-compatible versions, might include additional fields in the ID header. If an ID header has a compatible major version, but a larger minor version, an implementation MUST NOT reject it for containing additional data not specified here. However, implementations MAY reject streams in which the ID header does not complete on the first page.
An Ogg Opus stream allows mapping one number of Opus streams (N) to a possibly larger number of decoded channels (M+N) to yet another number of output channels (C), which might be larger or smaller than the number of decoded channels. The order and meaning of these channels are defined by a channel mapping, which consists of the 'channel mapping family' octet and, for channel mapping families other than family 0, a channel mapping table, as illustrated in Figure 2.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Stream Count |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Coupled Count | Channel Mapping... :
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 2: Channel Mapping Table
The fields in the channel mapping table have the following meaning:
After producing the output channels, the channel mapping family determines the semantic meaning of each one. Currently there are three defined mapping families, although more may be added:
An Ogg Opus player MUST play any Ogg Opus stream with a channel mapping family of 0 or 1, even if the number of channels does not match the physically connected audio hardware. Players SHOULD perform channel mixing to increase or reduce the number of channels as needed.
Special mapping: This channel mapping value also indicates that the contents consists of a single Opus stream that is stereo if and only if C==2, with stream index 0 mapped to channel 0, and (if stereo) stream index 1 mapped to channel 1. When the 'channel mapping family' octet has this value, the channel mapping table MUST be omitted from the ID header packet.
The remaining channel mapping families (2...254) are reserved. A decoder encountering a reserved channel mapping family value SHOULD act as though the value is 255.
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | 'O' | 'p' | 'u' | 's' | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | 'T' | 'a' | 'g' | 's' | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Vendor String Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | : Vendor String... : | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | User Comment List Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | User Comment #0 String Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | : User Comment #0 String... : | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | User Comment #1 String Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : :
Figure 3: Comment Header Packet
The comment header consists of a 64-bit magic signature, followed by data in the same format as the [vorbis-comment] header used in Ogg Vorbis (without the final "framing bit"), Ogg Theora, and Speex.
Starting with "Op" helps distinguish it from audio data packets, as this is an invalid TOC sequence.
The vendor string length and user comment list length are REQUIRED, and implementations SHOULD reject comment headers that do not contain enough data for these fields, or that do not contain enough data for the corresponding vendor string or user comments they describe. Making this check before allocating the associated memory to contain the data may help prevent a possible Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack from small comment headers that claim to contain strings longer than the entire packet or more user comments than than could possibly fit in the packet.
R128_TRACK_GAIN=-573
The user comment strings follow the NAME=value format described by [vorbis-comment] with the same recommended tag names. One new comment tag is introduced for Ogg Opus: [replay-gain], except that the normal volume reference is the [EBU-R128] standard.
An Ogg Opus file MUST NOT have more than one such tag, and if present its value MUST be an integer from -32768 to 32767, inclusive, represented in ASCII with no whitespace. If present, it MUST correctly represent the R128 normalization gain relative to the 'output gain' field specified in the ID header. If a player chooses to make use of the R128_TRACK_GAIN tag, it MUST be applied in addition to the 'output gain' value. If an encoder wishes to use R128 normalization, and the output gain is not otherwise constrained or specified, the encoder SHOULD write the R128 gain into the 'output gain' field and store a tag containing "R128_TRACK_GAIN=0". That is, it should assume that by default tools will respect the 'output gain' field, and not the comment tag. If a tool modifies the ID header's 'output gain' field, it MUST also update or remove the R128_TRACK_GAIN comment tag.
To avoid confusion with multiple normalization schemes, an Opus comment header SHOULD NOT contain any of the REPLAYGAIN_TRACK_GAIN, REPLAYGAIN_TRACK_PEAK, REPLAYGAIN_ALBUM_GAIN, or REPLAYGAIN_ALBUM_PEAK tags.
There is no Opus comment tag corresponding to REPLAYGAIN_ALBUM_GAIN. That information should instead be stored in the ID header's 'output gain' field.
Technically valid Opus packets can be arbitrarily large due to the padding format, although the amount of non-padding data they can contain is bounded. These packets might be spread over a similarly enormous number of Ogg pages. Encoders SHOULD use no more padding than required to make a variable bitrate (VBR) stream constant bitrate (CBR). Decoders SHOULD avoid attempting to allocate excessive amounts of memory when presented with a very large packet. The presence of an extremely large packet in the stream could indicate a memory exhaustion attack or stream corruption. Decoders SHOULD reject a packet that is too large to process, and display a warning message.
In an Ogg Opus stream, the largest possible valid packet that does not use padding has a size of (61,298*N - 2) octets, or about 60 kB per Opus stream. With 255 streams, this is 15,630,988 octets (14.9 MB) and can span up to 61,298 Ogg pages, all but one of which will have a granule position of -1. This is of course a very extreme packet, consisting of 255 streams, each containing 120 ms of audio encoded as 2.5 ms frames, each frame using the maximum possible number of octets (1275) and stored in the least efficient manner allowed (a VBR code 3 Opus packet). Even in such a packet, most of the data will be zeros, as 2.5 ms frames, which are required to run in the MDCT mode, cannot actually use all 1275 octets. The largest packet consisting of entirely useful data is (15,326*N - 2) octets, or about 15 kB per stream. This corresponds to 120 ms of audio encoded as 10 ms frames in either LP or Hybrid mode, but at a data rate of over 1 Mbps, which makes little sense for the quality achieved. A more reasonable limit is (7,664*N - 2) octets, or about 7.5 kB per stream. This corresponds to 120 ms of audio encoded as 20 ms stereo MDCT-mode frames, with a total bitrate just under 511 kbps (not counting the Ogg encapsulation overhead). With N=8, the maximum number of channels currently defined by mapping family 1, this gives a maximum packet size of 61,310 octets, or just under 60 kB. This is still quite conservative, as it assumes each output channel is taken from one decoded channel of a stereo packet. An implementation could reasonably choose any of these numbers for its internal limits.
Implementations of the Opus codec need to take appropriate security considerations into account, as outlined in [RFC4732]. This is just as much a problem for the container as it is for the codec itself. It is extremely important for the decoder to be robust against malicious payloads. Malicious payloads must not cause the decoder to overrun its allocated memory or to take an excessive amount of resources to decode. Although problems in encoders are typically rarer, the same applies to the encoder. Malicious audio streams must not cause the encoder to misbehave because this would allow an attacker to attack transcoding gateways.
Like most other container formats, Ogg Opus files should not be used with insecure ciphers or cipher modes that are vulnerable to known-plaintext attacks. Elements such as the Ogg page capture pattern and the magic signatures in the ID header and the comment header all have easily predictable values, in addition to various elements of the codec data itself.
An "Ogg Opus file" consists of one or more sequentially multiplexed segments, each containing exactly one Ogg Opus stream. The RECOMMENDED mime-type for Ogg Opus files is "audio/ogg". When Opus is concurrently multiplexed with other streams in an Ogg container, one SHOULD use one of the "audio/ogg", "video/ogg", or "application/ogg" mime-types, as defined in [RFC3534].
audio/ogg; codecs=opus
If more specificity is desired, one MAY indicate the presence of Opus streams using the codecs parameter defined in [RFC6381], e.g.,
The RECOMMENDED filename extension for Ogg Opus files is '.opus'.
This document has no actions for IANA.
Thanks to Greg Maxwell, Christopher "Monty" Montgomery, and Jean-Marc Valin for their valuable contributions to this document. Additional thanks to Andrew D'Addesio, Greg Maxwell, and Vincent Penqeurc'h for their feedback based on early implementations.
The authors agree to grant third parties the irrevocable right to copy, use, and distribute the work, with or without modification, in any medium, without royalty, provided that, unless separate permission is granted, redistributed modified works do not contain misleading author, version, name of work, or endorsement information.
| [RFC2119] | Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. |
| [RFC3533] | Pfeiffer, S., "The Ogg Encapsulation Format Version 0", RFC 3533, May 2003. |
| [RFC3534] | Walleij, L., "The application/ogg Media Type", RFC 3534, May 2003. |
| [RFC3629] | Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, November 2003. |
| [RFC6381] | Gellens, R., Singer, D. and P. Frojdh, "The 'Codecs' and 'Profiles' Parameters for "Bucket" Media Types", RFC 6381, August 2011. |
| [RFC6716] | Valin, JM., Vos, K. and T. Terriberry, "Definition of the Opus Audio Codec", RFC 6716, September 2012. |
| [EBU-R128] | "Loudness Recommendation EBU R128", August 2011. | , "
| [vorbis-comment] | Montgomery, C., "Ogg Vorbis I Format Specification: Comment Field and Header Specification", July 2002. |
| [vorbis-mapping] | Montgomery, C., "The Vorbis I Specification, Section 4.3.9 Output Channel Order", January 2010. |
| [RFC4732] | Handley, M., Rescorla, E., IAB, "Internet Denial-of-Service Considerations", RFC 4732, December 2006. |
| [replay-gain] | Parker, C. and M. Leese, "VorbisComment: Replay Gain", June 2009. |
| [seeking] | Pfeiffer, S., Parker, C. and G. Maxwell, "Granulepos Encoding and How Seeking Really Works", May 2012. |
| [vorbis-trim] | Montgomery, C., "The Vorbis I Specification, Appendix A: Embedding Vorbis into an Ogg stream", November 2008. |