Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) is data format designed for small code size and small message size. There is a need for the ability to have the basic security services defined for this data format. This document specifies procesing for signatures, message authentication codes, and encryption using CBOR. This document also specifies a represention for cryptographic keys using CBOR.

The source for this draft is being maintained in GitHub. Suggested changes should be submitted as pull requests at <https://github.com/cose-wg/cose-spec>. Instructions are on that page as well. Editorial changes can be managed in GitHub, but any substantial issues need to be discussed on the COSE mailing list.

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Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

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1. Introduction

There has been an increased focus on the small, constrained devices that make up the Internet of Things (IOT). One of the standards that has come out of this process is the Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR). CBOR extended the data model of the JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) by allowing for binary data among other changes. CBOR is being adopted by several of the IETF working groups dealing with the IOT world as their encoding of data structures. CBOR was designed specifically to be both small in terms of messages transport and implementation size as well having a schema free decoder. A need exists to provide basic message security services for IOT and using CBOR as the message encoding format makes sense.

The JOSE working group produced a set of documents [RFC7515][RFC7516][RFC7517][RFC7518] using JSON [RFC7159] that specified how to process encryption, signatures and message authentication (MAC) operations, and how to encode keys using JSON. This document does the same work for use with the CBOR [RFC7049] document format. While there is a strong attempt to keep the flavor of the original JOSE documents, two considerations are taken into account:

1.1. Design changes from JOSE

1.2. Requirements Terminology

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

1.3. CBOR Grammar

There currently is no standard CBOR grammar available for use by specifications. We therefore describe the CBOR structures in prose. There is a version of a CBOR grammar in the CBOR Data Definition Language (CDDL) [I-D.greevenbosch-appsawg-cbor-cddl]. An informational version of the CBOR grammar that reflects what is in the prose can be found in Appendix A. CDDL has not been fixed, so this grammar may will only work with the version of CDDL at the time of publishing.

The document was developed by first working on the grammar and then developing the prose to go with it. An artifact of this is that the prose was written using the primitive type strings defined by early versions CDDL. In this specification, the following primitive types are used:

NOTE: For the purposes of review, we are currently interlacing the CDDL grammar into the text of document. This is being done for simplicity of comparison of the grammar against the prose. The grammar will be removed to an appendix during WGLC.

1.4. CBOR Related Terminology

In JSON, maps are called objects and only have one kind of map key: a string. In COSE, we use both strings and integers (both negative and non-negative integers) as map keys. The integers are used for compactness of encoding and easy comparison. (Generally, in this document the value zero is going to be reserved and not used.) Since the work "key" is mainly used in its other meaning, as a cryptographic key, we use the term "label" for this usage as a map keys.

1.5. Document Terminology

Key management is used as a term to describe how a key at level n is obtained from level n+1 in encrypted and MACed messages. The term is also used to discuss key life cycle management, this document does not discuss key life cycle operations.

1.6. Mandatory to Implement Algorithms

It is expected that COSE is going to be used in a wide variety of applications and on a wide variety of devices. Many of the constrained devices are going to be setup to use a small fixed set of algorithms, and this set of algorithms may not match those available on a device. We therefore have deferred to the application protocols the decision of what to specify for mandatory algorithms.

Since the set of algorithms in an environment of constrained devices may depend on what the set of devices are and how long they have been in operation, we want to highlight that application protocols will need to specify some type of discovery method of algorithm capabilities. The discovery method may be as simple as requiring preconfiguration of the set of algorithms to providing a discovery method built into the protocol. S/MIME provided a number of different ways to approach the problem:

2. Basic COSE Structure

The COSE Message structure is designed so that there can be a large amount of common code when parsing and processing the different security messages. All of the message structures are built on a CBOR array type. The first three elements of the array contains the same basic information. The first element is a set of protected header information. The second element is a set of unprotected header information. The third element is the content of the message (either as plain text or encrypted). Elements after this point are dependent on the specific message type.

3. Header Parameters

The structure of COSE has been designed to have two buckets of information that are not considered to be part of the payload itself, but are used for holding information about content, algorithms, keys, or evaluation hints for the processing of the layer. These two buckets are available for use in all of the structures in this document except for keys. While these buckets can be present, they may not all be usable in all instances. For example, while the protected bucket is defined as part of recipient structures, most of the algorithms that are used for recipients do not provide the necessary functionality to provide the needed protection and thus the bucket should not be used.

Both buckets are implemented as CBOR maps. The map key is a 'label' (Section 1.4). The value portion is dependent on the definition for the label. Both maps use the same set of label/value pairs. The integer and string values for labels has been divided into several sections with a standard range, a private range, and a range that is dependent on the algorithm selected. The defined labels can be found in the 'COSE Header Parameters' IANA registry (Section 15.2).

Only parameters that deal with the current layer are to be placed at that layer. As an example of this, the parameter 'content type' describes the content of the message being carried in the message. As such, this parameter is placed only in the content layer and is not placed in the recipient or signature layers. In principle, one should be able to process any given layer without reference to any other layer. (The only data that should need to cross layers is the cryptographic key.)

The buckets are present in all of the security objects defined in this document. The fields in order are the 'protected' bucket (as a CBOR 'bstr' type) and then the 'unprotected' bucket (as a CBOR 'map' type). The presence of both buckets is required. The parameters that go into the buckets come from the IANA "COSE Header Parameters" (Section 15.2). Some common parameters are defined in the next section, but a number of parameters are defined throughout this document.

3.1. Common COSE Headers Parameters

This section defines a set of common header parameters. A summary of those parameters can be found in Table 1. This table should be consulted to determine the value of label used as well as the type of the value.

Common Header Parameters
name	label	value type	value registry	description
alg	1	int / tstr	COSE Algorithm Registry	Integers are taken from table --POINT TO REGISTRY--
crit	2	[+ label]	COSE Header Label Registry	integer values are from -- POINT TO REGISTRY --
content type	3	tstr / int	CoAP Content-Formats or Media Types registry	Value is either a Media Type or an integer from the CoAP Content Format registry
kid	4	bstr		key identifier
nonce	5	bstr		Nonce or Initialization Vector (IV)
counter signature	6	COSE_signature		CBOR encoded signature structure
creation time	*	uint		Time the content was created
sequence number	*	uint		Application specific Integer value

OPEN ISSUES:

I am currently torn on the question "Should epk and iv/nonce be algorithm specific or generic headers?" They are really specific to an algorithm and can potentially be defined in different ways for different algorithms. As an example, it would make sense to defined nonce for CCM and GCM modes that can have the leading zero bytes stripped, while for other algorithms this might be undesirable.
We might want to define some additional items. What are they? A possible example would be a sequence number as this might be common. On the other hand, this is the type of things that is frequently used as the nonce in some places and thus should not be used in the same way. Other items might be challenge/response fields for freshness as these are likely to be common.

4. Signing Structure

The signature structure allows for one or more signatures to be applied to a message payload. There are provisions for parameters about the content and parameters about the signature to be carried along with the signature itself. These parameters may be authenticated by the signature, or just present. Examples of parameters about the content would be the type of content, when the content was created, and who created the content. [CREF5]Hannes: Ensure that the list of examples only includes items that are implemented in this specification. Check the other places where such lists occur and ensure that they also follow this rule. Examples of parameters about the signature would be the algorithm and key used to create the signature, when the signature was created, and counter-signatures.

When more than one signature is present, the successful validation of one signature associated with a given signer is usually treated as a successful signature by that signer. However, there are some application environments where other rules are needed. An application that employs a rule other than one valid signature for each signer must specify those rules. Also, where simple matching of the signer identifier is not sufficient to determine whether the signatures were generated by the same signer, the application specification must describe how to determine which signatures were generated by the same signer. Support of different communities of recipients is the primary reason that signers choose to include more than one signature. For example, the COSE_Sign structure might include signatures generated with the RSA signature algorithm and with the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) signature algorithm. This allows recipients to verify the signature associated with one algorithm or the other. (The original source of this text is [RFC5652].) More detailed information on multiple signature evaluation can be found in [RFC5752].

The COSE_Sign structure is a CBOR array. The fields of the array in order are:

protected: is described in Section 3.
unprotected: is described in Section 3.
payload: contains the serialized content to be signed. If the payload is not present in the message, the application is required to supply the payload separately. The payload is wrapped in a bstr to ensure that it is transported without changes. If the payload is transported separately, then a nil CBOR object is placed in this location and it is the responsibility of the application to ensure that it will be transported without changes.
signatures: is an array of signature items. Each of these items uses the COSE_signature structure for its representation.

The COSE_signature structure is a CBOR array. The fields of the array in order are:

protected: is described in Section 3.
unprotected: is described in Section 3.
signature: contains the computed signature value. The type of the field is a bstr.

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COSE_Sign_Tagged = #6.999(COSE_Sign) ; Replace 999 with TBD1
      
COSE_Sign = [
    Headers,
    payload : bstr / nil,
    signatures : [+ COSE_signature]
]

COSE_signature =  [
    Headers,      
    signature : bstr
]

4.1. Externally Supplied Data

One of the features that we supply in the COSE document is the ability for applications to provide additional data to be authenticated as part of the security, but that is not carried as part of the COSE object. The primary reason for supporting this can be seen by looking at the CoAP message structure [RFC7252] where the facility exists for options to be carried before the payload. [CREF6]JLS: Don't talk about items which we do not define in this specification. An example of data that can be placed in this location would be transaction ids and nonces to check for replay protection. If the data is in the options section, then it is available for routers to help in performing the replay detection and prevention. However, it may also be desired to protect these values so that they cannot be modified in transit. This is the purpose of the externally supplied data field.

This document describes the process for using a byte array of externally supplied authenticated data, however the method of constructing the byte array is a function of the application. Applications that use this feature need to define how the externally supplied authenticated data is to be constructed. Such a construction needs to take into account the following issues:

If multiple items are included, care needs to be taken that data cannot bleed between the items. This is usually addressed by making fields fixed width and/or encoding the length of the field. Using options from CoAP as an example, these fields use a TLV structure so they can be concatenated without any problems.
If multiple items are included, a defined order for the items needs to be defined. Using options from CoAP as an example, an application could state that the fields are to be ordered by the option number.

4.2. Signing and Verification Process

In order to create a signature, a consistent byte stream is needed in order to process. This algorithm takes in the body information (COSE_Sign), the signer information (COSE_Signer), and the application data (External). This document uses a CBOR array to construct the byte stream to be processed. The fields of the array in order are:

The protected attributes from the body structure encoded in a bstr type.
The protected attributes from the signer structure encoded in a bstr type.
The protected attributes from the application encoded in a bstr type. If this field is not supplied, it defaults to a zero length binary string.
The payload to be signed encoded in a bstr type. The payload is placed here independent of how it is transported.

How to compute a signature:

Create a CBOR array and populate it with the appropriate fields. For body_protected and sign_protected, if the fields are not present in their corresponding maps, a bstr of length zero is used.
If the application has supplied external additional authenticated data to be included in the computation, then it is placed in the third field. If no data was supplied, then a zero length binary value is used.
Create the value ToBeSigned by encoding the Sig_structure to a byte string.
Call the signature creation algorithm passing in K (the key to sign with), alg (the algorithm to sign with) and ToBeSigned (the value to sign).
Place the resulting signature value in the 'signature' field of the map.

How to verify a signature:

Create a Sig_structure object and populate it with the appropriate fields. For body_protected and sign_protected, if the fields are not present in their corresponding maps, a bstr of length zero is used.
If the application has supplied external additional authenticated data to be included in the computation, then it is placed in the third field. If no data was supplied, then a zero length binary value is used.
Create the value ToBeSigned by encoding the Sig_structure to a byte string.
Call the signature verification algorithm passing in K (the key to verify with), alg (the algorithm to sign with), ToBeSigned (the value to sign), and sig (the signature to be verified).

In addition to performing the signature verification, one must also perform the appropriate checks to ensure that the key is correctly paired with the signing identity and that the appropriate authorization is done.

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The COSE structure used to create the byte stream to be signed uses the following CDDL grammar structure:

Sig_structure = [
    body_protected: bstr,
    sign_protected: bstr,
    external_aad: bstr,
    payload: bstr
]

4.3. Computing Counter Signatures

Counter signatures provide a method of having a different signature occur on some piece of content. This is normally used to provide a signature on a signature allowing for a proof that a signature existed at a given time. In this document we allow for counter signatures to exist in a greater number of environments. A counter signature can exist, for example, on a COSE_encryptedData object and allow for a signature to be present on the encrypted content of a message.

The creation and validation of counter signatures over the different items relies on the fact that the structure all of our objects have the same structure. The first element may be a message type, this is followed by a set of protected attributes, a set of unprotected attributes and a body in that order. This means that the Sig_structure can be used for in a uniform manner to get the byte stream for processing a signature. If the counter signature is going to be computed over a COSE_encryptedData structure, the body_protected and payload items can be mapped into the Sig_structure in the same manner as from the COSE_Sign structure.

While one can create a counter signature for a COSE_Sign structure, there is not much of a point to doing so. It is equivalent to create a new COSE_signature structure and placing it in the signatures array. It is strongly suggested that it not be done, but it is not banned.

5. Encryption objects

COSE supports two different encryption structures. COSE_enveloped is used when the key needs to be explicitly identified. This structure supports the use of recipient structures to allow for random content encryption keys to be used. COSE_encrypted is used when a recipient structure is not needed because the key to be used is known implicitly.

5.1. Enveloped COSE structure

The enveloped structure allows for one or more recipients of a message. There are provisions for parameters about the content and parameters about the recipient information to be carried in the message. The parameters associated with the content can be authenticated by the content encryption algorithm. The parameters associated with the recipient can be authenticated by the recipient algorithm (when the algorithm supports it). Examples of parameters about the content are the type of the content, when the content was created, and the content encryption algorithm. Examples of parameters about the recipient are the recipient's key identifier, the recipient encryption algorithm.

In COSE, the same techniques and structures are used for encrypting both the plain text and the keys used to protect the text. This is different from the approach used by both [RFC5652] and [RFC7516] where different structures are used for the content layer and for the recipient layer.

The COSE_encrypt structure is a CBOR array. The fields of the array in order are:

protected: is described in Section 3.
unprotected: is described in Section 3.
ciphertext: contains the encrypted plain text encoded as a bstr. If the ciphertext is to be transported independently of the control information about the encryption process (i.e. detached content) then the field is encoded as a null object.
recipients: contains an array of recipient information structures. The type for the recipient information structure is a COSE_recipient.

The COSE_recipient structure is a CBOR array. The fields of the array in order are:

protected: is described in Section 3.
unprotected: is described in Section 3.
ciphertext: contains the encrypted key encoded as a bstr. If there is not an encrypted key, then this field is encoded as a nil value.
recipients: contains an array of recipient information structures. The type for the recipient information structure is a COSE_recipient. If there are no recipient information structures, this element is absent.

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COSE_Enveloped_Tagged = #6.998(COSE_enveloped)    ; Replace 998 with TBD32
      
COSE_enveloped = [
    COSE_encrypt_fields
    recipients: [+COSE_recipient]
]

COSE_encrypt_fields = (
    Headers,
    ciphertext: bstr / nil,
)

COSE_recipient = [    
    COSE_encrypt_fields
    ? recipients: [+COSE_recipient]
]

5.1.1. Recipient Algorithm Classes

A typical encrypted message consists of an encrypted content and an encrypted CEK for one or more recipients. The content-encryption key is encrypted for each recipient, using a key specific to that recipient. The details of this encryption depends on which class the recipient algorithm falls into. Specific details on each of the classes can be found in Section 12. A short summary of the five recipient algorithm classes is:

none:: The CEK is the same as the identified previously distributed symmetric key or derived from a previously distributed secret.
symmetric key-encryption keys:: The CEK is encrypted using a previously distributed symmetric key-encryption key.
key agreement:: the recipient's public key and a sender's private key are used to generate a pairwise secret, a KDF is applied to derive a key, and then the CEK is either the derived key or encrypted by the derived key.
key transport:: the CEK is encrypted with the recipient's public key
passwords:: the CEK is encrypted in a key-encryption key that is derived from a password.

5.2. Encrypted COSE structure

The encrypted structure does not have the ability to specify recipients of the message. The structure assumes that the recipient of the object will already know the identity of the key to be used in order to decrypt the message. If a key needs to be identified to the recipient, the enveloped structure is used.

The CDDL grammar structure for encrypted data is:

COSE_EncryptedData_Tagged = #6.997(COSE_encryptData)     ; Replace 997 with TBD3
      
COSE_encryptData = [
    COSE_encrypt_fields
]

The COSE_encryptedData structure is a CBOR array. The fields of the array in order are:

protected: is described in Section 3.
unprotected: is described in Section 3.
ciphertext: contains the encrypted plain text. If the ciphertext is to be transported independently of the control information about the encryption process (i.e. detached content) then the field is encoded as a null object.

5.3. Encryption Algorithm for AEAD algorithms

The encryption algorithm for AEAD algorithms is fairly simple. In order to get a consistent encoding of the data to be authenticated, the Enc_structure is used to have canonical form of the AAD.

Copy the protected header field from the message to be sent.
If the application has supplied external additional authenticated data to be included in the computation, then it is placed in the 'external_aad' field. If no data was supplied, then a zero length binary value is used. (See Section 4.1 for application guidance on constructing this field.)
Encode the Enc_structure using a CBOR Canonical encoding Section 14 to get the AAD value.
Determine the encryption key. This step is dependent on the class of recipient algorithm being used. For:
No Recipients:
The key to be used is determined by the algorithm and key at the current level.
Direct and Direct Key Agreement:
The key is determined by the key and algorithm in the recipient structure. The encryption algorithm and size of the key to be used are inputs into the KDF used for the recipient. (For direct, the KDF can be thought of as the identity operation.)
Other:
The key is randomly generated.
Call the encryption algorithm with K (the encryption key to use), P (the plain text) and AAD (the additional authenticated data). Place the returned cipher text into the 'ciphertext' field of the structure.
For recipients of the message, recursively perform the encryption algorithm for that recipient using the encryption key as the plain text.

Text from here to start of next section to be removed

Enc_structure = [
    protected: bstr,
    external_aad: bstr
]

5.4. Encryption algorithm for AE algorithms

Verify that the 'protected' field is absent.
Verify that there was no external additional authenticated data supplied for this operation.
Determine the encryption key. This step is dependent on the class of recipient algorithm being used. For:
No Recipients:
The key to be used is determined by the algorithm and key at the current level.
Direct and Direct Key Agreement:
The key is determined by the key and algorithm in the recipient structure. The encryption algorithm and size of the key to be used are inputs into the KDF used for the recipient. (For direct, the KDF can be thought of as the identity operation.)
Other:
The key is randomly generated.
Call the encryption algorithm with K (the encryption key to use) and the P (the plain text). Place the returned cipher text into the 'ciphertext' field of the structure.
For recipients of the message, recursively perform the encryption algorithm for that recipient using the encryption key as the plain text.

6. MAC objects

In this section we describe the structure and methods to be used when doing MAC authentication in COSE. This document allows for the use of all of the same classes of recipient algorithms as are allowed for encryption.

When using MAC operations, there are two modes in which it can be used. The first is just a check that the content has not been changed since the MAC was computed. Any class of recipient algorithm can be used for this purpose. The second mode is to both check that the content has not been changed since the MAC was computed, and to use the recipient algorithm to verify who sent it. The classes of recipient algorithms that support this are those that use a pre-shared secret or do static-static key agreement (without the key wrap step). In both of these cases, the entity MACing the message can be validated by a key binding. (The binding of identity assumes that there are only two parties involved and you did not send the message yourself.)

The COSE_Mac structure is a CBOR array. The fields of the array in order are:

protected: is described in Section 3.
unprotected: is described in Section 3.
payload: contains the serialized content to be MACed. If the payload is not present in the message, the application is required to supply the payload separately. The payload is wrapped in a bstr to ensure that it is transported without changes. If the payload is transported separately, then a null CBOR object is placed in this location and it is the responsibility of the application to ensure that it will be transported without changes.
tag: contains the MAC value.
recipients: contains the recipient information. See the description under COSE_Encryption for more info.

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COSE_Mac_Tagged = #6.996(COSE_Mac)              ; Replace 996 with TBD4
      
COSE_Mac = [
   Headers,
   payload: bstr / nil,
   tag: bstr,
   recipients: [+COSE_recipient]
]

6.1. How to compute a MAC

How to compute a MAC:

Create a MAC_structure and copy the protected and payload fields from the COSE_Mac structure.
If the application has supplied external authenticated data, encode it as a binary value and place in the MAC_structure. If there is no external authenticated data, then use a zero length 'bstr'. (See Section 4.1 for application guidance on constructing this field.)
Encode the MAC_structure using a canonical CBOR encoder. The resulting bytes is the value to compute the MAC on.
Compute the MAC and place the result in the 'tag' field of the COSE_Mac structure.
Encrypt and encode the MAC key for each recipient of the message.

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MAC_structure = [
     protected: bstr,
     external_aad: bstr,
     payload: bstr
]

7. Key Structure

A COSE Key structure is built on a CBOR map object. The set of common parameters that can appear in a COSE Key can be found in the IANA registry 'COSE Key Common Parameter Registry' (Section 15.5). Additional parameters defined for specific key types can be found in the IANA registry 'COSE Key Type Parameters' (Section 15.6).

A COSE Key Set uses a CBOR array object as its underlying type. The values of the array elements are COSE Keys. A Key Set MUST have at least one element in the array.

The element "kty" is a required element in a COSE_Key map.

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The CDDL grammar describing a COSE_Key and COSE_KeySet is: [CREF7]JLS: We can really simplify the grammar for COSE_Key to be just the kty (the one required field) and the generic item. The reason to do this is that it makes things simpler. The reason not to do this says that we really need to add a lot more items so that a grammar check can be done that is more tightly enforced.

COSE_Key = {
    key_kty => tstr / int,
    ? key_ops => [+ (tstr / int) ],
    ? key_alg => tstr / int,
    ? key_kid => bstr,
    * label => values
}

COSE_KeySet = [+COSE_Key]

7.1. COSE Key Common Parameters

This document defines a set of common parameters for a COSE Key object. Table 2 provides a summary of the parameters defined in this section. There are also a set of parameters that are defined for a specific key type. Key type specific parameters can be found in Section 13.

Key Map Labels
name	label	CBOR type	registry	description
kty	1	tstr / int	COSE General Values	Identification of the key type
key_ops	4	[* (tstr/int)]		Restrict set of permissible operations
alg	3	tstr / int	COSE Algorithm Values	Key usage restriction to this algorithm
kid	2	bstr		Key Identification value - match to kid in message
use	*	tstr		deprecated - don't use

kty:: This parameter is used to identify the family of keys for this structure, and thus the set of key type specific parameters to be found. The set of values can be found in Table 18. This parameter MUST be present in a key object. Implementations MUST verify that the key type is appropriate for the algorithm being processed. The key type MUST be included as part of a trust decision process.
alg:: This parameter is used to restrict the algorithms that are to be used with this key. If this parameter is present in the key structure, the application MUST verify that this algorithm matches the algorithm for which the key is being used. If the algorithms do not match, then this key object MUST NOT be used to perform the cryptographic operation. Note that the same key can be in a different key structure with a different or no algorithm specified, however this is considered to be a poor security practice.
kid:: This parameter is used to give an identifier for a key. The identifier is not structured and can be anything from a user provided string to a value computed on the public portion of the key. This field is intended for matching against a 'kid' parameter in a message in order to filter down the set of keys that need to be checked.
key_ops:: This parameter is defined to restrict the set of operations that a key is to be used for. The value of the field is an array of values from Table 3.

Key Operation Values
name	value	description
sign	1	The key is used to create signatures. Requires private key fields.
verify	2	The key is used for verification of signatures.
encrypt	3	The key is used for key transport encryption.
decrypt	4	The key is used for key transport decryption. Requires private key fields.
wrap key	5	The key is used for key wrapping.
unwrap key	6	The key is used for key unwrapping. Requires private key fields.
key agree	7	The key is used for key agreement.

Text from here to start of next section to be removed

The following provides a CDDL fragment which duplicates the assignment labels from Table 2 and Table 3.

;key_labels
key_kty=1
key_kid=2
key_alg=3
key_ops=4

;key_ops values
key_ops_values = (key_ops_sign:1, key_ops_verify:2, key_ops_encrypt:3,
        key_ops_decrypt:4, key_ops_wrap:5, key_ops_unwrap:6,
        key_ops_agree:7)

8. Signature Algorithms

There are two basic signature algorithm structures that can be used. The first is the common signature with appendix. In this structure, the message content is processed and a signature is produced, the signature is called the appendix. This is the message structure used by our common algorithms such as ECDSA and RSASSA-PSS. (In fact the SSA in RSASSA-PSS stands for Signature Scheme with Appendix.) The basic structure becomes:

        
signature = Sign(message content, key)

valid = Verification(message content, key, signature)

The second is a signature with message recovery. (An example of such an algorithm is [PVSig].) In this structure, the message content is processed, but part of it is included in the signature. Moving bytes of the message content into the signature allows for an effectively smaller signature, the signature size is still potentially large, but the message content is shrunk. This has implications for systems implementing these algorithms and for applications that use them. The first is that the message content is not fully available until after a signature has been validated. Until that point the part of the message contained inside of the signature is unrecoverable. The second is that the security analysis of the strength of the signature is very much based on the structure of the message content. Messages which are highly predictable require additional randomness to be supplied as part of the signature process. In the worst case, it becomes the same as doing a signature with appendix. Thirdly, in the event that multiple signatures are applied to a message, all of the signature algorithms are going to be required to consume the same number of bytes of message content.

        
signature, message sent = Sign(message content, key)

valid, message content = Verification(message sent, key, signature)

At this time, only signatures with appendixes are defined for use with COSE, however considerable interest has been expressed in using a signature with message recovery algorithm due to the effective size reduction that is possible. Implementations will need to keep this in mind for later possible integration.

8.1. ECDSA

ECDSA [DSS] defines a signature algorithm using ECC.

The ECDSA signature algorithm is parameterized with a hash function (h). In the event that the length of the hash function output is greater than the group of the key, the left-most bytes of the hash output are used.

The algorithms defined in this document can be found in Table 4.

ECDSA Algorithm Values
name	value	hash	description
ES256	-7	SHA-256	ECDSA w/ SHA-256
ES384	-8	SHA-384	ECDSA w/ SHA-384
ES512	-9	SHA-512	ECDSA w/ SHA-512

This document defines ECDSA to work only with the curves P-256, P-384 and P-521. This document requires that the curves be encoded using the 'EC2' key type. Implementations need to check that the key type and curve are correct when creating and verifying a signature. Other documents can defined it to work with other curves and points in the future.

In order to promote interoperability, it is suggested that SHA-256 be used only with curve P-256, SHA-384 be used only with curve P-384 and SHA-512 be used with curve P-521. This is aligned with the recommendation in Section 4 of [RFC5480].

The signature algorithm results in a pair of integers (R, S). These integers will be of the same order as length of the key used for the signature process. The signature is encoded by converting the integers into byte strings of the same length as the key size. The length is rounded up to the nearest byte and is left padded with zero bits to get to the correct length. The two integers are then concatenated together to form a byte string that is the resulting signature.

Using the function defined in [RFC3447] the signature is:
Signature = I2OSP(R, n) | I2OSP(S, n)
where n = ceiling(key_length / 8)

8.1.1. Security Considerations

The security strength of the signature is no greater than the minimum of the security strength associated with the bit length of the key and the security strength of the hash function.

System which have poor random number generation can leak their keys by signing two different messages with the same value 'k' (the per-message random value). [RFC6979] provides a method to deal with this problem by making 'k' be deterministic based on the message content rather than randomly generated. Applications that specify ECDSA should evaluate the ability to get good random number generation and require this when it is not possible. Note: Use of this technique a good idea even when good random number generation exists. Doing so both reduces the possibility of having the same value of 'k' in two signature operations, but allows for reproducible signature values which helps testing.

There are two substitution attacks that can theoretically be mounted against the ECDSA signature algorithm.

Changing the curve used to validate the signature: If one changes the curve used to validate the signature, then potentially one could have a two messages with the same signature each computed under a different curve. The only requirement on the new curve is that its order be the same as the old one and it be acceptable to the client. An example would be to change from using the curve secp256r1 (aka P-256) to using secp256k1. (Both are 256 bit curves.) We current do not have any way to deal with this version of the attack except to restrict the overall set of curves that can be used.
Change the hash function used to validate the signature: If one has either two different hash functions of the same length, or one can truncate a hash function down, then one could potentially find collisions between the hash functions rather than within a single hash function. (For example, truncating SHA-512 to 256 bits might collide with a SHA-256 bit hash value.) This attack can be mitigated by including the signature algorithm identifier in the data to be signed.

9. Message Authentication (MAC) Algorithms

Message Authentication Codes (MACs) provide data authentication and integrity protection. They provide either no or very limited data origination. (One cannot, for example, be used to prove the identity of the sender to a third party.)

MACs use the same basic structure as signature with appendix algorithms. The message content is processed and an authentication code is produced. The authentication code is frequently called a tag. The basic structure becomes:

        
tag = MAC_Create(message content, key)

valid = MAC_Verify(message content, key, tag)

MAC algorithms can be based on either a block cipher algorithm (i.e. AES-MAC) or a hash algorithm (i.e. HMAC). This document defines a MAC algorithm for each of these two constructions.

9.1. Hash-based Message Authentication Codes (HMAC)

The Hash-base Message Authentication Code algorithm (HMAC) [RFC2104][RFC4231] was designed to deal with length extension attacks. The algorithm was also designed to allow for new hash algorithms to be directly plugged in without changes to the hash function. The HMAC design process has been vindicated as, while the security of hash algorithms such as MD5 has decreased over time, the security of HMAC combined with MD5 has not yet been shown to be compromised [RFC6151].

The HMAC algorithm is parameterized by an inner and outer padding, a hash function (h) and an authentication tag value length. For this specification, the inner and outer padding are fixed to the values set in [RFC2104]. The length of the authentication tag corresponds to the difficulty of producing a forgery. For use in constrained environments, we define a set of HMAC algorithms that are truncated. There are currently no known issues when truncating, however the security strength of the message tag is correspondingly reduced in strength. When truncating, the left-most tag length bits are kept and transmitted.

The algorithm defined in this document can be found in Table 5.

HMAC Algorithm Values
name	value	Hash	Length	description
HMAC 256/64	*	SHA-256	64	HMAC w/ SHA-256 truncated to 64 bits
HMAC 256/256	4	SHA-256	256	HMAC w/ SHA-256
HMAC 384/384	5	SHA-384	384	HMAC w/ SHA-384
HMAC 512/512	6	SHA-512	512	HMAC w/ SHA-512

Some recipient algorithms carry the key while others derive a key from secret data. For those algorithms that carry the key (i.e. RSA-OAEP and AES-KeyWrap), the size of the HMAC key SHOULD be the same size as the underlying hash function. For those algorithms that derive the key, the derived key MUST be the same size as the underlying hash function.

If the key is obtained from a key structure, the key type MUST be 'Symmetric'. Implementations creating and validating MAC values MUST validate that the key type, key length, and algorithm are correct and appropriate for the entities involved.

9.1.1. Security Considerations

HMAC has proved to be resistant to attack even when used with weakening hash algorithms. The current best method appears to be a brute force attack on the key. This means that key size is going to be directly related to the security of an HMAC operation.

9.2. AES Message Authentication Code (AES-CBC-MAC)

AES-CBC-MAC is defined in [MAC].

AES-CBC-MAC is parameterized by the key length, the authentication tag length and the IV used. For all of these algorithms, the IV is fixed to all zeros. We provide an array of algorithms for various key lengths and tag lengths. The algorithms defined in this document are found in Table 6.

AES-MAC Algorithm Values
name	value	key length	tag length	description
AES-MAC 128/64	*	128	64	AES-MAC 128 bit key, 64-bit tag
AES-MAC 256/64	*	256	64	AES-MAC 256 bit key, 64-bit tag
AES-MAC 128/128	*	128	128	AES-MAC 128 bit key, 128-bit tag
AES-MAC 256/128	*	256	128	AES-MAC 256 bit key, 128-bit tag

Keys may be obtained either from a key structure or from a recipient structure. If the key obtained from a key structure, the key type MUST be 'Symmetric'. Implementations creating and validating MAC values MUST validate that the key type, key length and algorithm are correct and appropriate for the entities involved.

9.2.1. Security Considerations

A number of attacks exist against CBC-MAC that need to be considered.

A single key must only be used for messages of a fixed and known length. If this is not the case, an attacker will be able to generate a message with a valid tag given two message, tag pairs. This can be addressed by using different keys for different length messages. (CMAC mode also addresses this issue.)
If the same key is used for both encryption and authentication operations, using CBC modes an attacker can produce messages with a valid authentication code.
If the IV can be modified, then messages can be forged. This is addressed by fixing the IV to all zeros.

10. Content Encryption Algorithms

Content Encryption Algorithms provide data confidentiality for potentially large blocks of data using a symmetric key. They provide either no or very limited data origination. (One cannot, for example, be used to prove the identity of the sender to a third party.) The ability to provide data origination is linked to how the symmetric key is obtained.

We restrict the set of legal content encryption algorithms to those that support authentication both of the content and additional data. The encryption process will generate some type of authentication value, but that value may be either explicit or implicit in terms of the algorithm definition. For simplicity sake, the authentication code will normally be defined as being appended to the cipher text stream. The basic structure becomes:

        
ciphertext = Encrypt(message content, key, additional data)

valid, message content = Decrypt(cipher text, key, additional data)

Most AEAD algorithms are logically defined as returning the message content only if the decryption is valid. Many but not all implementations will follow this convention. The message content MUST NOT be used if the decryption does not validate.

10.1. AES GCM

The GCM mode is a generic authenticated encryption block cipher mode defined in [AES-GCM]. The GCM mode is combined with the AES block encryption algorithm to define an AEAD cipher.

The GCM mode is parameterized with by the size of the authentication tag. The size of the authentication tag is limited to a small set of values. For this document however, the size of the authentication tag is fixed at 128 bits.

The set of algorithms defined in this document are in Table 7.

Algorithm Value for AES-GCM
name	value	description
A128GCM	1	AES-GCM mode w/ 128-bit key
A192GCM	2	AES-GCM mode w/ 192-bit key
A256GCM	3	AES-GCM mode w/ 256-bit key

Keys may be obtained either from a key structure or from a recipient structure. If the key obtained from a key structure, the key type MUST be 'Symmetric'. Implementations encrypting and decrrypting MUST validate that the key type, key length and algorithm are correct and appropriate for the entities involved.

10.1.1. Security Considerations

When using AES-CCM, the following restrictions MUST be enforced:

The key and nonce pair MUST be unique for every message encrypted.
The total amount of data encrypted MUST NOT exceed 2^39 - 256 bits. An explicit check is required only in environments where it is expected that it might be exceeded.

10.2. AES CCM

Counter with CBC-MAC (CCM) is a generic authentication encryption block cipher mode defined in [RFC3610]. The CCM mode is combined with the AES block encryption algorithm to define a commonly used content encryption algorithm used in constrained devices.

The CCM mode has two parameter choices. The first choice is M, the size of the authentication field. The choice of the value for M involves a trade-off between message expansion and the probably that an attacker can undetectably modify a message. The second choice is L, the size of the length field. This value requires a trade-off between the maximum message size and the size of the Nonce.

It is unfortunate that the specification for CCM specified L and M as a count of bytes rather than a count of bits. This leads to possible misunderstandings where AES-CCM-8 is frequently used to refer to a version of CCM mode where the size of the authentication is 64 bits and not 8 bits. These values have traditionally been specified as bit counts rather than byte counts. This document will follow the tradition of using bit counts so that it is easier to compare the different algorithms presented in this document.

We define a matrix of algorithms in this document over the values of L and M. Constrained devices are usually operating in situations where they use short messages and want to avoid doing recipient specific cryptographic operations. This favors smaller values of M and larger values of L. Less constrained devices do will want to be able to user larger messages and are more willing to generate new keys for every operation. This favors larger values of M and smaller values of L. (The use of a large nonce means that random generation of both the key and the nonce will decrease the chances of repeating the pair on two different messages.)

The following values are used for L:

16 bits (2): limits messages to 2^16 bytes (64 KiB) in length. This sufficiently long for messages in the constrained world. The nonce length is 13 bytes allowing for 2^(13*8) possible values of the nonce without repeating.
64 bits (8): limits messages to 2^64 bytes in length. The nonce length is 7 bytes allowing for 2^56 possible values of the nonce without repeating.

The following values are used for M:

64 bits (8): produces a 64-bit authentication tag. This implies that there is a 1 in 2^64 chance that a modified message will authenticate.
128 bits (16): produces a 128-bit authentication tag. This implies that there is a 1 in 2^128 chance that a modified message will authenticate.

Algorithm Values for AES-CCM
name	value	L	M	k	description
AES-CCM-16-64-128	10	16	64	128	AES-CCM mode 128-bit key, 64-bit tag, 13-byte nonce
AES-CCM-16-64-256	11	16	64	256	AES-CCM mode 256-bit key, 64-bit tag, 13-byte nonce
AES-CCM-64-64-128	30	64	64	128	AES-CCM mode 128-bit key, 64-bit tag, 7-byte nonce
AES-CCM-64-64-256	31	64	64	256	AES-CCM mode 256-bit key, 64-bit tag, 7-byte nonce
AES-CCM-16-128-128	12	16	128	128	AES-CCM mode 128-bit key, 128-bit tag, 13-byte nonce
AES-CCM-16-128-256	13	16	128	256	AES-CCM mode 256-bit key, 128-bit tag, 13-byte nonce
AES-CCM-64-128-128	32	64	128	128	AES-CCM mode 128-bit key, 128-bit tag, 7-byte nonce
AES-CCM-64-128-256	33	64	128	256	AES-CCM mode 256-bit key, 128-bit tag, 7-byte nonce

10.2.1. Security Considerations

When using AES-CCM, the following restrictions MUST be enforced:

The key and nonce pair MUST be unique for every message encrypted.
The total number of times the AES block cipher is used MUST NOT exceed 2^61 operations. This limitation is the sum of times the block cipher is used in computing the MAC value and in performing stream encryption operations. An explicit check is required only in environments where it is expected that it might be exceeded.

[RFC3610] additionally calls out one other consideration of note. It is possible to do a pre-computation attack against the algorithm in cases where the portions encryption content is highly predictable. This reduces the security of the key size by half. Ways to deal with this attack include adding a random portion to the nonce value and/or increasing the key size used. Using a portion of the nonce for a random value will decrease the number of messages that a single key can be used for. Increasing the key size may require more resources in the constrained device. See sections 5 and 10 of [RFC3610] for more information.

10.3. ChaCha20 and Poly1305

ChaCha20 and Poly1305 combined together is a new AEAD mode that is defined in [RFC7539]. This is a new algorithm defined to be a cipher that is not AES and thus would not suffer from any future weaknesses found in AES. These cryptographic functions are designed to be fast in software-only implementations.

The ChaCha20/Poly1305 AEAD construction defined in [RFC7539] has no parameterization. It takes a 256-bit key and a 96-bit nonce as well as the plain text and additional data as inputs and produces the cipher text as an option. We define one algorithm identifier for this algorithm in Table 9.

Algorithm Value for AES-GCM
name	value	description
ChaCha20/Poly1305	11	ChaCha20/Poly1305 w/ 256-bit key

10.3.1. Security Considerations

The pair of key, nonce MUST be unique for every invocation of the algorithm. Nonce counters are considered to be an acceptable way of ensuring that they are unique.

11. Key Derivation Functions (KDF)

Key Derivation Functions (KDFs) are used to take some secret value and generate a different one. The original secret values come in three basic flavors:

Secrets that are uniformly random: This is the type of secret which is created by a good random number generator.
Secrets that are not uniformly random: This is type of secret which is created by operations like key agreement.
Secrets that are not random: This is the type of secret that people generate for things like passwords.

General KDF functions work well with the first type of secret, can do reasonable well with the second type of secret and generally do poorly with the last type of secret. None of the KDF functions in this section are designed to deal with the type of secrets that are used for passwords. Functions like PBSE2 [RFC2898] need to be used for that type of secret.

Many functions are going to handle the first two type of secrets differently. The KDF function defined in Section 11.1 can use different underlying constructions if the secret is uniformly random than if the secret is not uniformly random. This is reflected in the set of algorithms defined for HKDF.

When using KDF functions, one component that is generally included is context information. Context information is used to allow for different keying information to be derived from the same secret. The use of context based keying material is considered to be a good security practice. This document defines a single context structure and a single KDF function.

11.1. HMAC-based Extract-and-Expand Key Derivation Function (HKDF)

The HKDF key derivation algorithm is defined in [RFC5869].

The HKDF algorithm takes these inputs:

secret - a shared value that is secret. Secrets may be either previously shared or derived from operations like a DH key agreement.
salt - an optional public value that is used to change the generation process. If specified, the salt is carried using the 'salt' algorithm parameter. While [RFC5869] suggests that the length of the salt be the same as the length of the underlying hash value, any amount of salt will improve the security as different key values will be generated. A parameter to carry the salt is defined in Table 11. This parameter is protected by being included in the key computation and does not need to be separately authenticated.
length - the number of bytes of output that need to be generated.
context information - Information that describes the context in which the resulting value will be used. Making this information specific to the context that the material is going to be used ensures that the resulting material will always be unique. The context structure used is encoded into the algorithm identifier.
hash function - The underlying hash function to be used in the HKDF algorithm. The hash function is encoded into the HKDF algorithm selection.

HKDF is defined to use HMAC as the underlying PRF. However, it is possible to use other functions in the same construct to provide a different KDF function that may be more appropriate in the constrained world. Specifically, one can use AES-CBC-MAC as the PRF for the expand step, but not for the extract step. When using a good random shared secret of the correct length, the extract step can be skipped. The extract cannot be skipped if the secret is not uniformly random, for example if it is the result of an ECDH key agreement step.

The algorithms defined in this document are found in Table 10.

HKDF algorithms
name	hash	Skip extract	context
HKDF SHA-256	SHA-256	no	XXX
HKDF SHA-512	SHA-512	no	XXX
HKDF AES-MAC-128	AES-CBC-128	yes	HKDF using AES-MAC as the PRF w/ 128-bit key
HKDF AES-MAC-256	AES-CBC-128	yes	HKDF using AES-MAC as the PRF w/ 256-bit key

HKDF Algorithm Parameters
name	label	type	description
salt	-20	bstr	Random salt

11.2. Context Information Structure

The context information structure is used to ensure that the derived keying material is "bound" to the context of the transaction. The context information structure used here is based on that defined in [SP800-56A]. By using CBOR for the encoding of the context information structure, we automatically get the same type of type and length separation of fields that is obtained by the use of ASN.1. This means that there is no need to encode the lengths for the base elements as it is done by the JOSE encoding. [CREF8]Ilari: Look to see if we need to be clearer about how the fields defined in the table are transported and thus why they have labels.

The context information structure refers to PartyU and PartyV as the two parties which are doing the key derivation. Unless the application protocol defines differently, we assign PartyU to the entity that is creating the message and PartyV to the entity that is receiving the message. By doing this association, different keys will be derived for each direction as the context information is different in each direction.

Application protocols are free to define the roles differently. For example, they could assign the PartyU role to the entity that initiates the connection and allow directly sending multiple messages over the connection in both directions without changing the role information.

The use of a transaction identifier, either in one of the supplemental fields or as the salt if one is using HKDF, ensures that a unique key is generated for each set of transactions. Combining nonce fields with the transaction identifier provides a method so that a different key is used for each message in each direction.

The context structure is built from information that is known to both entities. Some of the information is known only to the two entities, some is implied based on the application and some is explicitly transported as part of the message. The information that can be carried in the message, parameters have been defined and can be found in Table 12. These parameters are designed to be placed in the unprotected bucket of the recipient structure. (They do not need to be in the protected bucket since they already are included in the cryptographic computation by virtue of being included in the context structure.)

We encode the context specific information using a CBOR array type. The fields in the array are:

AlgorithmID

This field indicates the algorithm for which the key material will be used. This field is required to be present and is a copy of the algorithm identifier in the message. The field exists in the context information so that if the same environment is used for different algorithms, then completely different keys will be generated each of those algorithms. (This practice means if algorithm A is broken and thus can is easier to find, the key derived for algorithm B will not be the same as the key for algorithm B.)

PartyUInfo

This field holds information about party U. The PartyUInfo is encoded as a CBOR structure. The elements of PartyUInfo are encoded in the order presented, however if the element does not exist no element is placed in the array. The elements of the PartyUInfo array are:

identity: This contains the identity information for party U. The identities can be assigned in one of two manners. Firstly, a protocol can assign identities based on roles. For example, the roles of "client" and "server" may be assigned to different entities in the protocol. Each entity would then use the correct label for the data they send or receive. The second way is for a protocol to assign identities is to use a name based on a naming system (i.e. DNS, X.509 names).
We define an algorithm parameter 'PartyU identity' that can be used to carry identity information in the message. However, identity information is often known as part of the protocol and can thus be inferred rather than made explicit. If identity information is carried in the message, applications SHOULD have a way of validating the supplied identity information. The identity information does not need to be specified and can be left as absent.
The identity value supplied will be integrity checked as part of the key derivation process. If the identity string is wrong, then the wrong key will be created.
nonce: This contains a one time nonce value. The nonce can either be implicit from the protocol or carried as a value in the unprotected headers.
We define an algorithm parameter 'PartyU nonce' that can be used to carry this value in the message However, the nonce value could be determined by the application and the value determined from elsewhere.
This item is optional and can be absent.
other: This contains other information that is defined by the protocol.
This item is optional and can be absent.

PartyVInfo

M00TODO: Copy down from PartyUInfo when that text is ready.

SuppPubInfo

This field contains public information that is mutually known to both parties.

keyDataLength: This is set to the number of bits of the desired output value. (This practice means if algorithm A can use two different key lengths, the key derived for longer key size will not contain the key for shorter key size as a prefix.)
protected: This field contains the protected parameter field.
other: The field other is for free form data defined by the application. An example is that an application could defined two different strings to be placed here to generate different keys for a data stream vs a control stream. This field is optional and will only be present if the application defines a structure for this information. Applications that define this SHOULD use CBOR to encode the data so that types and lengths are correctly include.

SuppPrivInfo

This field contains private information that is mutually known information. An example of this information would be a pre-existing shared secret. The field is optional and will only be present if the application defines a structure for this information. Applications that define this SHOULD use CBOR to encode the data so that types and lengths are correctly include.

Context Algorithm Parameters
name	label	type	description
PartyU identity	-21	bstr	Party U identity Information
PartyU nonce	-22	bstr / int	Party U provided nonce
PartyU other	-23	bstr	Party U other provided information
PartyV identity	-24	bstr	Party V identity Information
PartyV nonce	-25	bstr / int	Party V provided nonce
PartyV other	-26	bstr	Party V other provided information

Text from here to start of next section to be removed


COSE_KDF_Context = [
    AlgorithmID : int / tstr,
    PartyUInfo : [
        ? nonce : bstr / int,
        ? identity : bstr,
        ? other : bstr
    ],
    PartyVInfo : [
        ? nonce : bstr,
        ? identity : bstr / tstr,
        ? other : bstr
    ],
    SuppPubInfo : [
        keyDataLength : uint,
        protected : bstr,
        ? other : bstr
    ],
    ? SuppPrivInfo : bstr
]

12. Recipient Algorithm Classes

Recipient algorithms can be defined into a number of different classes. COSE has the ability to support many classes of recipient algorithms. In this section, a number of classes are listed and then a set of algorithms are specified for each of the classes. The names of the recipient algorithm classes used here are the same as are defined in [RFC7516]. Other specifications use different terms for the recipient algorithm classes or do not support some of our recipient algorithm classes.

12.1. Direct Encryption

The direct encryption class algorithms share a secret between the sender and the recipient that is used either directly or after manipulation as the content key. When direct encryption mode is used, it MUST be the only mode used on the message.

The COSE_encrypt structure for the recipient is organized as follows:

The 'protected' field MUST be a zero length item if it is not used in the computation of the content key.
The 'alg' parameter MUST be present.
A parameter identifying the shared secret SHOULD be present.
The 'ciphertext' field MUST be a zero length item.
The 'recipients' field MUST be absent.

12.1.1. Direct Key

This recipient algorithm is the simplest, the supplied key is directly used as the key for the next layer down in the message. There are no algorithm parameters defined for this algorithm. The algorithm identifier value is assigned in Table 13.

When this algorithm is used, the protected field MUST be zero length. The key type MUST be 'Symmetric'.

Direct Key
name	value	description
direct	-6	Direct use of CEK

12.1.1.1. Security Considerations

This recipient algorithm has several potential problems that need to be considered:

These keys need to have some method to be regularly updated over time. All of the content encryption algorithms specified in this document have limits on how many times a key can be used without significant loss of security.
These keys need to be dedicated to a single algorithm. There have been a number of attacks developed over time when a single key is used for multiple different algorithms. One example of this is the use of a single key both for CBC encryption mode and CBC-MAC authentication mode.
Breaking one message means all messages are broken. If an adversary succeeds in determining the key for a single message, then the key for all messages is also determined.

12.1.2. Direct Key with KDF

These recipient algorithms take a common shared secret between the two parties and applies the HKDF function (Section 11.1) using the context structure defined in Section 11.2 to transform the shared secret into the necessary key. Either the 'salt' parameter of HKDF or the partyU 'nonce' parameter of the context structure MUST be present. This parameter can be generated either randomly or deterministically. The requirement is that it be a unique value for the key pair in question.

If the salt/nonce value is generated randomly, then it is suggested that the length of the random value be the same length as the hash function underlying HKDF. While there is no way to guarantee that it will be unique, there is a high probability that it will be unique. If the salt/nonce value is generated deterministically, it can be guaranteed to be unique and thus there is no length requirement.

A new IV must be used if the same key is used in more than one message. The IV can be modified in a predictable manner, a random manner or an unpredictable manner. One unpredictable manner that can be used is to use the HKDF function to generate the IV. If HKDF is used for generating the IV, the algorithm identifier is set to "IV-GENERATION".

When these algorithms are used, the key type MUST be 'symmetric'.

The set of algorithms defined in this document can be found in Table 14.

Direct Key
name	value	KDF	description
direct+HKDF-SHA-256	*	HKDF SHA-256	Shared secret w/ HKDF and SHA-256
direct+HKDF-SHA-512	*	HKDF SHA-512	Shared secret w/ HKDF and SHA-512
direct+HKDF-AES-128	*	HKDF AES-MAC-128	Shared secret w/ AES-MAC 128-bit key
direct+HKDF-AES-256	*	HKDF AES-MAC-256	Shared secret w/ AES-MAC 256-bit key

12.1.2.1. Security Considerations

The shared secret needs to have some method to be regularly updated over time. The shared secret forms the basis of trust. Although not used directly, it should still be subject to scheduled rotation.

12.2. Key Wrapping

In key wrapping mode, the CEK is randomly generated and that key is then encrypted by a shared secret between the sender and the recipient. All of the currently defined key wrapping algorithms for JOSE (and thus for COSE) are AE algorithms. Key wrapping mode is considered to be superior to direct encryption if the system has any capability for doing random key generation. This is because the shared key is used to wrap random data rather than data has some degree of organization and may in fact be repeating the same content.

The COSE_encrypt structure for the recipient is organized as follows:

The 'protected' field MUST be absent if the key wrap algorithm is an AE algorithm.
The 'recipients' field is normally absent, but can be used. Applications MUST deal with a recipients field present, not being able to decrypt that recipient is an acceptable way of dealing with it. Failing to process the message is not an acceptable way of dealing with it.
The plain text to be encrypted is the key from next layer down (usually the content layer).
At a minimum, the 'unprotected' field MUST contain the 'alg' parameter and SHOULD contain a parameter identifying the shared secret.

12.2.1. AES Key Wrapping

The AES Key Wrapping algorithm is defined in [RFC3394]. This algorithm uses an AES key to wrap a value that is a multiple of 64 bits. As such, it can be used to wrap a key for any of the content encryption algorithms defined in this document. The algorithm requires a single fixed parameter, the initial value. This is fixed to the value specified in Section 2.2.3.1 of [RFC3394]. There are no public parameters that vary on a per invocation basis.

AES Key Wrap Algorithm Values
name	value	key size	description
A128KW	-3	128	AES Key Wrap w/ 128-bit key
A192KW	-4	192	AES Key Wrap w/ 192-bit key
A256KW	-5	256	AES Key Wrap w/ 256-bit key

12.2.1.1. Security Considerations for AES-KW

The shared secret need to have some method to be regularly updated over time. The shared secret is forming the basis of trust, although not used directly it should still be subject to scheduled rotation.

12.3. Key Encryption

Key Encryption mode is also called key transport mode in some standards. Key Encryption mode differs from Key Wrap mode in that it uses an asymmetric encryption algorithm rather than a symmetric encryption algorithm to protect the key. This document defines one Key Encryption mode algorithm.

When using a key encryption algorithm, the COSE_encrypt structure for the recipient is organized as follows:

The 'protected' field MUST be absent.
The plain text to be encrypted is the key from next layer down (usually the content layer).
At a minimum, the 'unprotected' field MUST contain the 'alg' parameter and SHOULD contain a parameter identifying the asymmetric key.

12.4. Direct Key Agreement

The 'direct key agreement' class of recipient algorithms uses a key agreement method to create a shared secret. A KDF is then applied to the shared secret to derive a key to be used in protecting the data. This key is normally used as a CEK or MAC key, but could be used for other purposes if more than two layers are in use (see Appendix B).

The most commonly used key agreement algorithm used is Diffie-Hellman, but other variants exist. Since COSE is designed for a store and forward environment rather than an on-line environment, many of the DH variants cannot be used as the receiver of the message cannot provide any key material. One side-effect of this is that perfect forward security is not achievable. A static key will always be used for the receiver of the COSE message.

Two variants of DH that are easily supported are:

- Ephemeral-Static DH: where the sender of the message creates a one time DH key and uses a static key for the recipient. The use of the ephemeral sender key means that no additional random input is needed as this is randomly generated for each message.
Static-Static DH: where a static key is used for both the sender and the recipient. The use of static keys allows for recipient to get a weak version of data origination for the message. When static-static key agreement is used, then some piece of unique data is required to ensure that a different key is created for each message.

In this specification, both variants are specified. This has been done to provide the weak data origination option for use with MAC operations.

When direct key agreement mode is used, there MUST be only one recipient in the message. This method creates the key directly and that makes it difficult to mix with additional recipients. If multiple recipients are needed, then the version with key wrap needs to be used.

The COSE_encrypt structure for the recipient is organized as follows:

The 'protected' field MUST be absent.
At a minimum, the 'unprotected' field MUST contain the 'alg' parameter and SHOULD contain a parameter identifying the recipient's asymmetric key.
The 'unprotected' field MUST contain the 'epk' parameter.

12.4.1. ECDH

The basic mathematics for Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman can be found in [RFC6090].

ECDH is parameterized by the following:

Curve Type/Curve: The curve selected controls not only the size of the shared secret, but the mathematics for computing the shared secret. The curve selected also controls how a point in the curve is represented and what happens for the identity points on the curve. In this specification, we allow for a number of different curves to be used. The curves are defined in Table 19.
Since the only the math is changed by changing the curve, the curve is not fixed for any of the algorithm identifiers we define. Instead, it is defined by the points used.
Ephemeral-static or static-static: The key agreement process may be done using either a static or an ephemeral key at the sender's side. When using ephemeral keys, the sender MUST generate a new ephemeral key for every key agreement operation. The ephemeral key is placed in the 'ephemeral key' parameter and MUST be present for all algorithm identifiers that use ephemeral keys. When using static keys, the sender MUST either generate a new random value placed in either in the KDF parameters or the context structure. For the KDF functions used, this means either in the 'salt' parameter for HKDF (Table 11) or in the 'PartyU nonce' parameter for the context structure (Table 12) MUST be present. (Both may be present if desired.) The value in the parameter MUST be unique for the key pair being used. It is acceptable to use a global counter that is incremented for every static-static operation and use the resulting value. When using static keys, the static key needs to be identified to the recipient. The static key can be identified either by providing the key ('static key') or by providing a key identifier for the static key ('static key id'). Both of these parameters are defined in Table 17
Key derivation algorithm: The result of an ECDH key agreement process does not provide a uniformly random secret. As such, it needs to be run through a KDF in order to produce a usable key. Processing the secret through a KDF also allows for the introduction of both context material, how the key is going to be used, and one time material in the even to of a static-static key agreement.
Key Wrap algorithm: The key wrap algorithm can be 'none' if the result of the KDF is going to be used as the key directly. This option, along with static-static, should be used if knowledge about the sender is desired. If 'none' is used, then the content layer encryption algorithm size is value fed to the context structure. Support is also provided for any of the key wrap algorithms defined in Section 12.2.1. If one of these options is used, the input key size to the key wrap algorithm is the value fed into the context structure as the key size.

The set of direct ECDH algorithms defined in this document are found in Table 16.

ECDH Algorithm Values
name	value	KDF	Ephemeral-Static	Key Wrap	description
ECDH-ES + HKDF-256	50	HKDF - SHA-256	yes	none	ECDH ES w/ HKDF - generate key directly
ECDH-ES + HKDF-512	51	HKDF - SHA-256	yes	none	ECDH ES w/ HKDF - generate key directly
ECDH-SS + HKDF-256	52	HKDF - SHA-256	no	none	ECDH ES w/ HKDF - generate key directly
ECDH-SS + HKDF-512	53	HKDF - SHA-256	no	none	ECDH ES w/ HKDF - generate key directly
ECDH-ES+A128KW	54	HKDF - SHA-256	yes	A128KW	ECDH ES w/ Concat KDF and AES Key wrap w/ 128 bit key
ECDH-ES+A192KW	55	HKDF - SHA-256	yes	A192KW	ECDH ES w/ Concat KDF and AES Key wrap w/ 192 bit key
ECDH-ES+A256KW	56	HKDF - SHA-256	yes	A256KW	ECDH ES w/ Concat KDF and AES Key wrap w/ 256 bit key
ECDH-SS+A128KW	57	HKDF - SHA-256	no	A128KW	ECDH SS w/ Concat KDF and AES Key wrap w/ 128 bit key
ECDH-SS+A192KW	58	HKDF - SHA-256	no	A192KW	ECDH SS w/ Concat KDF and AES Key wrap w/ 192 bit key
ECDH-SS+A256KW	59	HKDF - SHA-256	no	A256KW	ECDH SS w/ Concat KDF and AES Key wrap w/ 256 bit key

ECDH Algorithm Parameters
name	label	type	algorithm	description
ephemeral key	-1	COSE_Key	ECDH-ES	Ephemeral Public key for the sender
static key	-2	COSE_Key	ECDH-ES	Static Public key for the sender
static key id	-3	bstr	ECDH-SS	Static Public key identifier for the sender

This document defines these algorithms to be used with the curves P-256, P-384, P-521. Implementations MUST verify that the key type and curve are correct. Different curves are restricted to different key types. Implementations MUST verify that the curve and algorithm are appropriate for the entities involved.

12.5. Key Agreement with KDF

Key Agreement with Key Wrapping uses a randomly generated CEK. The CEK is then encrypted using a Key Wrapping algorithm and a key derived from the shared secret computed by the key agreement algorithm.

The COSE_encrypt structure for the recipient is organized as follows:

The 'protected' field is fed into the KDF context structure.
The plain text to be encrypted is the key from next layer down (usually the content layer).
The 'alg' parameter MUST be present in the layer.
A parameter identifying the recipient's key SHOULD be present. A parameter identifying the sender's key SHOULD be present.

12.5.1. ECDH

These algorithms are defined in Table 16.

13. Keys

The COSE_Key object defines a way to hold a single key object. It is still required that the members of individual key types be defined. This section of the document is where we define an initial set of members for specific key types.

For each of the key types, we define both public and private members. The public members are what is transmitted to others for their usage. We define private members mainly for the purpose of archival of keys by individuals. However, there are some circumstances in which private keys may be distributed by various entities in a protocol. Examples include: entities that have poor random number generation, centralized key creation for multi-cast type operations, and protocols in which a shared secret is used as a bearer token for authorization purposes.

Key types are identified by the 'kty' member of the COSE_Key object. In this document, we define four values for the member:

Key Type Values
name	value	description
EC2	2	Elliptic Curve Keys w/ X,Y Coordinate pair
Symmetric	4	Symmetric Keys
Reserved	0	This value is reserved

13.1. Elliptic Curve Keys

Two different key structures could be defined for Elliptic Curve keys. One version uses both an x and a y coordinate, potentially with point compression. This is the traditional EC point representation that is used in [RFC5480]. The other version uses only the x coordinate as the y coordinate is either to be recomputed or not needed for the key agreement operation. Currently no algorithms are defined using this key structure.

EC Curves
name	key type	value	description
P-256	EC2	1	NIST P-256 also known as secp256r1
P-384	EC2	2	NIST P-384 also known as secp384r1
P-521	EC2	3	NIST P-521 also known as secp521r1

13.1.1. Double Coordinate Curves

The traditional way of sending EC curves has been to send either both the x and y coordinates, or the x coordinate and a sign bit for the y coordinate. The latter encoding has not been recommended in the IETF due to potential IPR issues. However, for operations in constrained environments, the ability to shrink a message by not sending the y coordinate is potentially useful.

For EC keys with both coordinates, the 'kty' member is set to 2 (EC2). The key parameters defined in this section are summarized in Table 20. The members that are defined for this key type are:

crv: contains an identifier of the curve to be used with the key. The curves defined in this document for this key type can be found in Table 19. Other curves may be registered in the future and private curves can be used as well.
x: contains the x coordinate for the EC point. The integer is converted to an octet string as defined in [SEC1]. Zero octets MUST NOT be removed from the front of the octet string.
y: contains either the sign bit or the value of y coordinate for the EC point. When encoding the value y, the integer is converted to an octet string (as defined in [SEC1]) and encoded as a CBOR bstr. Leading zero octets MUST be preserved. When encoding the sign of y, the expression 'y > 0' is evaluated and encoded a CBOR boolean.
d: contains the private key.

For public keys, it is REQUIRED that 'crv', 'x' and 'y' be present in the structure. For private keys, it is REQUIRED that 'crv' and 'd' be present in the structure. For private keys, it is RECOMMENDED that 'x' and 'y' also be present, but they can be recomputed from the required elements and omitting them saves on space.

EC Key Parameters
name	key type	value	type	description
crv	2	-1	int / tstr	EC Curve identifier - Taken from the COSE General Registry
x	2	-2	bstr	X Coordinate
y	2	-3	bstr / bool	Y Coordinate
d	2	-4	bstr	Private key

13.2. Symmetric Keys

Occasionally it is required that a symmetric key be transported between entities. This key structure allows for that to happen.

For symmetric keys, the 'kty' member is set to 3 (Symmetric). The member that is defined for this key type is:

k: contains the value of the key.

This key structure contains only private key information, care must be taken that it is never transmitted accidentally. For public keys, there are no required fields. For private keys, it is REQUIRED that 'k' be present in the structure.

Symmetric Key Parameters
name	key type	value	type	description
k	4	-1	bstr	Key Value

14. CBOR Encoder Restrictions

There has been an attempt to limit the number of places where the document needs to impose restrictions on how the CBOR Encoder needs to work. We have managed to narrow it down to the following restrictions:

The restriction applies to the encoding the Sig_structure, the Enc_structure, and the MAC_structure.
The rules for Canonical CBOR (Section 3.9 of RFC 7049) MUST be used in these locations. The main rule that needs to be enforced is that all lengths in these structures MUST be encoded such that they are encoded using definite lengths and the minimum length encoding is used.
All parsers used SHOULD fail on both parsing and generation if the same label is used twice as a key for the same map.

15. IANA Considerations

15.1. CBOR Tag assignment

It is requested that IANA assign the following tags from the "Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) Tags" registry. It is requested that the tags be assigned in the 24 to 255 value range.

The tags to be assigned are:

Tag Value	Data Item	Semantics
TBD1	COSE_Sign	COSE Signed Data Object
TBD2	COSE_enveloped	COSE Enveloped Data Object
TBD3	COSE_encryptData	COSE Encrypted Data Object
TBD4	COSE_Mac	COSE Mac-ed Data Object
TBD5	COSE_Key, COSE_KeySet	COSE Key or COSE Key Set Object

15.2. COSE Header Parameter Registry

It is requested that IANA create a new registry entitled "COSE Header Parameters". The registery is to be created as Expert Review Required.

The columns of the registry are:

name: The name is present to make it easier to refer to and discuss the registration entry. The value is not used in the protocol. Names are to be unique in the table.
label: This is the value used for the label. The label can be either an integer or a string. Registration in the table is based on the value of the label requested. Integer values between 1 and 255 and strings of length 1 are designated as Standards Track Document required. Integer values from 256 to 65535 and strings of length 2 are designated as Specification Required. Integer values of greater than 65535 and strings of length greater than 2 are designated as first come, first served. Integer values in the range -1 to -65536 are delegated to the "COSE Header Algorithm Label" registry. Integer values beyond -65536 are marked as private use.
value: This contains the CBOR type for the value portion of the label.
value registry: This contains a pointer to the registry used to contain values where the set is limited.
description: This contains a brief description of the header field.
specification: This contains a pointer to the specification defining the header field (where public).

The initial contents of the registry can be found in Table 1. The specification column for all rows in that table should be this document.

Additionally, the label of 0 is to be marked as 'Reserved'.

15.3. COSE Header Algorithm Label Table

It is requested that IANA create a new registry entitled "COSE Header Algorithm Labels". The registery is to be created as Expert Review Required.

The columns of the registry are:

name: The name is present to make it easier to refer to and discuss the registration entry. The value is not used in the protocol.
algorithm: The algorithm(s) that this registry entry is used for. This value is taken from the "COSE Algorithm Value" registry. Multiple algorithms can be specified in this entry. For the table, the algorithm, label pair MUST be unique.
label: This is the value used for the label. The label is an integer in the range of -1 to -65536.
value: This contains the CBOR type for the value portion of the label.
value registry: This contains a pointer to the registry used to contain values where the set is limited.
description: This contains a brief description of the header field.
specification: This contains a pointer to the specification defining the header field (where public).

The initial contents of the registry can be found in Table 11, Table 12, and Table 17. The specification column for all rows in that table should be this document.

15.4. COSE Algorithm Registry

It is requested that IANA create a new registry entitled "COSE Algorithm Registry". The registery is to be created as Expert Review Required.

The columns of the registry are:
value: The value to be used to identify this algorithm. Algorithm values MUST be unique. The value can be a positive integer, a negative integer or a string. Integer values between 0 and 255 and strings of length 1 are designated as Standards Track Document required. Integer values from 256 to 65535 and strings of length 2 are designated as Specification Required. Integer values of greater than 65535 and strings of length greater than 2 are designated as first come, first served. Integer values in the range -1 to -65536 are delegated to the "COSE Header Algorithm Label" registry. Integer values beyond -65536 are marked as private use.
description: A short description of the algorithm.
specification: A document where the algorithm is defined (if publicly available).

The initial contents of the registry can be found in Table 8, Table 7, Table 9, Table 4, Table 5, Table 6, Table 13, Table 14, Table 15, and Table 16. The specification column for all rows in that table should be this document.

15.5. COSE Key Common Parameter Registry

It is requested that IANA create a new registry entitled "COSE Key Common Parameter" Registry. The registery is to be created as Expert Review Required.

The columns of the registry are:

name: This is a descriptive name that enables easier reference to the item. It is not used in the encoding.
label: The value to be used to identify this algorithm. Key map labels MUST be unique. The label can be a positive integer, a negative integer or a string. Integer values between 0 and 255 and strings of length 1 are designated as Standards Track Document required. Integer values from 256 to 65535 and strings of length 2 are designated as Specification Required. Integer values of greater than 65535 and strings of length greater than 2 are designated as first come, first served. Integer values in the range -1 to -65536 are used for key parameters specific to a single algorithm delegated to the "COSE Key Parameter Label" registry. Integer values beyond -65536 are marked as private use.
CBOR Type: This field contains the CBOR type for the field
registry: This field denotes the registry that values come from, if one exists.
description: This field contains a brief description for the field
specification: This contains a pointer to the public specification for the field if one exists

This registry will be initially populated by the values in Section 7.1. The specification column for all of these entries will be this document.

15.6. COSE Key Type Parameter Registry

It is requested that IANA create a new registry "COSE Key Type Parameters". The registery is to be created as Expert Review Required.

The columns of the table are:

key type: This field contains a descriptive string of a key type. This should be a value that is in the COSE General Values table and is placed in the 'kty' field of a COSE Key structure.
name: This is a descriptive name that enables easier reference to the item. It is not used in the encoding.
label: The label is to be unique for every value of key type. The range of values is from -256 to -1. Labels are expected to be reused for different keys.
CBOR type: This field contains the CBOR type for the field
description: This field contains a brief description for the field
specification: This contains a pointer to the public specification for the field if one exists

This registry will be initially populated by the values in Table 20 and Table 21. The specification column for all of these entries will be this document.

15.7. COSE Elliptic Curve Registry

It is requested that IANA create a new registry "COSE Elliptic Curve Parameters". The registery is to be created as Expert Review Required.

The columns of the table are:

name: This is a descriptive name that enables easier reference to the item. It is not used in the encoding.
value: This is the value used to identify the curve. These values MUST be unique. The integer values from -256 to 255 are designated as Standards Track Document Required. The integer values from 256 to 65535 and -65536 to -257 are designated as Specification Required. Integer values over 65535 are designated as first come, first served. Integer values less than -65536 are marked as private use.
key type: This designates the key type(s) that can be used with this curve.
description: This field contains a brief description of the curve.
specification: This contains a pointer to the public specification for the curve if one exists.

This registry will be initially populated by the values in Table 18. The specification column for all of these entries will be this document.

15.8. Media Type Registrations

15.8.1. COSE Security Message

This section registers the "application/cose" and "application/cose+cbor" media types in the "Media Types" registry. [CREF9]JLS: Should we register both or just the cose+cbor one? These media types are used to indicate that the content is a COSE_MSG. [CREF10]JLS: Should we create the equivalent of the smime-type parameter to identify the inner content type?

Type name: application
Subtype name: cose
Required parameters: N/A
Optional parameters: N/A
Encoding considerations: binary
Security considerations: See the Security Considerations section of RFC TBD.
Interoperability considerations: N/A
Published specification: RFC TBD
Applications that use this media type: To be identified
Fragment identifier considerations: N/A
Additional information:
- Magic number(s): N/A
- File extension(s): cbor
- Macintosh file type code(s): N/A
Person & email address to contact for further information: iesg@ietf.org
Intended usage: COMMON
Restrictions on usage: N/A
Author: Jim Schaad, ietf@augustcellars.com
Change Controller: IESG
Provisional registration? No

Type name: application
Subtype name: cose+cbor
Required parameters: N/A
Optional parameters: N/A
Encoding considerations: binary
Security considerations: See the Security Considerations section of RFC TBD.
Interoperability considerations: N/A
Published specification: RFC TBD
Applications that use this media type: To be identified
Fragment identifier considerations: N/A
Additional information:
- Magic number(s): N/A
- File extension(s): cbor
- Macintosh file type code(s): N/A
Person & email address to contact for further information: iesg@ietf.org
Intended usage: COMMON
Restrictions on usage: N/A
Author: Jim Schaad, ietf@augustcellars.com
Change Controller: IESG
Provisional registration? No

15.8.2. COSE Key media type

This section registers the "application/cose-key+cbor" and "application/cose-key-set+cbor" media types in the "Media Types" registry. These media types are used to indicate, respectively, that content is a COSE_Key or COSE_KeySet object.

Type name: application
Subtype name: cose-key+cbor
Required parameters: N/A
Optional parameters: N/A
Encoding considerations: binary
Security considerations: See the Security Considerations section of RFC TBD.
Interoperability considerations: N/A
Published specification: RFC TBD
Applications that use this media type: To be identified
Fragment identifier considerations: N/A
Additional information:
- Magic number(s): N/A
- File extension(s): cbor
- Macintosh file type code(s): N/A
Person & email address to contact for further information: iesg@ietf.org
Intended usage: COMMON
Restrictions on usage: N/A
Author: Jim Schaad, ietf@augustcellars.com
Change Controller: IESG
Provisional registration? No

Type name: application
Subtype name: cose-key-set+cbor
Required parameters: N/A
Optional parameters: N/A
Encoding considerations: binary
Security considerations: See the Security Considerations section of RFC TBD.
Interoperability considerations: N/A
Published specification: RFC TBD
Applications that use this media type: To be identified
Fragment identifier considerations: N/A
Additional information:
- Magic number(s): N/A
- File extension(s): cbor
- Macintosh file type code(s): N/A
Person & email address to contact for further information: iesg@ietf.org
Intended usage: COMMON
Restrictions on usage: N/A
Author: Jim Schaad, ietf@augustcellars.com
Change Controller: IESG
Provisional registration? No

15.9. CoAP Content Format Registrations

This section registers a set of content formats for CoAP. ID assignment in the 24-255 range is requested.

Media Type	ID	Reference
application/cose	TBD10	[This Document]
application/cose-key	TBD11	[This Document]
application/cose-key-set	TBD12	[This Document

16. Security Considerations

There are security considerations:

Protect private keys.
MAC messages with more than one recipient means one cannot figure out which party sent the message.
Use of a direct key with other recipient structures hands the key to the other recipients.
Use of direct ECDH direct encryption is easy for people to leak information on if there are other recipients in the message.
Considerations about protected vs unprotected header fields.
Need to verify that: 1) the kty field of the key matches the key and algorithm being used, 2) the kty field needs to be included in the trust decision as well as the other key fields, and 3) the algorithm is included in the trust decision.

17. References

17.1. Normative References

[RFC2119]	Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997.
[RFC7049]	Bormann, C. and P. Hoffman, "Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR)", RFC 7049, DOI 10.17487/RFC7049, October 2013.

17.2. Informative References

[AES-GCM]	Dworkin, M., "NIST Special Publication 800-38D: Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation: Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) and GMAC.", Nov 2007.
[DSS]	U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Digital Signature Standard (DSS)", July 2013.
[I-D.greevenbosch-appsawg-cbor-cddl]	Vigano, C. and H. Birkholz, "CBOR data definition language (CDDL): a notational convention to express CBOR data structures", Internet-Draft draft-greevenbosch-appsawg-cbor-cddl-07, October 2015.
[MAC]	NiST, N., "FIPS PUB 113: Computer Data Authentication", May 1985.
[MultiPrimeRSA]	Hinek, M. and D. Cheriton, "On the Security of Multi-prime RSA", June 2006.
[PVSig]	Brown, D. and D. Johnson, "Formal Security Proofs for a Signature Scheme with Partial Message Recover", February 2000.
[RFC2104]	Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M. and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104, DOI 10.17487/RFC2104, February 1997.
[RFC2633]	Ramsdell, B., "S/MIME Version 3 Message Specification", RFC 2633, DOI 10.17487/RFC2633, June 1999.
[RFC2898]	Kaliski, B., "PKCS #5: Password-Based Cryptography Specification Version 2.0", RFC 2898, DOI 10.17487/RFC2898, September 2000.
[RFC3394]	Schaad, J. and R. Housley, "Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Key Wrap Algorithm", RFC 3394, DOI 10.17487/RFC3394, September 2002.
[RFC3447]	Jonsson, J. and B. Kaliski, "Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications Version 2.1", RFC 3447, DOI 10.17487/RFC3447, February 2003.
[RFC3610]	Whiting, D., Housley, R. and N. Ferguson, "Counter with CBC-MAC (CCM)", RFC 3610, DOI 10.17487/RFC3610, September 2003.
[RFC4231]	Nystrom, M., "Identifiers and Test Vectors for HMAC-SHA-224, HMAC-SHA-256, HMAC-SHA-384, and HMAC-SHA-512", RFC 4231, DOI 10.17487/RFC4231, December 2005.
[RFC4262]	Santesson, S., "X.509 Certificate Extension for Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) Capabilities", RFC 4262, DOI 10.17487/RFC4262, December 2005.
[RFC5480]	Turner, S., Brown, D., Yiu, K., Housley, R. and T. Polk, "Elliptic Curve Cryptography Subject Public Key Information", RFC 5480, DOI 10.17487/RFC5480, March 2009.
[RFC5652]	Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", STD 70, RFC 5652, DOI 10.17487/RFC5652, September 2009.
[RFC5751]	Ramsdell, B. and S. Turner, "Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) Version 3.2 Message Specification", RFC 5751, DOI 10.17487/RFC5751, January 2010.
[RFC5752]	Turner, S. and J. Schaad, "Multiple Signatures in Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", RFC 5752, DOI 10.17487/RFC5752, January 2010.
[RFC5869]	Krawczyk, H. and P. Eronen, "HMAC-based Extract-and-Expand Key Derivation Function (HKDF)", RFC 5869, DOI 10.17487/RFC5869, May 2010.
[RFC5990]	Randall, J., Kaliski, B., Brainard, J. and S. Turner, "Use of the RSA-KEM Key Transport Algorithm in the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", RFC 5990, DOI 10.17487/RFC5990, September 2010.
[RFC6090]	McGrew, D., Igoe, K. and M. Salter, "Fundamental Elliptic Curve Cryptography Algorithms", RFC 6090, DOI 10.17487/RFC6090, February 2011.
[RFC6151]	Turner, S. and L. Chen, "Updated Security Considerations for the MD5 Message-Digest and the HMAC-MD5 Algorithms", RFC 6151, DOI 10.17487/RFC6151, March 2011.
[RFC6979]	Pornin, T., "Deterministic Usage of the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) and Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA)", RFC 6979, DOI 10.17487/RFC6979, August 2013.
[RFC7159]	Bray, T., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format", RFC 7159, DOI 10.17487/RFC7159, March 2014.
[RFC7252]	Shelby, Z., Hartke, K. and C. Bormann, "The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7252, DOI 10.17487/RFC7252, June 2014.
[RFC7515]	Jones, M., Bradley, J. and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web Signature (JWS)", RFC 7515, DOI 10.17487/RFC7515, May 2015.
[RFC7516]	Jones, M. and J. Hildebrand, "JSON Web Encryption (JWE)", RFC 7516, DOI 10.17487/RFC7516, May 2015.
[RFC7517]	Jones, M., "JSON Web Key (JWK)", RFC 7517, DOI 10.17487/RFC7517, May 2015.
[RFC7518]	Jones, M., "JSON Web Algorithms (JWA)", RFC 7518, DOI 10.17487/RFC7518, May 2015.
[RFC7539]	Nir, Y. and A. Langley, "ChaCha20 and Poly1305 for IETF Protocols", RFC 7539, DOI 10.17487/RFC7539, May 2015.
[SEC1]	Standards for Efficient Cryptography Group, "SEC 1: Elliptic Curve Cryptography", May 2009.
[SP800-56A]	Barker, E., Chen, L., Roginsky, A. and M. Smid, "NIST Special Publication 800-56A: Recommendation for Pair-Wise Key Establishment Schemes Using Discrete Logarithm Cryptography", May 2013.

Appendix A. CDDL Grammar

For people who prefer using a formal language to describe the syntax of the CBOR, in this section a CDDL grammar is given that corresponds to [I-D.greevenbosch-appsawg-cbor-cddl]. This grammar is informational. In the event of differences between this grammar and the prose, the prose is considered to be authoritative.

The collected CDDL can be extracted from the XML version of this document via the following XPath expression below. (Depending on the XPath evaluator one is using, it may be necessary to deal with > as an entity.)


//artwork[@type='CDDL']/text()

        
; This is define to make the tool quieter
Internal_Types = Sig_structure / Enc_structure / MAC_structure /
        COSE_KDF_Context

Appendix B. Three Levels of Recipient Information

All of the currently defined recipient algorithms classes only use two levels of the COSE_Encrypt structure. The first level is the message content and the second level is the content key encryption. However, if one uses a recipient algorithm such as RSA-KEM (see Appendix A of RSA-KEM [RFC5990], then it make sense to have three levels of the COSE_Encrypt structure.

These levels would be:

Level 0: The content encryption level. This level contains the payload of the message.
Level 1: The encryption of the CEK by a KEK.
Level 2: The encryption of a long random secret using an RSA key and a key derivation function to convert that secret into the KEK.

This is an example of what a triple layer message would look like. The message has the following layers:

Level 0: Has a content encrypted with AES-GCM using a 128-bit key.
Level 1: Uses the AES Key wrap algorithm with a 128-bit key.
Level 2: Uses ECDH Ephemeral-Static direct to generate the level 1 key.

In effect this example is a decomposed version of using the ECDH-ES+A128KW algorithm.

Size of binary file is 216 bytes

998( [
  h'a10101',
  {
    5: h'02d1f7e6f26c43d4868d87ce'
  },
  h'64f84d913ba60a76070a9a48f26e97e863e285295a44320878caceb0763a3
34806857c67',
  [
    [
      h'',
      {
        1: -3
      },
      h'5a15dbf5b282ecb31a6074ee3815c252405dd7583e078188',
      [
        [
          h'',
          {
            1: 50,
            4: h'6d65726961646f632e6272616e64796275636b406275636b
6c616e642e6578616d706c65',
            -1: {
              1: 2,
              -1: 1,
              -2: h'b2add44368ea6d641f9ca9af308b4079aeb519f11e9b8
a55a600b21233e86e68',
              -3: h'1a2cf118b9ee6895c8f415b686d4ca1cef362d4a7630a
31ef6019c0c56d33de0'
            }
          },
          h''
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
])

Appendix C. Examples

The examples can be found at https://github.com/cose-wg/Examples. The file names in each section correspond the same file names in the repository. I am currently still in the process of getting the examples up there along with some control information for people to be able to check and reproduce the examples.

Examples may have some features that are in question but not yet incorporated in the document.

To make it easier to read, the examples are presented using the CBOR's diagnostic notation rather than a binary dump. A ruby based tool exists to convert between a number of formats. This tool can be installed with the command line:

        gem install cbor-diag

The diagnostic notation can be converted into binary files using the following command line:

          
         diag2cbor < inputfile > outputfile

The examples can be extracted from the XML version of this document via an XPath expression as all of the artwork is tagged with the attribute type='CBORdiag'.

C.1. Examples of MAC messages

C.1.1. Shared Secret Direct MAC

This example users the following:

MAC: AES-CMAC, 256-bit key, truncated to 64 bits
Recipient class: direct shared secret
File name: Mac-04

Size of binary file is 73 bytes

996( [
  h'a1016f4145532d434d41432d3235362f3634',
  {
  },
  h'546869732069732074686520636f6e74656e742e',
  h'd9afa663dd740848',
  [
    [
      h'',
      {
        1: -6,
        4: h'6f75722d736563726574'
      },
      h''
    ]
  ]
])

C.1.2. ECDH Direct MAC

This example uses the following:

MAC: HMAC w/SHA-256, 256-bit key
Recipient class: ECDH key agreement, two static keys, HKDF w/ context structure

Size of binary file is 217 bytes

996( [
  h'a10104',
  {
  },
  h'546869732069732074686520636f6e74656e742e',
  h'2ba937ca03d76c3dbad30cfcbaeef586f9c0f9ba616ad67e9205d38576ad9
930',
  [
    [
      h'',
      {
        1: 52,
        4: h'6d65726961646f632e6272616e64796275636b406275636b6c61
6e642e6578616d706c65',
        -3: h'706572656772696e2e746f6f6b407475636b626f726f7567682
e6578616d706c65',
        "apu": h'4d8553e7e74f3c6a3a9dd3ef286a8195cbf8a23d19558ccf
ec7d34b824f42d92bd06bd2c7f0271f0214e141fb779ae2856abf585a58368b01
7e7f2a9e5ce4db5'
      },
      h''
    ]
  ]
])

C.1.3. Wrapped MAC

This example uses the following:

MAC: AES-MAC, 128-bit key, truncated to 64 bits
Recipient class: AES keywrap w/ a pre-shared 256-bit key

Size of binary file is 124 bytes

996( [
  h'a1016e4145532d3132382d4d41432d3634',
  {
  },
  h'546869732069732074686520636f6e74656e742e',
  h'6d1fa77b2dd9146a',
  [
    [
      h'',
      {
        1: -5,
        4: h'30313863306165352d346439622d343731622d626664362d6565
66333134626337303337'
      },
      h'711ab0dc2fc4585dce27effa6781c8093eba906f227b6eb0'
    ]
  ]
])

C.1.4. Multi-recipient MAC message

This example uses the following:

MAC: HMAC w/ SHA-256, 128-bit key
Recipient class: Uses three different methods
1. ECDH Ephemeral-Static, Curve P-521, AES-Key Wrap w/ 128-bit key
2. AES-Key Wrap w/ 256-bit key

Size of binary file is 374 bytes

996( [
  h'a10104',
  {
  },
  h'546869732069732074686520636f6e74656e742e',
  h'7aaa6e74546873061f0a7de21ff0c0658d401a68da738dd893748651983ce
1d0',
  [
    [
      h'',
      {
        1: 55,
        4: h'62696c626f2e62616767696e7340686f626269746f6e2e657861
6d706c65',
        -1: {
          1: 2,
          -1: 3,
          -2: h'43b12669acac3fd27898ffba0bcd2e6c366d53bc4db71f909
a759304acfb5e18cdc7ba0b13ff8c7636271a6924b1ac63c02688075b55ef2d61
3574e7dc242f79c3',
          -3: h'812dd694f4ef32b11014d74010a954689c6b6e8785b333d1a
b44f22b9d1091ae8fc8ae40b687e5cfbe7ee6f8b47918a07bb04e9f5b1a51a334
a16bc09777434113'
        }
      },
      h'f20ad9c96134f3c6be4f75e7101c0ecc5efa071ff20a87fd1ac285109
41ee0376573e2b384b56b99'
    ],
    [
      h'',
      {
        1: -5,
        4: h'30313863306165352d346439622d343731622d626664362d6565
66333134626337303337'
      },
      h'0b2c7cfce04e98276342d6476a7723c090dfdd15f9a518e7736549e99
8370695e6d6a83b4ae507bb'
    ]
  ]
])

C.2. Examples of Encrypted Messages

C.2.1. Direct ECDH

This example uses the following:

CEK: AES-GCM w/ 128-bit key
Recipient class: ECDH Ephemeral-Static, Curve P-256

Size of binary file is 184 bytes

998( [
  h'a10101',
  {
    5: h'c9cf4df2fe6c632bf7886413'
  },
  h'45fce2814311024d3a479e7d3eed063850f3f0b9f3f948677e3ae9869bcf9
ff4e1763812',
  [
    [
      h'',
      {
        1: 50,
        4: h'6d65726961646f632e6272616e64796275636b406275636b6c61
6e642e6578616d706c65',
        -1: {
          1: 2,
          -1: 1,
          -2: h'98f50a4ff6c05861c8860d13a638ea56c3f5ad7590bbfbf05
4e1c7b4d91d6280',
          -3: h'f01400b089867804b8e9fc96c3932161f1934f4223069170d
924b7e03bf822bb'
        }
      },
      h''
    ]
  ]
])

C.2.2. Direct plus Key Derivation

This example uses the following:

CEK: AES-CCM w/128-bit key, truncate the tag to 64 bits
Recipient class: Use HKDF on a shared secret with the following implicit fields as part of the context.
- APU identity: "lighting-client"
- APV identity: "lighting-server"
- Supplementary Public Other: "Encryption Example 02"

Size of binary file is 97 bytes

998( [
  h'a1010a',
  {
    5: h'89f52f65a1c580933b5261a7'
  },
  h'7b9dcfa42c4e1d3182c402dc18ef8b5637de4fb62cf1dd156ea6e6e0',
  [
    [
      h'',
      {
        1: "dir+kdf",
        4: h'6f75722d736563726574',
        -20: h'61616262636364646565666667676868'
      },
      h''
    ]
  ]
])

C.3. Examples of Signed Message

C.3.1. Single Signature

This example uses the following:

Signature Algorithm: ECDSA w/ SHA-256, Curve P-256-1

Size of binary file is 105 bytes

999( [
  h'',
  {
  },
  h'546869732069732074686520636f6e74656e742e',
  [
    [
      h'a10126',
      {
        4: h'3131'
      },
      h'4358e9e92b46d45134548b6e3b4eae3d2f801bce85236c7aab42968ad
8e3e92400873ed761735222a6d1f442c4bb3a3151946b16900048572455e65451
d89aaba7'
    ]
  ]
])

C.3.2. Multiple Signers

This example uses the following:

Signature Algorithm: ECDSA w/ SHA-256, Curve P-256-1
Signature Algorithm: ECDSA w/ SHA-512, Curve P-521

Size of binary file is 277 bytes

999( [
  h'',
  {
  },
  h'546869732069732074686520636f6e74656e742e',
  [
    [
      h'a10126',
      {
        4: h'3131'
      },
      h'0dc1c5e62719d8f3cce1468b7c881eee6a8088b46bf836ae956dd38fe
931991900823ea760648f2425b96c39e23ddc4b7faed56d4a9bd0f3752cfdc628
254ed0f2'
    ],
    [
      h'',
      {
        1: -9,
        4: h'62696c626f2e62616767696e7340686f626269746f6e2e657861
6d706c65'
      },
      h'012ce5b1dfe8b5aa6eaa09a54c58a84ad0900e4fdf2759ec22d1c861c
ccd75c7e1c4025a2da35e512fc2874d6ac8fd862d09ad07ed2deac297b897561e
04a8d42476011eb209c016416b4247b4d1475c398d35c4ac24d1c9fadda7eefe2
857e25a500d29aea539e58e8ca7737fe450d4e87ed3f78e637c12bbd213e78ba8
3a55f7e89934'
    ]
  ]
])

C.4. COSE Keys

C.4.1. Public Keys

This is an example of a COSE Key set. This example includes the public keys for all of the previous examples.

In order the keys are:

An EC key with a kid of "meriadoc.brandybuck@buckland.example"
An EC key with a kid of "peregrin.took@tuckborough.example"
An EC key with a kid of "bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example"
An EC key with a kid of "11"

Size of binary file is 481 bytes

[
  {
    -1: 1,
    -2: h'65eda5a12577c2bae829437fe338701a10aaa375e1bb5b5de108de4
39c08551d',
    -3: h'1e52ed75701163f7f9e40ddf9f341b3dc9ba860af7e0ca7ca7e9eec
d0084d19c',
    1: 2,
    2: h'6d65726961646f632e6272616e64796275636b406275636b6c616e64
2e6578616d706c65'
  },
  {
    -1: 3,
    -2: h'0072992cb3ac08ecf3e5c63dedec0d51a8c1f79ef2f82f94f3c737b
f5de7986671eac625fe8257bbd0394644caaa3aaf8f27a4585fbbcad0f2457620
085e5c8f42ad',
    -3: h'01dca6947bce88bc5790485ac97427342bc35f887d86d65a089377e
247e60baa55e4e8501e2ada5724ac51d6909008033ebc10ac999b9d7f5cc2519f
3fe1ea1d9475',
    1: 2,
    2: h'62696c626f2e62616767696e7340686f626269746f6e2e6578616d70
6c65'
  },
  {
    -1: 1,
    -2: h'98f50a4ff6c05861c8860d13a638ea56c3f5ad7590bbfbf054e1c7b
4d91d6280',
    -3: h'f01400b089867804b8e9fc96c3932161f1934f4223069170d924b7e
03bf822bb',
    1: 2,
    2: h'706572656772696e2e746f6f6b407475636b626f726f7567682e6578
616d706c65'
  },
  {
    -1: 1,
    -2: h'bac5b11cad8f99f9c72b05cf4b9e26d244dc189f745228255a219a8
6d6a09eff',
    -3: h'20138bf82dc1b6d562be0fa54ab7804a3a64b6d72ccfed6b6fb6ed2
8bbfc117e',
    1: 2,
    2: h'3131'
  }
]

C.4.2. Private Keys

This is an example of a COSE Key set. This example includes the private keys for all of the previous examples.

In order the keys are:

An EC key with a kid of "meriadoc.brandybuck@buckland.example"
A shared-secret key with a kid of "our-secret"
An EC key with a kid of "peregrin.took@tuckborough.example"
A shared-secret key with a kid of "018c0ae5-4d9b-471b-bfd6-eef314bc7037"
An EC key with a kid of "bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example"
An EC key with a kid of "11"

Size of binary file is 782 bytes

[
  {
    1: 2,
    2: h'6d65726961646f632e6272616e64796275636b406275636b6c616e64
2e6578616d706c65',
    -1: 1,
    -2: h'65eda5a12577c2bae829437fe338701a10aaa375e1bb5b5de108de4
39c08551d',
    -3: h'1e52ed75701163f7f9e40ddf9f341b3dc9ba860af7e0ca7ca7e9eec
d0084d19c',
    -4: h'aff907c99f9ad3aae6c4cdf21122bce2bd68b5283e6907154ad9118
40fa208cf'
  },
  {
    1: 4,
    2: h'6f75722d736563726574',
    -1: h'849b57219dae48de646d07dbb533566e976686457c1491be3a76dce
a6c427188'
  },
  {
    1: 2,
    2: h'62696c626f2e62616767696e7340686f626269746f6e2e6578616d70
6c65',
    -1: 3,
    -2: h'0072992cb3ac08ecf3e5c63dedec0d51a8c1f79ef2f82f94f3c737b
f5de7986671eac625fe8257bbd0394644caaa3aaf8f27a4585fbbcad0f2457620
085e5c8f42ad',
    -3: h'01dca6947bce88bc5790485ac97427342bc35f887d86d65a089377e
247e60baa55e4e8501e2ada5724ac51d6909008033ebc10ac999b9d7f5cc2519f
3fe1ea1d9475',
    -4: h'00085138ddabf5ca975f5860f91a08e91d6d5f9a76ad4018766a476
680b55cd339e8ab6c72b5facdb2a2a50ac25bd086647dd3e2e6e99e84ca2c3609
fdf177feb26d'
  },
  {
    1: 2,
    -1: 1,
    2: h'706572656772696e2e746f6f6b407475636b626f726f7567682e6578
616d706c65',
    -2: h'98f50a4ff6c05861c8860d13a638ea56c3f5ad7590bbfbf054e1c7b
4d91d6280',
    -3: h'f01400b089867804b8e9fc96c3932161f1934f4223069170d924b7e
03bf822bb',
    -4: h'02d1f7e6f26c43d4868d87ceb2353161740aacf1f7163647984b522
a848df1c3'
  },
  {
    1: 4,
    2: h'30313863306165352d346439622d343731622d626664362d65656633
3134626337303337',
    -1: h'849b57219dae48de646d07dbb533566e976686457c1491be3a76dce
a6c427188'
  },
  {
    1: 2,
    2: h'3131',
    -1: 1,
    -2: h'bac5b11cad8f99f9c72b05cf4b9e26d244dc189f745228255a219a8
6d6a09eff',
    -3: h'20138bf82dc1b6d562be0fa54ab7804a3a64b6d72ccfed6b6fb6ed2
8bbfc117e',
    -4: h'57c92077664146e876760c9520d054aa93c3afb04e306705db60903
08507b4d3'
  }
]

Appendix D. Document Updates

D.1. Version -06 to -07

Editorial Changes
Make new IANA registries be Expert Review

D.2. Version -05 to -06

Remove new CFRG Elliptical Curve key agreement algorithms.
Remove RSA algorithms
Define a creation time and sequence number for discussions.
Remove message type field from all structures.
Define CBOR tagging for all structures with IANA registrations.

D.3. Version -04 to -05

Removed the jku, x5c, x5t, x5t#S256, x5u, and jwk headers.
Add enveloped data vs encrypted data structures.
Add counter signature parameter.

D.4. Version -03 to -04

Change top level from map to array.
Eliminate the term "key management" from the document.
Point to content registries for the 'content type' attribute
Push protected field into the KDF functions for recipients.
Remove password based recipient information.
Create EC Curve Registry.

D.5. Version -02 to -03

Make a pass over all of the algorithm text.
Alter the CDDL so that Keys and KeySets are top level items and the key examples validate.
Add sample key structures.
Expand text on dealing with Externally Supplied Data.
Update the examples to match some of the renumbering of fields.

D.6. Version -02 to -03

Add a set of straw man proposals for algorithms. It is possible/expected that this text will be moved to a new document.
Add a set of straw man proposals for key structures. It is possible/expected that this text will be moved to a new document.
Provide guidance on use of externally supplied authenticated data.
Add external authenticated data to signing structure.

D.7. Version -01 to -2

Add first pass of algorithm information
Add direct key derivation example.

D.8. Version -00 to -01

Add note on where the document is being maintained and contributing notes.
Put in proposal on MTI algorithms.
Changed to use labels rather than keys when talking about what indexes a map.
Moved nonce/IV to be a common header item.
Expand section to discuss the common set of labels used in COSE_Key maps.
Start marking element 0 in registries as reserved.
Update examples.

Author's Address

Jim Schaad August Cellars EMail: ietf@augustcellars.com