| dhc | D. Miles |
| Internet-Draft | |
| Updates: 3203 (if approved) | W. Dec |
| Intended status: Standards Track | Cisco Systems |
| Expires: August 02, 2012 | J. Bristow |
| Swisscom Schweiz AG | |
| R. Maglione | |
| Telecom Italia | |
| February 2012 |
Forcerenew Nonce Authentication
draft-ietf-dhc-forcerenew-nonce-04
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) FORCERENEW allows for the reconfiguration of a single host by forcing the DHCP client into a Renew state on a trigger from the DHCP server. In Forcerenew Nonce Authentication the server sends a nonce to the client on the initial DHCP ACK that is used for subsequent validation of a FORCERENEW message. This document updates RFC 3203.
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This Internet-Draft will expire on August 02, 2012.
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The DHCP Reconfigure Extension defined in [RFC3203] is a useful mechanism allowing dynamic reconfiguration of a single host triggered by the DHCP server. Its application is currently limited by a requirement that FORCERENEW message is always authenticated using procedures as described in [RFC3118]. Authentication for DHCP [RFC3118] is mandatory for FORCERENEW, however as it is currently defined [RFC3118] requires distribution of constant token or shared-secret out-of-band to DHCP clients. The mandatory authentication was originally motivated by a legitimate security concern whereby in some network environments DHCP messages can be spoofed and an attacker could more accurately guess the timing of DHCP renewal messages by first sending a FORCERENEW message. However, in some networks native security mechanisms already provide sufficient protection against spoofing of DHCP traffic. An example of such network is a Broadband Forum TR-101 [TR-101i2] compliant access network. In such environments the mandatory coupling between FORCERENEW and DHCP Authentication [RFC3118] can be relaxed and a lighter authentication mechanism can be used for the FORCERENEW message. This document defines extensions to Authentication for DHCPv4 Messages [RFC3118] to create a new authentication protocol for DHCPv4 FORCERENEW [RFC3203] messages; this method does not require out-of-band key distribution to DHCP clients. The Forcerenew Nonce is exchanged between server and client on initial DHCP ACK and is used for verification of any subsequent FORCERENEW message. This document updates [RFC3203]
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
The FORCERENEW message must be authenticated using either [RFC3118] or the proposed Forcerenew Nonce Authentication protocol.
The Forcerenew nonce authentication protocol provides protection against misconfiguration of a client caused by a FORCERENEW message sent by a malicious DHCP server. In this protocol, a DHCP server sends a Forcerenew nonce to the client in the initial exchange of DHCP messages. The client records the Forcerenew nonce for use in authenticating subsequent Forcerenew messages from that server. The server then includes an HMAC computed from the Forcerenew nonce in subsequent FORCERENEW messages.
Both the Forcerenew nonce sent from the server to the client and the HMAC in subsequent FORCERENEW messages are carried as the Authentication information in a DHCP Authentication option. The format of the Authentication information is defined in the following section.
The Forcerenew nonce protocol is used (initiated by the server) only if the client and server are not using the authentication mechanism specified in [RFC3118] and the client and server have negotiated to use the Forcerenew Nonce Authentication protocol.
A DHCP client indicates DHCP Forcerenew Nonce Protocol capability by including a FORCERENEW_NONCE_CAPABLE(<TBD>) option in DHCP Discover and Request messages sent to the server.
A DHCP server that does not support Forcerenew Nonce Protocol authentication should ignore the FORCERENEW_NONCE_CAPABLE(<TBD>) option. A DHCP server indicates DHCP Forcerenew Nonce Protocol preference by including a FORCERENEW_NONCE_CAPABLE(<TBD>) option in any DHCP Offer messages sent to the client.
A DHCP client MUST NOT send DHCP messages with authentication options where the protocol value is Forcerenew Nonce Authentication(<TBD>).
The FORCERENEW_NONCE_CAPABLE option is a zero length option with code of <TDB> and format as follows:
Code Len
+-----+-----+
| TBD | 0 |
+-----+-----+
The client would indicate that it supports the functionality by inserting the FORCERENEW_NONCE_CAPABLE option in the DHCP Discover and Request messages. If the server supports Forcerenew nonce authentication and requires Forcerenew nonce authentication, it will insert the FORCERENEW_NONCE_CAPABLE option in the DHCP Offer message.
Server Client Server
(not selected) (selected)
v v v
| | |
| Begins initialization |
| | |
| _____________/|\____________ |
|/DHCPDISCOVER | DHCPDISCOVER \|
| w/Forcerenew- | w/Forcerenew- |
| Nonce-Capable | Nonce-Capable |
| | |
Determines | Determines
configuration | configuration
| | |
|\ | /|
| \__________ | _________/ |
| DHCPOFFER \ | /DHCPOFFER |
|w/Forcerenew \ | /w/Forcerenew|
|Nonce-Capable \| /Nonce-Capable|
| | |
| Collects replies |
| | |
| Selects configuration |
| | |
| _____________/|\____________ |
|/ DHCPREQUEST | DHCPREQUEST\ |
| w/Forcerenew- | w/Forcerenew- |
| Nonce-Capable | Nonce-Capable |
| | |
| | Commits configuration
| | |
| |Creates 128-bit Forcerenew Nonce
| | |
| | _____________/|
| |/ DHCPACK |
| | w/Auth-Proto= |
| | Forcerenew- |
| | Nonce |
| | |
|Client stores Forcerenew Nonce |
| | |
| Initialization complete |
| | |
. . .
. . .
| | |
| Forcerenew |
| | _____________/|
| |/ DHCPFORCE |
| | w/Auth-Proto= |
| | Forcerenew- |
| | Digest(HMAC)|
| | |
| Client checks HMAC digest |
| using stored Forcerenew Nonce |
| | |
| |\____________ |
| | DHCPREQUEST\ |
| | w/Forcerenew- |
| | Nonce-Capable |
| | |
| | Commits configuration
| | |
| |Creates 128-bit Forcerenew Nonce
| | |
| | _____________/|
| |/ DHCPACK |
| | w/Auth-Proto= |
| | Forcerenew- |
| | Nonce |
| | |
| | |
| | |
. . .
. . .
| | |
| Graceful shutdown |
| | |
| |\ ____________ |
| | DHCPRELEASE \|
| | |
| | Discards lease
| | |
v v v
The Forcerenew Nonce Protocol makes use of both the DHCP authentication option defined in [RFC3118] re-using the option format and of the Reconfigure Key Authentication Protocol defined in [RFC3315].
The following diagram defines the format of the DHCP authentication option:
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Code | Length | Protocol | Algorithm | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | RDM | Replay Detection (64 bits) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Replay cont. | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Replay cont. | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | | | Authentication Information | | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The following fields are set in an DHCP authentication option for the Forcerenew Nonce Authentication Protocol:
The format of the Authentication information for the Forcerenew Nonce Authentication Protocol is:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Value (128 bits) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
. .
. .
. +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The use of Forcerenew Nonce Protocol is dependent on the client indicating its capability through the FORCERENEW_NONCE_CAPABLE(<TBD>) DHCP option in any DHCP Discover or Request messages. The DHCP Discovery or Request message from the client MUST contain the FORCERENEW_NONCE_CAPABLE(<TBD>) option if the Forcerenew Nonce Protocol is to be used by the server. The absence of the FORCERENEW_NONCE_CAPABLE(<TBD>) option indicates to the server that the Forcerenew Nonce Authentication protocol is not supported and thus the server MUST NOT include a Forcerenew Nonce Protocol Authentication option in the DHCP Ack.
The server indicates its support of the Forcerenew Nonce Protocol authentication by including the DHCP FORCERENEW_NONCE_CAPABLE(<TBD>) option in the DHCP Offer message. The server SHOULD NOT include this option unless the client has indicated its capability in a DHCP Discovery message . The presence of the FORCERENEW_NONCE_CAPABLE(<TDB>) option in the DHCP offer may be used by clients to prefer Forcerenew nonce Protocol authentication-capable DHCP servers over those servers which do not support such capability.
If a capable server receives a DISCOVER or REQUEST (any type) that indicates the client is capable, and the server has no previous nonce recorded, it MUST generate a nonce and include it in the ACK.
The server selects a Forcerenew nonce for a client only during Request/Ack message exchange. The server records the Forcerenew nonce and transmits that nonce to the client in an Authentication option in the DHCP Ack message.
The server SHOULD NOT include the nonce in an ACK when responding to a renew unless a nonce was generated. This minimizes the number of times the nonce is sent over the wire.
If the server to which the DHCP Request message was sent at time T1 has not responded, the client enters the REBINDING state and attempts to contact any server. The new Server receiving the DHCP message MUST generate a new nonce.
The Forcerenew nonce is 128 bits long, and MUST be a cryptographically strong random or pseudo-random number that cannot easily be predicted. The nonce is embedded as a 128-bit value of the Authentication information where type is set to 1 (Forcerenew nonce Value).
To provide authentication for a Forcerenew message, the server selects a replay detection value according to the RDM selected by the server, and computes an HMAC-MD5 of the Forcerenew message, based on the procedure specified in section 21.5 of [RFC3315], using the Forcerenew nonce for the client. The server computes the HMAC-MD5, based on the procedure specified in section 21.5 of [RFC3315], over the entire DHCP Forcerenew message, including the Authentication option; the HMAC-MD5 field in the Authentication option is set to zero for the HMAC-MD5 computation. The server includes the HMAC-MD5 in the authentication information field in an Authentication option included in the Forcerenew message sent to the client with type set to 2 (HMAC-MD5 digest).
A client that supports this mechanism MUST indicate Forcerenew nonce Capability by including the FORCERENEW_NONCE_CAPABLE(<TBD>) DHCP option defined in Section 3.1.1 in all DHCP Discover and Request messages. DHCP servers that support Forcerenew nonce Protocol authentication MUST include the FORCERENEW_NONCE_CAPABLE(<TBD>) DHCP option in all DHCP Offers, allowing the client to use this capability in selecting DHCP servers should multiple Offers arrive.
The client MUST validate the DHCP Ack message contains a Forcerenew Nonce in a DHCP authentication option. If the server has indicated capability for Forcerenew Nonce Protocol authentication in the DHCP OFFER and the subsequent ACK received by the client while in the selecting state omits a valid DHCP authentication option for the Forcerenew Nonce Protocol, the client MUST discard the message and return to the INIT stat
The client MUST record the Forcerenew Nonce from any valid ACK it receives, if the ACK contains one.
To authenticate a Forcerenew message, the client computes an HMAC-MD5, based on the procedure specified in section 21.5 of [RFC3315], over the DHCP FORCERENEW message, using the Forcerenew Nonce received from the server. If this computed HMAC-MD5 matches the value in the Authentication option, the client accepts the FORCERENEW message.
Comments are solicited and should be addressed to the DHC WG mailing list (dhcwg@ietf.org) and/or the authors. This contribution is based on work by Vitali Vinokour. Major sections of this draft use modified text from [RFC3315]. The authors wish to thank Ted Lemon, Matthew Ryan and Bernie Volz for their support.
This document requests IANA to assign the following new DHCPv4 option code from the registry "BOOTP Vendor Extensions and DHCP Options" maintained at http://www.iana.org/assignments/bootp-dhcp-parameters:
Tag: TBD
Name: FORCERENEW_NONCE_CAPABALE
Data lenght: 1
Description: Forcerenew Nonce Capable
Reference: this document
As in some network environments FORCERENEW can be used to snoop and spoof traffic, the FORCERENEW message MUST be authenticated using the procedures as described in [RFC3118] or this proposal.
The mechanism in [RFC3315] for DHCPv6, which this document mirrors for DHCPv4, uses a nonce to prevent an off-link attacker from successfully triggering a renewal on a client by sending DHCPFORCERENEW; since the attacker is off-link, it doesn't have the nonce, and can't force a renewal.
An on-link attacker can always simply watch the DHCP renewal message go out and respond to it, so this mechanism is useless for preventing on-link attacks, and hence the security of the nonce in the case of on-link attacks isn't relevant. Any party able to intercept the nonce exchange could impersonate a server and thus offers no protection from man-in-the- middle attacks. FORCERENEW messages failing the authentication should be silently discarded by the client.
The mechanism described in this document is vulnerable to a denial of service attack through flooding a client with bogus FORCERENEW messages. The calculations involved in authenticating the bogus FORECERENEW messages may overwhelm the device on which the client is running.
The mechanism described provides protection against the use of a FORCERENEW message by a malicious DHCP server to mount a denial of service or man-in-the-middle attack on a client. This protocol can be compromised by an attacker that can intercept the initial message in which the DHCP server sends the nonce to the client.
| [RFC2119] | Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. |
| [RFC3118] | Droms, R. and W. Arbaugh, "Authentication for DHCP Messages", RFC 3118, June 2001. |
| [RFC3203] | T'Joens, Y., Hublet, C. and P. De Schrijver, "DHCP reconfigure extension", RFC 3203, December 2001. |
| [RFC3315] | Droms, R., Bound, J., Volz, B., Lemon, T., Perkins, C. and M. Carney, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3315, July 2003. |
| [TR-101i2] | Anschutz, T., "Migration to Ethernet-Based Broadband Aggregation Broadband Forum TR-101 Issue 2", July 2011. |