DMARC (Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance) Extension For PSDs (Public Suffix Domains)
draft-ietf-dmarc-psd-05

Abstract

DMARC (Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance) is a scalable mechanism by which a mail-originating organization can express domain-level policies and preferences for message validation, disposition, and reporting, that a mail-receiving organization can use to improve mail handling. DMARC policies can be applied to individual domains or to all domains within an organization. The design of DMARC precludes grouping policies for domains based on policy published above the organizational level, such as TLDs (Top Level Domains). Domains at this higher level of the DNS tree (but not necessarily at the top of the DNS tree) can be collectively referred to as Public Suffix Domains (PSDs). This document describes an extension to DMARC to enable DMARC functionality PSDs.

Status of This Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

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This Internet-Draft will expire on January 28, 2020.

Copyright Notice

Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.

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Table of Contents

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Terminology and Definitions
• 2.1. Conventions Used in This Document
• 2.2. Public Suffix Domain (PSD)
• 2.3. Longest PSD
• 2.4. Public Suffix Operator (PSO)
• 2.5. PSO Controlled Domain Names
• 2.6. Non-existent Domains
• 3. PSD DMARC Updates to DMARC Requirements
• 3.1. General Updates
• 3.2. Section 6.1 DMARC Policy Record
• 3.3. Section 6.3 General Record Format
• 3.4. Section 6.5. Domain Owner Actions
• 3.5. Section 6.6.3. Policy Discovery
• 3.6. Section 7. DMARC Feedback
• 4. Privacy Considerations
• 4.1. Feedback leakage
• 5. Security Considerations
• 6. IANA Considerations
• 6.1. Subdomain Policy Tag
• 7. References
• 7.1. Normative References
• 7.2. Informative References
• Appendix A. The Experiment
• A.1. PSD DMARC Privacy Concern Mitigation
• A.2. Non-Existent Subdomain Policy
• Appendix B. DMARC PSD Registry Examples
• B.1. DMARC PSD DNS Query Service
• B.2. DMARC Public Suffix Domain (PSD) Registry
• Appendix C. Implementation
• C.1. Authheaders Module
• Acknowledgements
• Author's Address

1. Introduction

DMARC provides a mechanism for publishing organizational policy information to email receivers. DMARC allows policy to be specified for both individual domains and for organizational domains and their sub-domains within a single organization. For TLDs and domains that exist between TLDs and organization level domains, policy can only be published for the exact domain. No method is available for such domains to express policy or receive feedback reporting for sub-domains. This missing method allows for the abuse of non-existent organizational-level domains and prevents identification of domain abuse in email.

"v=DMARC1; p=reject; rua=mailto:dmarc@dmarc.service.gov.example"
        

_dmarc.gov.example.
         

As an example, imagine a country code TLD (ccTLD) which has public subdomains for government and commercial use (.gov.example and .com.example). Within the .gov.example public suffix, use of DMARC has been mandated and .gov.example has published its own DMARC record:

This document provides a simple extension to DMARC to allow operators of Public Suffix Domains (PSDs) to express policy at the level of the PSD that covers all organizational domains that do not explicitly publish DMARC records, extends the DMARC policy query functionality to detect and process such a policy, describes receiver feedback for such policies, and provides controls to mitigate potential privacy considerations associated with this extension.

This document also provides a new DMARC tag to indicate requested handling policy for non-existent subdommains. This is provided specifically to support phased deployment of PSD DMARC, but is expected to be useful more generally. Undesired rejection risks for mail purporting to be from domains that do not exist are substantially lower than for those that do, so the operational risk of requesting harsh policy treatment (e.g. reject) is lower.

As an additional benefit, the PSD DMARC extension clarifies existing requirements. Based on the requirements of DMARC, DMARC should function above the organizational level for exact domain matches (i.e. if a DMARC record were published for 'example', then mail from example@example should be subject to DMARC processing). Testing had revealed that this is not consistently applied in different implementations.

There are two types of Public Suffix Operators (PSOs) for which this extension would be useful and appropriate:

• Branded PSDs (e.g., ".google"): These domains are effectively Organizational Domains as discussed in DMARC. They control all subdomains of the tree. These are effectively private domains, but listed in the Public Suffix List. They are treated as Public for DMARC purposes. They require the same protections as DMARC Organizational Domains, but are currently excluded.
• Multi-organization PSDs that require DMARC usage (e.g., ".bank"): Because existing Organizational Domains using this PSD have their own DMARC policy, the applicability of this extension is for non-existent domains. The extension allows the brand protection benefits of DMARC to extend to the entire PSD, including cousin domains of registered organizations.

As an example, take the ".gov.example" described above and add that for this entity emails about tax returns are sent from tax.gov.example. It would not be surprising if fraudulent emails were sent purporting to be from taxes.gov.example (taxes is a cousin of tax - different enough to evade DMARC protection, but similar enough to potentially confuse users). As defined in DMARC, a DMARC record could be published for tax.gov.example, but there is no general solution to publishing a DMARC policy to defend against abuse of non-existent cousins such as taxes.gov.example. While an explicit record could be published for this one domain, the universe of possible cousins is such that this approach does not scale.

Due to the design of DMARC and the nature of the Internet email architecture, there are interoperability issues associated with DMARC deployment. These are discussed in Interoperability Issues between DMARC and Indirect Email Flows. These issues are not typically applicable to PSDs, since they (e.g., the ".gov.example" used above) do not typically send mail.

2. Terminology and Definitions

This section defines terms used in the rest of the document.

2.1. Conventions Used in This Document

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

2.2. Public Suffix Domain (PSD)

The global Internet Domain Name System (DNS) is documented in numerous Requests for Comment (RFC). It defines a tree of names starting with root, ".", immediately below which are Top Level Domain names such as ".com" and ".us". They are not available for private registration. In many cases the public portion of the DNS tree is more than one level deep.

2.3. Longest PSD

Organizational Domain (DMARC Section 3.2) with one left-most label removed.

2.4. Public Suffix Operator (PSO)

A Public Suffix Operator manages operations within its PSD.

2.5. PSO Controlled Domain Names

PSO Controlled Domain Names are names in the DNS that are managed by a PSO and are not available for use as Organizational Domains (the term Organizational Domains is defined in DMARC Section 3.2). Depending on PSD policy, these will have one (e.g., ".com") or more (e.g., ".co.uk") name components.

2.6. Non-existent Domains

For DMARC purposes, a non-existent domain is a domain for which there is an NXDOMAIN or NODATA response for A, AAAA, and MX records. This is a broader definition than that in NXDOMAIN.

3. PSD DMARC Updates to DMARC Requirements

This document updates DMARC as follows:

3.1. General Updates

References to "Domain Owners" also apply to PSOs.

3.2. Section 6.1 DMARC Policy Record

PSD DMARC records are published as a subdomain of the PSD. For the PSD ".example", the PSO would post DMARC policy in a TXT record at "_dmarc.example".

3.3. Section 6.3 General Record Format

A new tag is added after fo:

np:

Requested Mail Receiver policy for non-existent subdomains (plain-text; OPTIONAL). Indicates the policy to be enacted by the Receiver at the request of the Domain Owner. It applies only to non-existent subdomains of the domain queried and not to either existing subdomains or the domain itself. Its syntax is identical to that of the "p" tag defined below. If the 'np' tag is absent, the policy specified by the "sp" tag (if the 'sp' tag is present) or the policy specified by the "p" tag, if the 'sp' tag is not present, MUST be applied for non-existent subdomains. Note that "np" will be ignored for DMARC records published on subdomains of Organizational Domains and PSDs due to the effect of the DMARC policy discovery mechanism described in DMARC Section 6.6.3.

The following tag definitions from DMARC are updated:

p:

The sentence 'Policy applies to the domain queried and to subdomains, unless subdomain policy is explicitly described using the "sp" tag' is updated to read 'Policy applies to the domain queried and to subdomains, unless subdomain policy is explicitly described using the "sp" or "np" tags.'

sp:

The sentence 'If absent, the policy specified by the "p" tag MUST be applied for subdomains' is updated to read 'If both the 'sp' tag is absent and the 'np' tag is either absent or not applicable, the policy specified by the "p" tag MUST be applied for subdomains.

3.4. Section 6.5. Domain Owner Actions

In addition to the DMARC domain owner actions, PSOs that require use of DMARC and participate in PSD DMARC ought to make that information available to receivers. The mechanism for doing so is one of the experimental elements of this document. See the experiment description.

3.5. Section 6.6.3. Policy Discovery

A new step between step 3 and 4 is added:

3A.

If the set is now empty and the longest PSD of the Organizational Domain is one that the receiver has determined is acceptable for PSD DMARC (discussed in the experiment description), the Mail Receiver MUST query the DNS for a DMARC TXT record at the DNS domain matching the longest PSD in place of the RFC5322.From domain in the message (if different). A possibly empty set of records is returned.

As an example, for a message with the Organizational Domain of "example.compute.cloudcompany.com.cctld", the query for PSD DMARC would use "compute.cloudcompany.com.cctld" as the longest PSD. The receiver would check to see if that PSD is listed in the DMARC PSD Registry, and if so, perform the policy lookup at "_dmarc.compute.cloudcompany.com.cctld".

Note: Because the PSD policy query comes after the Organizational Domain policy query, PSD policy is not used for Organizational domains that have published a DMARC policy. Specifically, this is not a mechanism to provide feedback addresses (RUA/RUF) when an Organizational Domain has declined to do so.

3.6. Section 7. DMARC Feedback

Operational note for PSD DMARC: For PSOs, feedback for non-existent domains is desirable and useful, just as it is for org-level DMARC operators. See Section 4 of this document for discussion of Privacy Considerations.

4. Privacy Considerations

These privacy considerations are developed based on the requirements of [RFC6973]. The Privacy Considerations of [RFC7489] apply to this document.

4.1. Feedback leakage

Providing feedback reporting to PSOs can, in some cases, create leakage of information outside of an organization to the PSO. This leakage could potentially be utilized as part of a program of pervasive surveillance (See [RFC7624]). There are roughly three cases to consider:

• Single Organization PSDs (e.g., ".google"), RUA and RUF reports based on PSD DMARC have the potential to contain information about emails related to entities managed by the organization. Since both the PSO and the Organizational Domain owners are common, there is no additional privacy risk for either normal or non-existent Domain reporting due to PSD DMARC.
• Multi-organization PSDs that require DMARC usage (e.g., ".bank"): PSD DMARC based reports will only be generated for domains that do not publish a DMARC policy at the organizational or host level. For domains that do publish the required DMARC policy records, the feedback reporting addresses (RUA and RUF) of the organization (or hosts) will be used. The only direct feedback leakage risk for these PSDs are for Organizational Domains that are out of compliance with PSD policy. Data on non-existent cousin domains would be sent to the PSO.
• Multi-organization PSDs (e.g., ".com") that do not mandate DMARC usage: Privacy risks for Organizational Domains that have not deployed DMARC within such PSDs are significant. For non-DMARC Organizational Domains, all DMARC feedback will be directed to the PSO. PSD DMARC is opt-out (by publishing a DMARC record at the Organizational Domain level) vice opt-in, which would be the more desirable characteristic. This means that any non-DMARC organizational domain would have its feedback reports redirected to the PSO. The content of such reports, particularly for existing domains, is privacy sensitive.

PSOs will receive feedback on non-existent domains, which may be similar to existing Organizational Domains. Feedback related to such cousin domains have a small risk of carrying information related to an actual Organizational Domain. To minimize this potential concern, PSD DMARC feedback is best limited to Aggregate Reports. Feedback Reports carry more detailed information and present a greater risk.

Due to the inherent Privacy and Security risks associated with PSD DMARC for Organizational Domains in multi-organization PSDs that do not particpate in DMARC, any Feedback Reporting related to multi-organizational PSDs ought to be limited to non-existent domains except in cases where the reporter knows that PSO requires use of DMARC.

5. Security Considerations

This document does not change the Security Considerations of [RFC7489] and [RFC7960].

The risks of the issues identified in [RFC7489], Section 12.3, DNS Security, are amplified by PSD DMARC. In particular, DNS cache poisoning (or Name Chaining), see [RFC3833] for details, consequences are increased because a sucessful attack would potentially have a much wider scope.

The risks of the issues identified in [RFC7489], Section 12.5, External Reporting Addresses, are amplified by PSD DMARC. By design, PSD DMARC causes unrequested reporting of feedback to entities external to the Organizational Domain. This is discussed in more detail in Section 4.

6. IANA Considerations

This section describes actions requested to be completed by IANA.

6.1. Subdomain Policy Tag

IANA is requested to add a new tag to DMARC Tag Registry in the Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance (DMARC) Parameters Registry.

+----------+-----------+---------+-------------------------------+
| Tag Name | Reference | Status  | Description                   |
+----------+-----------+---------+-------------------------------+
| np       | this      | current | Requested handling policy for |
|          | document  |         | non-existent subdomains       |
+----------+-----------+---------+-------------------------------+
            

The entry is as follows:

7. References

7.1. Normative References

7.2. Informative References

Appendix A. The Experiment

There are two experimental questions addressed in this document: one regarding mitigation of PSD related privacy concerns and the other on the utility of specifying separate DMARC policies for non-existent sub-domains.

Aditionally, as of the writing of this document operational and policy constraints prevent this experiment from being deployed globally. If the experiment shows that PSD DMARC solves a real problem and can be used at a large scale, the results could prove to be useful in removing constraints outside of the IETF that would permit broader deployment".

A.1. PSD DMARC Privacy Concern Mitigation

To mitigate the privacy concerns associated with Multi-organization PSDs that do not mandate DMARC usage, see Section 4.1, a mechanism to indicate which PSDs do not present this privacy risk is appropriate. There are multiple approaches that are possible.

The experiment is to evaluate different possible approaches. The experiment will be complete when there is rough consensus on a technical approach that is demonstrated to be operationally usable and effective at mitigating the privacy concern.

The mechanism needs the following attributes:

• Be reliably, publicly accessible
• Be under configuration control based on a public set of criteria
• List PSDs that either mandate DMARC for their registrants or for which all lower level domains are controlled by the PSO and that the relevant PSO has indicated a desire for the PSD to participate in PSD DMARC
• Have a small operational footprint (e.g. provide a documented, lightweight mechanism for developers and operators to retrieve the list of PSD DMARC participants)
• Not allow PSO to add PSDs to the PSD DMARC participants list without third party review

As of this writing, three approaches have been proposed. None of them are ideal:

• An extension to the Public Suffix List at [PSL]
• A dedicated registry queried via DNS - an example of such a service is described in Appendix B.1 below
• An IANA registry

A.2. Non-Existent Subdomain Policy

PSOs that plan to implement PSD DMARC have indicated that the ability to describe distinct policies for existing and non- existing sub-domains would facilitate PSD DMARC deployment. There are also suggestions that it would be more generally useful for DMARC.

During the period of the experiment, uptake of the new 'np' tag will be evaluated to support assessment of the utility of including 'np' in a future, non-experimental update.

Appendix B. DMARC PSD Registry Examples

To facilitate experimentation around data leakage mitigation, samples of the DNS based and IANA like registries are available at [psddmarc.org].

B.1. DMARC PSD DNS Query Service

A sample stand-alone DNS query service is available at [psddmarc.org]. It was developed based on the contents suggested for an IANA registry in an earlier revision of this draft. Usage of the service is described on the web site.

B.2. DMARC Public Suffix Domain (PSD) Registry

[psddmarc.org] provides an IANA like DMARC Public Suffix Domain (PSD) Registry as a stand-alone DNS query service. It follows the contents and structure described below. There is a Comma Separated Value (CSV) version of the listed PSD domains which is suitable for use in build updates for PSD DMARC capable software.

Names of PSDs participating in PSD DMARC must be registered this new registry. New entries are assigned only for PSDs that require use of DMARC. The requirement has to be documented in a manner that satisfies the terms of Expert Review,per [RFC5226]. The Designated Expert needs to confirm that provided documentation adequately describes PSD policy to require domain owners to use DMARC or that all domain owners are part of a single organization with the PSO.

+-------------+---------------+
|    PSD      | Status        |
+-------------+---------------+
| .bank       | current       |
+-------------+---------------+
| .insurance  | current       |
+-------------+---------------+
| .gov.uk     | current       |
+-------------+---------------+
                                

The initial set of entries in this registry is as follows:

Appendix C. Implementation

There is one known implementation of PSD DMARC available for testing.

C.1. Authheaders Module

The authheaders Python module and command line tool is available for download or installation from Pypi (Python Packaging Index).

It supports both use of the DNS based query service and download of the CSV registry file from [psddmarc.org].

Acknowledgements

Thanks to the following individuals for their contributions (both public and private) to improving this document. Special shout out to Dave Crocker for naming the beast.

Kurt Andersen, Seth Blank, Dave Crocker, Heather Diaz, Tim Draegen, Zeke Hendrickson, Andrew Kennedy, John Levine, Dr Ian Levy, Craig Schwartz, Alessandro Vesely, and Tim Wicinski

Author's Address