| Internet Engineering Task Force | D. Joachimpillai |
| Internet-Draft | Verizon |
| Intended status: Standards Track | J. Hadi Salim |
| Expires: September 7, 2015 | Mojatatu Networks |
| March 6, 2015 |
ForCES Inter-FE LFB
draft-ietf-forces-interfelfb-01
This document describes extending the ForCES LFB topology across FEs i.e inter-FE connectivity without needing any changes to the ForCES specification by defining the Inter-FE LFB. The Inter-FE LFB provides ability to pass data, metadata and exceptions across FEs. The document describes a generic way to transport the mentioned details but focuses on ethernet transport.
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Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
This document reiterates the terminology defined in several ForCES documents [RFC3746], [RFC5810], [RFC5811], and [RFC5812] for the sake of contextual clarity.
In the ForCES architecture, a packet service can be modelled by composing a graph of one or more LFB instances. The reader is referred to the details in the ForCES Model [RFC5812].
The FEObject LFB capabilities in the ForCES Model [RFC5812] define component ModifiableLFBTopology which, when advertised by the FE, implies that the advertising FE is capable of allowing creation and modification of LFB graph(s) by the control plane. Details on how a graph of LFB class instances can be created can be derived by the control plane by looking at the FE's FEObject LFB class table component SupportedLFBs. The SupportedLFBs table contains information about each LFB class that the FE supports. For each LFB class supported, details are provided on how the supported LFB class may be connected to other LFB classes. The SupportedLFBs table describes which LFB class a specified LFB class may succeed or precede in an LFB class instance topology. Each link connecting two LFB class instances is described in the LFBLinkType dataTypeDef and has sufficient details to identify precisely the end points of a link of a service graph.
The CE may therefore create a packet service by describing an LFB instance graph connection; this is achieved by updating the FEOBject LFBTopology table.
Often there are requirements for the packet service graph to cross FE boundaries. This could be from a desire to scale the service or need to interact with LFBs which reside in a separate FE (eg lookaside interface to a shared TCAM, an interconnected chip, or as coarse grained functionality as an external NAT FE box being part of the service graph etc).
Given that the ForCES inter-LFB architecture calls out for ability to pass metadata between LFBs, it is imperative therefore to define mechanisms to extend that existing feature and allow passing the metadata between LFBs across FEs.
This document describes extending the LFB topology across FEs i.e inter-FE connectivity without needing any changes to the ForCES definitions. It focusses on using Ethernet as the interconnection as a starting point while leaving room for other protocols (such as directly on top of IP, UDP, VXLAN, etc) to be addressed by other future documents.
The scope of this document is to solve the challenge of passing ForCES defined metadata and exceptions across FEs (be they physical or virtual). To illustrate the problem scope we present two use cases where we start with a single FE running all the functionality then split it into multiple FEs.
A sample LFB topology Figure 1 demonstrates a service graph for delivering basic IPV4 forwarding service within one FE. For the purpose of illustration, the diagram shows LFB classes as graph nodes instead of multiple LFB class instances.
Since the illustration is meant only as an exercise to showcase how data and metadata are sent down or upstream on a graph of LFBs, it abstracts out any ports in both directions and talks about a generic ingress and egress LFB. Again, for illustration purposes, the diagram does not show exception or error paths. Also left out are details on Reverse Path Filtering, ECMP, multicast handling etc. In other words, this is not meant to be a complete description of an IPV4 forwarding application; for a more complete example, please refer to the LFBlib document [RFC6956].
The output of the ingress LFB(s) coming into the IPv4 Validator LFB will have both the IPV4 packets and, depending on the implementation, a variety of ingress metadata such as offsets into the different headers, any classification metadata, physical and virtual ports encountered, tunnelling information etc. These metadata are lumped together as "ingress metadata".
Once the IPV4 validator vets the packet (example ensures that no expired TTL etc), it feeds the packet and inherited metadata into the IPV4 unicast LPM LFB.
+----+
| |
IPV4 pkt | | IPV4 pkt +-----+ +---+
+------------->| +------------->| | | |
| + ingress | | + ingress |IPv4 | IPV4 pkt | |
| metadata | | metadata |Ucast+------------>| +--+
| +----+ |LPM | + ingress | | |
+-+-+ IPv4 +-----+ + NHinfo +---+ |
| | Validator metadata IPv4 |
| | LFB NextHop|
| | LFB |
| | |
| | IPV4 pkt |
| | + {ingress |
+---+ + NHdetails}
Ingress metadata |
LFB +--------+ |
| Egress | |
<--+ |<-----------------+
| LFB |
+--------+
Figure 1: Basic IPV4 packet service LFB topology
The IPV4 unicast LPM LFB does a longest prefix match lookup on the IPV4 FIB using the destination IP address as a search key. The result is typically a next hop selector which is passed downstream as metadata.
The Nexthop LFB receives the IPv4 packet with an associated next hop info metadata. The NextHop LFB consumes the NH info metadata and derives from it a table index to look up the next hop table in order to find the appropriate egress information. The lookup result is used to build the next hop details to be used downstream on the egress. This information may include any source and destination information (MAC address to use, if ethernet;) as well egress ports. [Note: It is also at this LFB where typically the forwarding TTL decrement and IP checksum recalculation occurs.]
The details of the egress LFB are considered out of scope for this discussion. Suffice it is to say that somewhere within or beyond the Egress LFB the IPV4 packet will be sent out a port (ethernet, virtual or physical etc).
Figure 2 demonstrates one way the router LFB topology in Figure 1 may be split across two FEs (eg two ASICs). Figure 2 shows the LFB topology split across FEs after the IPV4 unicast LPM LFB.
FE1
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| +----+ |
| +----------+ | | |
| | Ingress | IPV4 pkt | | IPV4 pkt +-----+ |
| | LFB +-------------->| +------------->| | |
| | | + ingress | | + ingress |IPv4 | |
| +----------+ metadata | | metadata |Ucast| |
| ^ +----+ |LPM | |
| | IPv4 +--+--+ |
| | Validator | |
| LFB | |
+---------------------------------------------------|---------+
|
IPv4 packet +
{ingress + NHinfo}
metadata
FE2 |
+---------------------------------------------------|---------+
| V |
| +--------+ +--------+ |
| | Egress | IPV4 packet | IPV4 | |
| <-----+ LFB |<----------------------+NextHop | |
| | |{ingress + NHdetails} | LFB | |
| +--------+ metadata +--------+ |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
Figure 2: Split IPV4 packet service LFB topology
Some proprietary inter-connect (example Broadcom Higig over XAUI [brcm-higig]) are known to exist to carry both the IPV4 packet and the related metadata between the IPV4 Unicast LFB and IPV4 NextHop LFB across the two FEs.
The purpose of the inter-FE LFB is to define standard mechanisms for interconnecting FEs and for that reason we are not going to touch anymore on proprietary chip-chip interconnects other than state the fact they exist and that it is feasible to have translation to and from proprietary approaches. The document focus is the FE-FE interconnect where the FE could be physical or virtual and the interconnecting technology runs a standard protocol such as ethernet, IP or other protocols on top of IP.
FE1
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| +----+ |
| +----------+ | | |
| | Network | pkt |NF2 | pkt +-----+ |
| | Function +-------------->| +------------->| | |
| | 1 | + NF1 | | + NF1/2 |NF3 | |
| +----------+ metadata | | metadata | | |
| ^ +----+ | | |
| | +--+--+ |
| | | |
| | |
+---------------------------------------------------|---------+
V
Figure 3: A Network Function Service Chain within one FE
In this section we show an example of an arbitrary network function which is more coarse grained in terms of functionality. Each Network function may constitute more than one LFB.
The setup in Figure 3 is a typical of most packet processing boxes where we have functions like DPI, NAT, Routing, etc connected in such a topology to deliver a packet processing service to flows.
The setup in Figure 3 can be split out across 3 FEs instead as demonstrated in Figure 4. This could be motivated by scale out reasons or because different vendors provide different functionality which is plugged-in to provide such functionality. The end result is to have the same packet service delivered to the different flows passing through.
FE1 FE2
+----------+ +----+ FE3
| Network | pkt |NF2 | pkt +-----+
| Function +-------------->| +------------->| |
| 1 | + NF1 | | + NF1/2 |NF3 |
+----------+ metadata | | metadata | |
^ +----+ | |
| +--+--+
|
V
Figure 4: A Network Function Service Chain Distributed Across Multiple FEs
We address the inter-FE connectivity requirements by proposing the inter-FE LFB class. Using a standard LFB class definition implies no change to the basic ForCES architecture in the form of the core LFBs (FE Protocol or Object LFBs). This design choice was made after considering an alternative approach that would have required changes to both the FE Object capabilities (SupportedLFBs) as well LFBTopology component to describe the inter-FE connectivity capabilities as well as runtime topology of the LFB instances.
The distributed LFB topology described in Figure 2 is re-illustrated in Figure 5 to show the topology location where the inter-FE LFB would fit in.
FE1
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| +----------+ +----+ |
| | Ingress | IPV4 pkt | | IPV4 pkt +-----+ |
| | LFB +-------------->| +------------->| | |
| | | + ingress | | + ingress |IPv4 | |
| +----------+ metadata | | metadata |Ucast| |
| ^ +----+ |LPM | |
| | IPv4 +--+--+ |
| | Validator | |
| | LFB | |
| | IPv4 pkt + metadata |
| | {ingress + NHinfo + InterFEid}|
| | | |
| +----V----+ |
| | InterFE | |
| | LFB | |
| +----+----+ |
+---------------------------------------------------|---------+
|
IPv4 packet and metadata
{ingress + NHinfo + Inter FE info}
FE2 |
+---------------------------------------------------|---------+
| +----V----+ |
| | InterFE | |
| | LFB | |
| +----+----+ |
| | |
| IPv4 pkt + metadata |
| {ingress + NHinfo} |
| | |
| +--------+ +----V---+ |
| | Egress | IPV4 packet | IPV4 | |
| <-----+ LFB |<----------------------+NextHop | |
| | |{ingress + NHdetails} | LFB | |
| +--------+ metadata +--------+ |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
Figure 5: Split IPV4 forwarding service with Inter-FE LFB
As can be observed in Figure 5, the same details passed between IPV4 unicast LPM LFB and the IPV4 NH LFB are passed to the egress side of the Inter-FE LFB. In addition an index for the inter-FE LFB (interFEid) is passed as metadata.
The egress of the inter-FE LFB uses the received Inter-FE index (InterFEid metadata) to select details for encapsulation when sending messages towards the selected neighboring FE. These details will include what to communicate as the source and destination FEID; in addition the original metadata and any exception IDs may be passed along with the original IPV4 packet.
On the ingress side of the inter-FE LFB the received packet and its associated details are used to decide the packet graph continuation. This includes what of the of the original metadata and exception IDs to restore and what next LFB class instance to continue processing on. In the illustrated case above, an IPV4 Nexthop LFB is selected and metadata is passed on to it.
The ingress side of the inter-FE LFB consumes some of the information passed (eg the destination FEID) and passes on the IPV4 packet alongside with the ingress + NHinfo metadata to the IPV4 NextHop LFB as was done earlier in both Figure 1 and Figure 2.
In this section we describe the generic encapsulation format in Figure 6 as extended from the ForCES redirect packet format. We intend for the described encapsulation to be a generic guideline of the different needed fields to be made available by any used transport for inter-FE LFB connectivity. We expect that for any transport mechanism used, a description of how the different fields will be encapsulated to be correlated to the information described in Figure 6. The goal of this document is to provide ethernet encapsulation, and to that end in Section 5.1 we illustrate how we use the guidelines provided in this section to describe the fit for inter-FE LFB interfacing over ethernet.
+-- Main ForCES header
| |
| +---- msg type = REDIRECT
| +---- Destination FEID
| +---- Source FEID
| +---- NEID (first word of Correlator)
|
+-- T = ExceptionID-TLV
| |
| +-- +-Exception Data ILV (I = exceptionID , L= length)
| | | |
| | | +----- V= Metadata value
| . |
| . |
| . +-Exception Data ILV
.
|
+- T = METADATA-TLV
| |
| +-- +-Meta Data ILV (I = metaid, L= length)
| | | |
| | | +----- V= Metadata value
| . |
| . |
| . +-Meta Data ILV
.
+- T = REDIRECTDATA-TLV
|
+-- Redirected packet Data
Figure 6: Packet format suggestion
It is expected that a variety of transport encapsulations would be applicable to carry the format described in Figure 6. In such a case, a description of a mapping to interpret the inter-FE details and translate into proprietary or legacy formatting would need to be defined. For any mapping towards these definitions a different document to describe the mapping, one per transport, is expected to be defined.
In this document, we describe a format that is to be used over Ethernet. An existing implementation of this specification on top of Linux Traffic Control [linux-tc] is described in [tc-ife].
The following describes the mapping from Figure 6 to ethernet wire encapsulation illustrated in Figure 7.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Outer Destination MAC Address (Destination FEID) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Outer Destination MAC Address | Outer Source MAC Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Outer Source MAC Address (Source FEID) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Optional 802.1Q info (NEID) | Inter-FE ethertype |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Metadata length | TLV encoded Metadata |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| TLV encoded Metadata ~~~..............~~ |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Original Ethernet payload ~~................~~ |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 7: Packet format suggestion
An outer Ethernet header is introduced to carry the information on Destination FEID, Source FEID and optional NEID.
There are several issues that may arise due to using direct ethernet encapsulation.
The ethernet inter-FE LFB has two LFB input ports and three LFB output ports.
+-----------------+
Inter-FE LFB | |
Encapsulated | OUT2+--> decapsulated Packet + metadata
-------------->|IN2 |
Packet | |
| |
raw Packet + | OUT1+--> encapsulated Packet
-------------->|IN1 |
Metadata | |
| EXCEPTIONOUT +--> ExceptionID, packet + metadata
| |
+-----------------+
Figure 8: Inter-FE LFB
The Inter-FE LFB can be positioned at the egress of a source FE. In such a case an Inter-FE LFB instance receives via port IN1, raw packet and metadata IDs from the preceding LFB instance. The InterFEid metadatum MAY be present on the incoming raw data. The processed encapsulated packet will go out on either LFB port OUT1 to a downstream LFB or EXCEPTIONOUT port in the case of a failure.
The Inter-FE LFB can be positioned at the ingress of a receiving FE. In such a case an Inter-FE LFB receives, via port IN2, an encapsulated packet. Successful processing of the packet will result in a raw packet with associated metadata IDs going downstream to an LFB connected on OUT2. On failure the data is sent out EXCEPTIONOUT.
The Inter-FE LFB may use the InterFEid metadatum on egress of an FE to lookup the IFETable table. The interFEid in such a case will be generated by an upstream LFB instance (i.e one preceding the Inter-FE LFB). The output result constitutes a matched table row which has the InterFEinfo details i.e. the tuple {NEID,Destination FEID,Source FEID, inter FE type, metafilters}. The metafilters lists define which Metadatum are to be passed to the neighboring FE.
The component names used in describing processing are defined in Section 6.2
The egress Inter-FE LFB will receive an ethernet frame and accompanying metadatum (including optionally the InterFEid metadatum) at LFB port IN1. The ethernet frame may be 802.1Q tagged.
The InterFEid may be used to lookup IFETable table. If lookup is successful, the inter-FE LFB will perform the following actions using the resulting tuple:
The resulting packet is sent to the next LFB instance connected to the OUT1 LFB-port; typically a port LFB.
In the case of a failed lookup or a zero-value InterFEid, (or absence of InterFEid when needed by the implementation) the packet is sent out unchanged via the OUT1 LFB Class instance port (typically towards a Port LFB).
An inter-FE LFB packet is recognized by looking at the etherype received on LFB instance port IN2. The IFETable table may be optionally utilized to provide metadata filters.
In the case of processing failure of either ingress or egress positioning of the LFB, the packet and metadata are sent out the EXCEPTIONOUT LFB port with appropriate error id. Note that the EXCEPTIONOUT LFB port is merely an abstraction and implementation may in fact drop packets as described above.
There are two LFB component populated by the CE.
The CE optionally programs LFB instances in a service graph that require inter-FE connectivity with InterFEid values to correspond to the inter-FE LFB IFETable table entries to use.
The first component is an array known as the IFETable table. The array rows are made up of IFEInfo structure. The IFEInfo structure constitutes: optional NEID, optional IFETYPE, optional Destination FEID(DSTFE), optional Source FEID (SRCFE), optional array of allowed Metaids (MetaFilterList). The table is looked up by a 32 bit index passed from an upstream LFB class instance in the form of InterFEid metadatum.
The second component(ID 2) is IFEStats table which carries the basic stats structure bstats. The table index value used to lookup this table is the same one as in IFETable table; in other words for a table row index 10 in the IFETable table, its corresponding stats will be found in row index of the IFEStats table.
<LFBLibrary xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:forces:lfbmodel:1.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
provides="IFE">
<frameDefs>
<frameDef>
<name>EthernetAny</name>
<synopsis>Packet with any Ethernet type</synopsis>
</frameDef>
<frameDef>
<name>InterFEFrame</name>
<synopsis>
Packet with an encapsulate IFE Ethernet type
</synopsis>
</frameDef>
</frameDefs>
<dataTypeDefs>
<dataTypeDef>
<name>bstats</name>
<synopsis>Basic stats</synopsis>
<struct>
<component componentID="1">
<name>bytes</name>
<synopsis>The total number of bytes seen</synopsis>
<typeRef>uint64</typeRef>
</component>
<component componentID="2">
<name>packets</name>
<synopsis>The total number of packets seen</synopsis>
<typeRef>uint32</typeRef>
</component>
<component componentID="3">
<name>errors</name>
<synopsis>The total number of packets with errors</synopsis>
<typeRef>uint32</typeRef>
</component>
</struct>
</dataTypeDef>
<dataTypeDef>
<name>IFEInfo</name>
<synopsis>Describing IFE table row Information</synopsis>
<struct>
<component componentID="1">
<name>NEID</name>
<synopsis>
The VLAN Id 12 bits part of the 802.1q TCI field.
</synopsis>
<optional/>
<typeRef>uint16</typeRef>
</component>
<component componentID="2">
<name>IFETYPE</name>
<synopsis>
the ethernet type to be used for outgoing IFE frame
</synopsis>
<optional/>
<typeRef>uint16</typeRef>
</component>
<component componentID="3">
<name>DSTFE</name>
<synopsis>
the destination MAC address of destination FE
</synopsis>
<optional/>
<typeRef>byte[6]</typeRef>
</component>
<component componentID="4">
<name>SRCFE</name>
<synopsis>
the source MAC address used for the source FE
</synopsis>
<optional/>
<typeRef>byte[6]</typeRef>
</component>
<component componentID="5">
<name>MetaFilterList</name>
<synopsis>
the allowed metadata filter table
</synopsis>
<optional/>
<array type="variable-size">
<typeRef>uint32</typeRef>
</array>
</component>
</struct>
</dataTypeDef>
</dataTypeDefs>
<metadataDefs>
<metadataDef>
<name>InterFEid</name>
<synopsis>
Metadata identifying the index of the NexFE table
</synopsis>
<metadataID>16</metadataID>
<typeRef>uint32</typeRef>
</metadataDef>
</metadataDefs>
<LFBClassDefs>
<LFBClassDef LFBClassID="6612">
<name>IFE</name>
<synopsis>
This LFB describes IFE connectivity parameterization
</synopsis>
<version>1.0</version>
<inputPorts>
<inputPort>
<name>IN1</name>
<synopsis>
The input port of the egress side.
It expects any type of Ethernet frame.
</synopsis>
<expectation>
<frameExpected>
<ref>EthernetAny</ref>
</frameExpected>
</expectation>
</inputPort>
<inputPort>
<name>IN2</name>
<synopsis>
The input port of the ingress side.
It expects an inter-FE encapsulated Ethernet frame
with associated metadata.
</synopsis>
<expectation>
<frameExpected>
<ref>InterFEFrame</ref>
</frameExpected>
<metadataExpected>
<ref>InterFEid</ref>
</metadataExpected>
</expectation>
</inputPort>
</inputPorts>
<outputPorts>
<outputPort>
<name>OUT1</name>
<synopsis>
The output port of the egress side.
</synopsis>
<product>
<frameProduced>
<ref>InterFEFrame</ref>
</frameProduced>
<metadataProduced>
<ref>InterFEid</ref>
</metadataProduced>
</product>
</outputPort>
<outputPort>
<name>OUT2</name>
<synopsis>
The output port of the Ingress side.
</synopsis>
<product>
<frameProduced>
<ref>EthernetAny</ref>
</frameProduced>
<metadataProduced>
<ref>InterFEid</ref>
</metadataProduced>
</product>
</outputPort>
<outputPort>
<name>EXCEPTIONOUT</name>
<synopsis>
The exception handling path
</synopsis>
<product>
<frameProduced>
<ref>EthernetAny</ref>
</frameProduced>
<metadataProduced>
<ref>ExceptionID</ref>
<ref>InterFEid</ref>
</metadataProduced>
</product>
</outputPort>
</outputPorts>
<components>
<component componentID="1" access="read-write">
<name>IFETable</name>
<synopsis>
the table of all InterFE relations
</synopsis>
<array type="variable-size">
<typeRef>IFEInfo</typeRef>
</array>
</component>
<component componentID="2">
<name>IFEStats</name>
<synopsis>
the stats corresponding to the IFETable table
</synopsis>
<typeRef>bstats</typeRef>
</component>
</components>
</LFBClassDef>
</LFBClassDefs>
</LFBLibrary>
Figure 9: Inter-FE LFB XML
The authors would like to thank Joel Halpern and Dave Hood for the stimulating discussions. Evangelos Haleplidis contributed to improving this document.
This memo includes two IANA requests within the registry https://www.iana.org/assignments/forces
The first request is for the sub-registry "Logical Functional Block (LFB) Class Names and Class Identifiers" to request for the reservation of LFB class name IFE with LFB classid 6112 with version 1.0.
The second request is for the sub-registry "Metadata ID" to request for the InterFEid metadata the value 0x00000010.
This memo includes a request for a new ethernet protocol type as described in Section 5.1.
This document does not alter either the ForCES model the ForCES Model [RFC5812] or the ForCES Protocol [RFC5810] As such, it has no impact on their security considerations. This document simply defines the operational parameters and capabilities of an LFB that performs LFB class instance extensions across nodes under a single administrative control. this document does not attempt to analyze the presence or possibility of security interactions created by allowing LFB graph extension on packets. Any such issues, if they exist, are for the designers of the particular data path, not the general mechanism.
| [RFC3746] | Yang, L., Dantu, R., Anderson, T. and R. Gopal, "Forwarding and Control Element Separation (ForCES) Framework", RFC 3746, April 2004. |
| [RFC5810] | Doria, A., Hadi Salim, J., Haas, R., Khosravi, H., Wang, W., Dong, L., Gopal, R. and J. Halpern, "Forwarding and Control Element Separation (ForCES) Protocol Specification", RFC 5810, March 2010. |
| [RFC5811] | Hadi Salim, J. and K. Ogawa, "SCTP-Based Transport Mapping Layer (TML) for the Forwarding and Control Element Separation (ForCES) Protocol", RFC 5811, March 2010. |
| [RFC5812] | Halpern, J. and J. Hadi Salim, "Forwarding and Control Element Separation (ForCES) Forwarding Element Model", RFC 5812, March 2010. |
| [RFC2119] | Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. |
| [RFC6956] | Wang, W., Haleplidis, E., Ogawa, K., Li, C. and J. Halpern, Forwarding and Control Element Separation (ForCES) Logical Function Block (LFB) Library", RFC 6956, June 2013. |
| [brcm-higig] | Higig", . | , "
| [linux-tc] | Hadi Salim, J., "Linux Traffic Control Classifier-Action Subsystem Architecture", netdev 01, Feb 2015. |
| [tc-ife] | Hadi Salim, J. and D. Joachimpillai, "Distributing Linux Traffic Control Classifier-Action Subsystem", netdev 01, Feb 2015. |
| [vxlan-udp] | iproute2 and kernel code (drivers/net/vxlan.c)", . | , "