Expect-CT Extension for HTTP
draft-ietf-httpbis-expect-ct-06

Abstract

This document defines a new HTTP header field, named Expect-CT, that allows web host operators to instruct user agents to expect valid Signed Certificate Timestamps (SCTs) to be served on connections to these hosts. When configured in enforcement mode, user agents (UAs) will remember that hosts expect SCTs and will refuse connections that do not conform to the UA’s Certificate Transparency policy. When configured in report-only mode, UAs will report the lack of valid SCTs to a URI configured by the host, but will allow the connection. By turning on Expect-CT, web host operators can discover misconfigurations in their Certificate Transparency deployments and ensure that misissued certificates accepted by UAs are discoverable in Certificate Transparency logs.

Note to Readers

Discussion of this draft takes place on the HTTP working group mailing list (ietf-http-wg@w3.org), which is archived at https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/ietf-http-wg/.

Working Group information can be found at http://httpwg.github.io/; source code and issues list for this draft can be found at https://github.com/httpwg/http-extensions/labels/expect-ct.

Status of This Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

This Internet-Draft will expire on January 1, 2019.

Copyright Notice

Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.

This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

• 1. Introduction
• 1.1. Requirements Language
• 1.2. Terminology
• 2. Server and Client Behavior
• 2.1. Response Header Field Syntax
• 2.1.1. The report-uri Directive
• 2.1.2. The enforce Directive
• 2.1.3. The max-age Directive
• 2.1.4. Examples
• 2.2. Server Processing Model
• 2.2.1. HTTP-over-Secure-Transport Request Type
• 2.2.2. HTTP Request Type
• 2.3. User Agent Processing Model
• 2.3.1. Missing or Malformed Expect-CT Header Fields
• 2.3.2. Expect-CT Header Field Processing
• 2.3.3. Reporting
• 2.4. Evaluating Expect-CT Connections for CT Compliance
• 2.4.1. Skipping CT compliance checks
• 3. Reporting Expect-CT Failure
• 3.1. Generating a violation report
• 3.2. Sending a violation report
• 3.3. Receiving a violation report
• 4. Security Considerations
• 4.1. Maximum max-age
• 4.2. Avoiding amplification attacks
• 5. Privacy Considerations
• 6. IANA Considerations
• 6.1. Header Field Registry
• 6.2. Media Types Registry
• 7. Usability Considerations
• 8. Authoring Considerations
• 9. References
• 9.1. Normative References
• 9.2. Informative References
• Appendix A. Changes
• A.1. Since -05
• A.2. Since -04
• A.3. Since -03
• A.4. Since -02
• A.5. Since -01
• A.6. Since -00
• Author's Address

1. Introduction

This document defines a new HTTP header field that enables UAs to identify web hosts that expect the presence of Signed Certificate Timestamps (SCTs) [I-D.ietf-trans-rfc6962-bis] in future Transport Layer Security (TLS) [RFC5246] connections.

Web hosts that serve the Expect-CT HTTP header field are noted by the UA as Known Expect-CT Hosts. The UA evaluates each connection to a Known Expect-CT Host for compliance with the UA’s Certificate Transparency (CT) Policy. If the connection violates the CT Policy, the UA sends a report to a URI configured by the Expect-CT Host and/or fails the connection, depending on the configuration that the Expect-CT Host has chosen.

If misconfigured, Expect-CT can cause unwanted connection failures (for example, if a host deploys Expect-CT but then switches to a legitimate certificate that is not logged in Certificate Transparency logs, or if a web host operator believes their certificate to conform to all UAs’ CT policies but is mistaken). Web host operators are advised to deploy Expect-CT with caution, by using the reporting feature and gradually increasing the interval where the UA remembers the host as a Known Expect-CT Host. These precautions can help web host operators gain confidence that their Expect-CT deployment is not causing unwanted connection failures.

Expect-CT is a trust-on-first-use (TOFU) mechanism. The first time a UA connects to a host, it lacks the information necessary to require SCTs for the connection. Thus, the UA will not be able to detect and thwart an attack on the UA’s first connection to the host. Still, Expect-CT provides value by 1) allowing UAs to detect the use of unlogged certificates after the initial communication, and 2) allowing web hosts to be confident that UAs are only trusting publicly-auditable certificates.

1.1. Requirements Language

The key words “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”, “SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “NOT RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL” in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

1.2. Terminology

Terminology is defined in this section.

• “Certificate Transparency Policy” is a policy defined by the UA concerning the number, sources, and delivery mechanisms of Signed Certificate Timestamps that are served on TLS connections. The policy defines the properties of a connection that must be met in order for the UA to consider it CT-qualified.
• “Certificate Transparency Qualified” describes a TLS connection for which the UA has determined that a sufficient quantity and quality of Signed Certificate Timestamps have been provided.
• “CT-qualified” is an abbreviation for “Certificate Transparency Qualified”.
• “CT Policy” is an abbreviation for “Certificate Transparency Policy”.
• “Effective Expect-CT Date” is the time at which a UA observed a valid Expect-CT header field for a given host.
• “Expect-CT Host” is a conformant host implementing the HTTP server aspects of Expect-CT. This means that an Expect-CT Host returns the “Expect-CT” HTTP response header field in its HTTP response messages sent over secure transport. The term “host” is equivalent to “server” in this specification.
• “Known Expect-CT Host” is an Expect-CT Host that the UA has noted as such. See Section 2.3.2.1 for particulars.
• UA is an acronym for “user agent”. For the purposes of this specification, a UA is an HTTP client application typically actively manipulated by a user [RFC7230].
• “Unknown Expect-CT Host” is an Expect-CT Host that the UA has not noted.

2. Server and Client Behavior

2.1. Response Header Field Syntax

The “Expect-CT” response header field is a new field defined in this specification. It is used by a server to indicate that UAs should evaluate connections to the host emitting the header field for CT compliance (Section 2.4).

Figure 1 describes the syntax (Augmented Backus-Naur Form) of the header field, using the grammar defined in [RFC5234] and the rules defined in Section 3.2 of [RFC7230].

Expect-CT           = #expect-ct-directive
expect-ct-directive = directive-name [ "=" directive-value ]
directive-name      = token
directive-value     = token / quoted-string

Figure 1: Syntax of the Expect-CT header field

Optional white space (OWS) is used as defined in Section 3.2.3 of [RFC7230]. token and quoted-string are used as defined in Section 3.2.6 of [RFC7230].

The directives defined in this specification are described below. The overall requirements for directives are:

1. The order of appearance of directives is not significant.
2. A given directive MUST NOT appear more than once in a given header field. Directives are either optional or required, as stipulated in their definitions.
3. Directive names are case insensitive.
4. UAs MUST ignore any header fields containing directives, or other header field value data, that do not conform to the syntax defined in this specification. In particular, UAs must not attempt to fix malformed header fields.
5. If a header field contains any directive(s) the UA does not recognize, the UA MUST ignore those directives.
6. If the Expect-CT header field otherwise satisfies the above requirements (1 through 5), the UA MUST process the directives it recognizes.

2.1.1. The report-uri Directive

The OPTIONAL report-uri directive indicates the URI to which the UA SHOULD report Expect-CT failures (Section 2.4). The UA POSTs the reports to the given URI as described in Section 3.

The report-uri directive is REQUIRED to have a directive value, for which the syntax is defined in Figure 2.

report-uri-value = absolute-URI

Figure 2: Syntax of the report-uri directive value

absolute-URI is defined in Section 4.3 of [RFC3986].

Hosts may set report-uris that use HTTP or HTTPS. If the scheme in the report-uri is one that uses TLS (e.g., HTTPS), UAs MUST check Expect-CT compliance when the host in the report-uri is a Known Expect-CT Host; similarly, UAs MUST apply HSTS if the host in the report-uri is a Known HSTS Host.

Note that the report-uri need not necessarily be in the same Internet domain or web origin as the host being reported about.

UAs SHOULD make their best effort to report Expect-CT failures to the report-uri, but they may fail to report in exceptional conditions. For example, if connecting to the report-uri itself incurs an Expect-CT failure or other certificate validation failure, the UA MUST cancel the connection. Similarly, if Expect-CT Host A sets a report-uri referring to Expect-CT Host B, and if B sets a report-uri referring to A, and if both hosts fail to comply to the UA’s CT Policy, the UA SHOULD detect and break the loop by failing to send reports to and about those hosts.

UAs SHOULD limit the rate at which they send reports. For example, it is unnecessary to send the same report to the same report-uri more than once.

2.1.2. The enforce Directive

The OPTIONAL enforce directive is a valueless directive that, if present (i.e., it is “asserted”), signals to the UA that compliance to the CT Policy should be enforced (rather than report-only) and that the UA should refuse future connections that violate its CT Policy. When both the enforce directive and report-uri directive (as defined in Figure 2) are present, the configuration is referred to as an “enforce-and-report” configuration, signalling to the UA both that compliance to the CT Policy should be enforced and that violations should be reported.

2.1.3. The max-age Directive

The max-age directive specifies the number of seconds after the reception of the Expect-CT header field during which the UA SHOULD regard the host from whom the message was received as a Known Expect-CT Host.

The max-age directive is REQUIRED to be present within an “Expect-CT” header field. The max-age directive is REQUIRED to have a directive value, for which the syntax (after quoted-string unescaping, if necessary) is defined in Figure 3.

max-age-value = delta-seconds
delta-seconds = 1*DIGIT

Figure 3: Syntax of the max-age directive value

delta-seconds is used as defined in Section 1.2.1 of [RFC7234].

2.1.4. Examples

The following three examples demonstrate valid Expect-CT response header fields (where the second splits the directives into two field instances):

Expect-CT: max-age=86400, enforce

Expect-CT: max-age=86400,enforce
Expect-CT: report-uri="https://foo.example/report"

Expect-CT: max-age=86400,report-uri="https://foo.example/report"

Figure 4: Examples of valid Expect-CT response header fields

2.2. Server Processing Model

This section describes the processing model that Expect-CT Hosts implement. The model has 2 parts: (1) the processing rules for HTTP request messages received over a secure transport (e.g., authenticated, non-anonymous TLS); and (2) the processing rules for HTTP request messages received over non-secure transports, such as TCP.

2.2.1. HTTP-over-Secure-Transport Request Type

An Expect-CT Host includes an Expect-CT header field in its response. The header field MUST satisfy the grammar specified in Section 2.1.

Establishing a given host as an Expect-CT Host, in the context of a given UA, is accomplished as follows:

1. Over the HTTP protocol running over secure transport, by correctly returning (per this specification) a valid Expect-CT header field to the UA.
2. Through other mechanisms, such as a client-side preloaded Expect-CT Host list.

2.2.2. HTTP Request Type

Expect-CT Hosts SHOULD NOT include the Expect-CT header field in HTTP responses conveyed over non-secure transport. UAs MUST ignore any Expect-CT header field received in an HTTP response conveyed over non-secure transport.

2.3. User Agent Processing Model

The UA processing model relies on parsing domain names. Note that internationalized domain names SHALL be canonicalized according to the scheme in Section 10 of [RFC6797].

The UA stores Known Expect-CT Hosts and their associated Expect-CT directives. This data is collectively known as a host’s “Expect-CT” metadata”.

2.3.1. Missing or Malformed Expect-CT Header Fields

If an HTTP response does not include an Expect-CT header field that conforms to the grammar specified in Section 2.1, then the UA MUST NOT update any Expect-CT metadata.

2.3.2. Expect-CT Header Field Processing

If the UA receives, over a secure transport, an HTTP response that includes an Expect-CT header field conforming to the grammar specified in Section 2.1, the UA MUST evaluate the connection on which the header field was received for compliance with the UA’s CT Policy, and then process the Expect-CT header field as follows.

If the connection does not comply with the UA’s CT Policy (i.e., the connection is not CT-qualified), then the UA MUST NOT update any Expect-CT metadata. If the header field includes a report-uri directive, the UA SHOULD send a report to the specified report-uri (Section 2.3.3).

If the connection complies with the UA’s CT Policy (i.e., the connection is CT-qualified), then the UA MUST either:

• Note the host as a Known Expect-CT Host if it is not already so noted (see Section 2.3.2.1), or
• Update the UA’s cached information for the Known Expect-CT Host if the enforce, max-age, or report-uri header field value directives convey information different from that already maintained by the UA. If the max-age directive has a value of 0, the UA MUST remove its cached Expect-CT information if the host was previously noted as a Known Expect-CT Host, and MUST NOT note this host as a Known Expect-CT Host if it is not already noted.

2.3.2.1. Noting Expect-CT

Upon receipt of the Expect-CT response header field over an error-free TLS connection (including the validation adding in Section 2.4), the UA MUST note the host as a Known Expect-CT Host, storing the host’s domain name and its associated Expect-CT directives in non-volatile storage.

To note a host as a Known Expect-CT Host, the UA MUST set its Expect-CT metadata given in the most recently received valid Expect-CT header field, as specified in Section 2.3.2.2.

For forward compatibility, the UA MUST ignore any unrecognized Expect-CT header field directives, while still processing those directives it does recognize. Section 2.1 specifies the directives enforce, max-age, and report-uri, but future specifications and implementations might use additional directives.

2.3.2.2. Storage Model

If the substring matching the host production from the Request-URI (of the message to which the host responded) does not congruently match an existing Known Expect-CT Host’s domain name, per the matching procedure specified in Section 8.2 of [RFC6797], then the UA MUST add this host to the Known Expect-CT Host cache. The UA caches:

• the Expect-CT Host’s domain name,
• whether the enforce directive is present
• the Effective Expiration Date, which is the Effective Expect-CT Date plus the value of the max-age directive. Alternatively, the UA MAY cache enough information to calculate the Effective Expiration Date. The Effective Expiration Date is calculated from when the UA observed the Expect-CT header field and is independent of when the response was generated.
• the value of the report-uri directive, if present.

If any other metadata from optional or future Expect-CT header directives are present in the Expect-CT header field, and the UA understands them, the UA MAY note them as well.

UAs MAY set an upper limit on the value of max-age, so that UAs that have noted erroneous Expect-CT hosts (whether by accident or due to attack) have some chance of recovering over time. If the server sets a max-age greater than the UA’s upper limit, the UA MAY behave as if the server set the max-age to the UA’s upper limit. For example, if the UA caps max-age at 5,184,000 seconds (60 days), and an Expect-CT Host sets a max- age directive of 90 days in its Expect-CT header field, the UA MAY behave as if the max-age were effectively 60 days. (One way to achieve this behavior is for the UA to simply store a value of 60 days instead of the 90-day value provided by the Expect-CT host.)

2.3.3. Reporting

If the UA receives, over a secure transport, an HTTP response that includes an Expect-CT header field with a report-uri directive, and the connection does not comply with the UA’s CT Policy (i.e., the connection is not CT-qualified), and the UA has not already sent an Expect-CT report for this connection, then the UA SHOULD send a report to the specified report-uri as specified in Section 3.

2.4. Evaluating Expect-CT Connections for CT Compliance

When a UA sets up a TLS connection, the UA determines whether the host is a Known Expect-CT Host according to its Known Expect-CT Host cache. An Expect-CT Host is “expired” if the effective expiration date refers to a date in the past. The UA MUST ignore any expired Expect-CT Hosts in its cache and not treat such hosts as Known Expect-CT hosts.

When a UA connects to a Known Expect-CT Host using a TLS connection, if the TLS connection has no errors, then the UA will apply an additional correctness check: compliance with a CT Policy. A UA should evaluate compliance with its CT Policy whenever connecting to a Known Expect-CT Host, as soon as possible. However, the check can be skipped for local policy reasons (as discussed in Section 2.4.1), or in the event that other checks cause the UA to terminate the connection before CT compliance is evaluated. For example, a Public Key Pinning failure [RFC7469] could cause the UA to terminate the connection before CT compliance is checked. Similarly, if the UA terminates the connection due to an Expect-CT failure, this could cause the UA to skip subsequent correctness checks. When the CT compliance check is skipped or bypassed, Expect-CT reports (Section 3) will not be sent.

When CT compliance is evaluted for a Known Expect-CT Host, the UA MUST evaluate compliance when setting up the TLS session, before beginning an HTTP conversation over the TLS channel.

If a connection to a Known Expect-CT Host violates the UA’s CT policy (i.e., the connection is not CT-qualified), and if the Known Expect-CT Host’s Expect-CT metadata indicates an enforce configuration, the UA MUST treat the CT compliance failure as an error.

If a connection to a Known Expect-CT Host violates the UA’s CT policy, and if the Known Expect-CT Host’s Expect-CT metadata includes a report-uri, the UA SHOULD send an Expect-CT report to that report-uri (Section 3).

2.4.1. Skipping CT compliance checks

It is acceptable for a UA to skip CT compliance checks for some hosts according to local policy. For example, a UA may disable CT compliance checks for hosts whose validated certificate chain terminates at a user-defined trust anchor, rather than a trust anchor built-in to the UA (or underlying platform).

If the UA does not evaluate CT compliance, e.g., because the user has elected to disable it, or because a presented certificate chain chains up to a user-defined trust anchor, UAs SHOULD NOT send Expect-CT reports.

3. Reporting Expect-CT Failure

When the UA attempts to connect to a Known Expect-CT Host and the connection is not CT-qualified, the UA SHOULD report Expect-CT failures to the report-uri, if any, in the Known Expect-CT Host’s Expect-CT metadata.

When the UA receives an Expect-CT response header field over a connection that is not CT-qualified, if the UA has not already sent an Expect-CT report for this connection, then the UA SHOULD report Expect-CT failures to the configured report-uri, if any.

3.1. Generating a violation report

To generate a violation report object, the UA constructs a JSON [RFC8259] object with the following keys and values:

• “date-time”: the value for this key indicates the UTC time that the UA observed the CT compliance failure. The value is a string formatted according to Section 5.6, “Internet Date/Time Format”, of [RFC3339].
• “hostname”: the value is the hostname to which the UA made the original request that failed the CT compliance check. The value is provided as a string.
• “port”: the value is the port to which the UA made the original request that failed the CT compliance check. The value is provided as an integer.
• “effective-expiration-date”: the value indicates the Effective Expiration Date (see Section 2.3.2.2) for the Expect-CT Host that failed the CT compliance check, in UTC. The value is provided as a string formatted according to Section 5.6 of [RFC3339] (“Internet Date/Time Format”).
• “served-certificate-chain”: the value is the certificate chain as served by the Expect-CT Host during TLS session setup. The value is provided as an array of strings, which MUST appear in the order that the certificates were served; each string in the array is the Privacy-Enhanced Mail (PEM) representation of each X.509 certificate as described in [RFC7468].
• “validated-certificate-chain”: the value is the certificate chain as constructed by the UA during certificate chain verification. (This may differ from the value of the “served-certificate-chain” key.) The value is provided as an array of strings, which MUST appear in the order matching the chain that the UA validated; each string in the array is the Privacy-Enhanced Mail (PEM) representation of each X.509 certificate as described in [RFC7468].
• “scts”: the value represents the SCTs (if any) that the UA received for the Expect-CT host and their validation statuses. The value is provided as an array of JSON objects. The SCTs may appear in any order. Each JSON object in the array has the following keys:
  • A “version” key, with an integer value. The UA MUST set this value to 1 if the SCT is in the format defined in Section 3.2 of [RFC6962] and 2 if it is in the format defined in Section 4.5 of [I-D.ietf-trans-rfc6962-bis].
  • The “status” key, with a string value that the UA MUST set to one of the following values: “unknown” (indicating that the UA does not have or does not trust the public key of the log from which the SCT was issued), “valid” (indicating that the UA successfully validated the SCT as described in Section 5.2 of [RFC6962] or Section 8.2.3 of [I-D.ietf-trans-rfc6962-bis]), or “invalid” (indicating that the SCT validation failed because of, e.g., a bad signature).
  • The “source” key, with a string value that indicates from where the UA obtained the SCT, as defined in Section 3 of [RFC6962] and Section 6 of [I-D.ietf-trans-rfc6962-bis]. The UA MUST set the value to one of “tls-extension”, “ocsp”, or “embedded”.
  • The “serialized_sct” key, with a string value. If the value of the “version” key is 1, the UA MUST set this value to the base64 encoded [RFC4648] serialized SignedCertificateTimestamp structure from Section 3.2 of [RFC6962]. If the value of the “version” key is 2, the UA MUST set this value to the base64 encoded [RFC4648] serialized TransItem structure representing the SCT, as defined in Section 4.5 of [I-D.ietf-trans-rfc6962-bis].
• “failure-mode”: the value indicates whether the Expect-CT report was triggered by an Expect-CT policy in enforce or report-only mode. The value is provided as a string. The UA MUST set this value to “enforce” if the Expect-CT metadata indicates an enforce configuration, and “report-only” otherwise.
• “test-report”: the value is set to true if the report is being sent by a testing client to verify that the reporting server behaves correctly. The value is provided as a boolean, and MUST be set to true if the report serves to test the server’s behavior and can be discarded.

3.2. Sending a violation report

The UA SHOULD report an Expect-CT failure when a connection to a Known Expect-CT Host does not comply with the UA’s CT Policy and the host’s Expect-CT metadata contains a report-uri. Additionally, the UA SHOULD report an Expect-CT failure when it receives an Expect-CT header field which contains the report-uri directive over a connection that does not comply with the UA’s CT Policy.

The steps to report an Expect-CT failure are as follows.

1. Prepare a JSON object report object with the single key expect-ct-report, whose value is the result of generating a violation report object as described in Section 3.1.
2. Let report body be the JSON stringification of report object.
3. Let report-uri be the value of the report-uri directive in the Expect-CT header field.
4. Send an HTTP POST request to report-uri with a Content-Type header field of application/expect-ct-report+json, and an entity body consisting of report body.

The UA MAY perform other operations as part of sending the HTTP POST request, for example sending a CORS preflight as part of [FETCH].

3.3. Receiving a violation report

Upon receiving an Expect-CT violation report, the report server MUST respond with a 2xx (Successful) status code if it can parse the request body as valid JSON and recognizes the hostname in the “hostname” field of the report. If the report body cannot be parsed or the report server does not expect to receive reports for the hostname in the “hostname” field, the report server MUST respond with a 4xx (Client Error) status code.

If the report’s “test-report” key is set to true, the server MAY discard the report without further processing but MUST still return a 2xx (Successful) status code.

4. Security Considerations

When UAs support the Expect-CT header field, it becomes a potential vector for hostile header attacks against site owners. If a site owner uses a certificate issued by a certificate authority which does not embed SCTs nor serve SCTs via OCSP or TLS extension, a malicious server operator or attacker could temporarily reconfigure the host to comply with the UA’s CT policy, and add the Expect-CT header field in enforcing mode with a long max-age. Implementing user agents would note this as an Expect-CT Host (see Section 2.3.2.1). After having done this, the configuration could then be reverted to not comply with the CT policy, prompting failures. Note this scenario would require the attacker to have substantial control over the infrastructure in question, being able to obtain different certificates, change server software, or act as a man-in-the-middle in connections.

Site operators could themselves only cure this situation by one of: reconfiguring their web server to transmit SCTs using the TLS extension defined in Section 6.5 of [I-D.ietf-trans-rfc6962-bis], obtaining a certificate from an alternative certificate authority which provides SCTs by one of the other methods, or by waiting for the user agents’ persisted notation of this as an Expect-CT host to reach its max-age. User agents may choose to implement mechanisms for users to cure this situation, as noted in Section 7.

4.1. Maximum max-age

There is a security trade-off in that low maximum values provide a narrow window of protection for users that visit the Known Expect-CT Host only infrequently, while high maximum values might result in a denial of service to a UA in the event of a hostile header attack, or simply an error on the part of the site-owner.

There is probably no ideal maximum for the max-age directive. Since Expect-CT is primarily a policy-expansion and investigation technology rather than an end-user protection, a value on the order of 30 days (2,592,000 seconds) may be considered a balance between these competing security concerns.

4.2. Avoiding amplification attacks

Another kind of hostile header attack uses the report-uri mechanism on many hosts not currently exposing SCTs as a method to cause a denial-of-service to the host receiving the reports. If some highly-trafficked websites emitted a non-enforcing Expect-CT header field with a report-uri, implementing UAs’ reports could flood the reporting host. It is noted in Section 2.1.1 that UAs should limit the rate at which they emit reports, but an attacker may alter the Expect-CT header’s fields to induce UAs to submit different reports to different URIs to still cause the same effect.

5. Privacy Considerations

Expect-CT can be used to infer what Certificate Transparency policy is in use, by attempting to retrieve specially-configured websites which pass one user agents’ policies but not another’s. Note that this consideration is true of UAs which enforce CT policies without Expect-CT as well.

Additionally, reports submitted to the report-uri could reveal information to a third party about which webpage is being accessed and by which IP address, by using individual report-uri values for individually-tracked pages. This information could be leaked even if client-side scripting were disabled.

Implementations must store state about Known Expect-CT Hosts, and hence which domains the UA has contacted.

Violation reports, as noted in Section 3, contain information about the certificate chain that has violated the CT policy. In some cases, such as organization-wide compromise of the end-to-end security of TLS, this may include information about the interception tools and design used by the organization that the organization would otherwise prefer not be disclosed.

Because Expect-CT causes remotely-detectable behavior, it’s advisable that UAs offer a way for privacy-sensitive users to clear currently noted Expect-CT hosts, and allow users to query the current state of Known Expect-CT Hosts.

6. IANA Considerations

6.1. Header Field Registry

This document registers the Expect-CT header field in the “Message Headers” registry located at https://www.iana.org/assignments/message-headers.

Header field name:

Expect-CT

Applicable protocol:

http

Status:

standard

Author/Change controller:

IETF

Specification document(s):

This document

Related information:

(empty)

6.2. Media Types Registry

The MIME media type for Expect-CT violation reports is “application/expect-ct-report+json” (which uses the suffix established in [RFC6839]).

Type name:

application

Subtype name:

expect-ct-report+json

Required parameters:

n/a

Optional parameters:

n/a

Encoding considerations:

binary

Security considerations:

See Section 4

Interoperability considerations:

n/a

Published specification:

This document

Applications that use this media type:

UAs that implement Certificate Transparency compliance checks and reporting

Additional information:

Deprecated alias names for this type: n/a

Magic number(s): n/a

File extension(s): n/a

Macintosh file type code(s): n/a

Person & email address to contact for further information:

Emily Stark (estark@google.com)

Intended usage:

COMMON

Restrictions on usage:

none

Author:

Emily Stark (estark@google.com)

Change controller:

IETF

7. Usability Considerations

When the UA detects a Known Expect-CT Host in violation of the UA’s CT Policy, users will experience denials of service. It is advisable for UAs to explain the reason why.

8. Authoring Considerations

Expect-CT could be specified as a TLS extension or X.509 certificate extension instead of an HTTP response header field. Using an HTTP header field as the mechanism for Expect-CT introduces a layering mismatch: for example, the software that terminates TLS and validates Certificate Transparency information might know nothing about HTTP. Nevertheless, an HTTP header field was chosen primarily for ease of deployment. In practice, deploying new certificate extensions requires certificate authorities to support them, and new TLS extensions require server software updates, including possibly to servers outside of the site owner’s direct control (such as in the case of a third-party CDN). Ease of deployment is a high priority for Expect-CT because it is intended as a temporary transition mechanism for user agents that are transitioning to universal Certificate Transparency requirements.

9. References

9.1. Normative References

9.2. Informative References

Appendix A. Changes

A.1. Since -05

• Remove SHOULD requirement that UAs disallow certificate error overrides for Known Expect-CT Hosts.
• Remove restriction that Expect-CT Hosts cannot be IP addresses.
• Editorial changes

A.2. Since -04

• Editorial changes

A.3. Since -03

• Editorial changes

A.4. Since -02

• Add concept of test reports and specify that servers must respond with 2xx status codes to valid reports.
• Add “failure-mode” key to reports to allow report servers to distinguish report-only from enforced failures.

A.5. Since -01

• Change SCT reporting format to support both RFC 6962 and 6962-bis SCTs.

A.6. Since -00

• Editorial changes
• Change Content-Type header of reports to ‘application/expect-ct-report+json’
• Update header field syntax to match convention (issue #327)
• Reference RFC 6962-bis instead of RFC 6962

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