| HTTPbis Working Group | R. Peon |
| Internet-Draft | Google, Inc |
| Intended status: Informational | H. Ruellan |
| Expires: June 07, 2014 | Canon CRF |
| December 04, 2013 |
HPACK - Header Compression for HTTP/2.0
draft-ietf-httpbis-header-compression-05
This document describes HPACK, a format adapted to efficiently represent HTTP header fields in the context of HTTP/2.0.
Discussion of this draft takes place on the HTTPBIS working group mailing list (ietf-http-wg@w3.org), which is archived at http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/ietf-http-wg/.
Working Group information and related documents can be found at http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/ (Wiki) and https://github.com/http2/http2-spec (source code and issues tracker).
The changes in this draft are summarized in Appendix A.1.
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on June 07, 2014.
Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.
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This document describes HPACK, a format adapted to efficiently represent HTTP header fields in the context of HTTP/2.0 (see [HTTP2]).
In HTTP (see [HTTP-p1]), header fields are sent without any form of compression. As web pages have grown to include dozens to hundreds of requests, the redundant header fields in these requests now pose a problem of measurable latency and unnecessary bandwidth (see [PERF1] and [PERF2]).
SPDY [SPDY] initially addressed this redundancy by compressing header fields with Deflate, which proved very effective at eliminating the redundant header fields. However, that approach exposed a security risk as demonstrated by the CRIME [CRIME].
This document describes HPACK, a new compressor for header fields which eliminates redundant header fields, is not vulnerable to known security attacks, and which also has a bounded memory cost for use in constrained environments.
The HTTP header field encoding described in this document is based on a header table that map name-value pairs to index values. Header tables are incrementally updated during the HTTP/2.0 session.
The encoder is responsible for deciding which header fields to insert as new entries in the header table. The decoder then does exactly what the encoder prescribes, ending in a state that exactly matches the encoder's state. This enables decoders to remain simple and understand a wide variety of encoders.
As two consecutive sets of header fields often have header fields in common, each set of header fields is coded as a difference from the previous set of header fields. The goal is to only encode the changes (header fields present in one of the set and not in the other) between the two sets of header fields.
HTTP header field compression treats a set of header fields as an unordered collection of name-value pairs. Names and values are opaque sequences of octets. The order of header fields is not guaranteed to be preserved after being compression and decompression.
Examples illustrating the use of these different mechanisms to represent header fields are available in Appendix E.
The encoding and decoding of header fields relies on some components and concepts:
The set of mutable structures used within an encoding context include a header table and a reference set. Everything else is either immutable or conceptual.
Using HTTP, messages are exchanged between a client and a server in both direction. To keep the encoding of header fields in each direction independent from the other direction, there is one encoding context for each direction.
The header fields contained in a PUSH_PROMISE frame sent by a server to a client are encoded within the same context as the header fields contained in the HEADERS frame corresponding to a response sent from the server to the client.
A header table consists of a list of header fields maintained in first-in, first-out order. The first and newest entry in a header table is always at index 1, and the oldest entry of a header table is at the index len(header table).
The header table is initially empty.
There is typically no need for the header table to contain duplicate entries. However, duplicate entries MUST NOT be treated as an error by a decoder.
The encoder decides how to update the header table and as such can control how much memory is used by the header table. To limit the memory requirements on the decoder side, the header table size is strictly bounded (see Section 3.3.1).
The header table is updated during the processing of a set of header field representations (see header field representation processing [header.representation.processing]).
A reference set is an unordered set of references to entries of the header table.
The reference set is initially empty.
The reference set is updated during the processing of a set of header field representations (see header field representation processing [header.representation.processing]).
The reference set enables differential encoding, whereby only differences between the previous header set and the current header set need to be encoded. The use of differential encoding is optional for any header set.
When an entry is evicted from the header table, if it was referenced from the reference set, its reference is removed from the reference set.
To limit the memory requirements on the decoder side for handling the reference set, only entries within the header table can be contained in the reference set. To still allow entries from the static table to take advantage of the differential encoding, when a header field is represented as a reference to an entry of the static table, this entry is inserted into the header table ((see Section 3.2.1).
An encoded header field can be represented either as a literal or as an index.
<---------- Index Address Space ---------->
<-- Header Table --> <-- Static Table -->
+---+-----------+---+ +---+-----------+---+
| 1 | ... | k | |k+1| ... | n |
+---+-----------+---+ +---+-----------+---+
^ |
| V
Insertion Point Drop Point
Index Address Space
The emission of a header field is the process of marking a header field as belonging to the current header set. Once a header has been emitted, it cannot be removed from the current header set.
On the decoding side, an emitted header field can be safely passed to the upper processing layer as part of the current header set. The decoder MAY pass the emitted header fields to the upper processing layer in any order.
By emitting header fields instead of emitting header sets, the decoder can be implemented in a streaming way, and as such has only to keep in memory the header table and the reference set. This bounds the amount of memory used by the decoder, even in presence of a very large set of header fields. The management of memory for handling very large sets of header fields can therefore be deferred to the upper processing layers.
The processing of a header block to obtain a header set is defined in this section. To ensure that the decoding will successfully produce a header set, a decoder MUST obey the following rules.
All the header field representations contained in a header block are processed in the order in which they are presented, as specified below.
An indexed representation with an index value of 0 entails the following actions:
An indexed representation corresponding to an entry present in the reference set entails the following actions:
An indexed representation corresponding to an entry not present in the reference set entails the following actions:
A literal representation that is not added to the header table entails the following action:
A literal representation that is added to the header table entails the following actions:
Once all the representations contained in a header block have been processed, the header fields referenced in the reference set which have not previously been emitted during this processing are emitted.
Once all of the header field representations have been processed, and the remaining items in the reference set have been emitted, the header set is complete.
To limit the memory requirements on the decoder side, the size of the header table is bounded. The size of the header table MUST stay lower than or equal to the value of the HTTP/2.0 setting SETTINGS_HEADER_TABLE_SIZE (see [HTTP2]).
The size of the header table is the sum of the size of its entries.
The size of an entry is the sum of its name's length in octets (as defined in Section 4.1.2), of its value's length in octets (Section 4.1.2) and of 32 octets.
The lengths are measured on the non-encoded entry name and entry value (for the case when a Huffman encoding is used to transmit string values).
The 32 octets are an accounting for the entry structure overhead. For example, an entry structure using two 64-bits pointers to reference the name and the value and the entry, and two 64-bits integer for counting the number of references to these name and value would use 32 octets.
Whenever an entry is evicted from the header table, any reference to that entry contained by the reference set is removed.
Whenever SETTINGS_HEADER_TABLE_SIZE is made smaller, entries are evicted from the end of the header table until the size of the header table is less than or equal to SETTINGS_HEADER_TABLE_SIZE.
The eviction of an entry from the header table causes the index of the entries in the static table to be reduced by one.
Whenever a new entry is to be added to the table, any name referenced by the representation of this new entry is cached, and then entries are evicted from the end of the header table until the size of the header table is less than or equal to SETTINGS_HEADER_TABLE_SIZE - new entry size, or until the table is empty.
If the size of the new entry is less than or equal to SETTINGS_HEADER_TABLE_SIZE, that entry is added to the table. It is not an error to attempt to add an entry that is larger than SETTINGS_HEADER_TABLE_SIZE.
Integers are used to represent name indexes, pair indexes or string lengths. To allow for optimized processing, an integer representation always finishes at the end of an octet.
An integer is represented in two parts: a prefix that fills the current octet and an optional list of octets that are used if the integer value does not fit within the prefix. The number of bits of the prefix (called N) is a parameter of the integer representation.
The N-bit prefix allows filling the current octet. If the value is small enough (strictly less than 2unsigned variable length integer representation. N is always between 1 and 8 bits. An integer starting at an octet-boundary will have an 8-bit prefix.
If I < 2^N - 1, encode I on N bits
Else
encode 2^N - 1 on N bits
I = I - (2^N - 1)
While I >= 128
Encode (I % 128 + 128) on 8 bits
I = I / 128
encode (I) on 8 bits
The algorithm to represent an integer I is as follows:
This integer representation allows for values of indefinite size. It is also possible for an encoder to send a large number of zero values, which can waste octets and could be used to overflow integer values. Excessively large integer encodings - in value or octet length - MUST be treated as a decoding error. Different limits can be set for each of the different uses of integers, based on implementation constraints.
The value 10 is to be encoded with a 5-bit prefix.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | X | X | X | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 10 stored on 5 bits +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
The value I=1337 is to be encoded with a 5-bit prefix.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | X | X | X | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Prefix = 31, I = 1306 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1306>=128, encode(154), I=1306/128 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 10<128, encode(10), done +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
The value 42 is to be encoded starting at an octet-boundary. This implies that a 8-bit prefix is used.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 42 stored on 8 bits +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
Header field names and header field values are encoded as sequences of octets. A header field name or a header field value is encoded in three parts:
Padding is necessary when doing Huffman encoding to ensure that the remaining bits between the actual end of the data and the next octet boundary are not misinterpreted as part of the input data.
When padding for Huffman encoding, use the bits from the EOS (end-of-string) entry in the Huffman table, starting with the MSB (most significant bit). This entry is guaranteed to be at least 8 bits long.
String literals sent in the client to server direction which use Huffman encoding are encoded with the codes within the request Huffman code table [request.huffman.codes] (see Request Examples With Huffman [request.examples.with.huffman]).
String literals sent in the server to client direction which use Huffman encoding are encoded with the codes within the response Huffman code table [response.huffman.codes] (see Response Examples With Huffman [response.examples.with.huffman]).
The EOS symbol is represented with value 256, and is used solely to signal the end of the Huffman-encoded key data or the end of the Huffman-encoded value data. Given that only between 0-7 bits of the EOS symbol is included in any Huffman-encoded string, and given that the EOS symbol is at least 8 bits long, it is expected that it should never be successfully decoded.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 1 | Value Length Prefix (7) | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | Value Length (0-N octets) | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ ... +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | Huffman Encoded Data |Padding| +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
String Literal With Huffman Encoding
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 | Value Length Prefix (7) | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | Value Length (0-N octets) | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ ... +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | Field Bytes Without Encoding | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
String Literal Without Huffman Encoding
An indexed header field representation either identifies an entry in the header table or static table. The processing of an indexed header field representation is described in Section 3.2.1.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 1 | Index (7+) | +---+---------------------------+
Indexed Header Field
This representation starts with the '1' 1-bit pattern, followed by the index of the matching pair, represented as an integer with a 7-bit prefix.
The index value of 0 is reserved for signalling that the reference set is emptied.
Literal header field representations contain a literal header field value. Header field names are either provided as a literal or by reference to an existing header table or static table entry.
Literal representations all result in the emission of a header field when decoded.
A literal header field without indexing causes the emission of a header field without altering the header table.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 | 1 | Index (6+) | +---+---+---+-------------------+ | Value Length (8+) | +-------------------------------+ | Value String (Length octets) | +-------------------------------+
Literal Header Field without Indexing - Indexed Name
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 | 1 | 0 | +---+---+---+-------------------+ | Name Length (8+) | +-------------------------------+ | Name String (Length octets) | +-------------------------------+ | Value Length (8+) | +-------------------------------+ | Value String (Length octets) | +-------------------------------+
Literal Header Field without Indexing - New Name
This representation starts with the '01' 2-bit pattern.
If the header field name matches the header field name of a (name, value) pair stored in the Header Table or Static Table, the header field name can be represented using the index of that entry. In this case, the index of the entry, index (which is strictly greater than 0), is represented as an integer with a 6-bit prefix (see Section 4.1.1).
Otherwise, the header field name is represented as a literal. The value 0 is represented on 6 bits followed by the header field name (see Section 4.1.2).
The header field name representation is followed by the header field value represented as a literal string as described in Section 4.1.2.
A literal header field with incremental indexing adds a new entry to the header table.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 | 0 | Index (6+) | +---+---+---+-------------------+ | Value Length (8+) | +-------------------------------+ | Value String (Length octets) | +-------------------------------+
Literal Header Field with Incremental Indexing - Indexed Name
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 | 0 | 0 | +---+---+---+-------------------+ | Name Length (8+) | +-------------------------------+ | Name String (Length octets) | +-------------------------------+ | Value Length (8+) | +-------------------------------+ | Value String (Length octets) | +-------------------------------+
Literal Header Field with Incremental Indexing - New Name
This representation starts with the '00' 2-bit pattern.
If the header field name matches the header field name of a (name, value) pair stored in the Header Table or Static Table, the header field name can be represented using the index of that entry. In this case, the index of the entry, index (which is strictly greater than 0), is represented as an integer with a 6-bit prefix (see Section 4.1.1).
Otherwise, the header field name is represented as a literal. The value 0 is represented on 6 bits followed by the header field name (see Section 4.1.2).
The header field name representation is followed by the header field value represented as a literal string as described in Section 4.1.2.
This compressor exists to solve security issues present in stream compressors such as DEFLATE whereby the compression context can be efficiently probed to reveal secrets. A conformant implementation of this specification should be fairly safe against that kind of attack, as the reaping of any information from the compression context requires more work than guessing and verifying the plain text data directly with the server. As with any secret, however, the longer the length of the secret, the more difficult the secret is to guess. It is inadvisable to have short cookies that are relied upon to remain secret for any duration of time.
A proper security-conscious implementation will also need to prevent timing attacks by ensuring that the amount of time it takes to do string comparisons is always a function of the total length of the strings, and not a function of the number of matched characters.
A decoder needs to ensure that larger values or encodings of integers do not permit exploitation. Decoders MUST limit the size of integers, both in value and encoded length, that it accepts (see Section 4.1.1).
Another common security problem is when the remote endpoint successfully causes the local endpoint to exhaust its memory. This compressor attempts to deal with the most obvious ways that this could occur by limiting both the peak and the steady-state amount of memory consumed in the compressor state, by providing ways for the application to consume/flush the emitted header fields in small chunks, and by considering overhead in the state size calculation. Implementors must still be careful in the creation of APIs to an implementation of this compressor by ensuring that header field keys and values are either emitted as a stream, or that the compression implementation have a limit on the maximum size of a key or value. Failure to implement these kinds of safeguards may still result in a scenario where the local endpoint exhausts its memory.
| [HTTP2] | Belshe, M., Peon, R., Thomson, M. and A. Melnikov, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol version 2.0", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-httpbis-http2-08, November 2013. |
| [HTTP-p1] | Fielding, R. and J. F. Reschke, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-httpbis-p1-messaging-25, November 2013. |
| [SPDY] | Belshe, M. and R. Peon, "SPDY Protocol", Internet-Draft draft-mbelshe-httpbis-spdy-00, February 2012. |
| [CRIME] | Rizzo, J. and T. Duong, "The Crime Attack", September 2012. |
| [PERF1] | Belshe, M., "IETF83: SPDY and What to Consider for HTTP/2.0", March 2012. |
| [PERF2] | McManus, P., "SPDY: What I Like About You", September 2011. |
| [HUFF] | Huffman, D. A., "A Method for the Construction of Minimum Redundancy Codes", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers Volume 40, Number 9, pp. 1098-1101, September 1952. |
| [CANON] | Schwartz, E. S. and B. Kallick, "Generating a canonical prefix encoding", Communications of the ACM Volume 7 Issue 3, pp. 166-169, March 1964. |
The static table consists of an unchangeable ordered list of (name, value) pairs. The first entry in the table is always represented by the index len(header table)+1, and the last entry in the table is represented by the index len(header table)+len(static table).
The following table lists the pre-defined header fields that make-up the static header table.
| Index | Header Name | Header Value |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | :authority | |
| 2 | :method | GET |
| 3 | :method | POST |
| 4 | :path | / |
| 5 | :path | /index.html |
| 6 | :scheme | http |
| 7 | :scheme | https |
| 8 | :status | 200 |
| 9 | :status | 500 |
| 10 | :status | 404 |
| 11 | :status | 403 |
| 12 | :status | 400 |
| 13 | :status | 401 |
| 14 | accept-charset | |
| 15 | accept-encoding | |
| 16 | accept-language | |
| 17 | accept-ranges | |
| 18 | accept | |
| 19 | access-control-allow-origin | |
| 20 | age | |
| 21 | allow | |
| 22 | authorization | |
| 23 | cache-control | |
| 24 | content-disposition | |
| 25 | content-encoding | |
| 26 | content-language | |
| 27 | content-length | |
| 28 | content-location | |
| 29 | content-range | |
| 30 | content-type | |
| 31 | cookie | |
| 32 | date | |
| 33 | etag | |
| 34 | expect | |
| 35 | expires | |
| 36 | from | |
| 37 | host | |
| 38 | if-match | |
| 39 | if-modified-since | |
| 40 | if-none-match | |
| 41 | if-range | |
| 42 | if-unmodified-since | |
| 43 | last-modified | |
| 44 | link | |
| 45 | location | |
| 46 | max-forwards | |
| 47 | proxy-authenticate | |
| 48 | proxy-authorization | |
| 49 | range | |
| 50 | referer | |
| 51 | refresh | |
| 52 | retry-after | |
| 53 | server | |
| 54 | set-cookie | |
| 55 | strict-transport-security | |
| 56 | transfer-encoding | |
| 57 | user-agent | |
| 58 | vary | |
| 59 | via | |
| 60 | www-authenticate |
The table give the index of each entry in the static table. The full index of each entry, to be used for encoding a reference to this entry, is computed by adding the number of entries in the header table to this index.
The following Huffman codes are used when encoding string literals in the client to server direction.
aligned aligned
to len to len
MSB in LSB in
sym as bits bits as hex bits
( 0) |11111111|11111111|11110111|010 [27] 7ffffba [27]
( 1) |11111111|11111111|11110111|011 [27] 7ffffbb [27]
( 2) |11111111|11111111|11110111|100 [27] 7ffffbc [27]
( 3) |11111111|11111111|11110111|101 [27] 7ffffbd [27]
( 4) |11111111|11111111|11110111|110 [27] 7ffffbe [27]
( 5) |11111111|11111111|11110111|111 [27] 7ffffbf [27]
( 6) |11111111|11111111|11111000|000 [27] 7ffffc0 [27]
( 7) |11111111|11111111|11111000|001 [27] 7ffffc1 [27]
( 8) |11111111|11111111|11111000|010 [27] 7ffffc2 [27]
( 9) |11111111|11111111|11111000|011 [27] 7ffffc3 [27]
( 10) |11111111|11111111|11111000|100 [27] 7ffffc4 [27]
( 11) |11111111|11111111|11111000|101 [27] 7ffffc5 [27]
( 12) |11111111|11111111|11111000|110 [27] 7ffffc6 [27]
( 13) |11111111|11111111|11111000|111 [27] 7ffffc7 [27]
( 14) |11111111|11111111|11111001|000 [27] 7ffffc8 [27]
( 15) |11111111|11111111|11111001|001 [27] 7ffffc9 [27]
( 16) |11111111|11111111|11111001|010 [27] 7ffffca [27]
( 17) |11111111|11111111|11111001|011 [27] 7ffffcb [27]
( 18) |11111111|11111111|11111001|100 [27] 7ffffcc [27]
( 19) |11111111|11111111|11111001|101 [27] 7ffffcd [27]
( 20) |11111111|11111111|11111001|110 [27] 7ffffce [27]
( 21) |11111111|11111111|11111001|111 [27] 7ffffcf [27]
( 22) |11111111|11111111|11111010|000 [27] 7ffffd0 [27]
( 23) |11111111|11111111|11111010|001 [27] 7ffffd1 [27]
( 24) |11111111|11111111|11111010|010 [27] 7ffffd2 [27]
( 25) |11111111|11111111|11111010|011 [27] 7ffffd3 [27]
( 26) |11111111|11111111|11111010|100 [27] 7ffffd4 [27]
( 27) |11111111|11111111|11111010|101 [27] 7ffffd5 [27]
( 28) |11111111|11111111|11111010|110 [27] 7ffffd6 [27]
( 29) |11111111|11111111|11111010|111 [27] 7ffffd7 [27]
( 30) |11111111|11111111|11111011|000 [27] 7ffffd8 [27]
( 31) |11111111|11111111|11111011|001 [27] 7ffffd9 [27]
' ' ( 32) |11101000| [8] e8 [8]
'!' ( 33) |11111111|1100 [12] ffc [12]
'"' ( 34) |11111111|111010 [14] 3ffa [14]
'#' ( 35) |11111111|1111100 [15] 7ffc [15]
'$' ( 36) |11111111|1111101 [15] 7ffd [15]
'%' ( 37) |100100 [6] 24 [6]
'&' ( 38) |1101110 [7] 6e [7]
''' ( 39) |11111111|1111110 [15] 7ffe [15]
'(' ( 40) |11111111|010 [11] 7fa [11]
')' ( 41) |11111111|011 [11] 7fb [11]
'*' ( 42) |11111110|10 [10] 3fa [10]
'+' ( 43) |11111111|100 [11] 7fc [11]
',' ( 44) |11101001| [8] e9 [8]
'-' ( 45) |100101 [6] 25 [6]
'.' ( 46) |00100 [5] 4 [5]
'/' ( 47) |0000 [4] 0 [4]
'0' ( 48) |00101 [5] 5 [5]
'1' ( 49) |00110 [5] 6 [5]
'2' ( 50) |00111 [5] 7 [5]
'3' ( 51) |100110 [6] 26 [6]
'4' ( 52) |100111 [6] 27 [6]
'5' ( 53) |101000 [6] 28 [6]
'6' ( 54) |101001 [6] 29 [6]
'7' ( 55) |101010 [6] 2a [6]
'8' ( 56) |101011 [6] 2b [6]
'9' ( 57) |101100 [6] 2c [6]
':' ( 58) |11110110|0 [9] 1ec [9]
';' ( 59) |11101010| [8] ea [8]
'<' ( 60) |11111111|11111111|10 [18] 3fffe [18]
'=' ( 61) |101101 [6] 2d [6]
'>' ( 62) |11111111|11111110|0 [17] 1fffc [17]
'?' ( 63) |11110110|1 [9] 1ed [9]
'@' ( 64) |11111111|111011 [14] 3ffb [14]
'A' ( 65) |1101111 [7] 6f [7]
'B' ( 66) |11101011| [8] eb [8]
'C' ( 67) |11101100| [8] ec [8]
'D' ( 68) |11101101| [8] ed [8]
'E' ( 69) |11101110| [8] ee [8]
'F' ( 70) |1110000 [7] 70 [7]
'G' ( 71) |11110111|0 [9] 1ee [9]
'H' ( 72) |11110111|1 [9] 1ef [9]
'I' ( 73) |11111000|0 [9] 1f0 [9]
'J' ( 74) |11111000|1 [9] 1f1 [9]
'K' ( 75) |11111110|11 [10] 3fb [10]
'L' ( 76) |11111001|0 [9] 1f2 [9]
'M' ( 77) |11101111| [8] ef [8]
'N' ( 78) |11111001|1 [9] 1f3 [9]
'O' ( 79) |11111010|0 [9] 1f4 [9]
'P' ( 80) |11111010|1 [9] 1f5 [9]
'Q' ( 81) |11111011|0 [9] 1f6 [9]
'R' ( 82) |11111011|1 [9] 1f7 [9]
'S' ( 83) |11110000| [8] f0 [8]
'T' ( 84) |11110001| [8] f1 [8]
'U' ( 85) |11111100|0 [9] 1f8 [9]
'V' ( 86) |11111100|1 [9] 1f9 [9]
'W' ( 87) |11111101|0 [9] 1fa [9]
'X' ( 88) |11111101|1 [9] 1fb [9]
'Y' ( 89) |11111110|0 [9] 1fc [9]
'Z' ( 90) |11111111|00 [10] 3fc [10]
'[' ( 91) |11111111|111100 [14] 3ffc [14]
'\' ( 92) |11111111|11111111|11111011|010 [27] 7ffffda [27]
']' ( 93) |11111111|11100 [13] 1ffc [13]
'^' ( 94) |11111111|111101 [14] 3ffd [14]
'_' ( 95) |101110 [6] 2e [6]
'`' ( 96) |11111111|11111111|110 [19] 7fffe [19]
'a' ( 97) |01000 [5] 8 [5]
'b' ( 98) |101111 [6] 2f [6]
'c' ( 99) |01001 [5] 9 [5]
'd' (100) |110000 [6] 30 [6]
'e' (101) |0001 [4] 1 [4]
'f' (102) |110001 [6] 31 [6]
'g' (103) |110010 [6] 32 [6]
'h' (104) |110011 [6] 33 [6]
'i' (105) |01010 [5] a [5]
'j' (106) |1110001 [7] 71 [7]
'k' (107) |1110010 [7] 72 [7]
'l' (108) |01011 [5] b [5]
'm' (109) |110100 [6] 34 [6]
'n' (110) |01100 [5] c [5]
'o' (111) |01101 [5] d [5]
'p' (112) |01110 [5] e [5]
'q' (113) |11110010| [8] f2 [8]
'r' (114) |01111 [5] f [5]
's' (115) |10000 [5] 10 [5]
't' (116) |10001 [5] 11 [5]
'u' (117) |110101 [6] 35 [6]
'v' (118) |1110011 [7] 73 [7]
'w' (119) |110110 [6] 36 [6]
'x' (120) |11110011| [8] f3 [8]
'y' (121) |11110100| [8] f4 [8]
'z' (122) |11110101| [8] f5 [8]
'{' (123) |11111111|11111110|1 [17] 1fffd [17]
'|' (124) |11111111|101 [11] 7fd [11]
'}' (125) |11111111|11111111|0 [17] 1fffe [17]
'~' (126) |11111111|1101 [12] ffd [12]
(127) |11111111|11111111|11111011|011 [27] 7ffffdb [27]
(128) |11111111|11111111|11111011|100 [27] 7ffffdc [27]
(129) |11111111|11111111|11111011|101 [27] 7ffffdd [27]
(130) |11111111|11111111|11111011|110 [27] 7ffffde [27]
(131) |11111111|11111111|11111011|111 [27] 7ffffdf [27]
(132) |11111111|11111111|11111100|000 [27] 7ffffe0 [27]
(133) |11111111|11111111|11111100|001 [27] 7ffffe1 [27]
(134) |11111111|11111111|11111100|010 [27] 7ffffe2 [27]
(135) |11111111|11111111|11111100|011 [27] 7ffffe3 [27]
(136) |11111111|11111111|11111100|100 [27] 7ffffe4 [27]
(137) |11111111|11111111|11111100|101 [27] 7ffffe5 [27]
(138) |11111111|11111111|11111100|110 [27] 7ffffe6 [27]
(139) |11111111|11111111|11111100|111 [27] 7ffffe7 [27]
(140) |11111111|11111111|11111101|000 [27] 7ffffe8 [27]
(141) |11111111|11111111|11111101|001 [27] 7ffffe9 [27]
(142) |11111111|11111111|11111101|010 [27] 7ffffea [27]
(143) |11111111|11111111|11111101|011 [27] 7ffffeb [27]
(144) |11111111|11111111|11111101|100 [27] 7ffffec [27]
(145) |11111111|11111111|11111101|101 [27] 7ffffed [27]
(146) |11111111|11111111|11111101|110 [27] 7ffffee [27]
(147) |11111111|11111111|11111101|111 [27] 7ffffef [27]
(148) |11111111|11111111|11111110|000 [27] 7fffff0 [27]
(149) |11111111|11111111|11111110|001 [27] 7fffff1 [27]
(150) |11111111|11111111|11111110|010 [27] 7fffff2 [27]
(151) |11111111|11111111|11111110|011 [27] 7fffff3 [27]
(152) |11111111|11111111|11111110|100 [27] 7fffff4 [27]
(153) |11111111|11111111|11111110|101 [27] 7fffff5 [27]
(154) |11111111|11111111|11111110|110 [27] 7fffff6 [27]
(155) |11111111|11111111|11111110|111 [27] 7fffff7 [27]
(156) |11111111|11111111|11111111|000 [27] 7fffff8 [27]
(157) |11111111|11111111|11111111|001 [27] 7fffff9 [27]
(158) |11111111|11111111|11111111|010 [27] 7fffffa [27]
(159) |11111111|11111111|11111111|011 [27] 7fffffb [27]
(160) |11111111|11111111|11111111|100 [27] 7fffffc [27]
(161) |11111111|11111111|11111111|101 [27] 7fffffd [27]
(162) |11111111|11111111|11111111|110 [27] 7fffffe [27]
(163) |11111111|11111111|11111111|111 [27] 7ffffff [27]
(164) |11111111|11111111|11100000|00 [26] 3ffff80 [26]
(165) |11111111|11111111|11100000|01 [26] 3ffff81 [26]
(166) |11111111|11111111|11100000|10 [26] 3ffff82 [26]
(167) |11111111|11111111|11100000|11 [26] 3ffff83 [26]
(168) |11111111|11111111|11100001|00 [26] 3ffff84 [26]
(169) |11111111|11111111|11100001|01 [26] 3ffff85 [26]
(170) |11111111|11111111|11100001|10 [26] 3ffff86 [26]
(171) |11111111|11111111|11100001|11 [26] 3ffff87 [26]
(172) |11111111|11111111|11100010|00 [26] 3ffff88 [26]
(173) |11111111|11111111|11100010|01 [26] 3ffff89 [26]
(174) |11111111|11111111|11100010|10 [26] 3ffff8a [26]
(175) |11111111|11111111|11100010|11 [26] 3ffff8b [26]
(176) |11111111|11111111|11100011|00 [26] 3ffff8c [26]
(177) |11111111|11111111|11100011|01 [26] 3ffff8d [26]
(178) |11111111|11111111|11100011|10 [26] 3ffff8e [26]
(179) |11111111|11111111|11100011|11 [26] 3ffff8f [26]
(180) |11111111|11111111|11100100|00 [26] 3ffff90 [26]
(181) |11111111|11111111|11100100|01 [26] 3ffff91 [26]
(182) |11111111|11111111|11100100|10 [26] 3ffff92 [26]
(183) |11111111|11111111|11100100|11 [26] 3ffff93 [26]
(184) |11111111|11111111|11100101|00 [26] 3ffff94 [26]
(185) |11111111|11111111|11100101|01 [26] 3ffff95 [26]
(186) |11111111|11111111|11100101|10 [26] 3ffff96 [26]
(187) |11111111|11111111|11100101|11 [26] 3ffff97 [26]
(188) |11111111|11111111|11100110|00 [26] 3ffff98 [26]
(189) |11111111|11111111|11100110|01 [26] 3ffff99 [26]
(190) |11111111|11111111|11100110|10 [26] 3ffff9a [26]
(191) |11111111|11111111|11100110|11 [26] 3ffff9b [26]
(192) |11111111|11111111|11100111|00 [26] 3ffff9c [26]
(193) |11111111|11111111|11100111|01 [26] 3ffff9d [26]
(194) |11111111|11111111|11100111|10 [26] 3ffff9e [26]
(195) |11111111|11111111|11100111|11 [26] 3ffff9f [26]
(196) |11111111|11111111|11101000|00 [26] 3ffffa0 [26]
(197) |11111111|11111111|11101000|01 [26] 3ffffa1 [26]
(198) |11111111|11111111|11101000|10 [26] 3ffffa2 [26]
(199) |11111111|11111111|11101000|11 [26] 3ffffa3 [26]
(200) |11111111|11111111|11101001|00 [26] 3ffffa4 [26]
(201) |11111111|11111111|11101001|01 [26] 3ffffa5 [26]
(202) |11111111|11111111|11101001|10 [26] 3ffffa6 [26]
(203) |11111111|11111111|11101001|11 [26] 3ffffa7 [26]
(204) |11111111|11111111|11101010|00 [26] 3ffffa8 [26]
(205) |11111111|11111111|11101010|01 [26] 3ffffa9 [26]
(206) |11111111|11111111|11101010|10 [26] 3ffffaa [26]
(207) |11111111|11111111|11101010|11 [26] 3ffffab [26]
(208) |11111111|11111111|11101011|00 [26] 3ffffac [26]
(209) |11111111|11111111|11101011|01 [26] 3ffffad [26]
(210) |11111111|11111111|11101011|10 [26] 3ffffae [26]
(211) |11111111|11111111|11101011|11 [26] 3ffffaf [26]
(212) |11111111|11111111|11101100|00 [26] 3ffffb0 [26]
(213) |11111111|11111111|11101100|01 [26] 3ffffb1 [26]
(214) |11111111|11111111|11101100|10 [26] 3ffffb2 [26]
(215) |11111111|11111111|11101100|11 [26] 3ffffb3 [26]
(216) |11111111|11111111|11101101|00 [26] 3ffffb4 [26]
(217) |11111111|11111111|11101101|01 [26] 3ffffb5 [26]
(218) |11111111|11111111|11101101|10 [26] 3ffffb6 [26]
(219) |11111111|11111111|11101101|11 [26] 3ffffb7 [26]
(220) |11111111|11111111|11101110|00 [26] 3ffffb8 [26]
(221) |11111111|11111111|11101110|01 [26] 3ffffb9 [26]
(222) |11111111|11111111|11101110|10 [26] 3ffffba [26]
(223) |11111111|11111111|11101110|11 [26] 3ffffbb [26]
(224) |11111111|11111111|11101111|00 [26] 3ffffbc [26]
(225) |11111111|11111111|11101111|01 [26] 3ffffbd [26]
(226) |11111111|11111111|11101111|10 [26] 3ffffbe [26]
(227) |11111111|11111111|11101111|11 [26] 3ffffbf [26]
(228) |11111111|11111111|11110000|00 [26] 3ffffc0 [26]
(229) |11111111|11111111|11110000|01 [26] 3ffffc1 [26]
(230) |11111111|11111111|11110000|10 [26] 3ffffc2 [26]
(231) |11111111|11111111|11110000|11 [26] 3ffffc3 [26]
(232) |11111111|11111111|11110001|00 [26] 3ffffc4 [26]
(233) |11111111|11111111|11110001|01 [26] 3ffffc5 [26]
(234) |11111111|11111111|11110001|10 [26] 3ffffc6 [26]
(235) |11111111|11111111|11110001|11 [26] 3ffffc7 [26]
(236) |11111111|11111111|11110010|00 [26] 3ffffc8 [26]
(237) |11111111|11111111|11110010|01 [26] 3ffffc9 [26]
(238) |11111111|11111111|11110010|10 [26] 3ffffca [26]
(239) |11111111|11111111|11110010|11 [26] 3ffffcb [26]
(240) |11111111|11111111|11110011|00 [26] 3ffffcc [26]
(241) |11111111|11111111|11110011|01 [26] 3ffffcd [26]
(242) |11111111|11111111|11110011|10 [26] 3ffffce [26]
(243) |11111111|11111111|11110011|11 [26] 3ffffcf [26]
(244) |11111111|11111111|11110100|00 [26] 3ffffd0 [26]
(245) |11111111|11111111|11110100|01 [26] 3ffffd1 [26]
(246) |11111111|11111111|11110100|10 [26] 3ffffd2 [26]
(247) |11111111|11111111|11110100|11 [26] 3ffffd3 [26]
(248) |11111111|11111111|11110101|00 [26] 3ffffd4 [26]
(249) |11111111|11111111|11110101|01 [26] 3ffffd5 [26]
(250) |11111111|11111111|11110101|10 [26] 3ffffd6 [26]
(251) |11111111|11111111|11110101|11 [26] 3ffffd7 [26]
(252) |11111111|11111111|11110110|00 [26] 3ffffd8 [26]
(253) |11111111|11111111|11110110|01 [26] 3ffffd9 [26]
(254) |11111111|11111111|11110110|10 [26] 3ffffda [26]
(255) |11111111|11111111|11110110|11 [26] 3ffffdb [26]
EOS (256) |11111111|11111111|11110111|00 [26] 3ffffdc [26]
The following Huffman codes are used when encoding string literals in the server to client direction. These codes apply for both responses to client requests and for push-promises.
aligned aligned
to len to len
MSB in LSB in
sym as bits bits as hex bits
( 0) |11111111|11111111|11011110|0 [25] 1ffffbc [25]
( 1) |11111111|11111111|11011110|1 [25] 1ffffbd [25]
( 2) |11111111|11111111|11011111|0 [25] 1ffffbe [25]
( 3) |11111111|11111111|11011111|1 [25] 1ffffbf [25]
( 4) |11111111|11111111|11100000|0 [25] 1ffffc0 [25]
( 5) |11111111|11111111|11100000|1 [25] 1ffffc1 [25]
( 6) |11111111|11111111|11100001|0 [25] 1ffffc2 [25]
( 7) |11111111|11111111|11100001|1 [25] 1ffffc3 [25]
( 8) |11111111|11111111|11100010|0 [25] 1ffffc4 [25]
( 9) |11111111|11111111|11100010|1 [25] 1ffffc5 [25]
( 10) |11111111|11111111|11100011|0 [25] 1ffffc6 [25]
( 11) |11111111|11111111|11100011|1 [25] 1ffffc7 [25]
( 12) |11111111|11111111|11100100|0 [25] 1ffffc8 [25]
( 13) |11111111|11111111|11100100|1 [25] 1ffffc9 [25]
( 14) |11111111|11111111|11100101|0 [25] 1ffffca [25]
( 15) |11111111|11111111|11100101|1 [25] 1ffffcb [25]
( 16) |11111111|11111111|11100110|0 [25] 1ffffcc [25]
( 17) |11111111|11111111|11100110|1 [25] 1ffffcd [25]
( 18) |11111111|11111111|11100111|0 [25] 1ffffce [25]
( 19) |11111111|11111111|11100111|1 [25] 1ffffcf [25]
( 20) |11111111|11111111|11101000|0 [25] 1ffffd0 [25]
( 21) |11111111|11111111|11101000|1 [25] 1ffffd1 [25]
( 22) |11111111|11111111|11101001|0 [25] 1ffffd2 [25]
( 23) |11111111|11111111|11101001|1 [25] 1ffffd3 [25]
( 24) |11111111|11111111|11101010|0 [25] 1ffffd4 [25]
( 25) |11111111|11111111|11101010|1 [25] 1ffffd5 [25]
( 26) |11111111|11111111|11101011|0 [25] 1ffffd6 [25]
( 27) |11111111|11111111|11101011|1 [25] 1ffffd7 [25]
( 28) |11111111|11111111|11101100|0 [25] 1ffffd8 [25]
( 29) |11111111|11111111|11101100|1 [25] 1ffffd9 [25]
( 30) |11111111|11111111|11101101|0 [25] 1ffffda [25]
( 31) |11111111|11111111|11101101|1 [25] 1ffffdb [25]
' ' ( 32) |0000 [4] 0 [4]
'!' ( 33) |11111111|1010 [12] ffa [12]
'"' ( 34) |1101010 [7] 6a [7]
'#' ( 35) |11111111|11010 [13] 1ffa [13]
'$' ( 36) |11111111|111100 [14] 3ffc [14]
'%' ( 37) |11110110|0 [9] 1ec [9]
'&' ( 38) |11111110|00 [10] 3f8 [10]
''' ( 39) |11111111|11011 [13] 1ffb [13]
'(' ( 40) |11110110|1 [9] 1ed [9]
')' ( 41) |11110111|0 [9] 1ee [9]
'*' ( 42) |11111111|1011 [12] ffb [12]
'+' ( 43) |11111111|010 [11] 7fa [11]
',' ( 44) |100010 [6] 22 [6]
'-' ( 45) |100011 [6] 23 [6]
'.' ( 46) |100100 [6] 24 [6]
'/' ( 47) |1101011 [7] 6b [7]
'0' ( 48) |0001 [4] 1 [4]
'1' ( 49) |0010 [4] 2 [4]
'2' ( 50) |0011 [4] 3 [4]
'3' ( 51) |01000 [5] 8 [5]
'4' ( 52) |01001 [5] 9 [5]
'5' ( 53) |01010 [5] a [5]
'6' ( 54) |100101 [6] 25 [6]
'7' ( 55) |100110 [6] 26 [6]
'8' ( 56) |01011 [5] b [5]
'9' ( 57) |01100 [5] c [5]
':' ( 58) |01101 [5] d [5]
';' ( 59) |11110111|1 [9] 1ef [9]
'<' ( 60) |11111111|11111010| [16] fffa [16]
'=' ( 61) |1101100 [7] 6c [7]
'>' ( 62) |11111111|11100 [13] 1ffc [13]
'?' ( 63) |11111111|1100 [12] ffc [12]
'@' ( 64) |11111111|11111011| [16] fffb [16]
'A' ( 65) |1101101 [7] 6d [7]
'B' ( 66) |11101010| [8] ea [8]
'C' ( 67) |11101011| [8] eb [8]
'D' ( 68) |11101100| [8] ec [8]
'E' ( 69) |11101101| [8] ed [8]
'F' ( 70) |11101110| [8] ee [8]
'G' ( 71) |100111 [6] 27 [6]
'H' ( 72) |11111000|0 [9] 1f0 [9]
'I' ( 73) |11101111| [8] ef [8]
'J' ( 74) |11110000| [8] f0 [8]
'K' ( 75) |11111110|01 [10] 3f9 [10]
'L' ( 76) |11111000|1 [9] 1f1 [9]
'M' ( 77) |101000 [6] 28 [6]
'N' ( 78) |11110001| [8] f1 [8]
'O' ( 79) |11110010| [8] f2 [8]
'P' ( 80) |11111001|0 [9] 1f2 [9]
'Q' ( 81) |11111110|10 [10] 3fa [10]
'R' ( 82) |11111001|1 [9] 1f3 [9]
'S' ( 83) |101001 [6] 29 [6]
'T' ( 84) |01110 [5] e [5]
'U' ( 85) |11111010|0 [9] 1f4 [9]
'V' ( 86) |11111010|1 [9] 1f5 [9]
'W' ( 87) |11110011| [8] f3 [8]
'X' ( 88) |11111110|11 [10] 3fb [10]
'Y' ( 89) |11111011|0 [9] 1f6 [9]
'Z' ( 90) |11111111|00 [10] 3fc [10]
'[' ( 91) |11111111|011 [11] 7fb [11]
'\' ( 92) |11111111|11101 [13] 1ffd [13]
']' ( 93) |11111111|100 [11] 7fc [11]
'^' ( 94) |11111111|1111100 [15] 7ffc [15]
'_' ( 95) |11111011|1 [9] 1f7 [9]
'`' ( 96) |11111111|11111111|0 [17] 1fffe [17]
'a' ( 97) |01111 [5] f [5]
'b' ( 98) |1101110 [7] 6e [7]
'c' ( 99) |101010 [6] 2a [6]
'd' (100) |101011 [6] 2b [6]
'e' (101) |10000 [5] 10 [5]
'f' (102) |1101111 [7] 6f [7]
'g' (103) |1110000 [7] 70 [7]
'h' (104) |1110001 [7] 71 [7]
'i' (105) |101100 [6] 2c [6]
'j' (106) |11111100|0 [9] 1f8 [9]
'k' (107) |11111100|1 [9] 1f9 [9]
'l' (108) |1110010 [7] 72 [7]
'm' (109) |101101 [6] 2d [6]
'n' (110) |101110 [6] 2e [6]
'o' (111) |101111 [6] 2f [6]
'p' (112) |110000 [6] 30 [6]
'q' (113) |11111101|0 [9] 1fa [9]
'r' (114) |110001 [6] 31 [6]
's' (115) |110010 [6] 32 [6]
't' (116) |110011 [6] 33 [6]
'u' (117) |110100 [6] 34 [6]
'v' (118) |1110011 [7] 73 [7]
'w' (119) |11110100| [8] f4 [8]
'x' (120) |1110100 [7] 74 [7]
'y' (121) |11110101| [8] f5 [8]
'z' (122) |11111101|1 [9] 1fb [9]
'{' (123) |11111111|11111100| [16] fffc [16]
'|' (124) |11111111|111101 [14] 3ffd [14]
'}' (125) |11111111|11111101| [16] fffd [16]
'~' (126) |11111111|11111110| [16] fffe [16]
(127) |11111111|11111111|11101110|0 [25] 1ffffdc [25]
(128) |11111111|11111111|11101110|1 [25] 1ffffdd [25]
(129) |11111111|11111111|11101111|0 [25] 1ffffde [25]
(130) |11111111|11111111|11101111|1 [25] 1ffffdf [25]
(131) |11111111|11111111|11110000|0 [25] 1ffffe0 [25]
(132) |11111111|11111111|11110000|1 [25] 1ffffe1 [25]
(133) |11111111|11111111|11110001|0 [25] 1ffffe2 [25]
(134) |11111111|11111111|11110001|1 [25] 1ffffe3 [25]
(135) |11111111|11111111|11110010|0 [25] 1ffffe4 [25]
(136) |11111111|11111111|11110010|1 [25] 1ffffe5 [25]
(137) |11111111|11111111|11110011|0 [25] 1ffffe6 [25]
(138) |11111111|11111111|11110011|1 [25] 1ffffe7 [25]
(139) |11111111|11111111|11110100|0 [25] 1ffffe8 [25]
(140) |11111111|11111111|11110100|1 [25] 1ffffe9 [25]
(141) |11111111|11111111|11110101|0 [25] 1ffffea [25]
(142) |11111111|11111111|11110101|1 [25] 1ffffeb [25]
(143) |11111111|11111111|11110110|0 [25] 1ffffec [25]
(144) |11111111|11111111|11110110|1 [25] 1ffffed [25]
(145) |11111111|11111111|11110111|0 [25] 1ffffee [25]
(146) |11111111|11111111|11110111|1 [25] 1ffffef [25]
(147) |11111111|11111111|11111000|0 [25] 1fffff0 [25]
(148) |11111111|11111111|11111000|1 [25] 1fffff1 [25]
(149) |11111111|11111111|11111001|0 [25] 1fffff2 [25]
(150) |11111111|11111111|11111001|1 [25] 1fffff3 [25]
(151) |11111111|11111111|11111010|0 [25] 1fffff4 [25]
(152) |11111111|11111111|11111010|1 [25] 1fffff5 [25]
(153) |11111111|11111111|11111011|0 [25] 1fffff6 [25]
(154) |11111111|11111111|11111011|1 [25] 1fffff7 [25]
(155) |11111111|11111111|11111100|0 [25] 1fffff8 [25]
(156) |11111111|11111111|11111100|1 [25] 1fffff9 [25]
(157) |11111111|11111111|11111101|0 [25] 1fffffa [25]
(158) |11111111|11111111|11111101|1 [25] 1fffffb [25]
(159) |11111111|11111111|11111110|0 [25] 1fffffc [25]
(160) |11111111|11111111|11111110|1 [25] 1fffffd [25]
(161) |11111111|11111111|11111111|0 [25] 1fffffe [25]
(162) |11111111|11111111|11111111|1 [25] 1ffffff [25]
(163) |11111111|11111111|10000000| [24] ffff80 [24]
(164) |11111111|11111111|10000001| [24] ffff81 [24]
(165) |11111111|11111111|10000010| [24] ffff82 [24]
(166) |11111111|11111111|10000011| [24] ffff83 [24]
(167) |11111111|11111111|10000100| [24] ffff84 [24]
(168) |11111111|11111111|10000101| [24] ffff85 [24]
(169) |11111111|11111111|10000110| [24] ffff86 [24]
(170) |11111111|11111111|10000111| [24] ffff87 [24]
(171) |11111111|11111111|10001000| [24] ffff88 [24]
(172) |11111111|11111111|10001001| [24] ffff89 [24]
(173) |11111111|11111111|10001010| [24] ffff8a [24]
(174) |11111111|11111111|10001011| [24] ffff8b [24]
(175) |11111111|11111111|10001100| [24] ffff8c [24]
(176) |11111111|11111111|10001101| [24] ffff8d [24]
(177) |11111111|11111111|10001110| [24] ffff8e [24]
(178) |11111111|11111111|10001111| [24] ffff8f [24]
(179) |11111111|11111111|10010000| [24] ffff90 [24]
(180) |11111111|11111111|10010001| [24] ffff91 [24]
(181) |11111111|11111111|10010010| [24] ffff92 [24]
(182) |11111111|11111111|10010011| [24] ffff93 [24]
(183) |11111111|11111111|10010100| [24] ffff94 [24]
(184) |11111111|11111111|10010101| [24] ffff95 [24]
(185) |11111111|11111111|10010110| [24] ffff96 [24]
(186) |11111111|11111111|10010111| [24] ffff97 [24]
(187) |11111111|11111111|10011000| [24] ffff98 [24]
(188) |11111111|11111111|10011001| [24] ffff99 [24]
(189) |11111111|11111111|10011010| [24] ffff9a [24]
(190) |11111111|11111111|10011011| [24] ffff9b [24]
(191) |11111111|11111111|10011100| [24] ffff9c [24]
(192) |11111111|11111111|10011101| [24] ffff9d [24]
(193) |11111111|11111111|10011110| [24] ffff9e [24]
(194) |11111111|11111111|10011111| [24] ffff9f [24]
(195) |11111111|11111111|10100000| [24] ffffa0 [24]
(196) |11111111|11111111|10100001| [24] ffffa1 [24]
(197) |11111111|11111111|10100010| [24] ffffa2 [24]
(198) |11111111|11111111|10100011| [24] ffffa3 [24]
(199) |11111111|11111111|10100100| [24] ffffa4 [24]
(200) |11111111|11111111|10100101| [24] ffffa5 [24]
(201) |11111111|11111111|10100110| [24] ffffa6 [24]
(202) |11111111|11111111|10100111| [24] ffffa7 [24]
(203) |11111111|11111111|10101000| [24] ffffa8 [24]
(204) |11111111|11111111|10101001| [24] ffffa9 [24]
(205) |11111111|11111111|10101010| [24] ffffaa [24]
(206) |11111111|11111111|10101011| [24] ffffab [24]
(207) |11111111|11111111|10101100| [24] ffffac [24]
(208) |11111111|11111111|10101101| [24] ffffad [24]
(209) |11111111|11111111|10101110| [24] ffffae [24]
(210) |11111111|11111111|10101111| [24] ffffaf [24]
(211) |11111111|11111111|10110000| [24] ffffb0 [24]
(212) |11111111|11111111|10110001| [24] ffffb1 [24]
(213) |11111111|11111111|10110010| [24] ffffb2 [24]
(214) |11111111|11111111|10110011| [24] ffffb3 [24]
(215) |11111111|11111111|10110100| [24] ffffb4 [24]
(216) |11111111|11111111|10110101| [24] ffffb5 [24]
(217) |11111111|11111111|10110110| [24] ffffb6 [24]
(218) |11111111|11111111|10110111| [24] ffffb7 [24]
(219) |11111111|11111111|10111000| [24] ffffb8 [24]
(220) |11111111|11111111|10111001| [24] ffffb9 [24]
(221) |11111111|11111111|10111010| [24] ffffba [24]
(222) |11111111|11111111|10111011| [24] ffffbb [24]
(223) |11111111|11111111|10111100| [24] ffffbc [24]
(224) |11111111|11111111|10111101| [24] ffffbd [24]
(225) |11111111|11111111|10111110| [24] ffffbe [24]
(226) |11111111|11111111|10111111| [24] ffffbf [24]
(227) |11111111|11111111|11000000| [24] ffffc0 [24]
(228) |11111111|11111111|11000001| [24] ffffc1 [24]
(229) |11111111|11111111|11000010| [24] ffffc2 [24]
(230) |11111111|11111111|11000011| [24] ffffc3 [24]
(231) |11111111|11111111|11000100| [24] ffffc4 [24]
(232) |11111111|11111111|11000101| [24] ffffc5 [24]
(233) |11111111|11111111|11000110| [24] ffffc6 [24]
(234) |11111111|11111111|11000111| [24] ffffc7 [24]
(235) |11111111|11111111|11001000| [24] ffffc8 [24]
(236) |11111111|11111111|11001001| [24] ffffc9 [24]
(237) |11111111|11111111|11001010| [24] ffffca [24]
(238) |11111111|11111111|11001011| [24] ffffcb [24]
(239) |11111111|11111111|11001100| [24] ffffcc [24]
(240) |11111111|11111111|11001101| [24] ffffcd [24]
(241) |11111111|11111111|11001110| [24] ffffce [24]
(242) |11111111|11111111|11001111| [24] ffffcf [24]
(243) |11111111|11111111|11010000| [24] ffffd0 [24]
(244) |11111111|11111111|11010001| [24] ffffd1 [24]
(245) |11111111|11111111|11010010| [24] ffffd2 [24]
(246) |11111111|11111111|11010011| [24] ffffd3 [24]
(247) |11111111|11111111|11010100| [24] ffffd4 [24]
(248) |11111111|11111111|11010101| [24] ffffd5 [24]
(249) |11111111|11111111|11010110| [24] ffffd6 [24]
(250) |11111111|11111111|11010111| [24] ffffd7 [24]
(251) |11111111|11111111|11011000| [24] ffffd8 [24]
(252) |11111111|11111111|11011001| [24] ffffd9 [24]
(253) |11111111|11111111|11011010| [24] ffffda [24]
(254) |11111111|11111111|11011011| [24] ffffdb [24]
(255) |11111111|11111111|11011100| [24] ffffdc [24]
EOS (256) |11111111|11111111|11011101| [24] ffffdd [24]
A number of examples are worked through here, for both requests and responses, and with and without Huffman coding.
This section show several independent representation examples.
The header field representation uses a literal name and a literal value.
Header set to encode:
custom-key: custom-header
Reference set: empty.
Hex dump of encoded data:
000a 6375 7374 6f6d 2d6b 6579 0d63 7573 | ..custom-key.cus 746f 6d2d 6865 6164 6572 | tom-header
Decoding process:
00 | == Literal indexed ==
0a | Literal name (len = 10)
6375 7374 6f6d 2d6b 6579 | custom-key
0d | Literal value (len = 13)
6375 7374 6f6d 2d68 6561 6465 72 | custom-header
| -> custom-key: custom-head\
| er
Header Table (after decoding):
[ 1] (s = 55) custom-key: custom-header
Table size: 55
Decoded header set:
custom-key: custom-header
The header field representation uses an indexed name and a literal value.
Header set to encode:
:path: /sample/path
Reference set: empty.
Hex dump of encoded data:
440c 2f73 616d 706c 652f 7061 7468 | D./sample/path
Decoding process:
44 | == Literal not indexed ==
| Indexed name (idx = 4)
| :path
0c | Literal value (len = 12)
2f73 616d 706c 652f 7061 7468 | /sample/path
| -> :path: /sample/path
Header table (after decoding): empty.
Decoded header set:
:path: /sample/path
The header field representation uses an indexed header field, from the static table. Upon using it, the static table entry is copied into the header table.
Header set to encode:
:method: GET
Reference set: empty.
Hex dump of encoded data:
82 | .
Decoding process:
82 | == Indexed - Add ==
| idx = 2
| -> :method: GET
Header Table (after decoding):
[ 1] (s = 42) :method: GET
Table size: 42
Decoded header set:
:method: GET
The header field representation uses an indexed header field, from the static table. In this example, the SETTINGS_HEADER_TABLE_SIZE is set to 0, therefore, the entry is not copied into the header table.
Header set to encode:
:method: GET
Reference set: empty.
Hex dump of encoded data:
82 | .
Decoding process:
82 | == Indexed - Add ==
| idx = 2
| -> :method: GET
Header table (after decoding): empty.
Decoded header set:
:method: GET
This section shows several consecutive header sets, corresponding to HTTP requests, on the same connection.
Header set to encode:
:method: GET :scheme: http :path: / :authority: www.example.com
Reference set: empty.
Hex dump of encoded data:
8287 8604 0f77 7777 2e65 7861 6d70 6c65 | .....www.example 2e63 6f6d | .com
Decoding process:
82 | == Indexed - Add ==
| idx = 2
| -> :method: GET
87 | == Indexed - Add ==
| idx = 7
| -> :scheme: http
86 | == Indexed - Add ==
| idx = 6
| -> :path: /
04 | == Literal indexed ==
| Indexed name (idx = 4)
| :authority
0f | Literal value (len = 15)
7777 772e 6578 616d 706c 652e 636f 6d | www.example.com
| -> :authority: www.example\
| .com
Header Table (after decoding):
[ 1] (s = 57) :authority: www.example.com
[ 2] (s = 38) :path: /
[ 3] (s = 43) :scheme: http
[ 4] (s = 42) :method: GET
Table size: 180
Decoded header set:
:method: GET :scheme: http :path: / :authority: www.example.com
This request takes advantage of the differential encoding of header sets.
Header set to encode:
:method: GET :scheme: http :path: / :authority: www.example.com cache-control: no-cache
Reference set:
[ 1] :authority: www.example.com [ 2] :path: / [ 3] :scheme: http [ 4] :method: GET
Hex dump of encoded data:
1b08 6e6f 2d63 6163 6865 | ..no-cache
Decoding process:
1b | == Literal indexed ==
| Indexed name (idx = 27)
| cache-control
08 | Literal value (len = 8)
6e6f 2d63 6163 6865 | no-cache
| -> cache-control: no-cache
Header Table (after decoding):
[ 1] (s = 53) cache-control: no-cache
[ 2] (s = 57) :authority: www.example.com
[ 3] (s = 38) :path: /
[ 4] (s = 43) :scheme: http
[ 5] (s = 42) :method: GET
Table size: 233
Decoded header set:
cache-control: no-cache :authority: www.example.com :path: / :scheme: http :method: GET
This request has not enough headers in common with the previous request to take advantage of the differential encoding. Therefore, the reference set is emptied before encoding the header fields.
Header set to encode:
:method: GET :scheme: https :path: /index.html :authority: www.example.com custom-key: custom-value
Reference set:
[ 1] cache-control: no-cache [ 2] :authority: www.example.com [ 3] :path: / [ 4] :scheme: http [ 5] :method: GET
Hex dump of encoded data:
8085 8c8b 8400 0a63 7573 746f 6d2d 6b65 | .......custom-ke 790c 6375 7374 6f6d 2d76 616c 7565 | y.custom-value
Decoding process:
80 | == Empty reference set ==
| idx = 0
85 | == Indexed - Add ==
| idx = 5
| -> :method: GET
8c | == Indexed - Add ==
| idx = 12
| -> :scheme: https
8b | == Indexed - Add ==
| idx = 11
| -> :path: /index.html
84 | == Indexed - Add ==
| idx = 4
| -> :authority: www.example\
| .com
00 | == Literal indexed ==
0a | Literal name (len = 10)
6375 7374 6f6d 2d6b 6579 | custom-key
0c | Literal value (len = 12)
6375 7374 6f6d 2d76 616c 7565 | custom-value
| -> custom-key: custom-valu\
| e
Header Table (after decoding):
[ 1] (s = 54) custom-key: custom-value
[ 2] (s = 48) :path: /index.html
[ 3] (s = 44) :scheme: https
[ 4] (s = 53) cache-control: no-cache
[ 5] (s = 57) :authority: www.example.com
[ 6] (s = 38) :path: /
[ 7] (s = 43) :scheme: http
[ 8] (s = 42) :method: GET
Table size: 379
Decoded header set:
:method: GET :scheme: https :path: /index.html :authority: www.example.com custom-key: custom-value
This section shows the same examples as the previous section, but using Huffman encoding for the literal values.
Header set to encode:
:method: GET :scheme: http :path: / :authority: www.example.com
Reference set: empty.
Hex dump of encoded data:
8287 8604 8bdb 6d88 3e68 d1cb 1225 ba7f | ......m..h...%..
Decoding process:
82 | == Indexed - Add ==
| idx = 2
| -> :method: GET
87 | == Indexed - Add ==
| idx = 7
| -> :scheme: http
86 | == Indexed - Add ==
| idx = 6
| -> :path: /
04 | == Literal indexed ==
| Indexed name (idx = 4)
| :authority
8b | Literal value (len = 15)
| Huffman encoded:
db6d 883e 68d1 cb12 25ba 7f | .m..h...%..
| Decoded:
| www.example.com
| -> :authority: www.example\
| .com
Header Table (after decoding):
[ 1] (s = 57) :authority: www.example.com
[ 2] (s = 38) :path: /
[ 3] (s = 43) :scheme: http
[ 4] (s = 42) :method: GET
Table size: 180
Decoded header set:
:method: GET :scheme: http :path: / :authority: www.example.com
This request takes advantage of the differential encoding of header sets.
Header set to encode:
:method: GET :scheme: http :path: / :authority: www.example.com cache-control: no-cache
Reference set:
[ 1] :authority: www.example.com [ 2] :path: / [ 3] :scheme: http [ 4] :method: GET
Hex dump of encoded data:
1b86 6365 4a13 98ff | ..ceJ...
Decoding process:
1b | == Literal indexed ==
| Indexed name (idx = 27)
| cache-control
86 | Literal value (len = 8)
| Huffman encoded:
6365 4a13 98ff | ceJ...
| Decoded:
| no-cache
| -> cache-control: no-cache
Header Table (after decoding):
[ 1] (s = 53) cache-control: no-cache
[ 2] (s = 57) :authority: www.example.com
[ 3] (s = 38) :path: /
[ 4] (s = 43) :scheme: http
[ 5] (s = 42) :method: GET
Table size: 233
Decoded header set:
cache-control: no-cache :authority: www.example.com :path: / :scheme: http :method: GET
This request has not enough headers in common with the previous request to take advantage of the differential encoding. Therefore, the reference set is emptied before encoding the header fields.
Header set to encode:
:method: GET :scheme: https :path: /index.html :authority: www.example.com custom-key: custom-value
Reference set:
[ 1] cache-control: no-cache [ 2] :authority: www.example.com [ 3] :path: / [ 4] :scheme: http [ 5] :method: GET
Hex dump of encoded data:
8085 8c8b 8400 884e b08b 7497 90fa 7f89 | .......N..t..... 4eb0 8b74 979a 17a8 ff | N..t.....
Decoding process:
80 | == Empty reference set ==
| idx = 0
85 | == Indexed - Add ==
| idx = 5
| -> :method: GET
8c | == Indexed - Add ==
| idx = 12
| -> :scheme: https
8b | == Indexed - Add ==
| idx = 11
| -> :path: /index.html
84 | == Indexed - Add ==
| idx = 4
| -> :authority: www.example\
| .com
00 | == Literal indexed ==
88 | Literal name (len = 10)
| Huffman encoded:
4eb0 8b74 9790 fa7f | N..t....
| Decoded:
| custom-key
89 | Literal value (len = 12)
| Huffman encoded:
4eb0 8b74 979a 17a8 ff | N..t.....
| Decoded:
| custom-value
| -> custom-key: custom-valu\
| e
Header Table (after decoding):
[ 1] (s = 54) custom-key: custom-value
[ 2] (s = 48) :path: /index.html
[ 3] (s = 44) :scheme: https
[ 4] (s = 53) cache-control: no-cache
[ 5] (s = 57) :authority: www.example.com
[ 6] (s = 38) :path: /
[ 7] (s = 43) :scheme: http
[ 8] (s = 42) :method: GET
Table size: 379
Decoded header set:
:method: GET :scheme: https :path: /index.html :authority: www.example.com custom-key: custom-value
This section shows several consecutive header sets, corresponding to HTTP responses, on the same connection. SETTINGS_HEADER_TABLE_SIZE is set to the value of 256 octets, causing some evictions to occur.
Header set to encode:
:status: 302 cache-control: private date: Mon, 21 Oct 2013 20:13:21 GMT location: https://www.example.com
Reference set: empty.
Hex dump of encoded data:
0803 3330 3218 0770 7269 7661 7465 221d | ..302..private". 4d6f 6e2c 2032 3120 4f63 7420 3230 3133 | Mon, 21 Oct 2013 2032 303a 3133 3a32 3120 474d 5430 1768 | 20:13:21 GMT0.h 7474 7073 3a2f 2f77 7777 2e65 7861 6d70 | ttps://www.examp 6c65 2e63 6f6d | le.com
Decoding process:
08 | == Literal indexed ==
| Indexed name (idx = 8)
| :status
03 | Literal value (len = 3)
3330 32 | 302
| -> :status: 302
18 | == Literal indexed ==
| Indexed name (idx = 24)
| cache-control
07 | Literal value (len = 7)
7072 6976 6174 65 | private
| -> cache-control: private
22 | == Literal indexed ==
| Indexed name (idx = 34)
| date
1d | Literal value (len = 29)
4d6f 6e2c 2032 3120 4f63 7420 3230 3133 | Mon, 21 Oct 2013
2032 303a 3133 3a32 3120 474d 54 | 20:13:21 GMT
| -> date: Mon, 21 Oct 2013 \
| 20:13:21 GMT
30 | == Literal indexed ==
| Indexed name (idx = 48)
| location
17 | Literal value (len = 23)
6874 7470 733a 2f2f 7777 772e 6578 616d | https://www.exam
706c 652e 636f 6d | ple.com
| -> location: https://www.e\
| xample.com
Header Table (after decoding):
[ 1] (s = 63) location: https://www.example.com
[ 2] (s = 65) date: Mon, 21 Oct 2013 20:13:21 GMT
[ 3] (s = 52) cache-control: private
[ 4] (s = 42) :status: 302
Table size: 222
Decoded header set:
:status: 302 cache-control: private date: Mon, 21 Oct 2013 20:13:21 GMT location: https://www.example.com
The (":status", "302") header field is evicted from the header table to free space to allow adding the (":status", "200") header field to be copied from the static table into the header table.
Header set to encode:
:status: 200 cache-control: private date: Mon, 21 Oct 2013 20:13:21 GMT location: https://www.example.com
Reference set:
[ 1] location: https://www.example.com [ 2] date: Mon, 21 Oct 2013 20:13:21 GMT [ 3] cache-control: private [ 4] :status: 302
Hex dump of encoded data:
848c | ..
Decoding process:
84 | == Indexed - Remove ==
| idx = 4
| -> :status: 302
8c | == Indexed - Add ==
| idx = 12
| - evict: :status: 302
| -> :status: 200
Header Table (after decoding):
[ 1] (s = 42) :status: 200
[ 2] (s = 63) location: https://www.example.com
[ 3] (s = 65) date: Mon, 21 Oct 2013 20:13:21 GMT
[ 4] (s = 52) cache-control: private
Table size: 222
Decoded header set:
:status: 200 location: https://www.example.com date: Mon, 21 Oct 2013 20:13:21 GMT cache-control: private
Several header fields are evicted from the header table during the processing of this header set. Before evicting a header belonging to the reference set, it is emitted, by coding it twice as an Indexed Representation. The first representation removes the header field from the reference set, the second one adds it again to the reference set, also emitting it.
Header set to encode:
:status: 200 cache-control: private date: Mon, 21 Oct 2013 20:13:22 GMT location: https://www.example.com content-encoding: gzip set-cookie: foo=ASDJKHQKBZXOQWEOPIUAXQWEOIU; max-age=3600; version=1
Reference set:
[ 1] :status: 200 [ 2] location: https://www.example.com [ 3] date: Mon, 21 Oct 2013 20:13:21 GMT [ 4] cache-control: private
Hex dump of encoded data:
8384 8403 1d4d 6f6e 2c20 3231 204f 6374 | .....Mon, 21 Oct 2032 3031 3320 3230 3a31 333a 3232 2047 | 2013 20:13:22 G 4d54 1d04 677a 6970 8484 8383 3a38 666f | MT..gzip....:8fo 6f3d 4153 444a 4b48 514b 425a 584f 5157 | o=ASDJKHQKBZXOQW 454f 5049 5541 5851 5745 4f49 553b 206d | EOPIUAXQWEOIU; m 6178 2d61 6765 3d33 3630 303b 2076 6572 | ax-age=3600; ver 7369 6f6e 3d31 | sion=1
Decoding process:
83 | == Indexed - Remove ==
| idx = 3
| -> date: Mon, 21 Oct 2013 \
| 20:13:21 GMT
84 | == Indexed - Remove ==
| idx = 4
| -> cache-control: private
84 | == Indexed - Add ==
| idx = 4
| -> cache-control: private
03 | == Literal indexed ==
| Indexed name (idx = 3)
| date
1d | Literal value (len = 29)
4d6f 6e2c 2032 3120 4f63 7420 3230 3133 | Mon, 21 Oct 2013
2032 303a 3133 3a32 3220 474d 54 | 20:13:22 GMT
| - evict: cache-control: pr\
| ivate
| -> date: Mon, 21 Oct 2013 \
| 20:13:22 GMT
1d | == Literal indexed ==
| Indexed name (idx = 29)
| content-encoding
04 | Literal value (len = 4)
677a 6970 | gzip
| - evict: date: Mon, 21 Oct\
| 2013 20:13:21 GMT
| -> content-encoding: gzip
84 | == Indexed - Remove ==
| idx = 4
| -> location: https://www.e\
| xample.com
84 | == Indexed - Add ==
| idx = 4
| -> location: https://www.e\
| xample.com
83 | == Indexed - Remove ==
| idx = 3
| -> :status: 200
83 | == Indexed - Add ==
| idx = 3
| -> :status: 200
3a | == Literal indexed ==
| Indexed name (idx = 58)
| set-cookie
38 | Literal value (len = 56)
666f 6f3d 4153 444a 4b48 514b 425a 584f | foo=ASDJKHQKBZXO
5157 454f 5049 5541 5851 5745 4f49 553b | QWEOPIUAXQWEOIU;
206d 6178 2d61 6765 3d33 3630 303b 2076 | max-age=3600; v
6572 7369 6f6e 3d31 | ersion=1
| - evict: location: https:/\
| /www.example.com
| - evict: :status: 200
| -> set-cookie: foo=ASDJKHQ\
| KBZXOQWEOPIUAXQWEOIU; ma\
| x-age=3600; version=1
Header Table (after decoding):
[ 1] (s = 98) set-cookie: foo=ASDJKHQKBZXOQWEOPIUAXQWEOIU; max-age\
=3600; version=1
[ 2] (s = 52) content-encoding: gzip
[ 3] (s = 65) date: Mon, 21 Oct 2013 20:13:22 GMT
Table size: 215
Decoded header set:
cache-control: private date: Mon, 21 Oct 2013 20:13:22 GMT content-encoding: gzip location: https://www.example.com :status: 200 set-cookie: foo=ASDJKHQKBZXOQWEOPIUAXQWEOIU; max-age=3600; version=1
This section shows the same examples as the previous section, but using Huffman encoding for the literal values. The eviction mechanism uses the length of the decoded literal values, so the same evictions occurs as in the previous section.
Header set to encode:
:status: 302 cache-control: private date: Mon, 21 Oct 2013 20:13:21 GMT location: https://www.example.com
Reference set: empty.
Hex dump of encoded data:
0882 409f 1886 c31b 39bf 387f 2292 a2fb | ..@.....9.8."... a203 20f2 ab30 3124 018b 490d 3209 e877 | .. ..01$..I.2..w 3093 e39e 7864 dd7a fd3d 3d24 8747 db87 | 0...xd.z.==$.G.. 2849 55f6 ff | (IU..
Decoding process:
08 | == Literal indexed ==
| Indexed name (idx = 8)
| :status
82 | Literal value (len = 3)
| Huffman encoded:
409f | @.
| Decoded:
| 302
| -> :status: 302
18 | == Literal indexed ==
| Indexed name (idx = 24)
| cache-control
86 | Literal value (len = 7)
| Huffman encoded:
c31b 39bf 387f | ..9.8.
| Decoded:
| private
| -> cache-control: private
22 | == Literal indexed ==
| Indexed name (idx = 34)
| date
92 | Literal value (len = 29)
| Huffman encoded:
a2fb a203 20f2 ab30 3124 018b 490d 3209 | .... ..01$..I.2.
e877 | .w
| Decoded:
| Mon, 21 Oct 2013 20:13:21 \
| GMT
| -> date: Mon, 21 Oct 2013 \
| 20:13:21 GMT
30 | == Literal indexed ==
| Indexed name (idx = 48)
| location
93 | Literal value (len = 23)
| Huffman encoded:
e39e 7864 dd7a fd3d 3d24 8747 db87 2849 | ..xd.z.==$.G..(I
55f6 ff | U..
| Decoded:
| https://www.example.com
| -> location: https://www.e\
| xample.com
Header Table (after decoding):
[ 1] (s = 63) location: https://www.example.com
[ 2] (s = 65) date: Mon, 21 Oct 2013 20:13:21 GMT
[ 3] (s = 52) cache-control: private
[ 4] (s = 42) :status: 302
Table size: 222
Decoded header set:
:status: 302 cache-control: private date: Mon, 21 Oct 2013 20:13:21 GMT location: https://www.example.com
The (":status", "302") header field is evicted from the header table to free space to allow adding the (":status", "200") header field to be copied from the static table into the header table.
Header set to encode:
:status: 200 cache-control: private date: Mon, 21 Oct 2013 20:13:21 GMT location: https://www.example.com
Reference set:
[ 1] location: https://www.example.com [ 2] date: Mon, 21 Oct 2013 20:13:21 GMT [ 3] cache-control: private [ 4] :status: 302
Hex dump of encoded data:
848c | ..
Decoding process:
84 | == Indexed - Remove ==
| idx = 4
| -> :status: 302
8c | == Indexed - Add ==
| idx = 12
| - evict: :status: 302
| -> :status: 200
Header Table (after decoding):
[ 1] (s = 42) :status: 200
[ 2] (s = 63) location: https://www.example.com
[ 3] (s = 65) date: Mon, 21 Oct 2013 20:13:21 GMT
[ 4] (s = 52) cache-control: private
Table size: 222
Decoded header set:
:status: 200 location: https://www.example.com date: Mon, 21 Oct 2013 20:13:21 GMT cache-control: private
Several header fields are evicted from the header table during the processing of this header set. Before evicting a header belonging to the reference set, it is emitted, by coding it twice as an Indexed Representation. The first representation removes the header field from the reference set, the second one adds it again to the reference set, also emitting it.
Header set to encode:
:status: 200 cache-control: private date: Mon, 21 Oct 2013 20:13:22 GMT location: https://www.example.com content-encoding: gzip set-cookie: foo=ASDJKHQKBZXOQWEOPIUAXQWEOIU; max-age=3600; version=1
Reference set:
[ 1] :status: 200 [ 2] location: https://www.example.com [ 3] date: Mon, 21 Oct 2013 20:13:21 GMT [ 4] cache-control: private
Hex dump of encoded data:
8384 8403 92a2 fba2 0320 f2ab 3031 2401 | ......... ..01$. 8b49 0d33 09e8 771d 84e1 fbb3 0f84 8483 | .I.3..w......... 833a b3df 7dfb 36d3 d9e1 fcfc 3faf e7ab | .:..}.6.....?... fcfe fcbf af3e df2f 977f d36f f7fd 79f6 | ......./...o..y. f977 fd3d e16b fa46 fe10 d889 447d e1ce | .w.=.k.F....D}.. 18e5 65f7 6c2f | ..e.l/
Decoding process:
83 | == Indexed - Remove ==
| idx = 3
| -> date: Mon, 21 Oct 2013 \
| 20:13:21 GMT
84 | == Indexed - Remove ==
| idx = 4
| -> cache-control: private
84 | == Indexed - Add ==
| idx = 4
| -> cache-control: private
03 | == Literal indexed ==
| Indexed name (idx = 3)
| date
92 | Literal value (len = 29)
| Huffman encoded:
a2fb a203 20f2 ab30 3124 018b 490d 3309 | .... ..01$..I.3.
e877 | .w
| Decoded:
| Mon, 21 Oct 2013 20:13:22 \
| GMT
| - evict: cache-control: pr\
| ivate
| -> date: Mon, 21 Oct 2013 \
| 20:13:22 GMT
1d | == Literal indexed ==
| Indexed name (idx = 29)
| content-encoding
84 | Literal value (len = 4)
| Huffman encoded:
e1fb b30f | ....
| Decoded:
| gzip
| - evict: date: Mon, 21 Oct\
| 2013 20:13:21 GMT
| -> content-encoding: gzip
84 | == Indexed - Remove ==
| idx = 4
| -> location: https://www.e\
| xample.com
84 | == Indexed - Add ==
| idx = 4
| -> location: https://www.e\
| xample.com
83 | == Indexed - Remove ==
| idx = 3
| -> :status: 200
83 | == Indexed - Add ==
| idx = 3
| -> :status: 200
3a | == Literal indexed ==
| Indexed name (idx = 58)
| set-cookie
b3 | Literal value (len = 56)
| Huffman encoded:
df7d fb36 d3d9 e1fc fc3f afe7 abfc fefc | .}.6.....?......
bfaf 3edf 2f97 7fd3 6ff7 fd79 f6f9 77fd | ..../...o..y..w.
3de1 6bfa 46fe 10d8 8944 7de1 ce18 e565 | =.k.F....D}....e
f76c 2f | .l/
| Decoded:
| foo=ASDJKHQKBZXOQWEOPIUAXQ\
| WEOIU; max-age=3600; versi\
| on=1
| - evict: location: https:/\
| /www.example.com
| - evict: :status: 200
| -> set-cookie: foo=ASDJKHQ\
| KBZXOQWEOPIUAXQWEOIU; ma\
| x-age=3600; version=1
Header Table (after decoding):
[ 1] (s = 98) set-cookie: foo=ASDJKHQKBZXOQWEOPIUAXQWEOIU; max-age\
=3600; version=1
[ 2] (s = 52) content-encoding: gzip
[ 3] (s = 65) date: Mon, 21 Oct 2013 20:13:22 GMT
Table size: 215
Decoded header set:
cache-control: private date: Mon, 21 Oct 2013 20:13:22 GMT content-encoding: gzip location: https://www.example.com :status: 200 set-cookie: foo=ASDJKHQKBZXOQWEOPIUAXQWEOIU; max-age=3600; version=1