| I2NSF | R. Marin-Lopez |
| Internet-Draft | G. Lopez-Millan |
| Intended status: Standards Track | University of Murcia |
| Expires: December 19, 2020 | F. Pereniguez-Garcia |
| University Defense Center | |
| June 17, 2020 |
Software-Defined Networking (SDN)-based IPsec Flow Protection
draft-ietf-i2nsf-sdn-ipsec-flow-protection-08
This document describes how to provide IPsec-based flow protection (integrity and confidentiality) by means of an I2NSF Controller. It considers two main well-known scenarios in IPsec: (i) gateway-to-gateway and (ii) host-to-host. The service described in this document allows the configuration and monitoring of IPsec information from a I2NSF Controller to one or several flow-based Network Security Function (NSF) that implement IPsec to protect data traffic.
The document focuses on the I2NSF NSF-Facing Interface by providing YANG data models for configuration and state data required to allow the I2NSF Controller to configure the IPsec databases (SPD, SAD, PAD) and IKEv2 to establish IPsec Security Associations with a reduced intervention of the network administrator.
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Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is an architecture that enables users to directly program, orchestrate, control and manage network resources through software. The SDN paradigm relocates the control of network resources to a centralized entity, namely SDN Controller. The SDN controller manages and configures the distributed network resources and provides an abstracted view of the network resources to the SDN applications. The SDN application can customize and automate the operations (including management) of the abstracted network resources in a programmable manner via this interface [RFC7149] [ITU-T.Y.3300] [ONF-SDN-Architecture] [ONF-OpenFlow].
Recently, several network scenarios are demanding a centralized way of managing different security aspects. For example, Software-Defined WANs (SD-WAN), an SDN extension providing a software abstraction to create secure network overlays over traditional WAN and branch networks. SD-WAN is based on IPsec [RFC4301] as an underlying security protocol and aims to provide flexible, automated, and rapid deployment, enabling on-demand security network services, such as IPsec Security Association (IPsec SA) management, from a centralized point. Additionally, Section 4.3.3 in [RFC8192] describes another example, a use case for Cloud Data Center Scenario, entitled Client-Specific Security Policy in Cloud VPNs, where "the dynamic key management is critical for securing the VPN and the distribution of policies". These VPNs can be established using IPsec. The management of IPsec SAs in data centers using a centralized entity is also an scenario of interest.
Therefore, with the growth of SDN-based scenarios where network resources are deployed in an autonomous manner, a mechanism to manage IPsec SAs from a centralized entity becomes more relevant in the industry.
In response to this need, the Interface to Network Security Functions (I2NSF) charter states that the goal of this working group is "to define set of software interfaces and data models for controlling and monitoring aspects of physical and virtual Network Security Functions". As defined in [RFC8192] an NSF is "a function that is used to ensure integrity, confidentiality, or availability of network communication; to detect unwanted network activity; or to block, or at least mitigate, the effects of unwanted activity". This document pays special attention to flow-based NSFs that ensure integrity and confidentiality by means of IPsec.
In fact, as Section 3.1.9 in [RFC8192] states "there is a need for a controller to create, manage, and distribute various keys to distributed NSFs.", however "there is a lack of a standard interface to provision and manage security associations". Inspired in the SDN paradigm, the I2NSF framework [RFC8329] defines a centralized entity, the I2NSF Controller, which manages one or multiple NSFs through a I2NSF NSF-Facing interface. In this document we define a service allowing the I2NSF Controller to carry out the key management procedures. More specifically, we define YANG data models for I2NSF NSF-Facing interface that allow the I2NSF Controller to configure and monitor IPsec-enabled flow-based NSFs.
IPsec architecture [RFC4301] defines clear separation between the processing to provide security services to IP packets and the key management procedures to establish the IPsec Security Associations, which allows to centralize the key management procedures in the I2NSF Controller. This document considers two typical scenarios to autonomously manage IPsec SAs: gateway-to-gateway and host-to-host [RFC6071]. In these cases, hosts, gateways or both may act as NSFs. Consideration for the host-to-gateway scenario is out of scope.
For the definition of the YANG data model for I2NSF NSF-Facing interface, this document considers two general cases, namely:
In both cases, a data model for the I2NSF NSF-Facing interface is required to carry out this provisioning in a secure manner between the I2NSF Controller and the NSF. Based on YANG models in [netconf-vpn] and [I-D.tran-ipsecme-yang], RFC 4301 [RFC4301] and RFC 7296 [RFC7296], this document defines the required interfaces with a YANG model for configuration and state data for IKE, PAD, SPD and SAD (see Appendix A, Appendix B and Appendix C). Examples of the usage of these models can be found in Appendix D, Appendix E and Appendix F.
In summary, the objetives of this I-D are:
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119. When these words appear in lower case, they have their natural language meaning.
This document uses the terminology described in [RFC8329], [RFC8192], [RFC4301],[RFC7296], [RFC6241], [ITU-T.Y.3300], The following term is defined in [ITU-T.Y.3300]: [RFC8192]: [RFC4301]: [RFC6437]: [RFC7296]: [RFC6241]:
The following terms are in defined in
The following terms are defined in
The following term is defined in
The following terms is defined in
The following terms are defined in
As mentioned in Section 1, two cases are considered, depending on whether the NSF ships an IKEv2 implementation or not: IKE case and IKE-less case.
In this case, the NSF ships an IPsec implementation with IKEv2 support. The I2NSF Controller is in charge of managing and applying IPsec connection information (determining which nodes need to start an IKEv2/IPsec session, identifying the type of traffic to be protected, deriving and delivering IKEv2 Credentials such as a pre-shared key, certificates, etc.), and applying other IKEv2 configuration parameters (e.g. cryptographic algorithms for establishing an IKEv2 SA) to the NSF necessary for the IKEv2 negotiation.
With these entries, the IKEv2 implementation can operate to establish the IPsec SAs. The I2NSF User establishes the IPsec requirements and information about the end points information (through the I2NSF Consumer-Facing Interface, [RFC8329]), and the I2NSF Controller translates these requirements into IKEv2, SPD and PAD entries that will be installed into the NSF (through the I2NSF NSF-Facing Interface). With that information, the NSF can just run IKEv2 to establish the required IPsec SA (when the traffic flow needs protection). Figure 1 shows the different layers and corresponding functionality.
+-------------------------------------------+
| IPsec Management System | I2NSF User
+-------------------------------------------+
|
| I2NSF Consumer-Facing
| Interface
+-------------------------------------------+
| IKEv2 Configuration, PAD and SPD Entries | I2NSF
| Distribution | Controller
+-------------------------------------------+
|
| I2NSF NSF-Facing
| Interface
+-------------------------------------------+
| IKEv2 | IPsec(PAD, SPD) | Network
|-------------------------------------------| Security
| IPsec Data Protection and Forwarding | Function
+-------------------------------------------+
Figure 1: IKE case: IKE/IPsec in the NSF
I2NSF-based IPsec flow protection services provide dynamic and flexible management of IPsec SAs in flow-based NSFs. In order to support this capability in the IKE case, a YANG data model for IKEv2, SPD and PAD configuration data, and for IKEv2 state data MUST be defined for the I2NSF NSF-Facing Interface.
In this case, the NSF does not deploy IKEv2 and, therefore, the I2NSF Controller has to perform the IKEv2 security functions and management of IPsec SAs by populating and managing the SPD and the SAD.
+-----------------------------------------+
| IPsec Management System | I2NSF User
+-----------------------------------------+
|
| I2NSF Consumer-Facing Interface
|
+-----------------------------------------+
| SPD and SAD Entries | I2NSF
| Distribution | Controller
+-----------------------------------------+
|
| I2NSF NSF-Facing Interface
|
+-----------------------------------------+
| IPsec (SPD, SAD) | Network
|-----------------------------------------| Security
| IPsec Data Protection and Forwarding | Function
+-----------------------------------------+
Figure 2: IKE-less case: IPsec (no IKEv2) in the NSF
As shown in Figure 2, when an I2NSF User enforces flow-based protection policies through the Consumer-Facing Interface, the I2NSF Controller translates these requirements into SPD and SAD entries, which are installed in the NSF. PAD entries are not required since there is no IKEv2 in the NSF.
In order to support the IKE-less case, a YANG data model for SPD and SAD configuration data and SAD state data MUST be defined for the NSF-Facing Interface.
Specifically, the IKE-less case assumes that the I2NSF Controller has to perform some security functions that IKEv2 typically does, namely (non-exhaustive):
Additionally to these functions, another set of tasks must be performed by the I2NSF Controller (non-exhaustive list):
In principle, the IKE case is easier to deploy than the IKE-less case because current flow-based NSFs (either hosts or gateways) have access to IKEv2 implementations. While gateways typically deploy an IKEv2/IPsec implementation, hosts can easily install it. As downside, the NSF needs more resources to hold IKEv2 such as memory for the IKEv2 implementation, and computation, since each IPsec security association rekeying MAY involve a Diffie-Hellman exchange.
Alternatively, IKE-less case benefits the deployment in resource-constrained NSFs. Moreover, IKEv2 does not need to be performed in gateway-to-gateway and host-to-host scenarios under the same I2NSF Controller (see Appendix G.1). On the contrary, the complexity of creating and managing IPsec SAs is shifted to the I2NSF Controller since IKEv2 is not in the NSF. As a consequence, this may result in a more complex implementation in the controller side in comparison with IKE case. For example, the I2NSF Controller has to deal with the latency existing in the path between the I2NSF Controller and the NSF, in order to solve tasks such as rekey, or creation and installation of new IPsec SAs. However, this is not specific to this contribution but a general aspect in any SDN-based network. In summary, this complexity MAY create some scalability and performance issues when the number of NSFs is high.
Nevertheless, literature around SDN-based network management using a centralized controller (like the I2NSF Controller) is aware about scalability and performance issues and solutions have been already provided and discussed (e.g. hierarchical controllers; having multiple replicated controllers, dedicated high-speed management networks, etc). In the context of I2SNF-based IPsec management, one way to reduce the latency and alleviate some performance issues can be the installation of the IPsec policies and IPsec SAs at the same time (proactive mode, as described in Appendix G.1) instead of waiting for notifications (e.g. a notification sadb-acquire when a new IPsec SA is required) to proceed with the IPsec SA installation (reactive mode). Another way to reduce the overhead and the potential scalability and performance issues in the I2NSF Controller is to apply the IKE case described in this document, since the IPsec SAs are managed between NSFs without the involvement of the I2NSF Controller at all, except by the initial configuration (i.e. IKEv2, PAD and SPD entries) provided by the I2NSF Controller. Other solutions, such as Controller-IKE [I-D.carrel-ipsecme-controller-ike], have proposed that NSFs provide their DH public keys to the I2NSF Controller, so that the I2NSF Controller distributes all public keys to all peers. All peers can calculate a unique pairwise secret for each other peer and there is no inter-NSF messages. A rekey mechanism is further described in [I-D.carrel-ipsecme-controller-ike].
In terms of security, IKE case provides better security properties than IKE-less case, as we discuss in section Section 8. The main reason is that the NSFs generate the session keys and not the I2NSF Controller.
Performing a rekey for IPsec SAs is an important operation during the IPsec SAs management. With the YANG data models defined in this document the I2NSF Controller can configure and conduct the rekey process. Depending on the case, the rekey process is different.
For the IKE case, the rekeying process is carried out by IKEv2, following the information defined in the SPD and SAD (i.e. based on the IPsec SA lifetime established by the I2NSF Controller using the YANG data model defined in this document). Therefore, IPsec connections will live unless something different is required by the I2NSF User or the I2NSF Controller detects something wrong.
For the IKE-less case, the I2NSF Controller MUST take care of the rekeying process. When the IPsec SA is going to expire (e.g. IPsec SA soft lifetime), it MUST create a new IPsec SA and it MAY remove the old one (if a IPsec SA lifetime has not been defined). This rekeying process starts when the I2NSF Controller receives a sadb-expire notification or it decides so, based on lifetime state data obtained from the NSF. How the I2NSF Controller implements an algorithm for the rekey process is out of the scope of this document. Nevertheless, an example of how this rekey could be performed is in Appendix G.2.
If one of the NSF restarts, it will lose the IPsec state (affected NSF). By default, the I2NSF Controller can assume that all the state has been lost and therefore it will have to send IKEv2, SPD and PAD information to the NSF in the IKE case, and SPD and SAD information in the IKE-less case.
In both cases, the I2NSF Controller is aware of the affected NSF (e.g. the NETCONF/TCP connection is broken with the affected NSF, the I2NSF Controller is receiving sadb-bad-spi notification from a particular NSF, etc.). Moreover, the I2NSF Controller keeps a list of NSFs that have IPsec SAs with the affected NSF. Therefore, it knows the affected IPsec SAs.
In the IKE case, the I2NSF Controller will configure the affected NSF with the new IKEv2, SPD and PAD information. It has also to send new parameters (e.g. a new fresh PSK for authentication) to the NSFs which have IKEv2 SAs and IPsec SAs with the affected NSF. Finally, the I2NSF Controller will instruct the affected NSF to start the IKEv2 negotiation with the new configuration.
Alternatively, IKEv2 configuration MAY be made permanent between NSFs reboots without compromising security by means of the startup configuration datastore in the NSF. This way, each time a NSF reboots it will use that configuration for each rebooting. It would imply avoiding to contact with the I2NSF Controller.
In the IKE-less case, the I2NSF Controller SHOULD delete the old IPsec SAs in the non-failed nodes established with the affected NSF. Once the affected node restarts, the I2NSF Controller MUST take the necessary actions to reestablish IPsec protected communication between the failed node and those others having IPsec SAs with the affected NSF. How the I2NSF Controller implements an algorithm for managing a potential NSF state loss is out of the scope of this document. Nevertheless, an example of how this could be performed is described in Appendix G.3.
In the IKE case, IKEv2 already provides a mechanism to detect whether some of the peers or both are located behind a NAT. If there is a NAT network configured between two peers, it is required to activate the usage of UDP or TCP/TLS encapsulation for ESP packets ([RFC3948], [RFC8229]). Note that the usage of IPsec transport mode when NAT is required MUST NOT be used in this specification.
In the IKE case, IKEv2 already provides a mechanism to detect whether some of the peers or both are located behind a NAT. If there is a NAT network configured between two peers, it is required to activate the usage of UDP or TCP/TLS encapsulation for ESP packets ([RFC3948], [RFC8229]). Note that the usage of IPsec transport mode when NAT is required MUST NOT be used in this specification.
In the IKE-less case, the NSF does not have the assistance of the IKEv2 implementation to detect if it is located behind a NAT. If the NSF does not have any other mechanism to detect this situation, the I2NSF Controller SHOULD implement a mechanism to detect that case. The SDN paradigm generally assumes the I2NSF Controller has a view of the network under its control. This view is built either requesting information to the NSFs under its control, or because these NSFs inform the I2NSF Controller. Based on this information, the I2NSF Controller MAY guess if there is a NAT configured between two hosts, and apply the required policies to both NSFs besides activating the usage of UDP or TCP/TLS encapsulation of ESP packets ([RFC3948], [RFC8229]). The interface for discovering if the NSF is behind a NAT is out of scope of this document.
If the I2NSF Controller does not have any mechanism to know whether a host is behind a NAT or not, then the IKE-case MUST be used and not the IKE-less case.
NSF registration refers to the process of facilitating the I2NSF Controller information about a valid NSF such as certificate, IP address, etc. This information is incorporated to a list of NSFs under its control.
The assumption in this document is that, for both cases, before a NSF can operate in this system, it MUST be registered in the I2NSF Controller. In this way, when the NSF starts and establishes a connection to the I2NSF Controller, it knows that the NSF is valid for joining the system.
Either during this registration process or when the NSF connects with the I2NSF Controller, the I2NSF Controller MUST discover certain capabilities of this NSF, such as what is the cryptographic suite supported, authentication method, the support of the IKE case and/or the IKE-less case, etc.
The registration and discovery processes are out of the scope of this document.
In order to support the IKE and IKE-less cases we have modeled the different parameters and values that must be configured to manage IPsec SAs. Specifically, the IKE case requires modeling IKEv2 configuration parameters, SPD and PAD, while the IKE-less case requires configuration models for the SPD and SAD. We have defined three models: ietf-ipsec-common (Appendix A), ietf-ipsec-ike (Appendix B, IKE case), ietf-ipsec-ikeless (Appendix C, IKE-less case). Since the model ietf-ipsec-common has only typedef and groupings common to the other modules, we only show a simplified view of the ietf-ipsec-ike and ietf-ipsec-ikeless models.
The model related to IKEv2 has been extracted from reading IKEv2 standard in [RFC7296], and observing some open source implementations, such as Strongswan [strongswan] or Libreswan [libreswan].
The definition of the PAD model has been extracted from the specification in section 4.4.3 in [RFC4301] (NOTE: We have observed that many implementations integrate PAD configuration as part of the IKEv2 configuration).
module: ietf-ipsec-ike
+--rw ipsec-ike
+--rw pad
| +--rw pad-entry* [name]
| +--rw name string
| +--rw (identity)
| | +--:(ipv4-address)
| | | +--rw ipv4-address? inet:ipv4-address
| | +--:(ipv6-address)
| | | +--rw ipv6-address? inet:ipv6-address
| | +--:(fqdn-string)
| | | +--rw fqdn-string? inet:domain-name
| | +--:(rfc822-address-string)
| | | +--rw rfc822-address-string? string
| | +--:(dnx509)
| | | +--rw dnx509? string
| | +--:(gnx509)
| | | +--rw gnx509? string
| | +--:(id-key)
| | | +--rw id-key? string
| | +--:(id-null)
| | +--rw id-null? empty
| +--rw auth-protocol? auth-protocol-type
| +--rw peer-authentication
| +--rw auth-method? auth-method-type
| +--rw eap-method
| | +--rw eap-type uint8
| +--rw pre-shared
| | +--rw secret? yang:hex-string
| +--rw digital-signature
| +--rw ds-algorithm? uint8
| +--rw (public-key)
| | +--:(raw-public-key)
| | | +--rw raw-public-key? binary
| | +--:(cert-data)
| | +--rw cert-data? ct:x509
| +--rw private-key? binary
| +--rw ca-data* ct:x509
| +--rw crl-data? ct:crl
| +--rw crl-uri? inet:uri
| +--rw oscp-uri? inet:uri
+--rw conn-entry* [name]
| +--rw name string
| +--rw autostartup? autostartup-type
| +--rw initial-contact? boolean
| +--rw version? auth-protocol-type
| +--rw fragmentation? boolean
| +--rw ike-sa-lifetime-soft
| | +--rw rekey-time? uint32
| | +--rw reauth-time? uint32
| +--rw ike-sa-lifetime-hard
| | +--rw over-time? uint32
| +--rw authalg* ic:integrity-algorithm-type
| +--rw encalg* ic:encryption-algorithm-type
| +--rw dh-group? pfs-group
| +--rw half-open-ike-sa-timer? uint32
| +--rw half-open-ike-sa-cookie-threshold? uint32
| +--rw local
| | +--rw local-pad-entry-name? string
| +--rw remote
| | +--rw remote-pad-entry-name? string
| +--rw encapsulation-type
| | +--rw espencap? esp-encap
| | +--rw sport? inet:port-number
| | +--rw dport? inet:port-number
| | +--rw oaddr* inet:ip-address
| +--rw spd
| | +--rw spd-entry* [name]
| | +--rw name string
| | +--rw ipsec-policy-config
| | +--rw anti-replay-window? uint64
| | +--rw traffic-selector
| | | +--rw local-subnet inet:ip-prefix
| | | +--rw remote-subnet inet:ip-prefix
| | | +--rw inner-protocol? ipsec-inner-protocol
| | | +--rw local-ports* [start end]
| | | | +--rw start inet:port-number
| | | | +--rw end inet:port-number
| | | +--rw remote-ports* [start end]
| | | +--rw start inet:port-number
| | | +--rw end inet:port-number
| | +--rw processing-info
| | | +--rw action? ipsec-spd-action
| | | +--rw ipsec-sa-cfg
| | | +--rw pfp-flag? boolean
| | | +--rw ext-seq-num? boolean
| | | +--rw seq-overflow? boolean
| | | +--rw stateful-frag-check? boolean
| | | +--rw mode? ipsec-mode
| | | +--rw protocol-parameters? ipsec-protocol-parameters
| | | +--rw esp-algorithms
| | | | +--rw integrity* integrity-algorithm-type
| | | | +--rw encryption* encryption-algorithm-type
| | | | +--rw tfc-pad? boolean
| | | +--rw tunnel
| | | +--rw local inet:ip-address
| | | +--rw remote inet:ip-address
| | | +--rw df-bit? enumeration
| | | +--rw bypass-dscp? boolean
| | | +--rw dscp-mapping? yang:hex-string
| | | +--rw ecn? boolean
| | +--rw spd-mark
| | +--rw mark? uint32
| | +--rw mask? yang:hex-string
| +--rw child-sa-info
| | +--rw pfs-groups* pfs-group
| | +--rw child-sa-lifetime-soft
| | | +--rw time? uint32
| | | +--rw bytes? uint32
| | | +--rw packets? uint32
| | | +--rw idle? uint32
| | | +--rw action? ic:lifetime-action
| | +--rw child-sa-lifetime-hard
| | +--rw time? uint32
| | +--rw bytes? uint32
| | +--rw packets? uint32
| | +--rw idle? uint32
| +--ro state
| +--ro initiator? boolean
| +--ro initiator-ikesa-spi? ike-spi
| +--ro responder-ikesa-spi? ike-spi
| +--ro nat-local? boolean
| +--ro nat-remote? boolean
| +--ro encapsulation-type
| | +--ro espencap? esp-encap
| | +--ro sport? inet:port-number
| | +--ro dport? inet:port-number
| | +--ro oaddr* inet:ip-address
| +--ro established? uint64
| +--ro current-rekey-time? uint64
| +--ro current-reauth-time? uint64
+--ro number-ike-sas
+--ro total? uint64
+--ro half-open? uint64
+--ro half-open-cookies? uint64
Appendix D shows an example of IKE case configuration for a NSF, in tunnel mode (gateway-to-gateway), with NSFs authentication based on X.509 certificates.
For this case, the definition of the SPD model has been mainly extracted from the specification in section 4.4.1 and Appendix D in [RFC4301], though with some changes, namely:
The definition of the SAD model has been mainly extracted from the specification in section 4.4.2 in [RFC4301] though with some changes, namely:
The notifications model has been defined using as reference the PF_KEYv2 standard in [RFC2367].
module: ietf-ipsec-ikeless
+--rw ipsec-ikeless
+--rw spd
| +--rw spd-entry* [name]
| +--rw name string
| +--rw direction? ic:ipsec-traffic-direction
| +--rw reqid? uint64
| +--rw ipsec-policy-config
| +--rw anti-replay-window? uint64
| +--rw traffic-selector
| | +--rw local-subnet inet:ip-prefix
| | +--rw remote-subnet inet:ip-prefix
| | +--rw inner-protocol? ipsec-inner-protocol
| | +--rw local-ports* [start end]
| | | +--rw start inet:port-number
| | | +--rw end inet:port-number
| | +--rw remote-ports* [start end]
| | +--rw start inet:port-number
| | +--rw end inet:port-number
| +--rw processing-info
| | +--rw action? ipsec-spd-action
| | +--rw ipsec-sa-cfg
| | +--rw pfp-flag? boolean
| | +--rw ext-seq-num? boolean
| | +--rw seq-overflow? boolean
| | +--rw stateful-frag-check? boolean
| | +--rw mode? ipsec-mode
| | +--rw protocol-parameters?
| | +--rw esp-algorithms
| | | +--rw integrity* integrity-algorithm-type
| | | +--rw encryption* encryption-algorithm-type
| | | +--rw tfc-pad? boolean
| | +--rw tunnel
| | +--rw local inet:ip-address
| | +--rw remote inet:ip-address
| | +--rw df-bit? enumeration
| | +--rw bypass-dscp? boolean
| | +--rw dscp-mapping? yang:hex-string
| | +--rw ecn? boolean
| +--rw spd-mark
| +--rw mark? uint32
| +--rw mask? yang:hex-string
+--rw sad
+--rw sad-entry* [name]
+--rw name string
+--rw reqid? uint64
+--rw ipsec-sa-config
| +--rw spi uint32
| +--rw ext-seq-num? boolean
| +--rw seq-number-counter? uint64
| +--rw seq-overflow? boolean
| +--rw anti-replay-window? uint32
| +--rw traffic-selector
| | +--rw local-subnet inet:ip-prefix
| | +--rw remote-subnet inet:ip-prefix
| | +--rw inner-protocol? ipsec-inner-protocol
| | +--rw local-ports* [start end]
| | | +--rw start inet:port-number
| | | +--rw end inet:port-number
| | +--rw remote-ports* [start end]
| | +--rw start inet:port-number
| | +--rw end inet:port-number
| +--rw protocol-parameters? ic:ipsec-protocol-parameters
| +--rw mode? ic:ipsec-mode
| +--rw esp-sa
| | +--rw encryption
| | | +--rw encryption-algorithm? ic:encryption-algorithm-type
| | | +--rw key? yang:hex-string
| | | +--rw iv? yang:hex-string
| | +--rw integrity
| | +--rw integrity-algorithm? ic:integrity-algorithm-type
| | +--rw key? yang:hex-string
| +--rw sa-lifetime-hard
| | +--rw time? uint32
| | +--rw bytes? uint32
| | +--rw packets? uint32
| | +--rw idle? uint32
| +--rw sa-lifetime-soft
| | +--rw time? uint32
| | +--rw bytes? uint32
| | +--rw packets? uint32
| | +--rw idle? uint32
| | +--rw action? ic:lifetime-action
| +--rw tunnel
| | +--rw local inet:ip-address
| | +--rw remote inet:ip-address
| | +--rw df-bit? enumeration
| | +--rw bypass-dscp? boolean
| | +--rw dscp-mapping? yang:hex-string
| | +--rw ecn? boolean
| +--rw encapsulation-type
| +--rw espencap? esp-encap
| +--rw sport? inet:port-number
| +--rw dport? inet:port-number
| +--rw oaddr* inet:ip-address
+--ro ipsec-sa-state
+--ro sa-lifetime-current
| +--ro time? uint32
| +--ro bytes? uint32
| +--ro packets? uint32
| +--ro idle? uint32
+--ro replay-stats
+--ro replay-window? uint64
+--ro packet-dropped? uint64
+--ro failed? uint32
+--ro seq-number-counter? uint64
notifications:
+---n sadb-acquire
| +--ro ipsec-policy-name string
| +--ro traffic-selector
| +--ro local-subnet inet:ip-prefix
| +--ro remote-subnet inet:ip-prefix
| +--ro inner-protocol? ipsec-inner-protocol
| +--ro local-ports* [start end]
| | +--ro start inet:port-number
| | +--ro end inet:port-number
| +--ro remote-ports* [start end]
| +--ro start inet:port-number
| +--ro end inet:port-number
+---n sadb-expire
| +--ro ipsec-sa-name string
| +--ro soft-lifetime-expire? boolean
| +--ro lifetime-current
| +--ro time? uint32
| +--ro bytes? uint32
| +--ro packets? uint32
| +--ro idle? uint32
+---n sadb-seq-overflow
| +--ro ipsec-sa-name string
+---n sadb-bad-spi
+--ro spi uint32
Appendix E shows an example of IKE-less case configuration for a NSF, in transport mode (host-to-host), with NSFs authentication based on shared secrets. For the IKE-less case, Appendix F shows examples of IPsec SA expire, acquire, sequence number overflow and bad SPI notifications.
This document registers three URIs in the "ns" subregistry of the IETF XML Registry [RFC3688]. Following the format in [RFC3688], the following registrations are requested:
URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ipsec-common
Registrant Contact: The I2NSF WG of the IETF.
XML: N/A, the requested URI is an XML namespace.
URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ipsec-ike
Registrant Contact: The I2NSF WG of the IETF.
XML: N/A, the requested URI is an XML namespace.
URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ipsec-ikeless
Registrant Contact: The I2NSF WG of the IETF.
XML: N/A, the requested URI is an XML namespace.
This document registers three YANG modules in the "YANG Module Names" registry [RFC6020]. Following the format in [RFC6020], the following registrations are requested:
Name: ietf-ipsec-common
Namespace: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ipsec-common
Prefix: ic
Reference: RFC XXXX
Name: ietf-ipsec-ike
Namespace: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ipsec-ike
Prefix: ike
Reference: RFC XXXX
Name: ietf-ipsec-ikeless
Namespace: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ipsec-ikeless
Prefix: ikeless
Reference: RFC XXXX
First of all, this document shares all the security issues of SDN that are specified in the "Security Considerations" section of [ITU-T.Y.3300] and [RFC7426].
On the one hand, it is important to note that there MUST exist a security association between the I2NSF Controller and the NSFs to protect the critical information (cryptographic keys, configuration parameter, etc.) exchanged between these entities.
On the other hand, if encryption is mandatory for all traffic of a NSF, its default policy MUST be to drop (DISCARD) packets to prevent cleartext packet leaks. This default policy MUST be pre-configured in the startup configuration datastore in the NSF before the NSF contacts the I2NSF Controller. Moreover, the startup configuration datastore MUST be also pre-configured with the required ALLOW policies that allow to communicate the NSF with the I2NSF Controller once the NSF is deployed. This pre-configuration step is not carried out by the I2NSF Controller but by some other entity before the NSF deployment. In this manner, when the NSF starts/reboots, it will always first apply the configuration in the startup configuration before contacting the I2NSF Controller.
Finally, we have divided this section in two parts in order to analyze different security considerations for both cases: NSF with IKEv2 (IKE case) and NSF without IKEv2 (IKE-less case). In general, the I2NSF Controller, as typically in the SDN paradigm, is a target for different type of attacks [SDNSecServ] and [SDNSecurity]. Thus, the I2NSF Controller is a key entity in the infrastructure and MUST be protected accordingly. In particular, the I2NSF Controller will handle cryptographic material so that the attacker may try to access this information. Although we can assume this attack will not likely to happen due to the assumed security measurements to protect the I2NSF Controller, it deserves some analysis in the hypothetical case the attack occurs. The impact is different depending on the IKE case or IKE-less case.
In the IKE case, the I2NSF Controller sends IKEv2 credentials (PSK, public/private keys, certificates, etc.) to the NSFs using the security association between I2NSF Controller and NSFs. The I2NSF Controller MUST NOT store the IKEv2 credentials after distributing them. Moreover, the NSFs MUST NOT allow the reading of these values once they have been applied by the I2NSF Controller (i.e. write only operations). One option is to always return the same value (i.e. all 0s) if a read operation is carried out.
If the attacker has access to the I2NSF Controller during the period of time that key material is generated, it might have access to the key material. Since these values are used during NSF authentication in IKEv2, it may impersonate the affected NSFs. Several recommendations are important.
In the IKE-less case, the I2NSF Controller sends the IPsec SA information to the NSF's SAD that includes the private session keys required for integrity and encryption. The I2NSF Controller MUST NOT store the keys after distributing them. Moreover, the NSFs receiving private key material MUST NOT allow the reading of these values by any other entity (including the I2NSF Controller itself) once they have been applied (i.e. write only operations) into the NSFs. Nevertheless, if the attacker has access to the I2NSF Controller during the period of time that key material is generated, it may obtain these values. In other words, the attacker might be able to observe the IPsec traffic and decrypt, or even modify and re-encrypt, the traffic between peers.
The YANG module specified in this document defines a schema for data that is designed to be accessed via network management protocols such as NETCONF [RFC6241] or RESTCONF [RFC8040]. The lowest NETCONF layer is the secure transport layer, and the mandatory-to-implement secure transport is Secure Shell (SSH) [RFC6242]. The lowest RESTCONF layer is HTTPS, and the mandatory-to-implement secure transport is TLS [RFC8446].
The Network Configuration Access Control Model (NACM) [RFC8341] provides the means to restrict access for particular NETCONF or RESTCONF users to a preconfigured subset of all available NETCONF or RESTCONF protocol operations and content.
There are a number of data nodes defined in these YANG modules that are writable/creatable/deletable (i.e., config true, which is the default). These data nodes may be considered sensitive or vulnerable in some network environments. Write operations (e.g., edit-config) to these data nodes without proper protection can have a negative effect on network operations. These are the subtrees and data nodes and their sensitivity/vulnerability:
The YANG modules describe configuration data for the IKE case (ietf-ipsec-ike) and IKE-less case (ietf-ipsec-ikeless). There is a common module (ietf-ipsec-common) used in both cases.
For the IKE case (ietf-ipsec-ike):
For the IKE-less case (ietf-ipsec-ikeless):
Some of the readable data nodes in this YANG module may be considered sensitive or vulnerable in some network environments. It is thus important to control read access (e.g., via get, get-config, or notification) to these data nodes. These are the subtrees and data nodes and their sensitivity/vulnerability:
For the IKE case (ietf-ipsec-ike):
For the IKE-less case (ietf-ipsec-ikeless):
Authors want to thank Paul Wouters, Valery Smyslov, Sowmini Varadhan, David Carrel, Yoav Nir, Tero Kivinen, Martin Bjorklund, Graham Bartlett, Sandeep Kampati, Linda Dunbar, Carlos J. Bernardos, Alejandro Perez-Mendez, Alejandro Abad-Carrascosa, Ignacio Martinez, Ruben Ricart and Roman Danyliw for their valuable comments.
<CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-ipsec-common@2019-08-05.yang"
module ietf-ipsec-common {
yang-version 1.1;
namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ipsec-common";
prefix "ipsec-common";
import ietf-inet-types { prefix inet; }
import ietf-yang-types { prefix yang; }
organization "IETF I2NSF Working Group";
contact
"WG Web: <https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/i2nsf/about/>
WG List: <mailto:i2nsf@ietf.org>
Author: Rafael Marin-Lopez
<mailto:rafa@um.es>
Author: Gabriel Lopez-Millan
<mailto:gabilm@um.es>
Author: Fernando Pereniguez-Garcia
<mailto:fernando.pereniguez@cud.upct.es>
";
description
"Common Data model for the IKE and IKE-less cases
defined by the SDN-based IPsec flow protection service.
Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons
identified as authors of the code. All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with
or without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and
subject to the license terms contained in, the
Simplified BSD License set forth in Section 4.c of the
IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).
This version of this YANG module is part of RFC XXXX;;
see the RFC itself for full legal notices.
The key words 'MUST', 'MUST NOT', 'REQUIRED', 'SHALL',
'SHALL NOT', 'SHOULD', 'SHOULD NOT', 'RECOMMENDED',
'NOT RECOMMENDED', 'MAY', and 'OPTIONAL' in this
document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14
(RFC 2119) (RFC 8174) when, and only when, they appear
in all capitals, as shown here.";
revision "2019-08-05" {
description "Revision 06";
reference "RFC XXXX: YANG Groupings and typedef
for IKE and IKE-less case";
}
typedef encryption-algorithm-type {
type uint16;
description
"The encryption algorithm is specified with a 16-bit
number extracted from IANA Registry. The acceptable
values MUST follow the requirement levels for
encryption algorithms for ESP and IKEv2.";
reference
"IANA Registry- Transform Type 1 - Encryption
Algorithm Transform IDs. RFC 8221 - Cryptographic
Algorithm Implementation Requirements and Usage
Guidance for Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
and Authentication Header (AH) and RFC 8247 -
Algorithm Implementation Requirements and Usage
Guidance for the Internet Key Exchange Protocol
Version 2 (IKEv2).";
}
typedef integrity-algorithm-type {
type uint16;
description
"The integrity algorithm is specified with a 16-bit
number extracted from IANA Registry.
The acceptable values MUST follow the requirement
levels for encryption algorithms for ESP and IKEv2.";
reference
"IANA Registry- Transform Type 3 - Integrity
Algorithm Transform IDs. RFC 8221 - Cryptographic
Algorithm Implementation Requirements and Usage
Guidance for Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
and Authentication Header (AH) and RFC 8247 -
Algorithm Implementation Requirements and Usage
Guidance for the Internet Key Exchange Protocol
Version 2 (IKEv2).";
}
typedef ipsec-mode {
type enumeration {
enum transport {
description
"IPsec transport mode. No Network Address
Translation (NAT) support.";
}
enum tunnel {
description "IPsec tunnel mode.";
}
}
description
"Type definition of IPsec mode: transport or
tunnel.";
reference
"Section 3.2 in RFC 4301.";
}
typedef esp-encap {
type enumeration {
enum espintcp {
description
"ESP in TCP encapsulation.";
reference
"RFC 8229 - TCP Encapsulation of IKE and
IPsec Packets.";
}
enum espintls {
description
"ESP in TCP encapsulation using TLS.";
reference
"RFC 8229 - TCP Encapsulation of IKE and
IPsec Packets.";
}
enum espinudp {
description
"ESP in UDP encapsulation.";
reference
"RFC 3948 - UDP Encapsulation of IPsec ESP
Packets.";
}
enum none {
description
"NOT ESP encapsulation.";
}
}
description
"Types of ESP encapsulation when Network Address
Translation (NAT) is present between two NSFs.";
reference
"RFC 8229 - TCP Encapsulation of IKE and IPsec
Packets and RFC 3948 - UDP Encapsulation of IPsec
ESP Packets.";
}
typedef ipsec-protocol-parameters {
type enumeration {
enum esp { description "IPsec ESP protocol."; }
}
description
"Only the Encapsulation Security Protocol (ESP) is
supported but it could be extended in the future.";
reference
"RFC 4303- IP Encapsulating Security Payload
(ESP).";
}
typedef lifetime-action {
type enumeration {
enum terminate-clear {
description
"Terminates the IPsec SA and allows the
packets through.";
}
enum terminate-hold {
description
"Terminates the IPsec SA and drops the
packets.";
}
enum replace {
description
"Replaces the IPsec SA with a new one:
rekey. ";
}
}
description
"When the lifetime of an IPsec SA expires an action
needs to be performed over the IPsec SA that
reached the lifetime. There are three posible
options: terminate-clear, terminate-hold and
replace.";
reference
"Section 4.5 in RFC 4301.";
}
typedef ipsec-traffic-direction {
type enumeration {
enum inbound {
description "Inbound traffic.";
}
enum outbound {
description "Outbound traffic.";
}
}
description
"IPsec traffic direction is defined in two
directions: inbound and outbound. From a NSF
perspective inbound means the traffic that enters
the NSF and outbound is the traffic that is sent
from the NSF.";
reference
"Section 5 in RFC 4301.";
}
typedef ipsec-spd-action {
type enumeration {
enum protect {
description
"PROTECT the traffic with IPsec.";
}
enum bypass {
description
"BYPASS the traffic. The packet is forwarded
without IPsec protection.";
}
enum discard {
description
"DISCARD the traffic. The IP packet is
discarded.";
}
}
description
"The action when traffic matches an IPsec security
policy. According to RFC 4301 there are three
possible values: BYPASS, PROTECT AND DISCARD";
reference
"Section 4.4.1 in RFC 4301.";
}
typedef ipsec-inner-protocol {
type union {
type uint8;
type enumeration {
enum any {
value 256;
description
"Any IP protocol number value.";
}
}
}
default any;
description
"IPsec protection can be applied to specific IP
traffic and layer 4 traffic (TCP, UDP, SCTP, etc.)
or ANY protocol in the IP packet payload. We
specify the IP protocol number with an uint8 or
ANY defining an enumerate with value 256 to
indicate the protocol number.";
reference
"Section 4.4.1.1 in RFC 4301.
IANA Registry - Protocol Numbers.";
}
grouping encap {
description
"This group of nodes allows to define the type of
encapsulation in case NAT traversal is
required and port information.";
leaf espencap {
type esp-encap;
description
"ESP in TCP, ESP in UDP or ESP in TLS.";
}
leaf sport {
type inet:port-number;
default 4500;
description
"Encapsulation source port.";
}
leaf dport {
type inet:port-number;
default 4500;
description
"Encapsulation destination port.";
}
leaf-list oaddr {
type inet:ip-address;
description
"If required, this is the original address that
was used before NAT was applied over the Packet.
";
}
reference
"RFC 3947 and RFC 8229.";
}
grouping lifetime {
description
"Different lifetime values limited to an IPsec SA.";
leaf time {
type uint32;
default 0;
description
"Time in seconds since the IPsec SA was added.
For example, if this value is 180 seconds it
means the IPsec SA expires in 180 seconds since
it was added. The value 0 implies infinite.";
}
leaf bytes {
type uint32;
default 0;
description
"If the IPsec SA processes the number of bytes
expressed in this leaf, the IPsec SA expires and
should be rekeyed. The value 0 implies
infinite.";
}
leaf packets {
type uint32;
default 0;
description
"If the IPsec SA processes the number of packets
expressed in this leaf, the IPsec SA expires and
should be rekeyed. The value 0 implies
infinite.";
}
leaf idle {
type uint32;
default 0;
description
"When a NSF stores an IPsec SA, it
consumes system resources. In an idle NSF this
is a waste of resources. If the IPsec SA is idle
during this number of seconds the IPsec SA
should be removed. The value 0 implies
infinite.";
}
reference
"Section 4.4.2.1 in RFC 4301.";
}
grouping port-range {
description
"This grouping defines a port range, such as
expressed in RFC 4301. For example: 1500 (Start
Port Number)-1600 (End Port Number). A port range
is used in the Traffic Selector.";
leaf start {
type inet:port-number;
description
"Start port number.";
}
leaf end {
type inet:port-number;
description
"End port number.";
}
reference "Section 4.4.1.2 in RFC 4301.";
}
grouping tunnel-grouping {
description
"The parameters required to define the IP tunnel
endpoints when IPsec SA requires tunnel mode. The
tunnel is defined by two endpoints: the local IP
address and the remote IP address.";
leaf local {
type inet:ip-address;
mandatory true;
description
"Local IP address' tunnel endpoint.";
}
leaf remote {
type inet:ip-address;
mandatory true;
description
"Remote IP address' tunnel endpoint.";
}
leaf df-bit {
type enumeration {
enum clear {
description
"Disable the DF (Don't Fragment) bit
from the outer header. This is the
default value.";
}
enum set {
description
"Enable the DF bit in the outer header.";
}
enum copy {
description
"Copy the DF bit to the outer header.";
}
}
default clear;
description
"Allow configuring the DF bit when encapsulating
tunnel mode IPsec traffic. RFC 4301 describes
three options to handle the DF bit during
tunnel encapsulation: clear, set and copy from
the inner IP header.";
reference
"Section 8.1 in RFC 4301.";
}
leaf bypass-dscp {
type boolean;
default true;
description
"If DSCP (Differentiated Services Code Point)
values in the inner header have to be used to
select one IPsec SA among several that match
the traffic selectors for an outbound packet";
reference
"Section 4.4.2.1. in RFC 4301.";
}
leaf dscp-mapping {
type yang:hex-string;
description
"DSCP values allowed for packets carried over
this IPsec SA.";
reference
"Section 4.4.2.1. in RFC 4301.";
}
leaf ecn {
type boolean;
default false;
description
"Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN). If true
copy CE bits to inner header.";
reference
"Section 5.1.2 and Annex C in RFC 4301.";
}
}
grouping selector-grouping {
description
"This grouping contains the definition of a Traffic
Selector, which is used in the IPsec policies and
IPsec SAs.";
leaf local-subnet {
type inet:ip-prefix;
mandatory true;
description
"Local IP address subnet.";
}
leaf remote-subnet {
type inet:ip-prefix;
mandatory true;
description
"Remote IP address subnet.";
}
leaf inner-protocol {
type ipsec-inner-protocol;
default any;
description
"Inner Protocol that is going to be
protected with IPsec.";
}
list local-ports {
key "start end";
uses port-range;
description
"List of local ports. When the inner
protocol is ICMP this 16 bit value represents
code and type.";
}
list remote-ports {
key "start end";
uses port-range;
description
"List of remote ports. When the upper layer
protocol is ICMP this 16 bit value represents
code and type.";
}
reference
"Section 4.4.1.2 in RFC 4301.";
}
grouping ipsec-policy-grouping {
description
"Holds configuration information for an IPsec SPD
entry.";
leaf anti-replay-window {
type uint64;
default 32;
description
"A 64-bit counter used to determine whether an
inbound ESP packet is a replay.";
reference
"Section 4.4.2.1 in RFC 4301.";
}
container traffic-selector {
description
"Packets are selected for
processing actions based on the IP and inner
protocol header information, selectors,
matched against entries in the SPD.";
uses selector-grouping;
reference
"Section 4.4.4.1 in RFC 4301.";
}
container processing-info {
description
"SPD processing. If the required processing
action is protect, it contains the required
information to process the packet.";
leaf action {
type ipsec-spd-action;
default discard;
description
"If bypass or discard, container
ipsec-sa-cfg is empty.";
}
container ipsec-sa-cfg {
when "../action = 'protect'";
description
"IPsec SA configuration included in the SPD
entry.";
leaf pfp-flag {
type boolean;
default false;
description
"Each selector has a Populate From
Packet (PFP) flag. If asserted for a
given selector X, the flag indicates
that the IPsec SA to be created should
take its value (local IP address,
remote IP address, Next Layer
Protocol, etc.) for X from the value
in the packet. Otherwise, the IPsec SA
should take its value(s) for X from
the value(s) in the SPD entry.";
}
leaf ext-seq-num {
type boolean;
default false;
description
"True if this IPsec SA is using extended
sequence numbers. True 64 bit counter,
False 32 bit.";
}
leaf seq-overflow {
type boolean;
default false;
description
"The flag indicating whether
overflow of the sequence number
counter should prevent transmission
of additional packets on the IPsec
SA (false) and, therefore needs to
be rekeyed, or whether rollover is
permitted (true). If Authenticated
Encryption with Associated Data
(AEAD) is used this flag MUST be
false.";
}
leaf stateful-frag-check {
type boolean;
default false;
description
"Indicates whether (true) or not (false)
stateful fragment checking applies to
the IPsec SA to be created.";
}
leaf mode {
type ipsec-mode;
default transport;
description
"IPsec SA has to be processed in
transport or tunnel mode.";
}
leaf protocol-parameters {
type ipsec-protocol-parameters;
default esp;
description
"Security protocol of the IPsec SA:
Only ESP is supported but it could be
extended in the future.";
}
container esp-algorithms {
when "../protocol-parameters = 'esp'";
description
"Configuration of Encapsulating
Security Payload (ESP) parameters and
algorithms.";
leaf-list integrity {
type integrity-algorithm-type;
default 0;
ordered-by user;
description
"Configuration of ESP authentication
based on the specified integrity
algorithm. With AEAD algorithms,
the integrity node is not
used.";
reference
"Section 3.2 in RFC 4303.";
}
leaf-list encryption {
type encryption-algorithm-type;
default 20;
ordered-by user;
description
"Configuration of ESP encryption
algorithms. The default value is
20 (ENCR_AES_GCM_16).";
reference
"Section 3.2 in RFC 4303.";
}
leaf tfc-pad {
type boolean;
default false;
description
"If Traffic Flow Confidentiality
(TFC) padding for ESP encryption
can be used (true) or not (false)";
reference
"Section 2.7 in RFC 4303.";
}
reference
"RFC 4303.";
}
container tunnel {
when "../mode = 'tunnel'";
uses tunnel-grouping;
description
"IPsec tunnel endpoints definition.";
}
}
reference
"Section 4.4.1.2 in RFC 4301.";
}
container spd-mark {
description
"The Mark to set for the IPsec SA of this
connection. This option is only available
on linux NETKEY/XFRM kernels. It can be
used with iptables to create custom
iptables rules using CONNMARK. It can also
be used with Virtual Tunnel Interfaces
(VTI) to direct marked traffic to
specific vtiXX devices.";
leaf mark {
type uint32;
default 0;
description
"Mark used to match XFRM policies and
states.";
}
leaf mask {
type yang:hex-string;
default 00:00:00:00;
description
"Mask used to match XFRM policies and
states.";
}
}
}
}
<CODE ENDS>
<CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-ipsec-ike@2019-08-05.yang"
module ietf-ipsec-ike {
yang-version 1.1;
namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ipsec-ike";
prefix "ike";
import ietf-inet-types { prefix inet; }
import ietf-yang-types { prefix yang; }
import ietf-crypto-types {
prefix ct;
reference
"draft-ietf-netconf-crypto-types-10:
Common YANG Data Types for Cryptography.";
}
import ietf-ipsec-common {
prefix ic;
reference
"RFC XXXX: module ietf-ipsec-common, revision
2019-08-05.";
}
import ietf-netconf-acm {
prefix nacm;
reference
"RFC 8341: Network Configuration Access Control
Model.";
}
organization "IETF I2NSF Working Group";
contact
"WG Web: <https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/i2nsf/about/>
WG List: <mailto:i2nsf@ietf.org>
Author: Rafael Marin-Lopez
<mailto:rafa@um.es>
Author: Gabriel Lopez-Millan
<mailto:gabilm@um.es>
Author: Fernando Pereniguez-Garcia
<mailto:fernando.pereniguez@cud.upct.es>
";
description
"This module contains IPsec IKE case model for the SDN-based
IPsec flow protection service. An NSF will implement this
module.
Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as
authors of the code. All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject
to the license terms contained in, the Simplified BSD License
set forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions
Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).
This version of this YANG module is part of RFC XXXX; see
the RFC itself for full legal notices.
The key words 'MUST', 'MUST NOT', 'REQUIRED', 'SHALL',
'SHALL NOT', 'SHOULD', 'SHOULD NOT', 'RECOMMENDED',
'NOT RECOMMENDED', 'MAY', and 'OPTIONAL' in this
document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14
(RFC 2119) (RFC 8174) when, and only when, they appear
in all capitals, as shown here.";
revision "2019-08-05" {
description "Revision 6";
reference
"RFC XXXX: YANG model for IKE case.";
}
typedef ike-spi {
type uint64 { range "0..max"; }
description
"Security Parameter Index (SPI)'s IKE SA.";
reference
"Section 2.6 in RFC 7296.";
}
typedef autostartup-type {
type enumeration {
enum add {
description
"IKE/IPsec configuration is only loaded into
IKE implementation but IKE/IPsec SA is not
started.";
}
enum on-demand {
description
"IKE/IPsec configuration is loaded
into IKE implementation. The IPsec policies
are transferred to the NSF's kernel but the
IPsec SAs are not established immediately.
The IKE implementation will negotiate the
IPsec SAs when the NSF's kernel requests it
(i.e. through an ACQUIRE notification).";
}
enum start {
description "IKE/IPsec configuration is loaded
and transferred to the NSF's kernel, and the
IKEv2 based IPsec SAs are established
immediately without waiting any packet.";
}
}
description
"Different policies to set IPsec SA configuration
into NSF's kernel when IKEv2 implementation has
started.";
}
typedef pfs-group {
type uint16;
description
"DH groups for IKE and IPsec SA rekey.";
reference
"Section 3.3.2 in RFC 7296. Transform Type 4 -
Diffie-Hellman Group Transform IDs in IANA Registry
- Internet Key Exchange Version 2 (IKEv2)
Parameters.";
}
typedef auth-protocol-type {
type enumeration {
enum ikev2 {
value 2;
description
"IKEv2 authentication protocol. It is the
only defined right now. An enum is used for
further extensibility.";
}
}
description
"IKE authentication protocol version specified in the
Peer Authorization Database (PAD). It is defined as
enumerate to allow new IKE versions in the
future.";
reference
"RFC 7296.";
}
typedef auth-method-type {
type enumeration {
enum pre-shared {
description
"Select pre-shared key as the
authentication method.";
reference
"RFC 7296.";
}
enum eap {
description
"Select EAP as the authentication method.";
reference
"RFC 7296.";
}
enum digital-signature {
description
"Select digital signature method.";
reference
"RFC 7296 and RFC 7427.";
}
enum null {
description
"Null authentication.";
reference
"RFC 7619.";
}
}
description
"Peer authentication method specified in the Peer
Authorization Database (PAD).";
}
container ipsec-ike {
description
"IKE configuration for a NSF. It includes PAD
parameters, IKE connections information and state
data.";
container pad {
description
"Configuration of Peer Authorization Database
(PAD). The PAD contains information about IKE
peer (local and remote). Therefore, the Security
Controller also stores authentication
information for this NSF and can include
several entries for the local NSF not only
remote peers. Storing local and remote
information makes possible to specify that this
NSF with identity A will use some particular
authentication with remote NSF with identity B
and what are the authentication mechanisms
allowed to B.";
list pad-entry {
key "name";
ordered-by user;
description
"Peer Authorization Database (PAD) entry. It
is a list of PAD entries ordered by the
I2NSF Controller.";
leaf name {
type string;
description
"PAD unique name to identify this
entry.";
}
choice identity {
mandatory true;
description
"A particular IKE peer will be
identified by one of these identities.
This peer can be a remote peer or local
peer (this NSF).";
reference
"Section 4.4.3.1 in RFC 4301.";
case ipv4-address{
leaf ipv4-address {
type inet:ipv4-address;
description
"Specifies the identity as a
single four (4) octet.";
}
}
case ipv6-address{
leaf ipv6-address {
type inet:ipv6-address;
description
"Specifies the identity as a
single sixteen (16) octet IPv6
address. An example is
2001:DB8:0:0:8:800:200C:417A.";
}
}
case fqdn-string {
leaf fqdn-string {
type inet:domain-name;
description
"Specifies the identity as a
Fully-QualifiedDomain Name
(FQDN) string. An example is:
example.com. The string MUST
NOT contain any terminators
(e.g., NULL, CR, etc.).";
}
}
case rfc822-address-string {
leaf rfc822-address-string {
type string;
description
"Specifies the identity as a
fully-qualified RFC822 email
address string. An example is,
jsmith@example.com. The string
MUST NOT contain any
terminators e.g., NULL, CR,
etc.).";
reference
"RFC 822.";
}
}
case dnx509 {
leaf dnx509 {
type string;
description
"Specifies the identity as a
ASN.1 X.500 Distinguished
Name. An example is
C=US,O=Example
Organisation,CN=John Smith.";
reference
"RFC 2247.";
}
}
case gnx509 {
leaf gnx509 {
type string;
description
"ASN.1 X.509 GeneralName. RFC
3280.";
}
}
case id-key {
leaf id-key {
type string;
description
"Opaque octet stream that may be
used to pass vendor-specific
information for proprietary
types of identification.";
reference
"Section 3.5 in RFC 7296.";
}
}
case id-null {
leaf id-null {
type empty;
description
"ID_NULL identification used
when IKE identification payload
is not used." ;
reference
"RFC 7619.";
}
}
}
leaf auth-protocol {
type auth-protocol-type;
default ikev2;
description
"Only IKEv2 is supported right now but
other authentication protocols may be
supported in the future.";
}
container peer-authentication {
description
"This container allows the Security
Controller to configure the
authentication method (pre-shared key,
eap, digitial-signature, null) that
will use a particular peer and the
credentials, which will depend on the
selected authentication method.";
leaf auth-method {
type auth-method-type;
default pre-shared;
description
"Type of authentication method
(pre-shared, eap, digital signature,
null).";
reference
"Section 2.15 in RFC 7296.";
}
container eap-method {
when "../auth-method = 'eap'";
leaf eap-type {
type uint8;
mandatory true;
description
"EAP method type. This
information provides the
particular EAP method to be
used. Depending on the EAP
method, pre-shared keys or
certificates may be used.";
}
description
"EAP method description used when
authentication method is 'eap'.";
reference
"Section 2.16 in RFC 7296.";
}
container pre-shared {
when
"../auth-method[.='pre-shared' or
.='eap']";
leaf secret {
nacm:default-deny-all;
type yang:hex-string;
description
"Pre-shared secret value. The
NSF has to prevent read access
to this value for security
reasons.";
}
description
"Shared secret value for PSK or
EAP method authentication based on
PSK.";
}
container digital-signature {
when
"../auth-method[.='digital-signature'
or .='eap']";
leaf ds-algorithm {
type uint8;
description
"The digital signature
algorithm is specified with a
value extracted from the IANA
Registry. Depending on the
algorithm, the following leafs
must contain information. For
example if digital signature
involves a certificate then leaf
'cert-data' and 'private-key'
will contain this information.";
reference
"IKEv2 Authentication Method -
IANA Registry - Internet Key
Exchange Version 2 (IKEv2)
Parameters.";
}
choice public-key {
mandatory true;
leaf raw-public-key {
type binary;
description
"A binary that contains the
value of the public key. The
interpretation of the content
is defined by the digital
signature algorithm. For
example, an RSA key is
represented as RSAPublicKey as
defined in RFC 8017, and an
Elliptic Curve Cryptography
(ECC) key is represented
using the 'publicKey'
described in RFC 5915.";
reference
"RFC XXX: Common YANG Data
Types for Cryptography.";
}
leaf cert-data {
type ct:x509;
description
"X.509 certificate data -
PEM4.";
reference
"RFC XXX: Common YANG Data
Types for Cryptography.";
}
description
"If the I2NSF Controller
knows that the NSF
already owns a private key
associated to this public key
(the NSF generated the pair
public key/private key out of
band), it will only configure
one of the leaf of this
choice. The NSF, based on
the public key value can know
the private key to be used.";
}
leaf private-key {
nacm:default-deny-all;
type binary;
description
"A binary that contains the
value of the private key. The
interpretation of the content
is defined by the digital
signature algorithm. For
example, an RSA key is
represented as RSAPrivateKey as
defined in RFC 8017, and an
Elliptic Curve Cryptography
(ECC) key is represented as
ECPrivateKey as defined in RFC
5915.";
reference
"RFC XXX: Common YANG Data
Types for Cryptography.";
}
leaf-list ca-data {
type ct:x509;
description
"List of trusted Certification
Authorities (CA) certificates
encoded using ASN.1
distinguished encoding rules
(DER).";
reference
"RFC XXX: Common YANG Data
Types for Cryptography.";
}
leaf crl-data {
type ct:crl;
description
"A CertificateList structure, as
specified in RFC 5280,
encoded using ASN.1
distinguished encoding rules
(DER),as specified in ITU-T
X.690.";
reference
"RFC XXX: Common YANG Data Types
for Cryptography.";
}
leaf crl-uri {
type inet:uri;
description
"X.509 CRL certificate URI.";
}
leaf oscp-uri {
type inet:uri;
description
"OCSP URI.";
}
description
"Digital Signature container.";
} /*container digital-signature*/
} /*container peer-authentication*/
}
}
list conn-entry {
key "name";
description
"IKE peer connection information. This list
contains the IKE connection for this peer
with other peers. This will be translated in
real time by IKE Security Associations
established with these nodes.";
leaf name {
type string;
mandatory true;
description
"Identifier for this connection
entry.";
}
leaf autostartup {
type autostartup-type;
default add;
description
"By-default: Only add configuration
without starting the security
association.";
}
leaf initial-contact {
type boolean;
default false;
description
"The goal of this value is to deactivate the
usage of INITIAL_CONTACT notification
(true). If this flag remains to false it
means the usage of the INITIAL_CONTACT
notification will depend on the IKEv2
implementation.";
}
leaf version {
type auth-protocol-type;
default ikev2;
description
"IKE version. Only version 2 is supported
so far.";
}
leaf fragmentation {
type boolean;
default false;
description
"Whether or not to enable IKE
fragmentation as per RFC 7383 (true or
false).";
reference
"RFC 7383.";
}
container ike-sa-lifetime-soft {
description
"IKE SA lifetime soft. Two lifetime values
can be configured: either rekey time of the
IKE SA or reauth time of the IKE SA. When
the rekey lifetime expires a rekey of the
IKE SA starts. When reauth lifetime
expires a IKE SA reauthentication starts.";
leaf rekey-time {
type uint32;
default 0;
description
"Time in seconds between each IKE SA
rekey.The value 0 means infinite.";
}
leaf reauth-time {
type uint32;
default 0;
description
"Time in seconds between each IKE SA
reauthentication. The value 0 means
infinite.";
}
reference
"Section 2.8 in RFC 7296.";
}
container ike-sa-lifetime-hard {
description
"Hard IKE SA lifetime. When this
time is reached the IKE SA is removed.";
leaf over-time {
type uint32;
default 0;
description
"Time in seconds before the IKE SA is
removed. The value 0 means infinite.";
}
reference
"RFC 7296.";
}
leaf-list authalg {
type ic:integrity-algorithm-type;
default 12;
ordered-by user;
description
"Authentication algorithm for establishing
the IKE SA. This list is ordered following
from the higher priority to lower priority.
First node of the list will be the algorithm
with higher priority. If this list is empty
the default integrity algorithm value assumed
is NONE.";
}
leaf-list encalg {
type ic:encryption-algorithm-type;
default 12;
ordered-by user;
description
"Encryption or AEAD algorithm for the IKE
SAs. This list is ordered following
from the higher priority to lower priority.
First node of the list will be the algorithm
with higher priority. If this list is empty
the default encryption value assumed is
NULL.";
}
leaf dh-group {
type pfs-group;
default 14;
description
"Group number for Diffie-Hellman
Exponentiation used during IKE_SA_INIT
for the IKE SA key exchange.";
}
leaf half-open-ike-sa-timer {
type uint32;
description
"Set the half-open IKE SA timeout
duration.";
reference
"Section 2 in RFC 7296.";
}
leaf half-open-ike-sa-cookie-threshold {
type uint32;
description
"Number of half-open IKE SAs that activate
the cookie mechanism." ;
reference
"Section 2.6 in RFC 7296.";
}
container local {
leaf local-pad-entry-name {
type string;
description
"Local peer authentication information.
This node points to a specific entry in
the PAD where the authorization
information about this particular local
peer is stored. It MUST match a
pad-entry-name.";
}
description
"Local peer authentication information.";
}
container remote {
leaf remote-pad-entry-name {
type string;
description
"Remote peer authentication information.
This node points to a specific entry in
the PAD where the authorization
information about this particular
remote peer is stored. It MUST match a
pad-entry-name.";
}
description
"Remote peer authentication information.";
}
container encapsulation-type
{
uses ic:encap;
description
"This container carries configuration
information about the source and destination
ports of encapsulation that IKE should use
and the type of encapsulation that
should use when NAT traversal is required.
However, this is just a best effort since
the IKE implementation may need to use a
different encapsulation as
described in RFC 8229.";
reference
"RFC 8229.";
}
container spd {
description
"Configuration of the Security Policy
Database (SPD). This main information is
placed in the grouping
ipsec-policy-grouping.";
list spd-entry {
key "name";
ordered-by user;
leaf name {
type string;
mandatory true;
description
"SPD entry unique name to identify
the IPsec policy.";
}
container ipsec-policy-config {
description
"This container carries the
configuration of a IPsec policy.";
uses ic:ipsec-policy-grouping;
}
description
"List of entries which will constitute
the representation of the SPD. Since we
have IKE in this case, it is only
required to send a IPsec policy from
this NSF where 'local' is this NSF and
'remote' the other NSF. The IKE
implementation will install IPsec
policies in the NSF's kernel in both
directions (inbound and outbound) and
their corresponding IPsec SAs based on
the information in this SPD entry.";
}
reference
"Section 2.9 in RFC 7296.";
}
container child-sa-info {
leaf-list pfs-groups {
type pfs-group;
default 0;
ordered-by user;
description
"If non-zero, it is required perfect
forward secrecy when requesting new
IPsec SA. The non-zero value is
the required group number. This list is
ordered following from the higher
priority to lower priority. First node
of the list will be the algorithm
with higher priority.";
}
container child-sa-lifetime-soft {
description
"Soft IPsec SA lifetime soft.
After the lifetime the action is
defined in this container
in the leaf action.";
uses ic:lifetime;
leaf action {
type ic:lifetime-action;
default replace;
description
"When the lifetime of an IPsec SA
expires an action needs to be
performed over the IPsec SA that
reached the lifetime. There are
three possible options:
terminate-clear, terminate-hold and
replace.";
reference
"Section 4.5 in RFC 4301 and Section 2.8
in RFC 7296.";
}
}
container child-sa-lifetime-hard {
description
"IPsec SA lifetime hard. The action will
be to terminate the IPsec SA.";
uses ic:lifetime;
reference
"Section 2.8 in RFC 7296.";
}
description
"Specific information for IPsec SAs
SAs. It includes PFS group and IPsec SAs
rekey lifetimes.";
}
container state {
config false;
leaf initiator {
type boolean;
description
"It is acting as initiator for this
connection.";
}
leaf initiator-ikesa-spi {
type ike-spi;
description
"Initiator's IKE SA SPI.";
}
leaf responder-ikesa-spi {
type ike-spi;
description
"Responder's IKE SA SPI.";
}
leaf nat-local {
type boolean;
description
"True, if local endpoint is behind a
NAT.";
}
leaf nat-remote {
type boolean;
description
"True, if remote endpoint is behind
a NAT.";
}
container encapsulation-type
{
uses ic:encap;
description
"This container provides information
about the source and destination
ports of encapsulation that IKE is
using, and the type of encapsulation
when NAT traversal is required.";
reference
"RFC 8229.";
}
leaf established {
type uint64;
description
"Seconds since this IKE SA has been
established.";
}
leaf current-rekey-time {
type uint64;
description
"Seconds before IKE SA must be rekeyed.";
}
leaf current-reauth-time {
type uint64;
description
"Seconds before IKE SA must be
re-authenticated.";
}
description
"IKE state data for a particular
connection.";
} /* ike-sa-state */
} /* ike-conn-entries */
container number-ike-sas {
config false;
leaf total {
type uint64;
description
"Total number of active IKE SAs.";
}
leaf half-open {
type uint64;
description
"Number of half-open active IKE SAs.";
}
leaf half-open-cookies {
type uint64;
description
"Number of half open active IKE SAs with
cookie activated.";
}
description
"General information about the IKE SAs. In
particular, it provides the current number of
IKE SAs.";
}
} /* container ipsec-ike */
}
<CODE ENDS>
<CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-ipsec-ikeless@2019-08-05.yang"
module ietf-ipsec-ikeless {
yang-version 1.1;
namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ipsec-ikeless";
prefix "ikeless";
import ietf-yang-types { prefix yang; }
import ietf-ipsec-common {
prefix ic;
reference
"Common Data model for SDN-based IPsec
configuration.";
}
import ietf-netconf-acm {
prefix nacm;
reference
"RFC 8341: Network Configuration Access Control
Model.";
}
organization "IETF I2NSF Working Group";
contact
"WG Web: <https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/i2nsf/about/>
WG List: <mailto:i2nsf@ietf.org>
Author: Rafael Marin-Lopez
<mailto:rafa@um.es>
Author: Gabriel Lopez-Millan
<mailto:gabilm@um.es>
Author: Fernando Pereniguez-Garcia
<mailto:fernando.pereniguez@cud.upct.es>
";
description
"Data model for IKE-less case in the SDN-base IPsec flow
protection service.
Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons
identified as authors of the code. All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with
or without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and
subject to the license terms contained in, the
Simplified BSD License set forth in Section 4.c of the
IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).
This version of this YANG module is part of RFC XXXX;;
see the RFC itself for full legal notices.
The key words 'MUST', 'MUST NOT', 'REQUIRED', 'SHALL',
'SHALL NOT', 'SHOULD', 'SHOULD NOT', 'RECOMMENDED',
'NOT RECOMMENDED', 'MAY', and 'OPTIONAL' in this
document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14
(RFC 2119) (RFC 8174) when, and only when, they appear
in all capitals, as shown here.";
revision "2019-08-05" {
description "Revision 06";
reference "RFC XXXX: YANG model for IKE case.";
}
container ipsec-ikeless {
description
"Container for configuration of the IKE-less
case. The container contains two additional
containers: 'spd' and 'sad'. The first allows the
I2NSF Controller to configure IPsec policies in
the Security Policy Database SPD, and the second
allows to configure IPsec Security Associations
(IPsec SAs) in the Security Association Database
(SAD).";
reference "RFC 4301.";
container spd {
description
"Configuration of the Security Policy Database
(SPD.)";
reference "Section 4.4.1.2 in RFC 4301.";
list spd-entry {
key "name";
ordered-by user;
leaf name {
type string;
mandatory true;
description
"SPD entry unique name to identify this
entry.";
}
leaf direction {
type ic:ipsec-traffic-direction;
description
"Inbound traffic or outbound
traffic. In the IKE-less case the
I2NSF Controller needs to
specify the policy direction to be
applied in the NSF. In the IKE case
this direction does not need to be
specified since IKE
will determine the direction that
IPsec policy will require.";
}
leaf reqid {
type uint64;
default 0;
description
"This value allows to link this
IPsec policy with IPsec SAs with the
same reqid. It is only required in
the IKE-less model since, in the IKE
case this link is handled internally
by IKE.";
}
container ipsec-policy-config {
description
"This container carries the
configuration of a IPsec policy.";
uses ic:ipsec-policy-grouping;
}
description
"The SPD is represented as a list of SPD
entries, where each SPD entry represents an
IPsec policy.";
} /*list spd-entry*/
} /*container spd*/
container sad {
description
"Configuration of the IPsec Security Association
Database (SAD)";
reference "Section 4.4.2.1 in RFC 4301.";
list sad-entry {
key "name";
ordered-by user;
leaf name {
type string;
description
"SAD entry unique name to identify this
entry.";
}
leaf reqid {
type uint64;
default 0;
description
"This value allows to link this
IPsec SA with an IPsec policy with
the same reqid.";
}
container ipsec-sa-config {
description
"This container allows configuring
details of an IPsec SA.";
leaf spi {
type uint32 { range "0..max"; }
mandatory true;
description
"Security Parameter Index (SPI)'s
IPsec SA.";
}
leaf ext-seq-num {
type boolean;
default true;
description
"True if this IPsec SA is using
extended sequence numbers. True 64
bit counter, FALSE 32 bit.";
}
leaf seq-number-counter {
type uint64;
default 0;
description
"A 64-bit counter when this IPsec
SA is using Extended Sequence
Number or 32-bit counter when it
is not. It used to generate the
initial Sequence Number field
in ESP headers.";
}
leaf seq-overflow {
type boolean;
default false;
description
"The flag indicating whether
overflow of the sequence number
counter should prevent transmission
of additional packets on the IPsec
SA (false) and, therefore needs to
be rekeyed, or whether rollover is
permitted (true). If Authenticated
Encryption with Associated Data
(AEAD) is used this flag MUST BE
false.";
}
leaf anti-replay-window {
type uint32;
default 32;
description
"A 32-bit counter and a bit-map (or
equivalent) used to determine
whether an inbound ESP packet is a
replay. If set to 0 no anti-replay
mechanism is performed.";
}
container traffic-selector {
uses ic:selector-grouping;
description
"The IPsec SA traffic selector.";
}
leaf protocol-parameters {
type ic:ipsec-protocol-parameters;
default esp;
description
"Security protocol of IPsec SA: Only
ESP so far.";
}
leaf mode {
type ic:ipsec-mode;
description
"Tunnel or transport mode.";
}
container esp-sa {
when "../protocol-parameters =
'esp'";
description
"In case the IPsec SA is
Encapsulation Security Payload
(ESP), it is required to specify
encryption and integrity
algorithms, and key material.";
container encryption {
description
"Configuration of encryption or
AEAD algorithm for IPsec
Encapsulation Security Payload
(ESP).";
leaf encryption-algorithm {
type ic:encryption-algorithm-type;
description
"Configuration of ESP
encryption. With AEAD
algorithms, the integrity
node is not used.";
}
leaf key {
nacm:default-deny-all;
type yang:hex-string;
description
"ESP encryption key value.";
}
leaf iv {
nacm:default-deny-all;
type yang:hex-string;
description
"ESP encryption IV value.";
}
}
container integrity {
description
"Configuration of integrity for
IPsec Encapsulation Security
Payload (ESP). This container
allows to configure integrity
algorithm when no AEAD
algorithms are used, and
integrity is required.";
leaf integrity-algorithm {
type ic:integrity-algorithm-type;
description
"Message Authentication Code
(MAC) algorithm to provide
integrity in ESP.";
}
leaf key {
nacm:default-deny-all;
type yang:hex-string;
description
"ESP integrity key value.";
}
}
} /*container esp-sa*/
container sa-lifetime-hard {
description
"IPsec SA hard lifetime. The action
associated is terminate and
hold.";
uses ic:lifetime;
}
container sa-lifetime-soft {
description
"IPsec SA soft lifetime.";
uses ic:lifetime;
leaf action {
type ic:lifetime-action;
description
"Action lifetime:
terminate-clear,
terminate-hold or replace.";
}
}
container tunnel {
when "../mode = 'tunnel'";
uses ic:tunnel-grouping;
description
"Endpoints of the IPsec tunnel.";
}
container encapsulation-type
{
uses ic:encap;
description
"This container carries
configuration information about
the source and destination ports
which will be used for ESP
encapsulation that ESP packets the
type of encapsulation when NAT
traversal is in place.";
}
} /*ipsec-sa-config*/
container ipsec-sa-state {
config false;
description
"Container describing IPsec SA state
data.";
container sa-lifetime-current {
uses ic:lifetime;
description
"SAD lifetime current.";
}
container replay-stats {
description
"State data about the anti-replay
window.";
leaf replay-window {
type uint64;
description
"Current state of the replay
window.";
}
leaf packet-dropped {
type uint64;
description
"Packets detected out of the
replay window and dropped
because they are replay
packets.";
}
leaf failed {
type uint32;
description
"Number of packets detected out
of the replay window.";
}
leaf seq-number-counter {
type uint64;
description
"A 64-bit counter when this
IPsec SA is using Extended
Sequence Number or 32-bit
counter when it is not.
Current value of sequence
number.";
}
} /* container replay-stats*/
} /*ipsec-sa-state*/
description
"List of SAD entries that conforms the SAD.";
} /*list sad-entry*/
} /*container sad*/
}/*container ipsec-ikeless*/
/* Notifications */
notification sadb-acquire {
description
"An IPsec SA is required. The traffic-selector
container contains information about the IP packet
that triggers the acquire notification.";
leaf ipsec-policy-name {
type string;
mandatory true;
description
"It contains the SPD entry name (unique) of
the IPsec policy that hits the IP packet
required IPsec SA. It is assumed the
I2NSF Controller will have a copy of the
information of this policy so it can
extract all the information with this
unique identifier. The type of IPsec SA is
defined in the policy so the Security
Controller can also know the type of IPsec
SA that must be generated.";
}
container traffic-selector {
description
"The IP packet that triggered the acquire
and requires an IPsec SA. Specifically it
will contain the IP source/mask and IP
destination/mask; protocol (udp, tcp,
etc...); and source and destination
ports.";
uses ic:selector-grouping;
}
}
notification sadb-expire {
description "An IPsec SA expiration (soft or hard).";
leaf ipsec-sa-name {
type string;
mandatory true;
description
"It contains the SAD entry name (unique) of
the IPsec SA that has expired. It is assumed
the I2NSF Controller will have a copy of the
IPsec SA information (except the cryptographic
material and state data) indexed by this name
(unique identifier) so it can know all the
information (crypto algorithms, etc.) about
the IPsec SA that has expired in order to
perform a rekey (soft lifetime) or delete it
(hard lifetime) with this unique identifier.";
}
leaf soft-lifetime-expire {
type boolean;
default true;
description
"If this value is true the lifetime expired is
soft. If it is false is hard.";
}
container lifetime-current {
description
"IPsec SA current lifetime. If
soft-lifetime-expired is true this container is
set with the lifetime information about current
soft lifetime.";
uses ic:lifetime;
}
}
notification sadb-seq-overflow {
description "Sequence overflow notification.";
leaf ipsec-sa-name {
type string;
mandatory true;
description
"It contains the SAD entry name (unique) of
the IPsec SA that is about to have sequence
number overflow and rollover is not permitted.
It is assumed the I2NSF Controller will have
a copy of the IPsec SA information (except the
cryptographic material and state data) indexed
by this name (unique identifier) so the it can
know all the information (crypto algorithms,
etc.) about the IPsec SA that has expired in
order to perform a rekey of the IPsec SA.";
}
}
notification sadb-bad-spi {
description
"Notify when the NSF receives a packet with an
incorrect SPI (i.e. not present in the SAD).";
leaf spi {
type uint32 { range "0..max"; }
mandatory true;
description
"SPI number contained in the erroneous IPsec
packet.";
}
}
}/*module ietf-ipsec*/
<CODE ENDS>
This example shows a XML configuration file sent by the I2NSF Controller to establish a IPsec Security Association between two NSFs (see Figure 3) in tunnel mode (gateway-to-gateway) with ESP, authentication based on X.509 certificates and applying the IKE case.
+------------------+
| I2NSF Controller |
+------------------+
I2NSF NSF-Facing |
Interface |
/------------------+-----------------\
/ \
/ \
+----+ +--------+ +--------+ +----+
| h1 |--| nsf_h1 |== IPsec_ESP_Tunnel_mode == | nsf_h2 |--| h2 |
+----+ +--------+ +--------+ +----+
:1 :100 :200 :1
(2001:DB8:1:/64) (2001:DB8:123:/64) (2001:DB8:2:/64)
Figure 3: IKE case, tunnel mode , X.509 certificate authentication.
<ipsec-ike xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ipsec-ike"
xmlns:nc="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0">
<pad>
<pad-entry>
<name>nsf_h1_pad</name>
<ipv6-address>2001:DB8:123::100</ipv6-address>
<peer-authentication>
<auth-method>digital-signature</auth-method>
<digital-signature>
<cert-data>base64encodedvalue==</cert-data>
<private-key>base64encodedvalue==</private-key>
<ca-data>base64encodedvalue==</ca-data>
</digital-signature>
</peer-authentication>
</pad-entry>
<pad-entry>
<name>nsf_h2_pad</name>
<ipv6-address>2001:DB8:123::200</ipv6-address>
<auth-protocol>ikev2</auth-protocol>
<peer-authentication>
<auth-method>digital-signature</auth-method>
<digital-signature>
<!-- RSA Digital Signature -->
<ds-algorithm>1</ds-algorithm>
<cert-data>base64encodedvalue==</cert-data>
<ca-data>base64encodedvalue==</ca-data>
</digital-signature>
</peer-authentication>
</pad-entry>
</pad>
<conn-entry>
<name>nsf_h1-nsf_h2</name>
<autostartup>start</autostartup>
<version>ikev2</version>
<initial-contact>false</initial-contact>
<fragmentation>true</fragmentation>
<ike-sa-lifetime-soft>
<rekey-time>60</rekey-time>
<reauth-time>120</reauth-time>
</ike-sa-lifetime-soft>
<ike-sa-lifetime-hard>
<over-time>3600</over-time>
</ike-sa-lifetime-hard>
<authalg>7</authalg>
<!--AUTH_HMAC_SHA1_160-->
<encalg>3</encalg>
<!--ENCR_3DES -->
<dh-group>18</dh-group>
<!--8192-bit MODP Group-->
<half-open-ike-sa-timer>30</half-open-ike-sa-timer>
<half-open-ike-sa-cookie-threshold>
15
</half-open-ike-sa-cookie-threshold>
<local>
<local-pad-entry-name>nsf_h1_pad</local-pad-entry-name>
</local>
<remote>
<remote-pad-entry-name>nsf_h2_pad</remote-pad-entry-name>
</remote>
<spd>
<spd-entry>
<name>nsf_h1-nsf_h2</name>
<ipsec-policy-config>
<anti-replay-window>32</anti-replay-window>
<traffic-selector>
<local-subnet>2001:DB8:1::0/64</local-subnet>
<remote-subnet>2001:DB8:2::0/64</remote-subnet>
<inner-protocol>any</inner-protocol>
<local-ports>
<start>0</start>
<end>0</end>
</local-ports>
<remote-ports>
<start>0</start>
<end>0</end>
</remote-ports>
</traffic-selector>
<processing-info>
<action>protect</action>
<ipsec-sa-cfg>
<pfp-flag>false</pfp-flag>
<ext-seq-num>true</ext-seq-num>
<seq-overflow>false</seq-overflow>
<stateful-frag-check>false</stateful-frag-check>
<mode>tunnel</mode>
<protocol-parameters>esp</protocol-parameters>
<esp-algorithms>
<!-- AUTH_HMAC_SHA1_96 -->
<integrity>2</integrity>
<!-- ENCR_AES_CBC -->
<encryption>12</encryption>
<tfc-pad>false</tfc-pad>
</esp-algorithms>
<tunnel>
<local>2001:DB8:123::100</local>
<remote>2001:DB8:123::200</remote>
<df-bit>clear</df-bit>
<bypass-dscp>true</bypass-dscp>
<ecn>false</ecn>
</tunnel>
</ipsec-sa-cfg>
</processing-info>
</ipsec-policy-config>
</spd-entry>
</spd>
<child-sa-info>
<!--8192-bit MODP Group -->
<pfs-groups>18</pfs-groups>
<child-sa-lifetime-soft>
<bytes>1000000</bytes>
<packets>1000</packets>
<time>30</time>
<idle>60</idle>
<action>replace</action>
</child-sa-lifetime-soft>
<child-sa-lifetime-hard>
<bytes>2000000</bytes>
<packets>2000</packets>
<time>60</time>
<idle>120</idle>
</child-sa-lifetime-hard>
</child-sa-info>
</conn-entry>
</ipsec-ike>
This example shows a XML configuration file sent by the I2NSF Controller to establish a IPsec Security Association between two NSFs (see Figure 4) in transport mode (host-to-host) with ESP, and applying the IKE-less case.
+------------------+
| I2NSF Controller |
+------------------+
I2NSF NSF-Facing |
Interface |
/--------------------+-------------------\
/ \
/ \
+--------+ +--------+
| nsf_h1 |===== IPsec_ESP_Transport_mode =====| nsf_h2 |
+--------+ +--------+
:100 (2001:DB8:123:/64) :200
Figure 4: IKE-less case, transport mode.
<ipsec-ikeless
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ipsec-ikeless"
xmlns:nc="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0">
<spd>
<spd-entry>
<name>
in/trans/2001:DB8:123::200/2001:DB8:123::100
</name>
<direction>inbound</direction>
<reqid>1</reqid>
<ipsec-policy-config>
<traffic-selector>
<local-subnet>2001:DB8:123::200/128</local-subnet>
<remote-subnet>2001:DB8:123::100/128</remote-subnet>
<inner-protocol>any</inner-protocol>
<local-ports>
<start>0</start>
<end>0</end>
</local-ports>
<remote-ports>
<start>0</start>
<end>0</end>
</remote-ports>
</traffic-selector>
<processing-info>
<action>protect</action>
<ipsec-sa-cfg>
<ext-seq-num>true</ext-seq-num>
<seq-overflow>true</seq-overflow>
<mode>transport</mode>
<protocol-parameters>esp</protocol-parameters>
<esp-algorithms>
<!--AUTH_HMAC_SHA1_96-->
<integrity>2</integrity>
<!--ENCR_AES_CBC -->
<encryption>12</encryption>
</esp-algorithms>
</ipsec-sa-cfg>
</processing-info>
</ipsec-policy-config>
</spd-entry>
<spd-entry>
<name>out/trans/2001:DB8:123::100/2001:DB8:123::200</name>
<direction>outbound</direction>
<reqid>1</reqid>
<ipsec-policy-config>
<traffic-selector>
<local-subnet>2001:DB8:123::100/128</local-subnet>
<remote-subnet>2001:DB8:123::200/128</remote-subnet>
<inner-protocol>any</inner-protocol>
<local-ports>
<start>0</start>
<end>0</end>
</local-ports>
<remote-ports>
<start>0</start>
<end>0</end>
</remote-ports>
</traffic-selector>
<processing-info>
<action>protect</action>
<ipsec-sa-cfg>
<ext-seq-num>true</ext-seq-num>
<seq-overflow>true</seq-overflow>
<mode>transport</mode>
<protocol-parameters>esp</protocol-parameters>
<esp-algorithms>
<!-- AUTH_HMAC_SHA1_96 -->
<integrity>2</integrity>
<!-- ENCR_AES_CBC -->
<encryption>12</encryption>
</esp-algorithms>
</ipsec-sa-cfg>
</processing-info>
</ipsec-policy-config>
</spd-entry>
</spd>
<sad>
<sad-entry>
<name>out/trans/2001:DB8:123::100/2001:DB8:123::200</name>
<reqid>1</reqid>
<ipsec-sa-config>
<spi>34501</spi>
<ext-seq-num>true</ext-seq-num>
<seq-number-counter>100</seq-number-counter>
<seq-overflow>true</seq-overflow>
<anti-replay-window>32</anti-replay-window>
<traffic-selector>
<local-subnet>2001:DB8:123::100/128</local-subnet>
<remote-subnet>2001:DB8:123::200/128</remote-subnet>
<inner-protocol>any</inner-protocol>
<local-ports>
<start>0</start>
<end>0</end>
</local-ports>
<remote-ports>
<start>0</start>
<end>0</end>
</remote-ports>
</traffic-selector>
<protocol-parameters>esp</protocol-parameters>
<mode>transport</mode>
<esp-sa>
<encryption>
<!-- //ENCR_AES_CBC -->
<encryption-algorithm>12</encryption-algorithm>
<key>01:23:45:67:89:AB:CE:DF</key>
<iv>01:23:45:67:89:AB:CE:DF</iv>
</encryption>
<integrity>
<!-- //AUTH_HMAC_SHA1_96 -->
<integrity-algorithm>2</integrity-algorithm>
<key>01:23:45:67:89:AB:CE:DF</key>
</integrity>
</esp-sa>
</ipsec-sa-config>
</sad-entry>
<sad-entry>
<name>in/trans/2001:DB8:123::200/2001:DB8:123::100</name>
<reqid>1</reqid>
<ipsec-sa-config>
<spi>34502</spi>
<ext-seq-num>true</ext-seq-num>
<seq-number-counter>100</seq-number-counter>
<seq-overflow>true</seq-overflow>
<anti-replay-window>32</anti-replay-window>
<traffic-selector>
<local-subnet>2001:DB8:123::200/128</local-subnet>
<remote-subnet>2001:DB8:123::100/128</remote-subnet>
<inner-protocol>any</inner-protocol>
<local-ports>
<start>0</start>
<end>0</end>
</local-ports>
<remote-ports>
<start>0</start>
<end>0</end>
</remote-ports>
</traffic-selector>
<protocol-parameters>esp</protocol-parameters>
<mode>transport</mode>
<esp-sa>
<encryption>
<!-- //ENCR_AES_CBC -->
<encryption-algorithm>12</encryption-algorithm>
<key>01:23:45:67:89:AB:CE:DF</key>
<iv>01:23:45:67:89:AB:CE:DF</iv>
</encryption>
<integrity>
<!-- //AUTH_HMAC_SHA1_96 -->
<integrity-algorithm>2</integrity-algorithm>
<key>01:23:45:67:89:AB:CE:DF</key>
</integrity>
</esp-sa>
<sa-lifetime-hard>
<bytes>2000000</bytes>
<packets>2000</packets>
<time>60</time>
<idle>120</idle>
</sa-lifetime-hard>
<sa-lifetime-soft>
<bytes>1000000</bytes>
<packets>1000</packets>
<time>30</time>
<idle>60</idle>
<action>replace</action>
</sa-lifetime-soft>
</ipsec-sa-config>
</sad-entry>
</sad>
</ipsec-ikeless>
Below we show several XML files that represent different types of notifications defined in the IKE-less YANG model, which are sent by the NSF to the I2NSF Controller. The notifications happen in the IKE-less case.
<sadb-expire xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ipsec-ikeless">
<ipsec-sa-name>in/trans/2001:DB8:123::200/2001:DB8:123::100
</ipsec-sa-name>
<soft-lifetime-expire>true</soft-lifetime-expire>
<lifetime-current>
<bytes>1000000</bytes>
<packets>1000</packets>
<time>30</time>
<idle>60</idle>
</lifetime-current>
</sadb-expire>
Figure 5: Example of sadb-expire notification.
<sadb-acquire xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ipsec-ikeless">
<ipsec-policy-name>in/trans/2001:DB8:123::200/2001:DB8:123::100
</ipsec-policy-name>
<traffic-selector>
<local-subnet>2001:DB8:123::200/128</local-subnet>
<remote-subnet>2001:DB8:123::100/128</remote-subnet>
<inner-protocol>any</inner-protocol>
<local-ports>
<start>0</start>
<end>0</end>
</local-ports>
<remote-ports>
<start>0</start>
<end>0</end>
</remote-ports>
</traffic-selector>
</sadb-acquire>
Figure 6: Example of sadb-acquire notification.
<sadb-seq-overflow
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ipsec-ikeless">
<ipsec-sa-name>in/trans/2001:DB8:123::200/2001:DB8:123::100
</ipsec-sa-name>
</sadb-seq-overflow>
Figure 7: Example of sadb-seq-overflow notification.
<sadb-bad-spi
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ipsec-ikeless">
<spi>666</spi>
</sadb-bad-spi>
Figure 8: Example of sadb-bad-spi notification.
This appendix exemplifies the applicability of IKE case and IKE-less case to traditional IPsec configurations, that is, host-to-host and gateway-to-gateway. The examples we show in the following assume the existence of two NSFs needing to establish an end-to-end IPsec SA to protect their communications. Both NSFs could be two hosts that exchange traffic (host-to-host) or gateways (gateway-to-gateway), for example, within an enterprise that needs to protect the traffic between the networks of two branch offices.
Applicability of these configurations appear in current and new networking scenarios. For example, SD-WAN technologies are providing dynamic and on-demand VPN connections between branch offices, or between branches and SaaS cloud services. Beside, IaaS services providing virtualization environments are deployments solutions based on IPsec to provide secure channels between virtual instances (host-to-host) and providing VPN solutions for virtualized networks (gateway-to-gateway).
As we will show in the following, the I2NSF-based IPsec management system (for IKE and IKE-less cases), exhibits various advantages:
+----------------------------------------+
| I2NSF User (IPsec Management System) |
+----------------------------------------+
|
(1) Flow-based I2NSF Consumer-Facing
Protection Policy Interface
|
+---------|------------------------------+
| | |
| | I2NSF Controller |
| V |
| +--------------+ (2)+--------------+ |
| |Translate into|--->| NETCONF/ | |
| |IPsec Policies| | RESTCONF | |
| +--------------+ +--------------+ |
| | | |
| | | |
+--------------------------|-----|-------+
| |
I2NSF NSF-Facing Interface | |
| (3) |
|-------------------------+ +---|
V V
+----------------------+ +----------------------+
| NSF A | | NSF B |
| IKEv2/IPsec(SPD/PAD) | | IKEv2/IPsec(SPD/PAD) |
+----------------------+ +----------------------+
Figure 9: Host-to-host / gateway-to-gateway for the IKE case.
Figure 9 describes the application of the IKE case when a data packet needs to be protected in the path between the NSF A and NSF B:
If the previous steps are successful, the flow is protected by means of the IPsec SA established with IKEv2 between NSF A and NSF B.
+----------------------------------------+
| I2NSF User (IPsec Management System) |
+----------------------------------------+
|
(1) Flow-based I2NSF Consumer-Facing
Protection Policy Interface
|
+---------|------------------------------+
| | |
| | I2NSF Controller |
| V |
| +--------------+ (2) +--------------+ |
| |Translate into|---->| NETCONF/ | |
| |IPsec Policies| | RESTCONF | |
| +--------------+ +--------------+ |
| | | |
+-------------------------|-----|--------+
| |
I2NSF NSF-Facing Interface | |
| (3) |
|----------------------+ +--|
V V
+----------------+ +----------------+
| NSF A | | NSF B |
| IPsec(SPD/SAD) | | IPsec(SPD/SAD) |
+----------------+ +----------------+
Figure 10: Host-to-host / gateway-to-gateway for IKE-less case.
Figure 10 describes the application of the IKE-less case when a data packet needs to be protected in the path between the NSF A and NSF B:
Other alternative to this operation is: the I2NSF Controller sends first the IPsec policies and new inbound IPsec SAs to A and B and once it obtains a successful confirmation of these operations from NSF A and NSF B, it proceeds with installing to the new outbound IPsec SAs. Despite this procedure may increase the latency to complete the process, no traffic is sent over the network until the IPsec SAs are completely operative. In any case other alternatives MAY be possible to implement step 3.
Instead of installing IPsec policies (in the SPD) and IPsec SAs (in the SAD) in step 3 (proactive mode), it is also possible that the I2NSF Controller only installs the SPD entries in step 3 (reactive mode). In such a case, when a data packet requires to be protected with IPsec, the NSF that saw first the data packet will send a sadb-acquire notification that informs the I2NSF Controller that needs SAD entries with the IPsec SAs to process the data packet. In such as reactive mode, upon reception of the sadb-acquire notification, the I2NSF Controller installs the new IPsec SAs in NSF A and B (following the procedure previously described in step 3) but without sending any IPsec policies, since IPsec policies are already installed in the SPD. Again, if some of the operations installing the new inbound/outbound IPsec SAs fail, the I2NSF Controller stops the process and performs a rollback operation by deleting any new inbound/outbound SAs that had been successfully installed.
To explain an example of the rekeying process between two IPsec NSFs A and B, let assume that SPIa1 identifies the inbound IPsec SA in A, and SPIb1 the inbound IPsec SA in B. The rekeying process will take the following steps:
If some of the operations in step 1 fail (e.g. the NSF A reports an error when the I2NSF Controller is trying to install a new inbound IPsec SA) the I2NSF Controller must perform rollback operations by removing any new inbound SA that had been successfully installed during step 1.
If step 1 is successful but some of the operations in step 2 fails (e.g. the NSF A reports an error when the I2NSF Controller is trying to install the new outbound IPsec SA), the I2NSF Controller must perform a rollback operation by deleting any new outbound SA that had been successfully installed during step 2 and by deleting the inbound SAs created in step 1.
If the steps 1 an 2 are successful and the step 3 fails, the I2NSF Controller will avoid any rollback of the operations carried out in step 1 and step 2 since new and valid IPsec SAs were created and are functional. The I2NSF Controller may reattempt to remove the old inbound and outbound SAs in NSF A and NSF B several times until it receives a success or it gives up. In the last case, the old IPsec SAs will be removed when their corresponding hard lifetime is reached.
In the IKE-less case, if the I2NSF Controller detects that a NSF has lost the IPsec state, it could follow the next steps:
Step 2 and step 3 can be performed at the same time at the cost of a potential packet loss. If this is not critic then it is an optimization since the number of exchanges between I2NSF Controller and NSFs is lower.