Examples of Protecting Content using JavaScript Object Signing and Encryption (JOSE)
draft-ietf-jose-cookbook-08

Abstract

This document contains a set of examples using JavaScript Object Signing and Encryption (JOSE) technology to protect data. These examples present a representative sampling JSON Web Key (JWK) objects, as well as various JSON Web Signature (JWS) and JSON Web Encryption (JWE) results given similar inputs.

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Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

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1. Introduction

The JavaScript Object Signing and Encryption (JOSE) technologies – JSON Web Signature (JWS) [I-D.ietf-jose-json-web-signature], JSON Web Encryption (JWE) [I-D.ietf-jose-json-web-encryption], JSON Web Key (JWK) [I-D.ietf-jose-json-web-key], and JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) [I-D.ietf-jose-json-web-algorithms] – collectively can be used to encrypt and/or sign content using a variety of algorithms. While the full set of permutations is extremely large, and might be daunting to some, it is expected that most applications will only use a small set of algorithms to meet their needs.

This document provides a number of examples of signing or encrypting content using JOSE. While not exhaustive, it does compile a representative sample of JOSE features. As much as possible, the same signature payload or encryption plaintext content is used to illustrate differences in various signing and encryption results.

This document also provides a number of example JWK objects. These examples illustrate the distinguishing properties of various key types, and emphasize important characteristics. Most of the JWK examples are then used in the signature or encryption examples that follow.

All of the examples contained herein are available in a machine-readable format at https://github.com/ietf-jose/cookbook.

1.1. Conventions Used in this Document

This document separates data that are expected to be input to an implementation of JOSE from data that are expected to be generated by an implementation of JOSE. Each example, wherever possible, provides enough information to both replicate the results of this document or to validate the results by running its inverse operation (e.g., signature results can be validated by performing the JWS verify). However, some algorithms inherently use random data and therefore computations employing them cannot be exactly replicated; such cases are explicitly stated in the relevant sections.

All instances of binary octet strings are represented using [RFC4648] base64url encoding.

Wherever possible and unless otherwise noted, the examples include the Compact serialization, JSON General Serialization, and JSON Flattened Serialization.

All of the examples in this document have whitespace added to improve formatting and readability. Except for JWE plaintext or JWS payload content, whitespace is not part of the cryptographic operations nor the exchange results.

Unless otherwise noted, the JWE plaintext or JWS payload content does include “ “ (U+0020 SPACE) characters. Line breaks (U+000A LINE FEED) replace some “ “ (U+0020 SPACE) characters to improve readability but are not present in the JWE plaintext or JWS payload.

2. Terminology

3. JSON Web Key Examples

The following sections demonstrate how to represent various JWK and JWK-set objects.

3.1. EC Public Key

This example illustrates an Elliptic Curve public key. This example is the public key corresponding to Figure 2.

{
  "kty": "EC",
  "kid": "bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example",
  "use": "sig",
  "crv": "P-521",
  "x": "AHKZLLOsCOzz5cY97ewNUajB957y-C-U88c3v13nmGZx6sYl_oJXu9
      A5RkTKqjqvjyekWF-7ytDyRXYgCF5cj0Kt",
  "y": "AdymlHvOiLxXkEhayXQnNCvDX4h9htZaCJN34kfmC6pV5OhQHiraVy
      SsUdaQkAgDPrwQrJmbnX9cwlGfP-HqHZR1"
}

Figure 1: Elliptic Curve P-521 Public Key

The field “kty” value of “EC” identifies this as an elliptic curve key. The field “crv” identifies the curve, which is curve P-521 for this example. The fields “x” and “y” values are the base64url-encoded X and Y coordinates (respectively).

The values of the fields “x” and “y” decoded are the octets necessary to represent each full coordinate to the order of the curve. For a key over curve P-521, the values of the fields “x” and “y” are exactly 66 octets in length when decoded, padded with leading zero (0x00) octets to reach the expected length.

3.2. EC Private Key

This example illustrates an Elliptic Curve private key. This example is the private key corresponding to Figure 1.

Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in Section 1.1.

{
  "kty": "EC",
  "kid": "bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example",
  "use": "sig",
  "crv": "P-521",
  "x": "AHKZLLOsCOzz5cY97ewNUajB957y-C-U88c3v13nmGZx6sYl_oJXu9
      A5RkTKqjqvjyekWF-7ytDyRXYgCF5cj0Kt",
  "y": "AdymlHvOiLxXkEhayXQnNCvDX4h9htZaCJN34kfmC6pV5OhQHiraVy
      SsUdaQkAgDPrwQrJmbnX9cwlGfP-HqHZR1",
  "d": "AAhRON2r9cqXX1hg-RoI6R1tX5p2rUAYdmpHZoC1XNM56KtscrX6zb
      KipQrCW9CGZH3T4ubpnoTKLDYJ_fF3_rJt"
}

Figure 2: Elliptic Curve P-521 Private Key

The field “kty” value of “EC” identifies this as an elliptic curve key. The field “crv” identifies the curve, which is curve P-521 (also known as SECG curve secp521r1) for this example. The fields “x” and “y” values are the base64url-encoded X and Y coordinates (respectively). The field “d” value is the base64url-encoded private key.

The values of the fields “d”, “x”, and “y” decoded are the octets necessary to represent the private key or each full coordinate (respectively) to the order of the curve. For a key over curve “P-521”, the values of the “d”, “x”, and “y” fields are each exactly 66 octets in length when decoded, padded with leading zero (0x00) octets to reach the expected length.

3.3. RSA Public Key

This example illustrates an RSA public key. This example is the public key corresponding to Figure 4.

Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in Section 1.1.

{
  "kty": "RSA",
  "kid": "bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example",
  "use": "sig",
  "n": "n4EPtAOCc9AlkeQHPzHStgAbgs7bTZLwUBZdR8_KuKPEHLd4rHVTeT
      -O-XV2jRojdNhxJWTDvNd7nqQ0VEiZQHz_AJmSCpMaJMRBSFKrKb2wqV
      wGU_NsYOYL-QtiWN2lbzcEe6XC0dApr5ydQLrHqkHHig3RBordaZ6Aj-
      oBHqFEHYpPe7Tpe-OfVfHd1E6cS6M1FZcD1NNLYD5lFHpPI9bTwJlsde
      3uhGqC0ZCuEHg8lhzwOHrtIQbS0FVbb9k3-tVTU4fg_3L_vniUFAKwuC
      LqKnS2BYwdq_mzSnbLY7h_qixoR7jig3__kRhuaxwUkRz5iaiQkqgc5g
      HdrNP5zw",
  "e": "AQAB"
}

Figure 3: RSA 2048-bit Public Key

The field “kty” value of “RSA” identifies this as a RSA key. The fields “n” and “e” values are the modulus and (public) exponent (respectively) using the minimum octets necessary.

For a 2048-bit key, the field “n” value is 256 octets in length when decoded.

3.4. RSA Private Key

This example illustrates an RSA private key. This example is the private key corresponding to Figure 3.

Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in Section 1.1.

{
  "kty": "RSA",
  "kid": "bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example",
  "use": "sig",
  "n": "n4EPtAOCc9AlkeQHPzHStgAbgs7bTZLwUBZdR8_KuKPEHLd4rHVTeT
      -O-XV2jRojdNhxJWTDvNd7nqQ0VEiZQHz_AJmSCpMaJMRBSFKrKb2wqV
      wGU_NsYOYL-QtiWN2lbzcEe6XC0dApr5ydQLrHqkHHig3RBordaZ6Aj-
      oBHqFEHYpPe7Tpe-OfVfHd1E6cS6M1FZcD1NNLYD5lFHpPI9bTwJlsde
      3uhGqC0ZCuEHg8lhzwOHrtIQbS0FVbb9k3-tVTU4fg_3L_vniUFAKwuC
      LqKnS2BYwdq_mzSnbLY7h_qixoR7jig3__kRhuaxwUkRz5iaiQkqgc5g
      HdrNP5zw",
  "e": "AQAB",
  "d": "bWUC9B-EFRIo8kpGfh0ZuyGPvMNKvYWNtB_ikiH9k20eT-O1q_I78e
      iZkpXxXQ0UTEs2LsNRS-8uJbvQ-A1irkwMSMkK1J3XTGgdrhCku9gRld
      Y7sNA_AKZGh-Q661_42rINLRCe8W-nZ34ui_qOfkLnK9QWDDqpaIsA-b
      MwWWSDFu2MUBYwkHTMEzLYGqOe04noqeq1hExBTHBOBdkMXiuFhUq1BU
      6l-DqEiWxqg82sXt2h-LMnT3046AOYJoRioz75tSUQfGCshWTBnP5uDj
      d18kKhyv07lhfSJdrPdM5Plyl21hsFf4L_mHCuoFau7gdsPfHPxxjVOc
      OpBrQzwQ",
  "p": "3Slxg_DwTXJcb6095RoXygQCAZ5RnAvZlno1yhHtnUex_fp7AZ_9nR
      aO7HX_-SFfGQeutao2TDjDAWU4Vupk8rw9JR0AzZ0N2fvuIAmr_WCsmG
      peNqQnev1T7IyEsnh8UMt-n5CafhkikzhEsrmndH6LxOrvRJlsPp6Zv8
      bUq0k",
  "q": "uKE2dh-cTf6ERF4k4e_jy78GfPYUIaUyoSSJuBzp3Cubk3OCqs6grT
      8bR_cu0Dm1MZwWmtdqDyI95HrUeq3MP15vMMON8lHTeZu2lmKvwqW7an
      V5UzhM1iZ7z4yMkuUwFWoBvyY898EXvRD-hdqRxHlSqAZ192zB3pVFJ0
      s7pFc",
  "dp": "B8PVvXkvJrj2L-GYQ7v3y9r6Kw5g9SahXBwsWUzp19TVlgI-YV85q
      1NIb1rxQtD-IsXXR3-TanevuRPRt5OBOdiMGQp8pbt26gljYfKU_E9xn
      -RULHz0-ed9E9gXLKD4VGngpz-PfQ_q29pk5xWHoJp009Qf1HvChixRX
      59ehik",
  "dq": "CLDmDGduhylc9o7r84rEUVn7pzQ6PF83Y-iBZx5NT-TpnOZKF1pEr
      AMVeKzFEl41DlHHqqBLSM0W1sOFbwTxYWZDm6sI6og5iTbwQGIC3gnJK
      bi_7k_vJgGHwHxgPaX2PnvP-zyEkDERuf-ry4c_Z11Cq9AqC2yeL6kdK
      T1cYF8",
  "qi": "3PiqvXQN0zwMeE-sBvZgi289XP9XCQF3VWqPzMKnIgQp7_Tugo6-N
      ZBKCQsMf3HaEGBjTVJs_jcK8-TRXvaKe-7ZMaQj8VfBdYkssbu0NKDDh
      jJ-GtiseaDVWt7dcH0cfwxgFUHpQh7FoCrjFJ6h6ZEpMF6xmujs4qMpP
      z8aaI4"
}

Figure 4: RSA 2048-bit Private Key

The field “kty” value of “RSA” identifies this as a RSA key. The fields “n” and “e” values are the base64url-encoded modulus and (public) exponent (respectively) using the minimum number of octets necessary. The field “d” value is the base64url-encoded private exponent using the minimum number of octets necessary. The fields “p”, “q”, “dp”, “dq”, and “qi” are the base64url-encoded additional private information using the minimum number of octets necessary.

For a 2048-bit key, the field “n” is 256 octets in length when decoded and the field “d” is not longer than 256 octets in length when decoded.

3.5. Symmetric Key (MAC Computation)

This example illustrates a symmetric key used for computing MACs.

Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in Section 1.1.

{
  "kty": "oct",
  "kid": "018c0ae5-4d9b-471b-bfd6-eef314bc7037",
  "use": "sig",
  "alg": "HS256",
  "k": "hJtXIZ2uSN5kbQfbtTNWbpdmhkV8FJG-Onbc6mxCcYg"
}

Figure 5: AES 256-bit symmetric signing key

The field “kty” value of “oct” identifies this as a symmetric key. The field “k” value is the symmetric key.

When used for the signing algorithm “HS256” (HMAC-SHA256), the field “k” value is 32 octets (or more) in length when decoded, padded with leading zero (0x00) octets to reach the minimum expected length.

3.6. Symmetric Key (Encryption)

This example illustrates a symmetric key used for encryption.

Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in Section 1.1.

{
  "kty": "oct",
  "kid": "1e571774-2e08-40da-8308-e8d68773842d",
  "use": "enc",
  "alg": "A256GCM",
  "k": "AAPapAv4LbFbiVawEjagUBluYqN5rhna-8nuldDvOx8"
}

Figure 6: AES 256-bit symmetric encryption key

The field “kty” value of “oct” identifies this as a symmetric key. The field “k” value is the symmetric key.

For the content encryption algorithm “A256GCM”, the field “k” value is exactly 32 octets in length when decoded, padded with leading zero (0x00) octets to reach the expected length.

4. JSON Web Signature Examples

The following sections demonstrate how to generate various JWS objects.

All of the succeeding examples use the following payload plaintext (an abridged quote from “The Fellowship of the Ring” [LOTR-FELLOWSHIP]), serialized as UTF-8. The sequence “\xe2\x80\x99” is substituted for (U+2019 RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK), and line breaks (U+000A LINE FEED) replace some “ “ (U+0020 SPACE) to improve readability:

It\xe2\x80\x99s a dangerous business, Frodo, going out your
door. You step onto the road, and if you don't keep your feet,
there\xe2\x80\x99s no knowing where you might be swept off
to.

Figure 7: Payload content plaintext

The Payload – with the sequence “\xe2\x80\x99” replaced with (U+2019 RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK) and line breaks (U+000A LINE FEED) replaced with “ “ (U+0020 SPACE) – encoded as UTF-8 then as [RFC4648] base64url:

SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywgZ29pbmcgb3V0IH
lvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9hZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBk
b24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXigJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcm
UgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9mZiB0by4

Figure 8: Payload content, base64url-encoded

4.1. RSA v1.5 Signature

This example illustrates signing content using the “RS256” (RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5 with SHA-256) algorithm.

Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in Section 1.1.

4.1.1. Input Factors

The following are supplied before beginning the signing operation:

Payload content; this example uses the content from Figure 7, encoded using [RFC4648] base64url to produce Figure 8.
RSA private key; this example uses the key from Figure 4.
“alg” parameter of “RS256”.

4.1.2. Signing Operation

The following are generated to complete the signing operation:

JWS Protected Header; this example uses the header from Figure 9, encoded using [RFC4648] base64url to produce Figure 10.

{
  "alg": "RS256",
  "kid": "bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example"
}

Figure 9: JWS Protected Header JSON

eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6ImJpbGJvLmJhZ2dpbnNAaG9iYml0b24uZX
hhbXBsZSJ9

Figure 10: JWS Protected Header, base64url-encoded

The JWS Protected Header (Figure 10) and Payload content (Figure 8) are combined as described in section 5.1 of [I-D.ietf-jose-json-web-signature] to produce the JWS Signing Input Figure 11.

eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6ImJpbGJvLmJhZ2dpbnNAaG9iYml0b24uZX
hhbXBsZSJ9
.
SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywgZ29pbmcgb3V0IH
lvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9hZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBk
b24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXigJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcm
UgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9mZiB0by4

Figure 11: JWS Signing Input

Performing the signature operation over the JWS Signing Input (Figure 11) produces the JWS Signature (Figure 12).

MRjdkly7_-oTPTS3AXP41iQIGKa80A0ZmTuV5MEaHoxnW2e5CZ5NlKtainoFmK
ZopdHM1O2U4mwzJdQx996ivp83xuglII7PNDi84wnB-BDkoBwA78185hX-Es4J
IwmDLJK3lfWRa-XtL0RnltuYv746iYTh_qHRD68BNt1uSNCrUCTJDt5aAE6x8w
W1Kt9eRo4QPocSadnHXFxnt8Is9UzpERV0ePPQdLuW3IS_de3xyIrDaLGdjluP
xUAhb6L2aXic1U12podGU0KLUQSE_oI-ZnmKJ3F4uOZDnd6QZWJushZ41Axf_f
cIe8u9ipH84ogoree7vjbU5y18kDquDg

Figure 12: JWS Signature, base64url-encoded

4.1.3. Output Results

The following compose the resulting JWS object:

JWS Protected Header (Figure 9)
Payload content (Figure 8)
Signature (Figure 12)

The resulting JWS object using the Compact serialization:

eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6ImJpbGJvLmJhZ2dpbnNAaG9iYml0b24uZX
hhbXBsZSJ9
.
SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywgZ29pbmcgb3V0IH
lvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9hZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBk
b24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXigJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcm
UgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9mZiB0by4
.
MRjdkly7_-oTPTS3AXP41iQIGKa80A0ZmTuV5MEaHoxnW2e5CZ5NlKtainoFmK
ZopdHM1O2U4mwzJdQx996ivp83xuglII7PNDi84wnB-BDkoBwA78185hX-Es4J
IwmDLJK3lfWRa-XtL0RnltuYv746iYTh_qHRD68BNt1uSNCrUCTJDt5aAE6x8w
W1Kt9eRo4QPocSadnHXFxnt8Is9UzpERV0ePPQdLuW3IS_de3xyIrDaLGdjluP
xUAhb6L2aXic1U12podGU0KLUQSE_oI-ZnmKJ3F4uOZDnd6QZWJushZ41Axf_f
cIe8u9ipH84ogoree7vjbU5y18kDquDg

Figure 13: Compact Serialization

The resulting JWS object using the JSON General Serialization:

{
  "payload": "SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywg
      Z29pbmcgb3V0IHlvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9h
      ZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBkb24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXi
      gJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcmUgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9m
      ZiB0by4",
  "signatures": [
    {
      "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6ImJpbGJvLmJhZ2
          dpbnNAaG9iYml0b24uZXhhbXBsZSJ9",
      "signature": "MRjdkly7_-oTPTS3AXP41iQIGKa80A0ZmTuV5MEaHo
          xnW2e5CZ5NlKtainoFmKZopdHM1O2U4mwzJdQx996ivp83xuglII
          7PNDi84wnB-BDkoBwA78185hX-Es4JIwmDLJK3lfWRa-XtL0Rnlt
          uYv746iYTh_qHRD68BNt1uSNCrUCTJDt5aAE6x8wW1Kt9eRo4QPo
          cSadnHXFxnt8Is9UzpERV0ePPQdLuW3IS_de3xyIrDaLGdjluPxU
          Ahb6L2aXic1U12podGU0KLUQSE_oI-ZnmKJ3F4uOZDnd6QZWJush
          Z41Axf_fcIe8u9ipH84ogoree7vjbU5y18kDquDg"
    }
  ]
}

Figure 14: JSON General Serialization

The resulting JWS object using the JSON Flattened Serialization:

{
  "payload": "SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywg
      Z29pbmcgb3V0IHlvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9h
      ZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBkb24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXi
      gJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcmUgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9m
      ZiB0by4",
  "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6ImJpbGJvLmJhZ2dpbn
      NAaG9iYml0b24uZXhhbXBsZSJ9",
  "signature": "MRjdkly7_-oTPTS3AXP41iQIGKa80A0ZmTuV5MEaHoxnW2
      e5CZ5NlKtainoFmKZopdHM1O2U4mwzJdQx996ivp83xuglII7PNDi84w
      nB-BDkoBwA78185hX-Es4JIwmDLJK3lfWRa-XtL0RnltuYv746iYTh_q
      HRD68BNt1uSNCrUCTJDt5aAE6x8wW1Kt9eRo4QPocSadnHXFxnt8Is9U
      zpERV0ePPQdLuW3IS_de3xyIrDaLGdjluPxUAhb6L2aXic1U12podGU0
      KLUQSE_oI-ZnmKJ3F4uOZDnd6QZWJushZ41Axf_fcIe8u9ipH84ogore
      e7vjbU5y18kDquDg"
}

Figure 15: JSON Flattened Serialization

4.2. RSA-PSS Signature

This example illustrates signing content using the “PS384” (RSASSA-PSS with SHA-384) algorithm.

Note that RSASSA-PSS uses random data to generate the signature; it might not be possible to exactly replicate the results in this section.

Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in Section 1.1.

4.2.1. Input Factors

The following are supplied before beginning the signing operation:

Payload content; this example uses the content from Figure 7, encoded using [RFC4648] base64url to produce Figure 8.
RSA private key; this example uses the key from Figure 4.
“alg” parameter of “PS384”.

4.2.2. Signing Operation

The following are generated to complete the signing operation:

JWS Protected Header; this example uses the header from Figure 16, encoded using [RFC4648] base64url to produce Figure 17.

{
  "alg": "PS384",
  "kid": "bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example"
}

Figure 16: JWS Protected Header JSON

eyJhbGciOiJQUzM4NCIsImtpZCI6ImJpbGJvLmJhZ2dpbnNAaG9iYml0b24uZX
hhbXBsZSJ9

Figure 17: JWS Protected Header, base64url-encoded

The JWS Protected Header (Figure 17) and Payload content (Figure 8) are combined as described in [I-D.ietf-jose-json-web-signature] to produce the JWS Signing Input Figure 18.

eyJhbGciOiJQUzM4NCIsImtpZCI6ImJpbGJvLmJhZ2dpbnNAaG9iYml0b24uZX
hhbXBsZSJ9
.
SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywgZ29pbmcgb3V0IH
lvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9hZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBk
b24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXigJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcm
UgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9mZiB0by4

Figure 18: JWS Signing Input

Performing the signature operation over the JWS Signing Input (Figure 18) produces the JWS Signature (Figure 19).

cu22eBqkYDKgIlTpzDXGvaFfz6WGoz7fUDcfT0kkOy42miAh2qyBzk1xEsnk2I
pN6-tPid6VrklHkqsGqDqHCdP6O8TTB5dDDItllVo6_1OLPpcbUrhiUSMxbbXU
vdvWXzg-UD8biiReQFlfz28zGWVsdiNAUf8ZnyPEgVFn442ZdNqiVJRmBqrYRX
e8P_ijQ7p8Vdz0TTrxUeT3lm8d9shnr2lfJT8ImUjvAA2Xez2Mlp8cBE5awDzT
0qI0n6uiP1aCN_2_jLAeQTlqRHtfa64QQSUmFAAjVKPbByi7xho0uTOcbH510a
6GYmJUAfmWjwZ6oD4ifKo8DYM-X72Eaw

Figure 19: JWS Signature, base64url-encoded

4.2.3. Output Results

The following compose the resulting JWS object:

JWS Protected Header (Figure 17)
Payload content (Figure 8)
Signature (Figure 19)

The resulting JWS object using the Compact serialization:

eyJhbGciOiJQUzM4NCIsImtpZCI6ImJpbGJvLmJhZ2dpbnNAaG9iYml0b24uZX
hhbXBsZSJ9
.
SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywgZ29pbmcgb3V0IH
lvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9hZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBk
b24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXigJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcm
UgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9mZiB0by4
.
cu22eBqkYDKgIlTpzDXGvaFfz6WGoz7fUDcfT0kkOy42miAh2qyBzk1xEsnk2I
pN6-tPid6VrklHkqsGqDqHCdP6O8TTB5dDDItllVo6_1OLPpcbUrhiUSMxbbXU
vdvWXzg-UD8biiReQFlfz28zGWVsdiNAUf8ZnyPEgVFn442ZdNqiVJRmBqrYRX
e8P_ijQ7p8Vdz0TTrxUeT3lm8d9shnr2lfJT8ImUjvAA2Xez2Mlp8cBE5awDzT
0qI0n6uiP1aCN_2_jLAeQTlqRHtfa64QQSUmFAAjVKPbByi7xho0uTOcbH510a
6GYmJUAfmWjwZ6oD4ifKo8DYM-X72Eaw

Figure 20: Compact Serialization

The resulting JWS object using the JSON General Serialization:

{
  "payload": "SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywg
      Z29pbmcgb3V0IHlvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9h
      ZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBkb24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXi
      gJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcmUgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9m
      ZiB0by4",
  "signatures": [
    {
      "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJQUzM4NCIsImtpZCI6ImJpbGJvLmJhZ2
          dpbnNAaG9iYml0b24uZXhhbXBsZSJ9",
      "signature": "cu22eBqkYDKgIlTpzDXGvaFfz6WGoz7fUDcfT0kkOy
          42miAh2qyBzk1xEsnk2IpN6-tPid6VrklHkqsGqDqHCdP6O8TTB5
          dDDItllVo6_1OLPpcbUrhiUSMxbbXUvdvWXzg-UD8biiReQFlfz2
          8zGWVsdiNAUf8ZnyPEgVFn442ZdNqiVJRmBqrYRXe8P_ijQ7p8Vd
          z0TTrxUeT3lm8d9shnr2lfJT8ImUjvAA2Xez2Mlp8cBE5awDzT0q
          I0n6uiP1aCN_2_jLAeQTlqRHtfa64QQSUmFAAjVKPbByi7xho0uT
          OcbH510a6GYmJUAfmWjwZ6oD4ifKo8DYM-X72Eaw"
    }
  ]
}

Figure 21: JSON General Serialization

The resulting JWS object using the JSON Flattened Serialization:

{
  "payload": "SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywg
      Z29pbmcgb3V0IHlvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9h
      ZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBkb24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXi
      gJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcmUgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9m
      ZiB0by4",
  "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJQUzM4NCIsImtpZCI6ImJpbGJvLmJhZ2dpbn
      NAaG9iYml0b24uZXhhbXBsZSJ9",
  "signature": "cu22eBqkYDKgIlTpzDXGvaFfz6WGoz7fUDcfT0kkOy42mi
      Ah2qyBzk1xEsnk2IpN6-tPid6VrklHkqsGqDqHCdP6O8TTB5dDDItllV
      o6_1OLPpcbUrhiUSMxbbXUvdvWXzg-UD8biiReQFlfz28zGWVsdiNAUf
      8ZnyPEgVFn442ZdNqiVJRmBqrYRXe8P_ijQ7p8Vdz0TTrxUeT3lm8d9s
      hnr2lfJT8ImUjvAA2Xez2Mlp8cBE5awDzT0qI0n6uiP1aCN_2_jLAeQT
      lqRHtfa64QQSUmFAAjVKPbByi7xho0uTOcbH510a6GYmJUAfmWjwZ6oD
      4ifKo8DYM-X72Eaw"
}

Figure 22: JSON Flattened Serialization

4.3. ECDSA Signature

This example illustrates signing content using the “ES512” (ECDSA with curve P-521 and SHA-512) algorithm.

Note that ECDSA uses random data to generate the signature; it might not be possible to exactly replicate the results in this section.

Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in Section 1.1.

4.3.1. Input Factors

The following are supplied before beginning the signing operation:

Payload content; this example uses the content from Figure 7, encoded using [RFC4648] base64url to produce Figure 8.
EC private key on the curve P-521; this example uses the key from Figure 2.
“alg” parameter of “ES512”

4.3.2. Signing Operation

The following are generated before beginning the signature process:

JWS Protected Header; this example uses the header from Figure 23, encoded using [RFC4648] base64url to produce Figure 24.

{
  "alg": "ES512",
  "kid": "bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example"
}

Figure 23: JWS Protected Header JSON

eyJhbGciOiJFUzUxMiIsImtpZCI6ImJpbGJvLmJhZ2dpbnNAaG9iYml0b24uZX
hhbXBsZSJ9

Figure 24: JWS Protected Header, base64url-encoded

The JWS Protected Header (Figure 24) and Payload content (Figure 8) are combined as described in [I-D.ietf-jose-json-web-signature] to produce the JWS Signing Input Figure 25.

eyJhbGciOiJFUzUxMiIsImtpZCI6ImJpbGJvLmJhZ2dpbnNAaG9iYml0b24uZX
hhbXBsZSJ9
.
SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywgZ29pbmcgb3V0IH
lvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9hZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBk
b24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXigJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcm
UgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9mZiB0by4

Figure 25: JWS Signing Input

Performing the signature operation over the JWS Signing Input (Figure 25) produces the JWS Signature (Figure 26).

AE_R_YZCChjn4791jSQCrdPZCNYqHXCTZH0-JZGYNlaAjP2kqaluUIIUnC9qvb
u9Plon7KRTzoNEuT4Va2cmL1eJAQy3mtPBu_u_sDDyYjnAMDxXPn7XrT0lw-kv
AD890jl8e2puQens_IEKBpHABlsbEPX6sFY8OcGDqoRuBomu9xQ2

Figure 26: JWS Signature, base64url-encoded

4.3.3. Output Results

The following compose the resulting JWS object:

JWS Protected Header (Figure 24)
Payload content (Figure 8)
Signature (Figure 26)

The resulting JWS object using the Compact serialization:

eyJhbGciOiJFUzUxMiIsImtpZCI6ImJpbGJvLmJhZ2dpbnNAaG9iYml0b24uZX
hhbXBsZSJ9
.
SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywgZ29pbmcgb3V0IH
lvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9hZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBk
b24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXigJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcm
UgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9mZiB0by4
.
AE_R_YZCChjn4791jSQCrdPZCNYqHXCTZH0-JZGYNlaAjP2kqaluUIIUnC9qvb
u9Plon7KRTzoNEuT4Va2cmL1eJAQy3mtPBu_u_sDDyYjnAMDxXPn7XrT0lw-kv
AD890jl8e2puQens_IEKBpHABlsbEPX6sFY8OcGDqoRuBomu9xQ2

Figure 27: Compact Serialization

The resulting JWS object using the JSON General Serialization:

{
  "payload": "SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywg
      Z29pbmcgb3V0IHlvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9h
      ZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBkb24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXi
      gJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcmUgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9m
      ZiB0by4",
  "signatures": [
    {
      "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJFUzUxMiIsImtpZCI6ImJpbGJvLmJhZ2
          dpbnNAaG9iYml0b24uZXhhbXBsZSJ9",
      "signature": "AE_R_YZCChjn4791jSQCrdPZCNYqHXCTZH0-JZGYNl
          aAjP2kqaluUIIUnC9qvbu9Plon7KRTzoNEuT4Va2cmL1eJAQy3mt
          PBu_u_sDDyYjnAMDxXPn7XrT0lw-kvAD890jl8e2puQens_IEKBp
          HABlsbEPX6sFY8OcGDqoRuBomu9xQ2"
    }
  ]
}

Figure 28: JSON General Serialization

The resulting JWS object using the JSON Flattened Serialization:

{
  "payload": "SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywg
      Z29pbmcgb3V0IHlvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9h
      ZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBkb24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXi
      gJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcmUgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9m
      ZiB0by4",
  "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJFUzUxMiIsImtpZCI6ImJpbGJvLmJhZ2dpbn
      NAaG9iYml0b24uZXhhbXBsZSJ9",
  "signature": "AE_R_YZCChjn4791jSQCrdPZCNYqHXCTZH0-JZGYNlaAjP
      2kqaluUIIUnC9qvbu9Plon7KRTzoNEuT4Va2cmL1eJAQy3mtPBu_u_sD
      DyYjnAMDxXPn7XrT0lw-kvAD890jl8e2puQens_IEKBpHABlsbEPX6sF
      Y8OcGDqoRuBomu9xQ2"
}

Figure 29: JSON Flattened Serialization

4.4. HMAC-SHA2 Integrity Protection

This example illustrates integrity protecting content using the “HS256” (HMAC-SHA-256) algorithm.

Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in Section 1.1.

4.4.1. Input Factors

The following are supplied before beginning the signing operation:

Payload content; this example uses the content from Figure 7, encoded using [RFC4648] base64url to produce Figure 8.
HMAC symmetric key; this example uses the key from Figure 5.
“alg” parameter of “HS256”.

4.4.2. Signing Operation

The following are generated before completing the signing operation:

JWS Protected Header; this example uses the header from Figure 30, encoded using [RFC4648] base64url to produce Figure 31.

{
  "alg": "HS256",
  "kid": "018c0ae5-4d9b-471b-bfd6-eef314bc7037"
}

Figure 30: JWS Protected Header JSON

eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjAxOGMwYWU1LTRkOWItNDcxYi1iZmQ2LW
VlZjMxNGJjNzAzNyJ9

Figure 31: JWS Protected Header, base64url-encoded

The JWS Protected Header (Figure 31) and Payload content (Figure 8) are combined as described in [I-D.ietf-jose-json-web-signature] to produce the JWS Signing Input Figure 32.

eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjAxOGMwYWU1LTRkOWItNDcxYi1iZmQ2LW
VlZjMxNGJjNzAzNyJ9
.
SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywgZ29pbmcgb3V0IH
lvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9hZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBk
b24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXigJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcm
UgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9mZiB0by4

Figure 32: JWS Signing Input

Performing the signature operation over the JWS Signing Input (Figure 32) produces the JWS Signature (Figure 33).

s0h6KThzkfBBBkLspW1h84VsJZFTsPPqMDA7g1Md7p0

Figure 33: JWS Signature, base64url-encoded

4.4.3. Output Results

The following compose the resulting JWS object:

JWS Protected Header (Figure 31)
Payload content (Figure 8)
Signature (Figure 33)

The resulting JWS object using the Compact serialization:

eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjAxOGMwYWU1LTRkOWItNDcxYi1iZmQ2LW
VlZjMxNGJjNzAzNyJ9
.
SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywgZ29pbmcgb3V0IH
lvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9hZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBk
b24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXigJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcm
UgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9mZiB0by4
.
s0h6KThzkfBBBkLspW1h84VsJZFTsPPqMDA7g1Md7p0

Figure 34: Compact Serialization

The resulting JWS object using the JSON General Serialization:

{
  "payload": "SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywg
      Z29pbmcgb3V0IHlvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9h
      ZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBkb24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXi
      gJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcmUgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9m
      ZiB0by4",
  "signatures": [
    {
      "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjAxOGMwYWU1LT
          RkOWItNDcxYi1iZmQ2LWVlZjMxNGJjNzAzNyJ9",
      "signature": "s0h6KThzkfBBBkLspW1h84VsJZFTsPPqMDA7g1Md7p
          0"
    }
  ]
}

Figure 35: JSON General Serialization

The resulting JWS object using the JSON Flattened Serialization:

{
  "payload": "SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywg
      Z29pbmcgb3V0IHlvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9h
      ZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBkb24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXi
      gJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcmUgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9m
      ZiB0by4",
  "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjAxOGMwYWU1LTRkOW
      ItNDcxYi1iZmQ2LWVlZjMxNGJjNzAzNyJ9",
  "signature": "s0h6KThzkfBBBkLspW1h84VsJZFTsPPqMDA7g1Md7p0"
}

Figure 36: JSON Flattened Serialization

4.5. Signature with Detached Content

This example illustrates a signature with detached content. This example is identical others, except the resulting JWS objects do not include the Payload field. Instead, the application is expected to locate it elsewhere. For example, the signature might be in a meta-data section, with the payload being the content.

Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in Section 1.1.

4.5.1. Input Factors

The following are supplied before beginning the signing operation:

Payload content; this example uses the content from Figure 7, encoded using [RFC4648] base64url to produce Figure 8.
Signing key; this example uses the AES symmetric key from Figure 5.
Signing algorithm; this example uses “HS256”.

4.5.2. Signing Operation

The following are generated before completing the signing operation:

JWS Protected Header; this example uses the header from Figure 37, encoded using [RFC4648] base64url to produce Figure 38.

The JWS Protected Header parameters:

{
  "alg": "HS256",
  "kid": "018c0ae5-4d9b-471b-bfd6-eef314bc7037"
}

Figure 37: JWS Protected Header JSON

eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjAxOGMwYWU1LTRkOWItNDcxYi1iZmQ2LW
VlZjMxNGJjNzAzNyJ9

Figure 38: JWS Protected Header, base64url-encoded

The JWS Protected Header (Figure 38) and Payload content (Figure 8) are combined as described in [I-D.ietf-jose-json-web-signature] to produce the JWS Signing Input Figure 39.

eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjAxOGMwYWU1LTRkOWItNDcxYi1iZmQ2LW
VlZjMxNGJjNzAzNyJ9
.
SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywgZ29pbmcgb3V0IH
lvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9hZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBk
b24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXigJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcm
UgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9mZiB0by4

Figure 39: JWS Signing Input

Performing the signature operation over the JWS Signing Input (Figure 39) produces the JWS Signature (Figure 40).

s0h6KThzkfBBBkLspW1h84VsJZFTsPPqMDA7g1Md7p0

Figure 40: JWS Signature, base64url-encoded

4.5.3. Output Results

The following compose the resulting JWS object:

JWS Protected Header (Figure 38)
Signature (Figure 40)

The resulting JWS object using the Compact serialization:

eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjAxOGMwYWU1LTRkOWItNDcxYi1iZmQ2LW
VlZjMxNGJjNzAzNyJ9
.
.
s0h6KThzkfBBBkLspW1h84VsJZFTsPPqMDA7g1Md7p0

Figure 41: JSON General Serialization

The resulting JWS object using the JSON General Serialization:

{
  "signatures": [
    {
      "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjAxOGMwYWU1LT
          RkOWItNDcxYi1iZmQ2LWVlZjMxNGJjNzAzNyJ9",
      "signature": "s0h6KThzkfBBBkLspW1h84VsJZFTsPPqMDA7g1Md7p
          0"
    }
  ]
}

Figure 42: JSON General Serialization

The resulting JWS object using the JSON Flattened Serialization:

{
  "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjAxOGMwYWU1LTRkOW
      ItNDcxYi1iZmQ2LWVlZjMxNGJjNzAzNyJ9",
  "signature": "s0h6KThzkfBBBkLspW1h84VsJZFTsPPqMDA7g1Md7p0"
}

Figure 43: JSON Flattened Serialization

4.6. Protecting Specific Header Fields

This example illustrates a signature where only certain header parameters are protected. Since this example contains both unprotected and protected header parameters, only the JSON General Serialization and JSON Flattened Serialization are possible.

Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in Section 1.1.

4.6.1. Input Factors

The following are supplied before beginning the signing operation:

Payload content; this example uses the content from Figure 7, encoded using [RFC4648] base64url to produce Figure 8.
Signing key; this example uses the AES symmetric key from Figure 5.
Signing algorithm; this example uses “HS256”.

4.6.2. Signing Operation

The following are generated before completing the signing operation:

JWS Protected Header; this example uses the header from Figure 44, encoded using [RFC4648] base64url to produce Figure 45.
JWS unprotected Header; this example uses the header from Figure 46.

The JWS Protected Header parameters:

{
  "alg": "HS256"
}

Figure 44: JWS Protected Header JSON

eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9

Figure 45: JWS Protected Header, base64url-encoded

{
  "kid": "018c0ae5-4d9b-471b-bfd6-eef314bc7037"
}

Figure 46: JWS Unprotected Header JSON

The JWS Protected Header (Figure 45) and Payload content (Figure 8) are combined as described in [I-D.ietf-jose-json-web-signature] to produce the JWS Signing Input Figure 47.

eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9
.
SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywgZ29pbmcgb3V0IH
lvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9hZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBk
b24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXigJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcm
UgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9mZiB0by4

Figure 47: JWS Signing Input

Performing the signature operation over the JWS Signing Input (Figure 47) produces the JWS Signature (Figure 48).

bWUSVaxorn7bEF1djytBd0kHv70Ly5pvbomzMWSOr20

Figure 48: JWS Signature, base64url-encoded

4.6.3. Output Results

The following compose the resulting JWS object:

JWS Protected Header (Figure 45)
JWS Unprotected Header (Figure 46)
Payload content (Figure 8)
Signature (Figure 48)

The Compact Serialization is not presented because it does not support this use case.

The resulting JWS object using the JSON General Serialization:

{
  "payload": "SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywg
      Z29pbmcgb3V0IHlvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9h
      ZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBkb24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXi
      gJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcmUgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9m
      ZiB0by4",
  "signatures": [
    {
      "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9",
      "header": {
        "kid": "018c0ae5-4d9b-471b-bfd6-eef314bc7037"
      },
      "signature": "bWUSVaxorn7bEF1djytBd0kHv70Ly5pvbomzMWSOr2
          0"
    }
  ]
}

Figure 49: JSON General Serialization

The resulting JWS object using the JSON Flattened Serialization:

{
  "payload": "SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywg
      Z29pbmcgb3V0IHlvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9h
      ZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBkb24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXi
      gJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcmUgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9m
      ZiB0by4",
  "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9",
  "header": {
    "kid": "018c0ae5-4d9b-471b-bfd6-eef314bc7037"
  },
  "signature": "bWUSVaxorn7bEF1djytBd0kHv70Ly5pvbomzMWSOr20"
}

Figure 50: JSON Flattened Serialization

4.7. Protecting Content Only

This example illustrates a signature where none of the header parameters are protected. Since this example contains only unprotected header parameters, only the JSON General Serialization and JSON Flattened Serialization are possible.

Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in Section 1.1.

4.7.1. Input Factors

The following are supplied before beginning the signing operation:

Payload content; this example uses the content from Figure 7, encoded using [RFC4648] base64url to produce Figure 8.
Signing key; this example uses the AES key from Figure 5.
Signing algorithm; this example uses “HS256”

4.7.2. Signing Operation

The following are generated before completing the signing operation:

JWS Unprotected Header; this example uses the header from Figure 51.

{
  "alg": "HS256",
  "kid": "018c0ae5-4d9b-471b-bfd6-eef314bc7037"
}

Figure 51: JWS Unprotected Header JSON

The empty string (as there is no JWS Protected Header) and Payload content (Figure 8) are combined as described in [I-D.ietf-jose-json-web-signature] to produce the JWS Signing Input Figure 52.

.
SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywgZ29pbmcgb3V0IH
lvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9hZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBk
b24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXigJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcm
UgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9mZiB0by4

Figure 52: JWS Signing Input

Performing the signature operation over the JWS Signing Input (Figure 52) produces the JWS Signature (Figure 53).

xuLifqLGiblpv9zBpuZczWhNj1gARaLV3UxvxhJxZuk

Figure 53: JWS Signature, base64url-encoded

4.7.3. Output Results

The following compose the resulting JWS object:

JWS Unprotected Header (Figure 51)
Payload content (Figure 8)
Signature (Figure 53)

The Compact Serialization is not presented because it does not support this use case.

The resulting JWS object using the JSON General Serialization:

{
  "payload": "SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywg
      Z29pbmcgb3V0IHlvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9h
      ZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBkb24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXi
      gJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcmUgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9m
      ZiB0by4",
  "signatures": [
    {
      "header": {
        "alg": "HS256",
        "kid": "018c0ae5-4d9b-471b-bfd6-eef314bc7037"
      },
      "signature": "xuLifqLGiblpv9zBpuZczWhNj1gARaLV3UxvxhJxZu
          k"
    }
  ]
}

Figure 54: JSON General Serialization

The resulting JWS object using the JSON Flattened Serialization:

{
  "payload": "SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywg
      Z29pbmcgb3V0IHlvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9h
      ZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBkb24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXi
      gJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcmUgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9m
      ZiB0by4",
  "header": {
    "alg": "HS256",
    "kid": "018c0ae5-4d9b-471b-bfd6-eef314bc7037"
  },
  "signature": "xuLifqLGiblpv9zBpuZczWhNj1gARaLV3UxvxhJxZuk"
}

Figure 55: JSON Flattened Serialization

4.8. Multiple Signatures

This example illustrates multiple signatures applied to the same payload. Since this example contains more than one signature, only the JSON serialization is possible.

Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in Section 1.1.

4.8.1. Input Factors

The following are supplied before beginning the signing operation:

Payload content; this example uses the content from Figure 7, encoded using [RFC4648] base64url to produce Figure 8.
Signing keys; this example uses the following:
- RSA private key from Figure 4 for the first signature
- EC private key from Figure 2 for the second signature
- AES symmetric key from Figure 5 for the third signature
Signing algorithms; this example uses the following:
- “RS256” for the first signature
- “ES512” for the second signature
- “HS256” for the third signature

4.8.2. First Signing Operation

The following are generated before completing the first signing operation:

JWS Protected Header; this example uses the header from Figure 56, encoded using [RFC4648] base64url to produce Figure 57.
JWS Unprotected Header; this example uses the header from Figure 58.

{
  "alg": "RS256"
}

Figure 56: Signature #1 JWS Protected Header JSON

eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9

Figure 57: Signature #1 JWS Protected Header, base64url-encoded

{
  "kid": "bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example"
}

Figure 58: Signature #1 JWS Unprotected Header JSON

The JWS Protected Header (Figure 57) and Payload content (Figure 8) are combined as described in [I-D.ietf-jose-json-web-signature] to produce the JWS Signing Input Figure 59.

eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9
.
SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywgZ29pbmcgb3V0IH
lvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9hZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBk
b24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXigJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcm
UgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9mZiB0by4

Figure 59: JWS Signing Input

Performing the signature operation over the JWS Signing Input (Figure 59) produces the JWS Signature (Figure 60).

MIsjqtVlOpa71KE-Mss8_Nq2YH4FGhiocsqrgi5NvyG53uoimic1tcMdSg-qpt
rzZc7CG6Svw2Y13TDIqHzTUrL_lR2ZFcryNFiHkSw129EghGpwkpxaTn_THJTC
glNbADko1MZBCdwzJxwqZc-1RlpO2HibUYyXSwO97BSe0_evZKdjvvKSgsIqjy
tKSeAMbhMBdMma622_BG5t4sdbuCHtFjp9iJmkio47AIwqkZV1aIZsv33uPUqB
BCXbYoQJwt7mxPftHmNlGoOSMxR_3thmXTCm4US-xiNOyhbm8afKK64jU6_TPt
QHiJeQJxz9G3Tx-083B745_AfYOnlC9w

Figure 60: JWS Signature #1, base64url-encoded

The following is the assembled first signature serialized as JSON:

{
  "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9",
  "header": {
    "kid": "bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example"
  },
  "signature": "MIsjqtVlOpa71KE-Mss8_Nq2YH4FGhiocsqrgi5NvyG53u
      oimic1tcMdSg-qptrzZc7CG6Svw2Y13TDIqHzTUrL_lR2ZFcryNFiHkS
      w129EghGpwkpxaTn_THJTCglNbADko1MZBCdwzJxwqZc-1RlpO2HibUY
      yXSwO97BSe0_evZKdjvvKSgsIqjytKSeAMbhMBdMma622_BG5t4sdbuC
      HtFjp9iJmkio47AIwqkZV1aIZsv33uPUqBBCXbYoQJwt7mxPftHmNlGo
      OSMxR_3thmXTCm4US-xiNOyhbm8afKK64jU6_TPtQHiJeQJxz9G3Tx-0
      83B745_AfYOnlC9w"
}

Figure 61: Signature #1 JSON

4.8.3. Second Signing Operation

The following are generated before completing the second signing operation:

JWS Unprotected Header; this example uses the header from Figure 62.

{
  "alg": "ES512",
  "kid": "bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example"
}

Figure 62: Signature #2 JWS Unprotected Header JSON

The empty string (as there is no JWS Protected Header) and Payload content (Figure 8) are combined as described in [I-D.ietf-jose-json-web-signature] to produce the JWS Signing Input Figure 63.

.
SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywgZ29pbmcgb3V0IH
lvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9hZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBk
b24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXigJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcm
UgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9mZiB0by4

Figure 63: JWS Signing Input

Performing the signature operation over the JWS Signing Input (Figure 63) produces the JWS Signature (Figure 64).

ARcVLnaJJaUWG8fG-8t5BREVAuTY8n8YHjwDO1muhcdCoFZFFjfISu0Cdkn9Yb
dlmi54ho0x924DUz8sK7ZXkhc7AFM8ObLfTvNCrqcI3Jkl2U5IX3utNhODH6v7
xgy1Qahsn0fyb4zSAkje8bAWz4vIfj5pCMYxxm4fgV3q7ZYhm5eD

Figure 64: JWS Signature #2, base64url-encoded

The following is the assembled second signature serialized as JSON:

{
  "header": {
    "alg": "ES512",
    "kid": "bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example"
  },
  "signature": "ARcVLnaJJaUWG8fG-8t5BREVAuTY8n8YHjwDO1muhcdCoF
      ZFFjfISu0Cdkn9Ybdlmi54ho0x924DUz8sK7ZXkhc7AFM8ObLfTvNCrq
      cI3Jkl2U5IX3utNhODH6v7xgy1Qahsn0fyb4zSAkje8bAWz4vIfj5pCM
      Yxxm4fgV3q7ZYhm5eD"
}

Figure 65: Signature #2 JSON

4.8.4. Third Signing Operation

The following are generated before completing the third signing operation:

JWS Protected Header; this example uses the header from Figure 66, encoded using [RFC4648] base64url to produce Figure 67.

{
  "alg": "HS256",
  "kid": "018c0ae5-4d9b-471b-bfd6-eef314bc7037"
}

Figure 66: Signature #3 JWS Protected Header JSON

eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjAxOGMwYWU1LTRkOWItNDcxYi1iZmQ2LW
VlZjMxNGJjNzAzNyJ9

Figure 67: Signature #3 JWS Protected Header, base64url-encoded

The JWS Protected Header (Figure 67) and Payload content (Figure 8) are combined as described in [I-D.ietf-jose-json-web-signature] to produce the JWS Signing Input Figure 68.

eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjAxOGMwYWU1LTRkOWItNDcxYi1iZmQ2LW
VlZjMxNGJjNzAzNyJ9
.
SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywgZ29pbmcgb3V0IH
lvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9hZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBk
b24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXigJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcm
UgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9mZiB0by4

Figure 68: JWS Signing Input

Performing the signature operation over the JWS Signing Input (Figure 68) produces the JWS Signature (Figure 69).

s0h6KThzkfBBBkLspW1h84VsJZFTsPPqMDA7g1Md7p0

Figure 69: JWS Signature #3, base64url-encoded

The following is the assembled third signature serialized as JSON:

{
  "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjAxOGMwYWU1LTRkOW
      ItNDcxYi1iZmQ2LWVlZjMxNGJjNzAzNyJ9",
  "signature": "s0h6KThzkfBBBkLspW1h84VsJZFTsPPqMDA7g1Md7p0"
}

Figure 70: Signature #3 JSON

4.8.5. Output Results

The following compose the resulting JWS object:

Payload content (Figure 8)
Signature #1 JSON (Figure 61)
Signature #2 JSON (Figure 65)
Signature #3 JSON (Figure 70)

The Compact Serialization is not presented because it does not support this use case; the JSON Flattened Serialization is not presented because there is more than one signature.

The resulting JWS object using the JSON General Serialization:

{
  "payload": "SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywg
      Z29pbmcgb3V0IHlvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9h
      ZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBkb24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXi
      gJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcmUgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9m
      ZiB0by4",
  "signatures": [
    {
      "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9",
      "header": {
        "kid": "bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example"
      },
      "signature": "MIsjqtVlOpa71KE-Mss8_Nq2YH4FGhiocsqrgi5Nvy
          G53uoimic1tcMdSg-qptrzZc7CG6Svw2Y13TDIqHzTUrL_lR2ZFc
          ryNFiHkSw129EghGpwkpxaTn_THJTCglNbADko1MZBCdwzJxwqZc
          -1RlpO2HibUYyXSwO97BSe0_evZKdjvvKSgsIqjytKSeAMbhMBdM
          ma622_BG5t4sdbuCHtFjp9iJmkio47AIwqkZV1aIZsv33uPUqBBC
          XbYoQJwt7mxPftHmNlGoOSMxR_3thmXTCm4US-xiNOyhbm8afKK6
          4jU6_TPtQHiJeQJxz9G3Tx-083B745_AfYOnlC9w"
    },
    {
      "header": {
        "alg": "ES512",
        "kid": "bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example"
      },
      "signature": "ARcVLnaJJaUWG8fG-8t5BREVAuTY8n8YHjwDO1muhc
          dCoFZFFjfISu0Cdkn9Ybdlmi54ho0x924DUz8sK7ZXkhc7AFM8Ob
          LfTvNCrqcI3Jkl2U5IX3utNhODH6v7xgy1Qahsn0fyb4zSAkje8b
          AWz4vIfj5pCMYxxm4fgV3q7ZYhm5eD"
    },
    {
      "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjAxOGMwYWU1LT
          RkOWItNDcxYi1iZmQ2LWVlZjMxNGJjNzAzNyJ9",
      "signature": "s0h6KThzkfBBBkLspW1h84VsJZFTsPPqMDA7g1Md7p
          0"
    }
  ]
}

Figure 71: JSON General Serialization

5. JSON Web Encryption Examples

The following sections demonstrate how to generate various JWE objects.

All of the succeeding examples (unless otherwise noted) use the following plaintext content (an abridged quote from “The Fellowship of the Ring” [LOTR-FELLOWSHIP]), serialized as UTF-8. The sequence “\xe2\x80\x93” is substituted for (U+2013 EN DASH), and line breaks (U+000A LINE FEED) replace some “ “ (U+0020 SPACE) characters to improve formatting:

You can trust us to stick with you through thick and
thin\xe2\x80\x93to the bitter end. And you can trust us to
keep any secret of yours\xe2\x80\x93closer than you keep it
yourself. But you cannot trust us to let you face trouble
alone, and go off without a word. We are your friends, Frodo.

Figure 72: Plaintext content

5.1. Key Encryption using RSA v1.5 and AES-HMAC-SHA2

This example illustrates encrypting content using the “RSA1_5” (RSAES-PKCS1-v1_5) key encryption algorithm and the “A128CBC-HS256” (AES-128-CBC-HMAC-SHA-256) content encryption algorithm.

Note that RSAES-PKCS1-v1_5 uses random data to generate the ciphertext; it might not be possible to exactly replicate the results in this section.

Note that only the RSA public key is necessary to perform the encryption. However, the example includes the RSA private key to allow readers to validate the output.

Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in Section 1.1.

5.1.1. Input Factors

The following are supplied before beginning the encryption process:

Plaintext content; this example uses the content from Figure 72.
RSA public key; this example uses the key from Figure 73.
“alg” parameter of “RSA1_5”.
“enc” parameter of “A128CBC-HS256”.

{
  "kty": "RSA",
  "kid": "frodo.baggins@hobbiton.example",
  "use": "enc",
  "n": "maxhbsmBtdQ3CNrKvprUE6n9lYcregDMLYNeTAWcLj8NnPU9XIYegT
      HVHQjxKDSHP2l-F5jS7sppG1wgdAqZyhnWvXhYNvcM7RfgKxqNx_xAHx
      6f3yy7s-M9PSNCwPC2lh6UAkR4I00EhV9lrypM9Pi4lBUop9t5fS9W5U
      NwaAllhrd-osQGPjIeI1deHTwx-ZTHu3C60Pu_LJIl6hKn9wbwaUmA4c
      R5Bd2pgbaY7ASgsjCUbtYJaNIHSoHXprUdJZKUMAzV0WOKPfA6OPI4oy
      pBadjvMZ4ZAj3BnXaSYsEZhaueTXvZB4eZOAjIyh2e_VOIKVMsnDrJYA
      VotGlvMQ",
  "e": "AQAB",
  "d": "Kn9tgoHfiTVi8uPu5b9TnwyHwG5dK6RE0uFdlpCGnJN7ZEi963R7wy
      bQ1PLAHmpIbNTztfrheoAniRV1NCIqXaW_qS461xiDTp4ntEPnqcKsyO
      5jMAji7-CL8vhpYYowNFvIesgMoVaPRYMYT9TW63hNM0aWs7USZ_hLg6
      Oe1mY0vHTI3FucjSM86Nff4oIENt43r2fspgEPGRrdE6fpLc9Oaq-qeP
      1GFULimrRdndm-P8q8kvN3KHlNAtEgrQAgTTgz80S-3VD0FgWfgnb1PN
      miuPUxO8OpI9KDIfu_acc6fg14nsNaJqXe6RESvhGPH2afjHqSy_Fd2v
      pzj85bQQ",
  "p": "2DwQmZ43FoTnQ8IkUj3BmKRf5Eh2mizZA5xEJ2MinUE3sdTYKSLtaE
      oekX9vbBZuWxHdVhM6UnKCJ_2iNk8Z0ayLYHL0_G21aXf9-unynEpUsH
      7HHTklLpYAzOOx1ZgVljoxAdWNn3hiEFrjZLZGS7lOH-a3QQlDDQoJOJ
      2VFmU",
  "q": "te8LY4-W7IyaqH1ExujjMqkTAlTeRbv0VLQnfLY2xINnrWdwiQ93_V
      F099aP1ESeLja2nw-6iKIe-qT7mtCPozKfVtUYfz5HrJ_XY2kfexJINb
      9lhZHMv5p1skZpeIS-GPHCC6gRlKo1q-idn_qxyusfWv7WAxlSVfQfk8
      d6Et0",
  "dp": "UfYKcL_or492vVc0PzwLSplbg4L3-Z5wL48mwiswbpzOyIgd2xHTH
      QmjJpFAIZ8q-zf9RmgJXkDrFs9rkdxPtAsL1WYdeCT5c125Fkdg317JV
      RDo1inX7x2Kdh8ERCreW8_4zXItuTl_KiXZNU5lvMQjWbIw2eTx1lpsf
      lo0rYU",
  "dq": "iEgcO-QfpepdH8FWd7mUFyrXdnOkXJBCogChY6YKuIHGc_p8Le9Mb
      pFKESzEaLlN1Ehf3B6oGBl5Iz_ayUlZj2IoQZ82znoUrpa9fVYNot87A
      CfzIG7q9Mv7RiPAderZi03tkVXAdaBau_9vs5rS-7HMtxkVrxSUvJY14
      TkXlHE",
  "qi": "kC-lzZOqoFaZCr5l0tOVtREKoVqaAYhQiqIRGL-MzS4sCmRkxm5vZ
      lXYx6RtE1n_AagjqajlkjieGlxTTThHD8Iga6foGBMaAr5uR1hGQpSc7
      Gl7CF1DZkBJMTQN6EshYzZfxW08mIO8M6Rzuh0beL6fG9mkDcIyPrBXx
      2bQ_mM"
}

Figure 73: RSA 2048-bit Key, in JWK format

(NOTE: While the key includes the private parameters, only the public parameters “e” and “n” are necessary for the encryption operation.)

5.1.2. Generated Factors

The following are generated before encrypting:

AES symmetric key as the Content Encryption Key (CEK); this example uses the key from Figure 74
Initialization vector/nonce; this example uses the initialization vector from Figure 75

3qyTVhIWt5juqZUCpfRqpvauwB956MEJL2Rt-8qXKSo

Figure 74: Content Encryption Key, base64url-encoded

bbd5sTkYwhAIqfHsx8DayA

Figure 75: Initialization Vector, base64url-encoded

5.1.3. Encrypting the Key

Performing the key encryption operation over the CEK (Figure 74) with the RSA key (Figure 73) results in the following encrypted key:

laLxI0j-nLH-_BgLOXMozKxmy9gffy2gTdvqzfTihJBuuzxg0V7yk1WClnQePF
vG2K-pvSlWc9BRIazDrn50RcRai__3TDON395H3c62tIouJJ4XaRvYHFjZTZ2G
Xfz8YAImcc91Tfk0WXC2F5Xbb71ClQ1DDH151tlpH77f2ff7xiSxh9oSewYrcG
TSLUeeCt36r1Kt3OSj7EyBQXoZlN7IxbyhMAfgIe7Mv1rOTOI5I8NQqeXXW8Vl
zNmoxaGMny3YnGir5Wf6Qt2nBq4qDaPdnaAuuGUGEecelIO1wx1BpyIfgvfjOh
MBs9M8XL223Fg47xlGsMXdfuY-4jaqVw

Figure 76: Encrypted Key, base64url-encoded

5.1.4. Encrypting the Content

The following are generated before encrypting the plaintext:

JWE Protected Header; this example uses the header from Figure 77, encoded using [RFC4648] base64url to produce Figure 78.

{
  "alg": "RSA1_5",
  "kid": "frodo.baggins@hobbiton.example",
  "enc": "A128CBC-HS256"
}

Figure 77: JWE Protected Header JSON

eyJhbGciOiJSU0ExXzUiLCJraWQiOiJmcm9kby5iYWdnaW5zQGhvYmJpdG9uLm
V4YW1wbGUiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In0

Figure 78: JWE Protected Header, base64url-encoded

Performing the content encryption operation on the Plaintext (Figure 72) using the following:

CEK (Figure 74);
Initialization vector/nonce (Figure 75); and
JWE Protected Header (Figure 77) as authenticated data

produces the following:

Ciphertext from Figure 79.
Authentication tag from Figure 80.

0fys_TY_na7f8dwSfXLiYdHaA2DxUjD67ieF7fcVbIR62JhJvGZ4_FNVSiGc_r
aa0HnLQ6s1P2sv3Xzl1p1l_o5wR_RsSzrS8Z-wnI3Jvo0mkpEEnlDmZvDu_k8O
WzJv7eZVEqiWKdyVzFhPpiyQU28GLOpRc2VbVbK4dQKPdNTjPPEmRqcaGeTWZV
yeSUvf5k59yJZxRuSvWFf6KrNtmRdZ8R4mDOjHSrM_s8uwIFcqt4r5GX8TKaI0
zT5CbL5Qlw3sRc7u_hg0yKVOiRytEAEs3vZkcfLkP6nbXdC_PkMdNS-ohP78T2
O6_7uInMGhFeX4ctHG7VelHGiT93JfWDEQi5_V9UN1rhXNrYu-0fVMkZAKX3VW
i7lzA6BP430m

Figure 79: Ciphertext, base64url-encoded

kvKuFBXHe5mQr4lqgobAUg

Figure 80: Authentication Tag, base64url-encoded

5.1.5. Output Results

The following compose the resulting JWE object:

JWE Protected Header (Figure 78).
Encrypted Key (Figure 76).
Initialization vector/nonce (Figure 75).
Ciphertext (Figure 79).
Authentication Tag (Figure 80).

The resulting JWE object using the Compact serialization:

eyJhbGciOiJSU0ExXzUiLCJraWQiOiJmcm9kby5iYWdnaW5zQGhvYmJpdG9uLm
V4YW1wbGUiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In0
.
laLxI0j-nLH-_BgLOXMozKxmy9gffy2gTdvqzfTihJBuuzxg0V7yk1WClnQePF
vG2K-pvSlWc9BRIazDrn50RcRai__3TDON395H3c62tIouJJ4XaRvYHFjZTZ2G
Xfz8YAImcc91Tfk0WXC2F5Xbb71ClQ1DDH151tlpH77f2ff7xiSxh9oSewYrcG
TSLUeeCt36r1Kt3OSj7EyBQXoZlN7IxbyhMAfgIe7Mv1rOTOI5I8NQqeXXW8Vl
zNmoxaGMny3YnGir5Wf6Qt2nBq4qDaPdnaAuuGUGEecelIO1wx1BpyIfgvfjOh
MBs9M8XL223Fg47xlGsMXdfuY-4jaqVw
.
bbd5sTkYwhAIqfHsx8DayA
.
0fys_TY_na7f8dwSfXLiYdHaA2DxUjD67ieF7fcVbIR62JhJvGZ4_FNVSiGc_r
aa0HnLQ6s1P2sv3Xzl1p1l_o5wR_RsSzrS8Z-wnI3Jvo0mkpEEnlDmZvDu_k8O
WzJv7eZVEqiWKdyVzFhPpiyQU28GLOpRc2VbVbK4dQKPdNTjPPEmRqcaGeTWZV
yeSUvf5k59yJZxRuSvWFf6KrNtmRdZ8R4mDOjHSrM_s8uwIFcqt4r5GX8TKaI0
zT5CbL5Qlw3sRc7u_hg0yKVOiRytEAEs3vZkcfLkP6nbXdC_PkMdNS-ohP78T2
O6_7uInMGhFeX4ctHG7VelHGiT93JfWDEQi5_V9UN1rhXNrYu-0fVMkZAKX3VW
i7lzA6BP430m
.
kvKuFBXHe5mQr4lqgobAUg

Figure 81: Compact Serialization

The resulting JWE object using the JSON General Serialization:

{
  "recipients": [
    {
      "encrypted_key": "laLxI0j-nLH-_BgLOXMozKxmy9gffy2gTdvqzf
          TihJBuuzxg0V7yk1WClnQePFvG2K-pvSlWc9BRIazDrn50RcRai_
          _3TDON395H3c62tIouJJ4XaRvYHFjZTZ2GXfz8YAImcc91Tfk0WX
          C2F5Xbb71ClQ1DDH151tlpH77f2ff7xiSxh9oSewYrcGTSLUeeCt
          36r1Kt3OSj7EyBQXoZlN7IxbyhMAfgIe7Mv1rOTOI5I8NQqeXXW8
          VlzNmoxaGMny3YnGir5Wf6Qt2nBq4qDaPdnaAuuGUGEecelIO1wx
          1BpyIfgvfjOhMBs9M8XL223Fg47xlGsMXdfuY-4jaqVw"
    }
  ],
  "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJSU0ExXzUiLCJraWQiOiJmcm9kby5iYWdnaW
      5zQGhvYmJpdG9uLmV4YW1wbGUiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In
      0",
  "iv": "bbd5sTkYwhAIqfHsx8DayA",
  "ciphertext": "0fys_TY_na7f8dwSfXLiYdHaA2DxUjD67ieF7fcVbIR62
      JhJvGZ4_FNVSiGc_raa0HnLQ6s1P2sv3Xzl1p1l_o5wR_RsSzrS8Z-wn
      I3Jvo0mkpEEnlDmZvDu_k8OWzJv7eZVEqiWKdyVzFhPpiyQU28GLOpRc
      2VbVbK4dQKPdNTjPPEmRqcaGeTWZVyeSUvf5k59yJZxRuSvWFf6KrNtm
      RdZ8R4mDOjHSrM_s8uwIFcqt4r5GX8TKaI0zT5CbL5Qlw3sRc7u_hg0y
      KVOiRytEAEs3vZkcfLkP6nbXdC_PkMdNS-ohP78T2O6_7uInMGhFeX4c
      tHG7VelHGiT93JfWDEQi5_V9UN1rhXNrYu-0fVMkZAKX3VWi7lzA6BP4
      30m",
  "tag": "kvKuFBXHe5mQr4lqgobAUg"
}

Figure 82: JSON General Serialization

The resulting JWE object using the JSON Flattened Serialization:

{
  "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJSU0ExXzUiLCJraWQiOiJmcm9kby5iYWdnaW
      5zQGhvYmJpdG9uLmV4YW1wbGUiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In
      0",
  "encrypted_key": "laLxI0j-nLH-_BgLOXMozKxmy9gffy2gTdvqzfTihJ
      Buuzxg0V7yk1WClnQePFvG2K-pvSlWc9BRIazDrn50RcRai__3TDON39
      5H3c62tIouJJ4XaRvYHFjZTZ2GXfz8YAImcc91Tfk0WXC2F5Xbb71ClQ
      1DDH151tlpH77f2ff7xiSxh9oSewYrcGTSLUeeCt36r1Kt3OSj7EyBQX
      oZlN7IxbyhMAfgIe7Mv1rOTOI5I8NQqeXXW8VlzNmoxaGMny3YnGir5W
      f6Qt2nBq4qDaPdnaAuuGUGEecelIO1wx1BpyIfgvfjOhMBs9M8XL223F
      g47xlGsMXdfuY-4jaqVw",
  "iv": "bbd5sTkYwhAIqfHsx8DayA",
  "ciphertext": "0fys_TY_na7f8dwSfXLiYdHaA2DxUjD67ieF7fcVbIR62
      JhJvGZ4_FNVSiGc_raa0HnLQ6s1P2sv3Xzl1p1l_o5wR_RsSzrS8Z-wn
      I3Jvo0mkpEEnlDmZvDu_k8OWzJv7eZVEqiWKdyVzFhPpiyQU28GLOpRc
      2VbVbK4dQKPdNTjPPEmRqcaGeTWZVyeSUvf5k59yJZxRuSvWFf6KrNtm
      RdZ8R4mDOjHSrM_s8uwIFcqt4r5GX8TKaI0zT5CbL5Qlw3sRc7u_hg0y
      KVOiRytEAEs3vZkcfLkP6nbXdC_PkMdNS-ohP78T2O6_7uInMGhFeX4c
      tHG7VelHGiT93JfWDEQi5_V9UN1rhXNrYu-0fVMkZAKX3VWi7lzA6BP4
      30m",
  "tag": "kvKuFBXHe5mQr4lqgobAUg"
}

Figure 83: JSON Flattened Serialization

5.2. Key Encryption using RSA-OAEP with AES-GCM

This example illustrates encrypting content using the “RSA-OAEP” (RSAES-OAEP) key encryption algorithm and the “A256GCM” (AES-GCM) content encryption algorithm.

Note that RSAES-OAEP uses random data to generate the ciphertext; it might not be possible to exactly replicate the results in this section.

Note that only the RSA public key is necessary to perform the encryption. However, the example includes the RSA private key to allow readers to validate the output.

Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in Section 1.1.

5.2.1. Input Factors

The following are supplied before beginning the encryption process:

Plaintext content; this example uses the plaintext from Figure 72.
RSA public key; this example uses the key from Figure 84.
“alg” parameter of “RSA-OAEP”
“enc” parameter of “A256GCM”

{
  "kty": "RSA",
  "kid": "samwise.gamgee@hobbiton.example",
  "use": "enc",
  "n": "wbdxI55VaanZXPY29Lg5hdmv2XhvqAhoxUkanfzf2-5zVUxa6prHRr
      I4pP1AhoqJRlZfYtWWd5mmHRG2pAHIlh0ySJ9wi0BioZBl1XP2e-C-Fy
      XJGcTy0HdKQWlrfhTm42EW7Vv04r4gfao6uxjLGwfpGrZLarohiWCPnk
      Nrg71S2CuNZSQBIPGjXfkmIy2tl_VWgGnL22GplyXj5YlBLdxXp3XeSt
      sqo571utNfoUTU8E4qdzJ3U1DItoVkPGsMwlmmnJiwA7sXRItBCivR4M
      5qnZtdw-7v4WuR4779ubDuJ5nalMv2S66-RPcnFAzWSKxtBDnFJJDGIU
      e7Tzizjg1nms0Xq_yPub_UOlWn0ec85FCft1hACpWG8schrOBeNqHBOD
      FskYpUc2LC5JA2TaPF2dA67dg1TTsC_FupfQ2kNGcE1LgprxKHcVWYQb
      86B-HozjHZcqtauBzFNV5tbTuB-TpkcvJfNcFLlH3b8mb-H_ox35FjqB
      SAjLKyoeqfKTpVjvXhd09knwgJf6VKq6UC418_TOljMVfFTWXUxlnfhO
      OnzW6HSSzD1c9WrCuVzsUMv54szidQ9wf1cYWf3g5qFDxDQKis99gcDa
      iCAwM3yEBIzuNeeCa5dartHDb1xEB_HcHSeYbghbMjGfasvKn0aZRsnT
      yC0xhWBlsolZE",
  "e": "AQAB",
  "alg": "RSA-OAEP",
  "d": "n7fzJc3_WG59VEOBTkayzuSMM780OJQuZjN_KbH8lOZG25ZoA7T4Bx
      cc0xQn5oZE5uSCIwg91oCt0JvxPcpmqzaJZg1nirjcWZ-oBtVk7gCAWq
      -B3qhfF3izlbkosrzjHajIcY33HBhsy4_WerrXg4MDNE4HYojy68TcxT
      2LYQRxUOCf5TtJXvM8olexlSGtVnQnDRutxEUCwiewfmmrfveEogLx9E
      A-KMgAjTiISXxqIXQhWUQX1G7v_mV_Hr2YuImYcNcHkRvp9E7ook0876
      DhkO8v4UOZLwA1OlUX98mkoqwc58A_Y2lBYbVx1_s5lpPsEqbbH-nqIj
      h1fL0gdNfihLxnclWtW7pCztLnImZAyeCWAG7ZIfv-Rn9fLIv9jZ6r7r
      -MSH9sqbuziHN2grGjD_jfRluMHa0l84fFKl6bcqN1JWxPVhzNZo01yD
      F-1LiQnqUYSepPf6X3a2SOdkqBRiquE6EvLuSYIDpJq3jDIsgoL8Mo1L
      oomgiJxUwL_GWEOGu28gplyzm-9Q0U0nyhEf1uhSR8aJAQWAiFImWH5W
      _IQT9I7-yrindr_2fWQ_i1UgMsGzA7aOGzZfPljRy6z-tY_KuBG00-28
      S_aWvjyUc-Alp8AUyKjBZ-7CWH32fGWK48j1t-zomrwjL_mnhsPbGs0c
      9WsWgRzI-K8gE",
  "p": "7_2v3OQZzlPFcHyYfLABQ3XP85Es4hCdwCkbDeltaUXgVy9l9etKgh
      vM4hRkOvbb01kYVuLFmxIkCDtpi-zLCYAdXKrAK3PtSbtzld_XZ9nlsY
      a_QZWpXB_IrtFjVfdKUdMz94pHUhFGFj7nr6NNxfpiHSHWFE1zD_AC3m
      Y46J961Y2LRnreVwAGNw53p07Db8yD_92pDa97vqcZOdgtybH9q6uma-
      RFNhO1AoiJhYZj69hjmMRXx-x56HO9cnXNbmzNSCFCKnQmn4GQLmRj9s
      fbZRqL94bbtE4_e0Zrpo8RNo8vxRLqQNwIy85fc6BRgBJomt8QdQvIgP
      gWCv5HoQ",
  "q": "zqOHk1P6WN_rHuM7ZF1cXH0x6RuOHq67WuHiSknqQeefGBA9PWs6Zy
      KQCO-O6mKXtcgE8_Q_hA2kMRcKOcvHil1hqMCNSXlflM7WPRPZu2qCDc
      qssd_uMbP-DqYthH_EzwL9KnYoH7JQFxxmcv5An8oXUtTwk4knKjkIYG
      RuUwfQTus0w1NfjFAyxOOiAQ37ussIcE6C6ZSsM3n41UlbJ7TCqewzVJ
      aPJN5cxjySPZPD3Vp01a9YgAD6a3IIaKJdIxJS1ImnfPevSJQBE79-EX
      e2kSwVgOzvt-gsmM29QQ8veHy4uAqca5dZzMs7hkkHtw1z0jHV90epQJ
      JlXXnH8Q",
  "dp": "19oDkBh1AXelMIxQFm2zZTqUhAzCIr4xNIGEPNoDt1jK83_FJA-xn
      x5kA7-1erdHdms_Ef67HsONNv5A60JaR7w8LHnDiBGnjdaUmmuO8XAxQ
      J_ia5mxjxNjS6E2yD44USo2JmHvzeeNczq25elqbTPLhUpGo1IZuG72F
      ZQ5gTjXoTXC2-xtCDEUZfaUNh4IeAipfLugbpe0JAFlFfrTDAMUFpC3i
      XjxqzbEanflwPvj6V9iDSgjj8SozSM0dLtxvu0LIeIQAeEgT_yXcrKGm
      pKdSO08kLBx8VUjkbv_3Pn20Gyu2YEuwpFlM_H1NikuxJNKFGmnAq9Lc
      nwwT0jvoQ",
  "dq": "S6p59KrlmzGzaQYQM3o0XfHCGvfqHLYjCO557HYQf72O9kLMCfd_1
      VBEqeD-1jjwELKDjck8kOBl5UvohK1oDfSP1DleAy-cnmL29DqWmhgwM
      1ip0CCNmkmsmDSlqkUXDi6sAaZuntyukyflI-qSQ3C_BafPyFaKrt1fg
      dyEwYa08pESKwwWisy7KnmoUvaJ3SaHmohFS78TJ25cfc10wZ9hQNOrI
      ChZlkiOdFCtxDqdmCqNacnhgE3bZQjGp3n83ODSz9zwJcSUvODlXBPc2
      AycH6Ci5yjbxt4Ppox_5pjm6xnQkiPgj01GpsUssMmBN7iHVsrE7N2iz
      nBNCeOUIQ",
  "qi": "FZhClBMywVVjnuUud-05qd5CYU0dK79akAgy9oX6RX6I3IIIPckCc
      iRrokxglZn-omAY5CnCe4KdrnjFOT5YUZE7G_Pg44XgCXaarLQf4hl80
      oPEf6-jJ5Iy6wPRx7G2e8qLxnh9cOdf-kRqgOS3F48Ucvw3ma5V6KGMw
      QqWFeV31XtZ8l5cVI-I3NzBS7qltpUVgz2Ju021eyc7IlqgzR98qKONl
      27DuEES0aK0WE97jnsyO27Yp88Wa2RiBrEocM89QZI1seJiGDizHRUP4
      UZxw9zsXww46wy0P6f9grnYp7t8LkyDDk8eoI4KX6SNMNVcyVS9IWjlq
      8EzqZEKIA"
}

Figure 84: RSA 4096-bit Key

(NOTE: While the key includes the private parameters, only the public parameters “e” and “n” are necessary for the encryption operation.)

5.2.2. Generated Factors

The following are generated before encrypting:

AES symmetric key as the Content Encryption Key (CEK); this example uses the key from Figure 85.
Initialization vector/nonce; this example uses the initialization vector/nonce from Figure 86.

mYMfsggkTAm0TbvtlFh2hyoXnbEzJQjMxmgLN3d8xXA

Figure 85: Content Encryption Key, base64url-encoded

-nBoKLH0YkLZPSI9

Figure 86: Initialization Vector, base64url-encoded

5.2.3. Encrypting the Key

Performing the key encryption operation over the CEK (Figure 85)) with the RSA key (Figure 84) produces the following encrypted key:

rT99rwrBTbTI7IJM8fU3Eli7226HEB7IchCxNuh7lCiud48LxeolRdtFF4nzQi
beYOl5S_PJsAXZwSXtDePz9hk-BbtsTBqC2UsPOdwjC9NhNupNNu9uHIVftDyu
cvI6hvALeZ6OGnhNV4v1zx2k7O1D89mAzfw-_kT3tkuorpDU-CpBENfIHX1Q58
-Aad3FzMuo3Fn9buEP2yXakLXYa15BUXQsupM4A1GD4_H4Bd7V3u9h8Gkg8Bpx
KdUV9ScfJQTcYm6eJEBz3aSwIaK4T3-dwWpuBOhROQXBosJzS1asnuHtVMt2pK
IIfux5BC6huIvmY7kzV7W7aIUrpYm_3H4zYvyMeq5pGqFmW2k8zpO878TRlZx7
pZfPYDSXZyS0CfKKkMozT_qiCwZTSz4duYnt8hS4Z9sGthXn9uDqd6wycMagnQ
fOTs_lycTWmY-aqWVDKhjYNRf03NiwRtb5BE-tOdFwCASQj3uuAgPGrO2AWBe3
8UjQb0lvXn1SpyvYZ3WFc7WOJYaTa7A8DRn6MC6T-xDmMuxC0G7S2rscw5lQQU
06MvZTlFOt0UvfuKBa03cxA_nIBIhLMjY2kOTxQMmpDPTr6Cbo8aKaOnx6ASE5
Jx9paBpnNmOOKH35j_QlrQhDWUN6A2Gg8iFayJ69xDEdHAVCGRzN3woEI2ozDR
s

Figure 87: Encrypted Key, base64url-encoded

5.2.4. Encrypting the Content

The following are generated before encrypting the plaintext:

JWE Protected Header; this example uses the the header from Figure 88, encoded using [RFC4648] base64url to produce Figure 89.

{
  "alg": "RSA-OAEP",
  "kid": "samwise.gamgee@hobbiton.example",
  "enc": "A256GCM"
}

Figure 88: JWE Protected Header JSON

eyJhbGciOiJSU0EtT0FFUCIsImtpZCI6InNhbXdpc2UuZ2FtZ2VlQGhvYmJpdG
9uLmV4YW1wbGUiLCJlbmMiOiJBMjU2R0NNIn0

Figure 89: JWE Protected Header, base64url-encoded

Performing the content encryption operation over the Plaintext (Figure 72) with the following:

CEK (Figure 85);
Initialization vector/nonce (Figure 86); and
JWE Protected Header (Figure 89) as authenticated data

produces the following:

Ciphertext from Figure 90.
Authentication tag from Figure 91.

o4k2cnGN8rSSw3IDo1YuySkqeS_t2m1GXklSgqBdpACm6UJuJowOHC5ytjqYgR
L-I-soPlwqMUf4UgRWWeaOGNw6vGW-xyM01lTYxrXfVzIIaRdhYtEMRBvBWbEw
P7ua1DRfvaOjgZv6Ifa3brcAM64d8p5lhhNcizPersuhw5f-pGYzseva-TUaL8
iWnctc-sSwy7SQmRkfhDjwbz0fz6kFovEgj64X1I5s7E6GLp5fnbYGLa1QUiML
7Cc2GxgvI7zqWo0YIEc7aCflLG1-8BboVWFdZKLK9vNoycrYHumwzKluLWEbSV
maPpOslY2n525DxDfWaVFUfKQxMF56vn4B9QMpWAbnypNimbM8zVOw

Figure 90: Ciphertext, base64url-encoded

UCGiqJxhBI3IFVdPalHHvA

Figure 91: Authentication Tag, base64url-encoded

5.2.5. Output Results

The following compose the resulting JWE object:

JWE Protected Header (Figure 89)
Encrypted key (Figure 87)
Initialization vector/nonce (Figure 86)
Ciphertext (Figure 90)
Authentication tag (Figure 91)

The resulting JWE object using the Compact serialization:

eyJhbGciOiJSU0EtT0FFUCIsImtpZCI6InNhbXdpc2UuZ2FtZ2VlQGhvYmJpdG
9uLmV4YW1wbGUiLCJlbmMiOiJBMjU2R0NNIn0
.
rT99rwrBTbTI7IJM8fU3Eli7226HEB7IchCxNuh7lCiud48LxeolRdtFF4nzQi
beYOl5S_PJsAXZwSXtDePz9hk-BbtsTBqC2UsPOdwjC9NhNupNNu9uHIVftDyu
cvI6hvALeZ6OGnhNV4v1zx2k7O1D89mAzfw-_kT3tkuorpDU-CpBENfIHX1Q58
-Aad3FzMuo3Fn9buEP2yXakLXYa15BUXQsupM4A1GD4_H4Bd7V3u9h8Gkg8Bpx
KdUV9ScfJQTcYm6eJEBz3aSwIaK4T3-dwWpuBOhROQXBosJzS1asnuHtVMt2pK
IIfux5BC6huIvmY7kzV7W7aIUrpYm_3H4zYvyMeq5pGqFmW2k8zpO878TRlZx7
pZfPYDSXZyS0CfKKkMozT_qiCwZTSz4duYnt8hS4Z9sGthXn9uDqd6wycMagnQ
fOTs_lycTWmY-aqWVDKhjYNRf03NiwRtb5BE-tOdFwCASQj3uuAgPGrO2AWBe3
8UjQb0lvXn1SpyvYZ3WFc7WOJYaTa7A8DRn6MC6T-xDmMuxC0G7S2rscw5lQQU
06MvZTlFOt0UvfuKBa03cxA_nIBIhLMjY2kOTxQMmpDPTr6Cbo8aKaOnx6ASE5
Jx9paBpnNmOOKH35j_QlrQhDWUN6A2Gg8iFayJ69xDEdHAVCGRzN3woEI2ozDR
s
.
-nBoKLH0YkLZPSI9
.
o4k2cnGN8rSSw3IDo1YuySkqeS_t2m1GXklSgqBdpACm6UJuJowOHC5ytjqYgR
L-I-soPlwqMUf4UgRWWeaOGNw6vGW-xyM01lTYxrXfVzIIaRdhYtEMRBvBWbEw
P7ua1DRfvaOjgZv6Ifa3brcAM64d8p5lhhNcizPersuhw5f-pGYzseva-TUaL8
iWnctc-sSwy7SQmRkfhDjwbz0fz6kFovEgj64X1I5s7E6GLp5fnbYGLa1QUiML
7Cc2GxgvI7zqWo0YIEc7aCflLG1-8BboVWFdZKLK9vNoycrYHumwzKluLWEbSV
maPpOslY2n525DxDfWaVFUfKQxMF56vn4B9QMpWAbnypNimbM8zVOw
.
UCGiqJxhBI3IFVdPalHHvA

Figure 92: Compact Serialization

The resulting JWE object using the JSON General Serialization:

{
  "recipients": [
    {
      "encrypted_key": "rT99rwrBTbTI7IJM8fU3Eli7226HEB7IchCxNu
          h7lCiud48LxeolRdtFF4nzQibeYOl5S_PJsAXZwSXtDePz9hk-Bb
          tsTBqC2UsPOdwjC9NhNupNNu9uHIVftDyucvI6hvALeZ6OGnhNV4
          v1zx2k7O1D89mAzfw-_kT3tkuorpDU-CpBENfIHX1Q58-Aad3FzM
          uo3Fn9buEP2yXakLXYa15BUXQsupM4A1GD4_H4Bd7V3u9h8Gkg8B
          pxKdUV9ScfJQTcYm6eJEBz3aSwIaK4T3-dwWpuBOhROQXBosJzS1
          asnuHtVMt2pKIIfux5BC6huIvmY7kzV7W7aIUrpYm_3H4zYvyMeq
          5pGqFmW2k8zpO878TRlZx7pZfPYDSXZyS0CfKKkMozT_qiCwZTSz
          4duYnt8hS4Z9sGthXn9uDqd6wycMagnQfOTs_lycTWmY-aqWVDKh
          jYNRf03NiwRtb5BE-tOdFwCASQj3uuAgPGrO2AWBe38UjQb0lvXn
          1SpyvYZ3WFc7WOJYaTa7A8DRn6MC6T-xDmMuxC0G7S2rscw5lQQU
          06MvZTlFOt0UvfuKBa03cxA_nIBIhLMjY2kOTxQMmpDPTr6Cbo8a
          KaOnx6ASE5Jx9paBpnNmOOKH35j_QlrQhDWUN6A2Gg8iFayJ69xD
          EdHAVCGRzN3woEI2ozDRs"
    }
  ],
  "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJSU0EtT0FFUCIsImtpZCI6InNhbXdpc2UuZ2
      FtZ2VlQGhvYmJpdG9uLmV4YW1wbGUiLCJlbmMiOiJBMjU2R0NNIn0",
  "iv": "-nBoKLH0YkLZPSI9",
  "ciphertext": "o4k2cnGN8rSSw3IDo1YuySkqeS_t2m1GXklSgqBdpACm6
      UJuJowOHC5ytjqYgRL-I-soPlwqMUf4UgRWWeaOGNw6vGW-xyM01lTYx
      rXfVzIIaRdhYtEMRBvBWbEwP7ua1DRfvaOjgZv6Ifa3brcAM64d8p5lh
      hNcizPersuhw5f-pGYzseva-TUaL8iWnctc-sSwy7SQmRkfhDjwbz0fz
      6kFovEgj64X1I5s7E6GLp5fnbYGLa1QUiML7Cc2GxgvI7zqWo0YIEc7a
      CflLG1-8BboVWFdZKLK9vNoycrYHumwzKluLWEbSVmaPpOslY2n525Dx
      DfWaVFUfKQxMF56vn4B9QMpWAbnypNimbM8zVOw",
  "tag": "UCGiqJxhBI3IFVdPalHHvA"
}

Figure 93: JSON General Serialization

The resulting JWE object using the JSON Flattened Serialization:

{
  "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJSU0EtT0FFUCIsImtpZCI6InNhbXdpc2UuZ2
      FtZ2VlQGhvYmJpdG9uLmV4YW1wbGUiLCJlbmMiOiJBMjU2R0NNIn0",
  "encrypted_key": "rT99rwrBTbTI7IJM8fU3Eli7226HEB7IchCxNuh7lC
      iud48LxeolRdtFF4nzQibeYOl5S_PJsAXZwSXtDePz9hk-BbtsTBqC2U
      sPOdwjC9NhNupNNu9uHIVftDyucvI6hvALeZ6OGnhNV4v1zx2k7O1D89
      mAzfw-_kT3tkuorpDU-CpBENfIHX1Q58-Aad3FzMuo3Fn9buEP2yXakL
      XYa15BUXQsupM4A1GD4_H4Bd7V3u9h8Gkg8BpxKdUV9ScfJQTcYm6eJE
      Bz3aSwIaK4T3-dwWpuBOhROQXBosJzS1asnuHtVMt2pKIIfux5BC6huI
      vmY7kzV7W7aIUrpYm_3H4zYvyMeq5pGqFmW2k8zpO878TRlZx7pZfPYD
      SXZyS0CfKKkMozT_qiCwZTSz4duYnt8hS4Z9sGthXn9uDqd6wycMagnQ
      fOTs_lycTWmY-aqWVDKhjYNRf03NiwRtb5BE-tOdFwCASQj3uuAgPGrO
      2AWBe38UjQb0lvXn1SpyvYZ3WFc7WOJYaTa7A8DRn6MC6T-xDmMuxC0G
      7S2rscw5lQQU06MvZTlFOt0UvfuKBa03cxA_nIBIhLMjY2kOTxQMmpDP
      Tr6Cbo8aKaOnx6ASE5Jx9paBpnNmOOKH35j_QlrQhDWUN6A2Gg8iFayJ
      69xDEdHAVCGRzN3woEI2ozDRs",
  "iv": "-nBoKLH0YkLZPSI9",
  "ciphertext": "o4k2cnGN8rSSw3IDo1YuySkqeS_t2m1GXklSgqBdpACm6
      UJuJowOHC5ytjqYgRL-I-soPlwqMUf4UgRWWeaOGNw6vGW-xyM01lTYx
      rXfVzIIaRdhYtEMRBvBWbEwP7ua1DRfvaOjgZv6Ifa3brcAM64d8p5lh
      hNcizPersuhw5f-pGYzseva-TUaL8iWnctc-sSwy7SQmRkfhDjwbz0fz
      6kFovEgj64X1I5s7E6GLp5fnbYGLa1QUiML7Cc2GxgvI7zqWo0YIEc7a
      CflLG1-8BboVWFdZKLK9vNoycrYHumwzKluLWEbSVmaPpOslY2n525Dx
      DfWaVFUfKQxMF56vn4B9QMpWAbnypNimbM8zVOw",
  "tag": "UCGiqJxhBI3IFVdPalHHvA"
}

Figure 94: JSON Flattened Serialization

5.3. Key Wrap using PBES2-AES-KeyWrap with AES-CBC-HMAC-SHA2

The example illustrates encrypting content using the “PBES2-HS512+A256KW” (PBES2 Password-based Encryption using HMAC-SHA-512 and AES-256-KeyWrap) key encryption algorithm with the “A128CBC-HS256” (AES-128-CBC-HMAC-SHA-256) content encryption algorithm.

A common use of password-based encryption is the import/export of keys. Therefore this example uses a JWK Set for the plaintext content instead of the plaintext from Figure 72.

Note that if password-based encryption is used for multiple recipients, it is expected that each recipient use different values for the PBES2 parameters “p2s” and “p2c”.

Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in Section 1.1.

5.3.1. Input Factors

The following are supplied before beginning the encryption process:

Plaintext content; this example uses the plaintext from Figure 95 (NOTE all whitespace added for readability)
Password; this example uses the password from Figure 96 – with the sequence “\xe2\x80\x93” replaced with (U+2013 EN DASH)
“alg” parameter of “PBES2-HS512+A256KW”
“enc” parameter of “A128CBC-HS256”

{
  "keys": [
    {
      "kty": "oct",
      "kid": "77c7e2b8-6e13-45cf-8672-617b5b45243a",
      "use": "enc",
      "alg": "A128GCM",
      "k": "XctOhJAkA-pD9Lh7ZgW_2A"
    },
    {
      "kty": "oct",
      "kid": "81b20965-8332-43d9-a468-82160ad91ac8",
      "use": "enc",
      "alg": "A128KW",
      "k": "GZy6sIZ6wl9NJOKB-jnmVQ"
    },
    {
      "kty": "oct",
      "kid": "18ec08e1-bfa9-4d95-b205-2b4dd1d4321d",
      "use": "enc",
      "alg": "A256GCMKW",
      "k": "qC57l_uxcm7Nm3K-ct4GFjx8tM1U8CZ0NLBvdQstiS8"
    }
  ]
}

Figure 95: Plaintext Content

entrap_o\xe2\x80\x93peter_long\xe2\x80\x93credit_tun

Figure 96: Password

5.3.2. Generated Factors

The following are generated before encrypting:

AES symmetric key as the Content Encryption Key (CEK); this example uses the key from Figure 97.
Initialization vector/nonce; this example uses the initialization vector/nonce from Figure 98.

uwsjJXaBK407Qaf0_zpcpmr1Cs0CC50hIUEyGNEt3m0

Figure 97: Content Encryption Key, base64url-encoded

VBiCzVHNoLiR3F4V82uoTQ

Figure 98: Initialization Vector, base64url-encoded

5.3.3. Encrypting the Key

The following are generated before encrypting the CEK:

Salt; this example uses the salt from Figure 99.
Iteration count; this example uses the iteration count 8192.

8Q1SzinasR3xchYz6ZZcHA

Figure 99: Salt, base64url-encoded

Performing the key encryption operation over the CEK (Figure 97)) with the following:

Password (Figure 96);
Salt (Figure 99), encoded as an octet string; and
Iteration count (8192)

produces the following encrypted key:

d3qNhUWfqheyPp4H8sjOWsDYajoej4c5Je6rlUtFPWdgtURtmeDV1g

Figure 100: Encrypted Key, base64url-encoded

5.3.4. Encrypting the Content

The following are generated before encrypting the content:

JWE Protected Header; this example uses the header from Figure 101, encoded using [RFC4648] base64url to produce Figure 102.

{
  "alg": "PBES2-HS512+A256KW",
  "p2s": "8Q1SzinasR3xchYz6ZZcHA",
  "p2c": 8192,
  "cty": "jwk-set+json",
  "enc": "A128CBC-HS256"
}

Figure 101: JWE Protected Header JSON

eyJhbGciOiJQQkVTMi1IUzUxMitBMjU2S1ciLCJwMnMiOiI4UTFTemluYXNSM3
hjaFl6NlpaY0hBIiwicDJjIjo4MTkyLCJjdHkiOiJqd2stc2V0K2pzb24iLCJl
bmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In0

Figure 102: JWE Protected Header, base64url-encoded

Performing the content encryption operation over the Plaintext (Figure 95) with the the following:

CEK (Figure 97);
Initialization vector/nonce (Figure 98); and
JWE Protected Header (Figure 102) as authenticated data

produces the following:

Ciphertext from Figure 103.
Authentication tag from Figure 104.

23i-Tb1AV4n0WKVSSgcQrdg6GRqsUKxjruHXYsTHAJLZ2nsnGIX86vMXqIi6IR
sfywCRFzLxEcZBRnTvG3nhzPk0GDD7FMyXhUHpDjEYCNA_XOmzg8yZR9oyjo6l
TF6si4q9FZ2EhzgFQCLO_6h5EVg3vR75_hkBsnuoqoM3dwejXBtIodN84PeqMb
6asmas_dpSsz7H10fC5ni9xIz424givB1YLldF6exVmL93R3fOoOJbmk2GBQZL
_SEGllv2cQsBgeprARsaQ7Bq99tT80coH8ItBjgV08AtzXFFsx9qKvC982KLKd
PQMTlVJKkqtV4Ru5LEVpBZXBnZrtViSOgyg6AiuwaS-rCrcD_ePOGSuxvgtrok
AKYPqmXUeRdjFJwafkYEkiuDCV9vWGAi1DH2xTafhJwcmywIyzi4BqRpmdn_N-
zl5tuJYyuvKhjKv6ihbsV_k1hJGPGAxJ6wUpmwC4PTQ2izEm0TuSE8oMKdTw8V
3kobXZ77ulMwDs4p

Figure 103: Ciphertext, base64url-encoded

0HlwodAhOCILG5SQ2LQ9dg

Figure 104: Authentication Tag, base64url-encoded

5.3.5. Output Results

The following compose the resulting JWE object:

JWE Protected Header (Figure 102)
Encrypted key (Figure 100)
Initialization vector/nonce (Figure 98)
Ciphertext (Figure 103)
Authentication tag (Figure 104)

The resulting JWE object using the Compact serialization:

eyJhbGciOiJQQkVTMi1IUzUxMitBMjU2S1ciLCJwMnMiOiI4UTFTemluYXNSM3
hjaFl6NlpaY0hBIiwicDJjIjo4MTkyLCJjdHkiOiJqd2stc2V0K2pzb24iLCJl
bmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In0
.
d3qNhUWfqheyPp4H8sjOWsDYajoej4c5Je6rlUtFPWdgtURtmeDV1g
.
VBiCzVHNoLiR3F4V82uoTQ
.
23i-Tb1AV4n0WKVSSgcQrdg6GRqsUKxjruHXYsTHAJLZ2nsnGIX86vMXqIi6IR
sfywCRFzLxEcZBRnTvG3nhzPk0GDD7FMyXhUHpDjEYCNA_XOmzg8yZR9oyjo6l
TF6si4q9FZ2EhzgFQCLO_6h5EVg3vR75_hkBsnuoqoM3dwejXBtIodN84PeqMb
6asmas_dpSsz7H10fC5ni9xIz424givB1YLldF6exVmL93R3fOoOJbmk2GBQZL
_SEGllv2cQsBgeprARsaQ7Bq99tT80coH8ItBjgV08AtzXFFsx9qKvC982KLKd
PQMTlVJKkqtV4Ru5LEVpBZXBnZrtViSOgyg6AiuwaS-rCrcD_ePOGSuxvgtrok
AKYPqmXUeRdjFJwafkYEkiuDCV9vWGAi1DH2xTafhJwcmywIyzi4BqRpmdn_N-
zl5tuJYyuvKhjKv6ihbsV_k1hJGPGAxJ6wUpmwC4PTQ2izEm0TuSE8oMKdTw8V
3kobXZ77ulMwDs4p
.
0HlwodAhOCILG5SQ2LQ9dg

Figure 105: Compact Serialization

The resulting JWE object using the JSON General Serialization:

{
  "recipients": [
    {
      "encrypted_key": "d3qNhUWfqheyPp4H8sjOWsDYajoej4c5Je6rlU
          tFPWdgtURtmeDV1g"
    }
  ],
  "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJQQkVTMi1IUzUxMitBMjU2S1ciLCJwMnMiOi
      I4UTFTemluYXNSM3hjaFl6NlpaY0hBIiwicDJjIjo4MTkyLCJjdHkiOi
      Jqd2stc2V0K2pzb24iLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In0",
  "iv": "VBiCzVHNoLiR3F4V82uoTQ",
  "ciphertext": "23i-Tb1AV4n0WKVSSgcQrdg6GRqsUKxjruHXYsTHAJLZ2
      nsnGIX86vMXqIi6IRsfywCRFzLxEcZBRnTvG3nhzPk0GDD7FMyXhUHpD
      jEYCNA_XOmzg8yZR9oyjo6lTF6si4q9FZ2EhzgFQCLO_6h5EVg3vR75_
      hkBsnuoqoM3dwejXBtIodN84PeqMb6asmas_dpSsz7H10fC5ni9xIz42
      4givB1YLldF6exVmL93R3fOoOJbmk2GBQZL_SEGllv2cQsBgeprARsaQ
      7Bq99tT80coH8ItBjgV08AtzXFFsx9qKvC982KLKdPQMTlVJKkqtV4Ru
      5LEVpBZXBnZrtViSOgyg6AiuwaS-rCrcD_ePOGSuxvgtrokAKYPqmXUe
      RdjFJwafkYEkiuDCV9vWGAi1DH2xTafhJwcmywIyzi4BqRpmdn_N-zl5
      tuJYyuvKhjKv6ihbsV_k1hJGPGAxJ6wUpmwC4PTQ2izEm0TuSE8oMKdT
      w8V3kobXZ77ulMwDs4p",
  "tag": "0HlwodAhOCILG5SQ2LQ9dg"
}

Figure 106: JSON General Serialization

The resulting JWE object using the JSON Flattened Serialization:

{
  "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJQQkVTMi1IUzUxMitBMjU2S1ciLCJwMnMiOi
      I4UTFTemluYXNSM3hjaFl6NlpaY0hBIiwicDJjIjo4MTkyLCJjdHkiOi
      Jqd2stc2V0K2pzb24iLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In0",
  "encrypted_key": "d3qNhUWfqheyPp4H8sjOWsDYajoej4c5Je6rlUtFPW
      dgtURtmeDV1g",
  "iv": "VBiCzVHNoLiR3F4V82uoTQ",
  "ciphertext": "23i-Tb1AV4n0WKVSSgcQrdg6GRqsUKxjruHXYsTHAJLZ2
      nsnGIX86vMXqIi6IRsfywCRFzLxEcZBRnTvG3nhzPk0GDD7FMyXhUHpD
      jEYCNA_XOmzg8yZR9oyjo6lTF6si4q9FZ2EhzgFQCLO_6h5EVg3vR75_
      hkBsnuoqoM3dwejXBtIodN84PeqMb6asmas_dpSsz7H10fC5ni9xIz42
      4givB1YLldF6exVmL93R3fOoOJbmk2GBQZL_SEGllv2cQsBgeprARsaQ
      7Bq99tT80coH8ItBjgV08AtzXFFsx9qKvC982KLKdPQMTlVJKkqtV4Ru
      5LEVpBZXBnZrtViSOgyg6AiuwaS-rCrcD_ePOGSuxvgtrokAKYPqmXUe
      RdjFJwafkYEkiuDCV9vWGAi1DH2xTafhJwcmywIyzi4BqRpmdn_N-zl5
      tuJYyuvKhjKv6ihbsV_k1hJGPGAxJ6wUpmwC4PTQ2izEm0TuSE8oMKdT
      w8V3kobXZ77ulMwDs4p",
  "tag": "0HlwodAhOCILG5SQ2LQ9dg"
}

Figure 107: JSON Flattened Serialization

5.4. Key Agreement with Key Wrapping using ECDH-ES and AES-KeyWrap with AES-GCM

This example illustrates encrypting content using the “ECDH-ES+A128KW” (Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman Ephemeral-Static with AES-128-KeyWrap) key encryption algorithm and the “A128GCM” (AES-GCM) content encryption algorithm.

Note that only the EC public key is necessary to perform the key agreement. However, the example includes the EC private key to allow readers to validate the output.

Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in Section 1.1.

5.4.1. Input Factors

The following are supplied before beginning the encryption process:

Plaintext content; this example uses the content from Figure 72
EC public key; this example uses the public key from Figure 108
“alg” parameter of “ECDH-ES+A128KW”
“enc” parameter of “A128GCM”

{
  "kty": "EC",
  "kid": "peregrin.took@tuckborough.example",
  "use": "enc",
  "crv": "P-384",
  "x": "YU4rRUzdmVqmRtWOs2OpDE_T5fsNIodcG8G5FWPrTPMyxpzsSOGaQL
      pe2FpxBmu2",
  "y": "A8-yxCHxkfBz3hKZfI1jUYMjUhsEveZ9THuwFjH2sCNdtksRJU7D5-
      SkgaFL1ETP",
  "d": "iTx2pk7wW-GqJkHcEkFQb2EFyYcO7RugmaW3mRrQVAOUiPommT0Idn
      YK2xDlZh-j"
}

Figure 108: Elliptic Curve P-384 Key, in JWK format

(NOTE: While the key includes the private parameters, only the public parameters “crv”, “x”, and “y” are necessary for the encryption operation.)

5.4.2. Generated Factors

The following are generated before encrypting:

Symmetric AES key as the Content Encryption Key (CEK); this example uses the key from Figure 109.
Initialization vector/nonce; this example uses the initialization vector/nonce from Figure 110

Nou2ueKlP70ZXDbq9UrRwg

Figure 109: Content Encryption Key, base64url-encoded

mH-G2zVqgztUtnW_

Figure 110: Initialization Vector, base64url-encoded

5.4.3. Encrypting the Key

To encrypt the Content Encryption Key, the following are generated:

Ephemeral EC private key on the same curve as the EC public key; this example uses the private key from Figure 111.

{
  "kty": "EC",
  "crv": "P-384",
  "x": "uBo4kHPw6kbjx5l0xowrd_oYzBmaz-GKFZu4xAFFkbYiWgutEK6iuE
      DsQ6wNdNg3",
  "y": "sp3p5SGhZVC2faXumI-e9JU2Mo8KpoYrFDr5yPNVtW4PgEwZOyQTA-
      JdaY8tb7E0",
  "d": "D5H4Y_5PSKZvhfVFbcCYJOtcGZygRgfZkpsBr59Icmmhe9sW6nkZ8W
      fwhinUfWJg"
}

Figure 111: Ephemeral Elliptic Curve P-384 Key, in JWK format

Performing the key encryption operation over the CEK (Figure 109) with the following:

The static Elliptic Curve public key (Figure 108); and
The ephemeral Elliptic Curve private key (Figure 111);

produces the following JWE encrypted key:

0DJjBXri_kBcC46IkU5_Jk9BqaQeHdv2

Figure 112: Encrypted Key, base64url-encoded

5.4.4. Encrypting the Content

The following are generated before encrypting the content:

JWE Protected Header; this example uses the header from Figure 113, encoded to [RFC4648] base64url as Figure 114.

{
  "alg": "ECDH-ES+A128KW",
  "kid": "peregrin.took@tuckborough.example",
  "epk": {
    "kty": "EC",
    "crv": "P-384",
    "x": "uBo4kHPw6kbjx5l0xowrd_oYzBmaz-GKFZu4xAFFkbYiWgutEK6i
        uEDsQ6wNdNg3",
    "y": "sp3p5SGhZVC2faXumI-e9JU2Mo8KpoYrFDr5yPNVtW4PgEwZOyQT
        A-JdaY8tb7E0"
  },
  "enc": "A128GCM"
}

Figure 113: JWE Protected Header JSON

eyJhbGciOiJFQ0RILUVTK0ExMjhLVyIsImtpZCI6InBlcmVncmluLnRvb2tAdH
Vja2Jvcm91Z2guZXhhbXBsZSIsImVwayI6eyJrdHkiOiJFQyIsImNydiI6IlAt
Mzg0IiwieCI6InVCbzRrSFB3Nmtiang1bDB4b3dyZF9vWXpCbWF6LUdLRlp1NH
hBRkZrYllpV2d1dEVLNml1RURzUTZ3TmROZzMiLCJ5Ijoic3AzcDVTR2haVkMy
ZmFYdW1JLWU5SlUyTW84S3BvWXJGRHI1eVBOVnRXNFBnRXdaT3lRVEEtSmRhWT
h0YjdFMCJ9LCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn0

Figure 114: JWE Protected Header, base64url-encoded

Performing the content encryption operation on the Plaintext (Figure 72) using the following:

CEK (Figure 109);
Initialization vector/nonce (Figure 110); and
JWE Protected Header (Figure 114) as authenticated data

produces the following:

Ciphertext from Figure 115.
Authentication tag from Figure 116.

tkZuOO9h95OgHJmkkrfLBisku8rGf6nzVxhRM3sVOhXgz5NJ76oID7lpnAi_cP
WJRCjSpAaUZ5dOR3Spy7QuEkmKx8-3RCMhSYMzsXaEwDdXta9Mn5B7cCBoJKB0
IgEnj_qfo1hIi-uEkUpOZ8aLTZGHfpl05jMwbKkTe2yK3mjF6SBAsgicQDVCkc
Y9BLluzx1RmC3ORXaM0JaHPB93YcdSDGgpgBWMVrNU1ErkjcMqMoT_wtCex3w0
3XdLkjXIuEr2hWgeP-nkUZTPU9EoGSPj6fAS-bSz87RCPrxZdj_iVyC6QWcqAu
07WNhjzJEPc4jVntRJ6K53NgPQ5p99l3Z408OUqj4ioYezbS6vTPlQ

Figure 115: Ciphertext, base64url-encoded

WuGzxmcreYjpHGJoa17EBg

Figure 116: Authentication Tag, base64url-encoded

5.4.5. Output Results

The following compose the resulting JWE object:

JWE Protected Header (Figure 114)
Encrypted key (Figure 112)
Initialization vector/nonce (Figure 110)
Ciphertext (Figure 115)
Authentication tag (Figure 116)

The resulting JWE object using the Compact serialization:

eyJhbGciOiJFQ0RILUVTK0ExMjhLVyIsImtpZCI6InBlcmVncmluLnRvb2tAdH
Vja2Jvcm91Z2guZXhhbXBsZSIsImVwayI6eyJrdHkiOiJFQyIsImNydiI6IlAt
Mzg0IiwieCI6InVCbzRrSFB3Nmtiang1bDB4b3dyZF9vWXpCbWF6LUdLRlp1NH
hBRkZrYllpV2d1dEVLNml1RURzUTZ3TmROZzMiLCJ5Ijoic3AzcDVTR2haVkMy
ZmFYdW1JLWU5SlUyTW84S3BvWXJGRHI1eVBOVnRXNFBnRXdaT3lRVEEtSmRhWT
h0YjdFMCJ9LCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn0
.
0DJjBXri_kBcC46IkU5_Jk9BqaQeHdv2
.
mH-G2zVqgztUtnW_
.
tkZuOO9h95OgHJmkkrfLBisku8rGf6nzVxhRM3sVOhXgz5NJ76oID7lpnAi_cP
WJRCjSpAaUZ5dOR3Spy7QuEkmKx8-3RCMhSYMzsXaEwDdXta9Mn5B7cCBoJKB0
IgEnj_qfo1hIi-uEkUpOZ8aLTZGHfpl05jMwbKkTe2yK3mjF6SBAsgicQDVCkc
Y9BLluzx1RmC3ORXaM0JaHPB93YcdSDGgpgBWMVrNU1ErkjcMqMoT_wtCex3w0
3XdLkjXIuEr2hWgeP-nkUZTPU9EoGSPj6fAS-bSz87RCPrxZdj_iVyC6QWcqAu
07WNhjzJEPc4jVntRJ6K53NgPQ5p99l3Z408OUqj4ioYezbS6vTPlQ
.
WuGzxmcreYjpHGJoa17EBg

Figure 117: Compact Serialization

The resulting JWE object using the JSON General Serialization:

{
  "recipients": [
    {
      "encrypted_key": "0DJjBXri_kBcC46IkU5_Jk9BqaQeHdv2"
    }
  ],
  "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJFQ0RILUVTK0ExMjhLVyIsImtpZCI6InBlcm
      VncmluLnRvb2tAdHVja2Jvcm91Z2guZXhhbXBsZSIsImVwayI6eyJrdH
      kiOiJFQyIsImNydiI6IlAtMzg0IiwieCI6InVCbzRrSFB3Nmtiang1bD
      B4b3dyZF9vWXpCbWF6LUdLRlp1NHhBRkZrYllpV2d1dEVLNml1RURzUT
      Z3TmROZzMiLCJ5Ijoic3AzcDVTR2haVkMyZmFYdW1JLWU5SlUyTW84S3
      BvWXJGRHI1eVBOVnRXNFBnRXdaT3lRVEEtSmRhWTh0YjdFMCJ9LCJlbm
      MiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn0",
  "iv": "mH-G2zVqgztUtnW_",
  "ciphertext": "tkZuOO9h95OgHJmkkrfLBisku8rGf6nzVxhRM3sVOhXgz
      5NJ76oID7lpnAi_cPWJRCjSpAaUZ5dOR3Spy7QuEkmKx8-3RCMhSYMzs
      XaEwDdXta9Mn5B7cCBoJKB0IgEnj_qfo1hIi-uEkUpOZ8aLTZGHfpl05
      jMwbKkTe2yK3mjF6SBAsgicQDVCkcY9BLluzx1RmC3ORXaM0JaHPB93Y
      cdSDGgpgBWMVrNU1ErkjcMqMoT_wtCex3w03XdLkjXIuEr2hWgeP-nkU
      ZTPU9EoGSPj6fAS-bSz87RCPrxZdj_iVyC6QWcqAu07WNhjzJEPc4jVn
      tRJ6K53NgPQ5p99l3Z408OUqj4ioYezbS6vTPlQ",
  "tag": "WuGzxmcreYjpHGJoa17EBg"
}

Figure 118: JSON General Serialization

The resulting JWE object using the JSON Flattened Serialization:

{
  "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJFQ0RILUVTK0ExMjhLVyIsImtpZCI6InBlcm
      VncmluLnRvb2tAdHVja2Jvcm91Z2guZXhhbXBsZSIsImVwayI6eyJrdH
      kiOiJFQyIsImNydiI6IlAtMzg0IiwieCI6InVCbzRrSFB3Nmtiang1bD
      B4b3dyZF9vWXpCbWF6LUdLRlp1NHhBRkZrYllpV2d1dEVLNml1RURzUT
      Z3TmROZzMiLCJ5Ijoic3AzcDVTR2haVkMyZmFYdW1JLWU5SlUyTW84S3
      BvWXJGRHI1eVBOVnRXNFBnRXdaT3lRVEEtSmRhWTh0YjdFMCJ9LCJlbm
      MiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn0",
  "encrypted_key": "0DJjBXri_kBcC46IkU5_Jk9BqaQeHdv2",
  "iv": "mH-G2zVqgztUtnW_",
  "ciphertext": "tkZuOO9h95OgHJmkkrfLBisku8rGf6nzVxhRM3sVOhXgz
      5NJ76oID7lpnAi_cPWJRCjSpAaUZ5dOR3Spy7QuEkmKx8-3RCMhSYMzs
      XaEwDdXta9Mn5B7cCBoJKB0IgEnj_qfo1hIi-uEkUpOZ8aLTZGHfpl05
      jMwbKkTe2yK3mjF6SBAsgicQDVCkcY9BLluzx1RmC3ORXaM0JaHPB93Y
      cdSDGgpgBWMVrNU1ErkjcMqMoT_wtCex3w03XdLkjXIuEr2hWgeP-nkU
      ZTPU9EoGSPj6fAS-bSz87RCPrxZdj_iVyC6QWcqAu07WNhjzJEPc4jVn
      tRJ6K53NgPQ5p99l3Z408OUqj4ioYezbS6vTPlQ",
  "tag": "WuGzxmcreYjpHGJoa17EBg"
}

Figure 119: JSON Flattened Serialization

5.5. Key Agreement using ECDH-ES with AES-CBC-HMAC-SHA2

This example illustrates encrypting content using the “ECDH-ES” (Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman Ephemeral-Static) key agreement algorithm and the “A128CBC-HS256” (AES-128-CBC-HMAC-SHA-256) content encryption algorithm.

Note that only the EC public key is necessary to perform the key agreement. However, the example includes the EC private key to allow readers to validate the output.

Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in Section 1.1.

5.5.1. Input Factors

The following are supplied before beginning the encryption process:

Plaintext content; this example uses the content from Figure 72.
EC public key; this example uses the public key from Figure 120.
“alg” parameter of “ECDH-ES”
“enc” parameter of “A128CBC-HS256”

{
  "kty": "EC",
  "kid": "meriadoc.brandybuck@buckland.example",
  "use": "enc",
  "crv": "P-256",
  "x": "Ze2loSV3wrroKUN_4zhwGhCqo3Xhu1td4QjeQ5wIVR0",
  "y": "HlLtdXARY_f55A3fnzQbPcm6hgr34Mp8p-nuzQCE0Zw",
  "d": "r_kHyZ-a06rmxM3yESK84r1otSg-aQcVStkRhA-iCM8"
}

Figure 120: Elliptic Curve P-256 Key

(NOTE: While the key includes the private parameters, only the public parameters “crv”, “x”, and “y” are necessary for the encryption operation.)

5.5.2. Generated Factors

The following are generated before encrypting:

Initialization vector/nonce; this examples uses the initialization vector/nonce from Figure 121.

yc9N8v5sYyv3iGQT926IUg

Figure 121: Initialization Vector, base64url-encoded

NOTE: The Content Encryption Key (CEK) is not randomly generated; instead it is determined using ECDH-ES key agreement.

5.5.3. Key Agreement

The following are generated to agree on a CEK:

Ephemeral private key; this example uses the private key from Figure 122.

{
  "kty": "EC",
  "crv": "P-256",
  "x": "mPUKT_bAWGHIhg0TpjjqVsP1rXWQu_vwVOHHtNkdYoA",
  "y": "8BQAsImGeAS46fyWw5MhYfGTT0IjBpFw2SS34Dv4Irs",
  "d": "AtH35vJsQ9SGjYfOsjUxYXQKrPH3FjZHmEtSKoSN8cM"
}

Figure 122: Ephemeral public key, in JWK format

Performing the ECDH operation using the static EC public key (Figure 120) over the ephemeral private key Figure 122) produces the following CEK:

hzHdlfQIAEehb8Hrd_mFRhKsKLEzPfshfXs9l6areCc

Figure 123: Agreed to Content Encryption Key, base64url-encoded

5.5.4. Encrypting the Content

The following are generated before encrypting the content:

JWE Protected Header; this example uses the header from Figure 124, encoded to [RFC4648] as Figure 125.

{
  "alg": "ECDH-ES",
  "kid": "meriadoc.brandybuck@buckland.example",
  "epk": {
    "kty": "EC",
    "crv": "P-256",
    "x": "mPUKT_bAWGHIhg0TpjjqVsP1rXWQu_vwVOHHtNkdYoA",
    "y": "8BQAsImGeAS46fyWw5MhYfGTT0IjBpFw2SS34Dv4Irs"
  },
  "enc": "A128CBC-HS256"
}

Figure 124: JWE Protected Header JSON

eyJhbGciOiJFQ0RILUVTIiwia2lkIjoibWVyaWFkb2MuYnJhbmR5YnVja0BidW
NrbGFuZC5leGFtcGxlIiwiZXBrIjp7Imt0eSI6IkVDIiwiY3J2IjoiUC0yNTYi
LCJ4IjoibVBVS1RfYkFXR0hJaGcwVHBqanFWc1AxclhXUXVfdndWT0hIdE5rZF
lvQSIsInkiOiI4QlFBc0ltR2VBUzQ2ZnlXdzVNaFlmR1RUMElqQnBGdzJTUzM0
RHY0SXJzIn0sImVuYyI6IkExMjhDQkMtSFMyNTYifQ

Figure 125: JWE Protected Header, base64url-encoded

Performing the content encryption operation on the Plaintext (Figure 72) using the following:

CEK (Figure 123);
Initialization vector/nonce (Figure 121); and
JWE Protected Header (Figure 125) as authenticated data

produces the following:

Ciphertext from Figure 126.
Authentication tag from Figure 127.

BoDlwPnTypYq-ivjmQvAYJLb5Q6l-F3LIgQomlz87yW4OPKbWE1zSTEFjDfhU9
IPIOSA9Bml4m7iDFwA-1ZXvHteLDtw4R1XRGMEsDIqAYtskTTmzmzNa-_q4F_e
vAPUmwlO-ZG45Mnq4uhM1fm_D9rBtWolqZSF3xGNNkpOMQKF1Cl8i8wjzRli7-
IXgyirlKQsbhhqRzkv8IcY6aHl24j03C-AR2le1r7URUhArM79BY8soZU0lzwI
-sD5PZ3l4NDCCei9XkoIAfsXJWmySPoeRb2Ni5UZL4mYpvKDiwmyzGd65KqVw7
MsFfI_K767G9C9Azp73gKZD0DyUn1mn0WW5LmyX_yJ-3AROq8p1WZBfG-ZyJ61
95_JGG2m9Csg

Figure 126: Ciphertext, base64url-encoded

WCCkNa-x4BeB9hIDIfFuhg

Figure 127: Authentication Tag, base64url-encoded

5.5.5. Output Results

The following compose the resulting JWE object:

JWE Protected Header (Figure 114)
Initialization vector/nonce (Figure 110)
Ciphertext (Figure 115)
Authentication tag (Figure 116)

Only the JSON General Serialization is presented because the JSON Flattened Serialization is identical.

the resulting JWE object using the Compact serialization:

eyJhbGciOiJFQ0RILUVTIiwia2lkIjoibWVyaWFkb2MuYnJhbmR5YnVja0BidW
NrbGFuZC5leGFtcGxlIiwiZXBrIjp7Imt0eSI6IkVDIiwiY3J2IjoiUC0yNTYi
LCJ4IjoibVBVS1RfYkFXR0hJaGcwVHBqanFWc1AxclhXUXVfdndWT0hIdE5rZF
lvQSIsInkiOiI4QlFBc0ltR2VBUzQ2ZnlXdzVNaFlmR1RUMElqQnBGdzJTUzM0
RHY0SXJzIn0sImVuYyI6IkExMjhDQkMtSFMyNTYifQ
.
.
yc9N8v5sYyv3iGQT926IUg
.
BoDlwPnTypYq-ivjmQvAYJLb5Q6l-F3LIgQomlz87yW4OPKbWE1zSTEFjDfhU9
IPIOSA9Bml4m7iDFwA-1ZXvHteLDtw4R1XRGMEsDIqAYtskTTmzmzNa-_q4F_e
vAPUmwlO-ZG45Mnq4uhM1fm_D9rBtWolqZSF3xGNNkpOMQKF1Cl8i8wjzRli7-
IXgyirlKQsbhhqRzkv8IcY6aHl24j03C-AR2le1r7URUhArM79BY8soZU0lzwI
-sD5PZ3l4NDCCei9XkoIAfsXJWmySPoeRb2Ni5UZL4mYpvKDiwmyzGd65KqVw7
MsFfI_K767G9C9Azp73gKZD0DyUn1mn0WW5LmyX_yJ-3AROq8p1WZBfG-ZyJ61
95_JGG2m9Csg
.
WCCkNa-x4BeB9hIDIfFuhg

Figure 128: Compact Serialization

the resulting JWE object using the JSON General Serialization:

{
  "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJFQ0RILUVTIiwia2lkIjoibWVyaWFkb2MuYn
      JhbmR5YnVja0BidWNrbGFuZC5leGFtcGxlIiwiZXBrIjp7Imt0eSI6Ik
      VDIiwiY3J2IjoiUC0yNTYiLCJ4IjoibVBVS1RfYkFXR0hJaGcwVHBqan
      FWc1AxclhXUXVfdndWT0hIdE5rZFlvQSIsInkiOiI4QlFBc0ltR2VBUz
      Q2ZnlXdzVNaFlmR1RUMElqQnBGdzJTUzM0RHY0SXJzIn0sImVuYyI6Ik
      ExMjhDQkMtSFMyNTYifQ",
  "iv": "yc9N8v5sYyv3iGQT926IUg",
  "ciphertext": "BoDlwPnTypYq-ivjmQvAYJLb5Q6l-F3LIgQomlz87yW4O
      PKbWE1zSTEFjDfhU9IPIOSA9Bml4m7iDFwA-1ZXvHteLDtw4R1XRGMEs
      DIqAYtskTTmzmzNa-_q4F_evAPUmwlO-ZG45Mnq4uhM1fm_D9rBtWolq
      ZSF3xGNNkpOMQKF1Cl8i8wjzRli7-IXgyirlKQsbhhqRzkv8IcY6aHl2
      4j03C-AR2le1r7URUhArM79BY8soZU0lzwI-sD5PZ3l4NDCCei9XkoIA
      fsXJWmySPoeRb2Ni5UZL4mYpvKDiwmyzGd65KqVw7MsFfI_K767G9C9A
      zp73gKZD0DyUn1mn0WW5LmyX_yJ-3AROq8p1WZBfG-ZyJ6195_JGG2m9
      Csg",
  "tag": "WCCkNa-x4BeB9hIDIfFuhg"
}

Figure 129: JSON General Serialization

5.6. Direct Encryption using AES-GCM

This example illustrates encrypting content using a previously exchanged key directly and the “A128GCM” (AES-GCM) content encryption algorithm.

Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in Section 1.1.

5.6.1. Input Factors

The following are supplied before beginning the encryption process:

Plaintext content; this example uses the content from Figure 72.
AES symmetric key as the Content Encryption Key (CEK); this example uses the key from Figure 130.
“alg” parameter of “dir”
“enc” parameter of “A128GCM”

{
  "kty": "oct",
  "kid": "77c7e2b8-6e13-45cf-8672-617b5b45243a",
  "use": "enc",
  "alg": "A128GCM",
  "k": "XctOhJAkA-pD9Lh7ZgW_2A"
}

Figure 130: AES 128-bit key, in JWK format

5.6.2. Generated Factors

The following are generated before encrypting:

Initialization vector/nonce; this example uses the initialization vector/nonce from Figure 131.

refa467QzzKx6QAB

Figure 131: Initialization Vector, base64url-encoded

5.6.3. Encrypting the Content

The following are generated before encrypting the content:

JWE Protected Header; this example uses the header from Figure 132, encoded as [RFC4648] base64url to produce Figure 133.

{
  "alg": "dir",
  "kid": "77c7e2b8-6e13-45cf-8672-617b5b45243a",
  "enc": "A128GCM"
}

Figure 132: JWE Protected Header JSON

Encoded as [RFC4648] base64url:

eyJhbGciOiJkaXIiLCJraWQiOiI3N2M3ZTJiOC02ZTEzLTQ1Y2YtODY3Mi02MT
diNWI0NTI0M2EiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn0

Figure 133: JWE Protected Header, base64url-encoded

Performing the encryption operation on the Plaintext (Figure 72) using the following:

CEK (Figure 130);
Initialization vector/nonce (Figure 131); and
JWE Protected Header (Figure 133) as authenticated data

produces the following:

Ciphertext from Figure 134.
Authentication tag from Figure 135.

JW_i_f52hww_ELQPGaYyeAB6HYGcR559l9TYnSovc23XJoBcW29rHP8yZOZG7Y
hLpT1bjFuvZPjQS-m0IFtVcXkZXdH_lr_FrdYt9HRUYkshtrMmIUAyGmUnd9zM
DB2n0cRDIHAzFVeJUDxkUwVAE7_YGRPdcqMyiBoCO-FBdE-Nceb4h3-FtBP-c_
BIwCPTjb9o0SbdcdREEMJMyZBH8ySWMVi1gPD9yxi-aQpGbSv_F9N4IZAxscj5
g-NJsUPbjk29-s7LJAGb15wEBtXphVCgyy53CoIKLHHeJHXex45Uz9aKZSRSIn
ZI-wjsY0yu3cT4_aQ3i1o-tiE-F8Ios61EKgyIQ4CWao8PFMj8TTnp

Figure 134: Ciphertext, base64url-encoded

vbb32Xvllea2OtmHAdccRQ

Figure 135: Authentication Tag, base64url-encoded

5.6.4. Output Results

The following compose the resulting JWE object:

JWE Protected Header (Figure 133)
Initialization vector/nonce (Figure 131)
Ciphertext (Figure 134)
Authentication tag (Figure 135)

Only the JSON General Serialization is presented because the JSON Flattened Serialization is identical.

The resulting JWE object using the Compact serialization:

eyJhbGciOiJkaXIiLCJraWQiOiI3N2M3ZTJiOC02ZTEzLTQ1Y2YtODY3Mi02MT
diNWI0NTI0M2EiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn0
.
.
refa467QzzKx6QAB
.
JW_i_f52hww_ELQPGaYyeAB6HYGcR559l9TYnSovc23XJoBcW29rHP8yZOZG7Y
hLpT1bjFuvZPjQS-m0IFtVcXkZXdH_lr_FrdYt9HRUYkshtrMmIUAyGmUnd9zM
DB2n0cRDIHAzFVeJUDxkUwVAE7_YGRPdcqMyiBoCO-FBdE-Nceb4h3-FtBP-c_
BIwCPTjb9o0SbdcdREEMJMyZBH8ySWMVi1gPD9yxi-aQpGbSv_F9N4IZAxscj5
g-NJsUPbjk29-s7LJAGb15wEBtXphVCgyy53CoIKLHHeJHXex45Uz9aKZSRSIn
ZI-wjsY0yu3cT4_aQ3i1o-tiE-F8Ios61EKgyIQ4CWao8PFMj8TTnp
.
vbb32Xvllea2OtmHAdccRQ

Figure 136: Compact Serialization

The resulting JWE object using the JSON General Serialization:

{
  "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJkaXIiLCJraWQiOiI3N2M3ZTJiOC02ZTEzLT
      Q1Y2YtODY3Mi02MTdiNWI0NTI0M2EiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn0",
  "iv": "refa467QzzKx6QAB",
  "ciphertext": "JW_i_f52hww_ELQPGaYyeAB6HYGcR559l9TYnSovc23XJ
      oBcW29rHP8yZOZG7YhLpT1bjFuvZPjQS-m0IFtVcXkZXdH_lr_FrdYt9
      HRUYkshtrMmIUAyGmUnd9zMDB2n0cRDIHAzFVeJUDxkUwVAE7_YGRPdc
      qMyiBoCO-FBdE-Nceb4h3-FtBP-c_BIwCPTjb9o0SbdcdREEMJMyZBH8
      ySWMVi1gPD9yxi-aQpGbSv_F9N4IZAxscj5g-NJsUPbjk29-s7LJAGb1
      5wEBtXphVCgyy53CoIKLHHeJHXex45Uz9aKZSRSInZI-wjsY0yu3cT4_
      aQ3i1o-tiE-F8Ios61EKgyIQ4CWao8PFMj8TTnp",
  "tag": "vbb32Xvllea2OtmHAdccRQ"
}

Figure 137: JSON General Serialization

5.7. Key Wrap using AES-GCM KeyWrap with AES-CBC-HMAC-SHA2

This example illustrates encrypting content using the “A256GCMKW” (AES-256-GCM-KeyWrap) key encryption algorithm with the “A128CBC-HS256” (AES-128-CBC-HMAC-SHA-256) content encryption algorithm.

Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in Section 1.1.

5.7.1. Input Factors

The following are supplied before beginning the encryption process:

Plaintext content; this example uses the content from Figure 72.
AES symmetric key; this example uses the key from Figure 138.
“alg” parameter of “A256GCMKW”
“enc” parameter of “A128CBC-HS256”

{
  "kty": "oct",
  "kid": "18ec08e1-bfa9-4d95-b205-2b4dd1d4321d",
  "use": "enc",
  "alg": "A256GCMKW",
  "k": "qC57l_uxcm7Nm3K-ct4GFjx8tM1U8CZ0NLBvdQstiS8"
}

Figure 138: AES 256-bit Key

5.7.2. Generated Factors

The following are generated before encrypting:

AES symmetric key as the Content Encryption Key (CEK); this example uses the key from Figure 139.
Initialization vector/nonce for content encryption; this example uses the initialization vector/nonce from Figure 140.

UWxARpat23nL9ReIj4WG3D1ee9I4r-Mv5QLuFXdy_rE

Figure 139: Content Encryption Key, base64url-encoded

gz6NjyEFNm_vm8Gj6FwoFQ

Figure 140: Initialization Vector, base64url-encoded

5.7.3. Encrypting the Key

The following are generated before encrypting the CEK:

Initialization vector/nonce for key wrapping; this example uses the initialization vector/nonce from Figure 141.

KkYT0GX_2jHlfqN_

Figure 141: Key Wrap Initialization Vector, base64url-encoded

Performing the key encryption operation over the CEK (Figure 139) with the following:

AES symmetric key (Figure 138);
Key wrap initialization vector/nonce (Figure 141); and
The empty string as authenticated data

produces the following:

Encrypted Key from Figure 142.
Key wrap authentication tag from Figure 143.

lJf3HbOApxMEBkCMOoTnnABxs_CvTWUmZQ2ElLvYNok

Figure 142: Encrypted Key, base64url-encoded

kfPduVQ3T3H6vnewt--ksw

Figure 143: Key Wrap Authentication Tag, base64url-encoded

5.7.4. Encrypting the Content

The following are generated before encrypting the content:

JWE Protected Header; this example uses the header from Figure 144, encoded to [RFC4648] base64url as Figure 145.

{
  "alg": "A256GCMKW",
  "kid": "18ec08e1-bfa9-4d95-b205-2b4dd1d4321d",
  "tag": "kfPduVQ3T3H6vnewt--ksw",
  "iv": "KkYT0GX_2jHlfqN_",
  "enc": "A128CBC-HS256"
}

Figure 144: JWE Protected Header JSON

eyJhbGciOiJBMjU2R0NNS1ciLCJraWQiOiIxOGVjMDhlMS1iZmE5LTRkOTUtYj
IwNS0yYjRkZDFkNDMyMWQiLCJ0YWciOiJrZlBkdVZRM1QzSDZ2bmV3dC0ta3N3
IiwiaXYiOiJLa1lUMEdYXzJqSGxmcU5fIiwiZW5jIjoiQTEyOENCQy1IUzI1Ni
J9

Figure 145: JWE Protected Header, base64url-encoded

Performing the content encryption operation over the Plaintext (Figure 72) with the following:

CEK (Figure 139);
Initialization vector/nonce (Figure 140); and
JWE Protected Header (Figure 145) as authenticated data

produces the following:

Ciphertext from Figure 146.
Authentication tag from Figure 147.

Jf5p9-ZhJlJy_IQ_byKFmI0Ro7w7G1QiaZpI8OaiVgD8EqoDZHyFKFBupS8iaE
eVIgMqWmsuJKuoVgzR3YfzoMd3GxEm3VxNhzWyWtZKX0gxKdy6HgLvqoGNbZCz
LjqcpDiF8q2_62EVAbr2uSc2oaxFmFuIQHLcqAHxy51449xkjZ7ewzZaGV3eFq
hpco8o4DijXaG5_7kp3h2cajRfDgymuxUbWgLqaeNQaJtvJmSMFuEOSAzw9Hde
b6yhdTynCRmu-kqtO5Dec4lT2OMZKpnxc_F1_4yDJFcqb5CiDSmA-psB2k0Jtj
xAj4UPI61oONK7zzFIu4gBfjJCndsZfdvG7h8wGjV98QhrKEnR7xKZ3KCr0_qR
1B-gxpNk3xWU

Figure 146: Ciphertext, base64url-encoded

DKW7jrb4WaRSNfbXVPlT5g

Figure 147: Authentication Tag, base64url-encoded

5.7.5. Output Results

The following compose the resulting JWE object:

JWE Protected Header (Figure 145)
encrypted key (Figure 142)
Initialization vector/nonce (Figure 140)
Ciphertext (Figure 146)
Authentication tag (Figure 147)

The resulting JWE object using the Compact serialization:

eyJhbGciOiJBMjU2R0NNS1ciLCJraWQiOiIxOGVjMDhlMS1iZmE5LTRkOTUtYj
IwNS0yYjRkZDFkNDMyMWQiLCJ0YWciOiJrZlBkdVZRM1QzSDZ2bmV3dC0ta3N3
IiwiaXYiOiJLa1lUMEdYXzJqSGxmcU5fIiwiZW5jIjoiQTEyOENCQy1IUzI1Ni
J9
.
lJf3HbOApxMEBkCMOoTnnABxs_CvTWUmZQ2ElLvYNok
.
gz6NjyEFNm_vm8Gj6FwoFQ
.
Jf5p9-ZhJlJy_IQ_byKFmI0Ro7w7G1QiaZpI8OaiVgD8EqoDZHyFKFBupS8iaE
eVIgMqWmsuJKuoVgzR3YfzoMd3GxEm3VxNhzWyWtZKX0gxKdy6HgLvqoGNbZCz
LjqcpDiF8q2_62EVAbr2uSc2oaxFmFuIQHLcqAHxy51449xkjZ7ewzZaGV3eFq
hpco8o4DijXaG5_7kp3h2cajRfDgymuxUbWgLqaeNQaJtvJmSMFuEOSAzw9Hde
b6yhdTynCRmu-kqtO5Dec4lT2OMZKpnxc_F1_4yDJFcqb5CiDSmA-psB2k0Jtj
xAj4UPI61oONK7zzFIu4gBfjJCndsZfdvG7h8wGjV98QhrKEnR7xKZ3KCr0_qR
1B-gxpNk3xWU
.
DKW7jrb4WaRSNfbXVPlT5g

Figure 148: Compact Serialization

The resulting JWE object using the JSON General Serialization:

{
  "recipients": [
    {
      "encrypted_key": "lJf3HbOApxMEBkCMOoTnnABxs_CvTWUmZQ2ElL
          vYNok"
    }
  ],
  "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJBMjU2R0NNS1ciLCJraWQiOiIxOGVjMDhlMS
      1iZmE5LTRkOTUtYjIwNS0yYjRkZDFkNDMyMWQiLCJ0YWciOiJrZlBkdV
      ZRM1QzSDZ2bmV3dC0ta3N3IiwiaXYiOiJLa1lUMEdYXzJqSGxmcU5fIi
      wiZW5jIjoiQTEyOENCQy1IUzI1NiJ9",
  "iv": "gz6NjyEFNm_vm8Gj6FwoFQ",
  "ciphertext": "Jf5p9-ZhJlJy_IQ_byKFmI0Ro7w7G1QiaZpI8OaiVgD8E
      qoDZHyFKFBupS8iaEeVIgMqWmsuJKuoVgzR3YfzoMd3GxEm3VxNhzWyW
      tZKX0gxKdy6HgLvqoGNbZCzLjqcpDiF8q2_62EVAbr2uSc2oaxFmFuIQ
      HLcqAHxy51449xkjZ7ewzZaGV3eFqhpco8o4DijXaG5_7kp3h2cajRfD
      gymuxUbWgLqaeNQaJtvJmSMFuEOSAzw9Hdeb6yhdTynCRmu-kqtO5Dec
      4lT2OMZKpnxc_F1_4yDJFcqb5CiDSmA-psB2k0JtjxAj4UPI61oONK7z
      zFIu4gBfjJCndsZfdvG7h8wGjV98QhrKEnR7xKZ3KCr0_qR1B-gxpNk3
      xWU",
  "tag": "DKW7jrb4WaRSNfbXVPlT5g"
}

Figure 149: JSON General Serialization

The resulting JWE object using the JSON Flattened Serialization:

{
  "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJBMjU2R0NNS1ciLCJpdiI6IktrWVQwR1hfMm
      pIbGZxTl8iLCJraWQiOiIxOGVjMDhlMS1iZmE5LTRkOTUtYjIwNS0yYj
      RkZDFkNDMyMWQiLCJ0YWciOiJrZlBkdVZRM1QzSDZ2bmV3dC0ta3N3Ii
      wiZW5jIjoiQTEyOENCQy1IUzI1NiJ9",
  "encrypted_key": "lJf3HbOApxMEBkCMOoTnnABxs_CvTWUmZQ2ElLvYNo
      k",
  "iv": "gz6NjyEFNm_vm8Gj6FwoFQ",
  "ciphertext": "Jf5p9-ZhJlJy_IQ_byKFmI0Ro7w7G1QiaZpI8OaiVgD8E
      qoDZHyFKFBupS8iaEeVIgMqWmsuJKuoVgzR3YfzoMd3GxEm3VxNhzWyW
      tZKX0gxKdy6HgLvqoGNbZCzLjqcpDiF8q2_62EVAbr2uSc2oaxFmFuIQ
      HLcqAHxy51449xkjZ7ewzZaGV3eFqhpco8o4DijXaG5_7kp3h2cajRfD
      gymuxUbWgLqaeNQaJtvJmSMFuEOSAzw9Hdeb6yhdTynCRmu-kqtO5Dec
      4lT2OMZKpnxc_F1_4yDJFcqb5CiDSmA-psB2k0JtjxAj4UPI61oONK7z
      zFIu4gBfjJCndsZfdvG7h8wGjV98QhrKEnR7xKZ3KCr0_qR1B-gxpNk3
      xWU",
  "tag": "NvBveHr_vonkvflfnUrmBQ"
}

Figure 150: JSON Flattened Serialization

5.8. Key Wrap using AES-KeyWrap with AES-GCM

The following example illustrates content encryption using the “A128KW” (AES-128-KeyWrap) key encryption algorithm and the “A128GCM” (AES-128-GCM) content encryption algorithm.

Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in Section 1.1.

5.8.1. Input Factors

The following are supplied before beginning the encryption process:

Plaintext content; this example uses the content from Figure 72.
AES symmetric key; this example uses the key from Figure 151.
“alg” parameter of “A128KW”
“enc” parameter of “A128GCM”

{
  "kty": "oct",
  "kid": "81b20965-8332-43d9-a468-82160ad91ac8",
  "use": "enc",
  "alg": "A128KW",
  "k": "GZy6sIZ6wl9NJOKB-jnmVQ"
}

Figure 151: AES 128-Bit Key

5.8.2. Generated Factors

The following are generated before encrypting:

AES symmetric key as the Content Encryption Key; this example uses the key from Figure 152.
Initialization vector/nonce; this example uses the initialization vector/nonce from Figure 153.

aY5_Ghmk9KxWPBLu_glx1w

Figure 152: Content Encryption Key, base64url-encoded

Qx0pmsDa8KnJc9Jo

Figure 153: Initialization Vector, base64url-encoded

5.8.3. Encrypting the Key

Performing the key encryption operation over the CEK (Figure 152) with the AES key (Figure 151) produces the following encrypted key:

CBI6oDw8MydIx1IBntf_lQcw2MmJKIQx

Figure 154: Encrypted Key, base64url-encoded

5.8.4. Encrypting the Content

The following are generated before encrypting the content:

JWE Protected Header; this example uses the header from Figure 155, encoded to [RFC4648] base64url as Figure 156.

{
  "alg": "A128KW",
  "kid": "81b20965-8332-43d9-a468-82160ad91ac8",
  "enc": "A128GCM"
}

Figure 155: JWE Protected Header JSON

eyJhbGciOiJBMTI4S1ciLCJraWQiOiI4MWIyMDk2NS04MzMyLTQzZDktYTQ2OC
04MjE2MGFkOTFhYzgiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn0

Figure 156: JWE Protected Header, base64url-encoded

Performing the content encryption over the Plaintext (Figure 72) with the following:

CEK (Figure 152);
Initialization vector/nonce (Figure 153); and
JWE Protected Header (Figure 156) as authenticated data

produces the following:

Ciphertext from Figure 157.
Authentication tag from Figure 158.

AwliP-KmWgsZ37BvzCefNen6VTbRK3QMA4TkvRkH0tP1bTdhtFJgJxeVmJkLD6
1A1hnWGetdg11c9ADsnWgL56NyxwSYjU1ZEHcGkd3EkU0vjHi9gTlb90qSYFfe
F0LwkcTtjbYKCsiNJQkcIp1yeM03OmuiYSoYJVSpf7ej6zaYcMv3WwdxDFl8RE
wOhNImk2Xld2JXq6BR53TSFkyT7PwVLuq-1GwtGHlQeg7gDT6xW0JqHDPn_H-p
uQsmthc9Zg0ojmJfqqFvETUxLAF-KjcBTS5dNy6egwkYtOt8EIHK-oEsKYtZRa
a8Z7MOZ7UGxGIMvEmxrGCPeJa14slv2-gaqK0kEThkaSqdYw0FkQZF

Figure 157: Ciphertext, base64url-encoded

And authentication tag:

ER7MWJZ1FBI_NKvn7Zb1Lw

Figure 158: Authentication Tag, base64url-encoded

5.8.5. Output Results

The following compose the resulting JWE object:

JWE Protected Header (Figure 156)
encrypted key (Figure 154)
Initialization vector/nonce (Figure 153)
Ciphertext (Figure 157)
Authentication tag (Figure 158)

The resulting JWE object using the Compact serialization:

eyJhbGciOiJBMTI4S1ciLCJraWQiOiI4MWIyMDk2NS04MzMyLTQzZDktYTQ2OC
04MjE2MGFkOTFhYzgiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn0
.
CBI6oDw8MydIx1IBntf_lQcw2MmJKIQx
.
Qx0pmsDa8KnJc9Jo
.
AwliP-KmWgsZ37BvzCefNen6VTbRK3QMA4TkvRkH0tP1bTdhtFJgJxeVmJkLD6
1A1hnWGetdg11c9ADsnWgL56NyxwSYjU1ZEHcGkd3EkU0vjHi9gTlb90qSYFfe
F0LwkcTtjbYKCsiNJQkcIp1yeM03OmuiYSoYJVSpf7ej6zaYcMv3WwdxDFl8RE
wOhNImk2Xld2JXq6BR53TSFkyT7PwVLuq-1GwtGHlQeg7gDT6xW0JqHDPn_H-p
uQsmthc9Zg0ojmJfqqFvETUxLAF-KjcBTS5dNy6egwkYtOt8EIHK-oEsKYtZRa
a8Z7MOZ7UGxGIMvEmxrGCPeJa14slv2-gaqK0kEThkaSqdYw0FkQZF
.
ER7MWJZ1FBI_NKvn7Zb1Lw

Figure 159: Compact Serialization

The resulting JWE object using the JSON General Serialization:

{
  "recipients": [
    {
      "encrypted_key": "CBI6oDw8MydIx1IBntf_lQcw2MmJKIQx"
    }
  ],
  "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJBMTI4S1ciLCJraWQiOiI4MWIyMDk2NS04Mz
      MyLTQzZDktYTQ2OC04MjE2MGFkOTFhYzgiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn
      0",
  "iv": "Qx0pmsDa8KnJc9Jo",
  "ciphertext": "AwliP-KmWgsZ37BvzCefNen6VTbRK3QMA4TkvRkH0tP1b
      TdhtFJgJxeVmJkLD61A1hnWGetdg11c9ADsnWgL56NyxwSYjU1ZEHcGk
      d3EkU0vjHi9gTlb90qSYFfeF0LwkcTtjbYKCsiNJQkcIp1yeM03OmuiY
      SoYJVSpf7ej6zaYcMv3WwdxDFl8REwOhNImk2Xld2JXq6BR53TSFkyT7
      PwVLuq-1GwtGHlQeg7gDT6xW0JqHDPn_H-puQsmthc9Zg0ojmJfqqFvE
      TUxLAF-KjcBTS5dNy6egwkYtOt8EIHK-oEsKYtZRaa8Z7MOZ7UGxGIMv
      EmxrGCPeJa14slv2-gaqK0kEThkaSqdYw0FkQZF",
  "tag": "ER7MWJZ1FBI_NKvn7Zb1Lw"
}

Figure 160: JSON General Serialization

The resulting JWE object using the JSON Flattened Serialization:

{
  "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJBMTI4S1ciLCJraWQiOiI4MWIyMDk2NS04Mz
      MyLTQzZDktYTQ2OC04MjE2MGFkOTFhYzgiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn
      0",
  "encrypted_key": "CBI6oDw8MydIx1IBntf_lQcw2MmJKIQx",
  "iv": "Qx0pmsDa8KnJc9Jo",
  "ciphertext": "AwliP-KmWgsZ37BvzCefNen6VTbRK3QMA4TkvRkH0tP1b
      TdhtFJgJxeVmJkLD61A1hnWGetdg11c9ADsnWgL56NyxwSYjU1ZEHcGk
      d3EkU0vjHi9gTlb90qSYFfeF0LwkcTtjbYKCsiNJQkcIp1yeM03OmuiY
      SoYJVSpf7ej6zaYcMv3WwdxDFl8REwOhNImk2Xld2JXq6BR53TSFkyT7
      PwVLuq-1GwtGHlQeg7gDT6xW0JqHDPn_H-puQsmthc9Zg0ojmJfqqFvE
      TUxLAF-KjcBTS5dNy6egwkYtOt8EIHK-oEsKYtZRaa8Z7MOZ7UGxGIMv
      EmxrGCPeJa14slv2-gaqK0kEThkaSqdYw0FkQZF",
  "tag": "ER7MWJZ1FBI_NKvn7Zb1Lw"
}

Figure 161: JSON Flattened Serialization

5.9. Compressed Content

This example illustrates encrypting content that is first compressed. It reuses the AES key, key encryption algorithm, and content encryption algorithm from Section 5.8.

Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in Section 1.1.

5.9.1. Input Factors

The following are supplied before beginning the encryption process:

Plaintext content; this example uses the content from Figure 72.
Recipient encryption key; this example uses the key from Figure 151.
Key encryption algorithm; this example uses “A128KW”.
Content encryption algorithm; this example uses “A128GCM”.
“zip” parameter as “DEF”.

5.9.2. Generated Factors

The following are generated before encrypting:

Compressed plaintext from the original plaintext content; compressing Figure 72 using the DEFLATE [RFC1951] algorithm produces the compressed plaintext from Figure 162.
AES symmetric key as the Content Encryption Key (CEK); this example uses the key from Figure 163.
Initialization vector/nonce; this example uses the initialization vector/nonce from Figure 164.

bY_BDcIwDEVX-QNU3QEOrIA4pqlDokYxchxVvbEDGzIJbioOSJwc-f___HPjBu
8KVFpVtAplVE1-wZo0YjNZo3C7R5v72pV5f5X382VWjYQpqZKAyjziZOr2B7kQ
PSy6oZIXUnDYbVKN4jNXi2u0yB7t1qSHTjmMODf9QgvrDzfTIQXnyQRuUya4zI
WG3vTOdir0v7BRHFYWq3k1k1A_gSDJqtcBF-GZxw8

Figure 162: Compressed Plaintext, base64url-encoded

hC-MpLZSuwWv8sexS6ydfw

Figure 163: Content Encryption Key, base64url-encoded

p9pUq6XHY0jfEZIl

Figure 164: Initialization Vector, base64url-encoded

5.9.3. Encrypting the Key

Performing the key encryption operation over the CEK (Figure 163) with the AES key (Figure 151) produces the following encrypted key:

5vUT2WOtQxKWcekM_IzVQwkGgzlFDwPi

Figure 165: Encrypted Key, base64url-encoded

5.9.4. Encrypting the Content

The following are generated before encrypting the content:

JWE Protected Header; this example uses the header from Figure 166, encoded as [RFC4648] base64url as Figure 167.

{
  "alg": "A128KW",
  "kid": "81b20965-8332-43d9-a468-82160ad91ac8",
  "enc": "A128GCM",
  "zip": "DEF"
}

Figure 166: JWE Protected Header JSON

eyJhbGciOiJBMTI4S1ciLCJraWQiOiI4MWIyMDk2NS04MzMyLTQzZDktYTQ2OC
04MjE2MGFkOTFhYzgiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIiwiemlwIjoiREVGIn0

Figure 167: JWE Protected Header, base64url-encoded

Performing the content encryption operation over the compressed Plaintext (Figure 162, encoded as an octet string) with the following:

CEK (Figure 163);
Initialization vector/nonce (Figure 164); and
JWE Protected Header (Figure 167) as authenticated data

produces the following:

Ciphertext from Figure 168.
Authentication tag from Figure 169.

HbDtOsdai1oYziSx25KEeTxmwnh8L8jKMFNc1k3zmMI6VB8hry57tDZ61jXyez
SPt0fdLVfe6Jf5y5-JaCap_JQBcb5opbmT60uWGml8blyiMQmOn9J--XhhlYg0
m-BHaqfDO5iTOWxPxFMUedx7WCy8mxgDHj0aBMG6152PsM-w5E_o2B3jDbrYBK
hpYA7qi3AyijnCJ7BP9rr3U8kxExCpG3mK420TjOw

Figure 168: Ciphertext, base64url-encoded

And authentication tag:

VILuUwuIxaLVmh5X-T7kmA

Figure 169: Authentication Tag, base64url-encoded

5.9.5. Output Results

The following compose the resulting JWE object:

JWE Protected Header (Figure 167)
encrypted key (Figure 165)
Initialization vector/nonce (Figure 164)
Ciphertext (Figure 168)
Authentication tag (Figure 169)

The resulting JWE object using the Compact serialization:

eyJhbGciOiJBMTI4S1ciLCJraWQiOiI4MWIyMDk2NS04MzMyLTQzZDktYTQ2OC
04MjE2MGFkOTFhYzgiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIiwiemlwIjoiREVGIn0
.
5vUT2WOtQxKWcekM_IzVQwkGgzlFDwPi
.
p9pUq6XHY0jfEZIl
.
HbDtOsdai1oYziSx25KEeTxmwnh8L8jKMFNc1k3zmMI6VB8hry57tDZ61jXyez
SPt0fdLVfe6Jf5y5-JaCap_JQBcb5opbmT60uWGml8blyiMQmOn9J--XhhlYg0
m-BHaqfDO5iTOWxPxFMUedx7WCy8mxgDHj0aBMG6152PsM-w5E_o2B3jDbrYBK
hpYA7qi3AyijnCJ7BP9rr3U8kxExCpG3mK420TjOw
.
VILuUwuIxaLVmh5X-T7kmA

Figure 170: Compact Serialization

The resulting JWE object using the JSON General Serialization:

{
  "recipients": [
    {
      "encrypted_key": "5vUT2WOtQxKWcekM_IzVQwkGgzlFDwPi"
    }
  ],
  "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJBMTI4S1ciLCJraWQiOiI4MWIyMDk2NS04Mz
      MyLTQzZDktYTQ2OC04MjE2MGFkOTFhYzgiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIi
      wiemlwIjoiREVGIn0",
  "iv": "p9pUq6XHY0jfEZIl",
  "ciphertext": "HbDtOsdai1oYziSx25KEeTxmwnh8L8jKMFNc1k3zmMI6V
      B8hry57tDZ61jXyezSPt0fdLVfe6Jf5y5-JaCap_JQBcb5opbmT60uWG
      ml8blyiMQmOn9J--XhhlYg0m-BHaqfDO5iTOWxPxFMUedx7WCy8mxgDH
      j0aBMG6152PsM-w5E_o2B3jDbrYBKhpYA7qi3AyijnCJ7BP9rr3U8kxE
      xCpG3mK420TjOw",
  "tag": "VILuUwuIxaLVmh5X-T7kmA"
}

Figure 171: JSON General Serialization

The resulting JWE object using the JSON Flattened Serialization:

{
  "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJBMTI4S1ciLCJraWQiOiI4MWIyMDk2NS04Mz
      MyLTQzZDktYTQ2OC04MjE2MGFkOTFhYzgiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIi
      wiemlwIjoiREVGIn0",
  "encrypted_key": "5vUT2WOtQxKWcekM_IzVQwkGgzlFDwPi",
  "iv": "p9pUq6XHY0jfEZIl",
  "ciphertext": "HbDtOsdai1oYziSx25KEeTxmwnh8L8jKMFNc1k3zmMI6V
      B8hry57tDZ61jXyezSPt0fdLVfe6Jf5y5-JaCap_JQBcb5opbmT60uWG
      ml8blyiMQmOn9J--XhhlYg0m-BHaqfDO5iTOWxPxFMUedx7WCy8mxgDH
      j0aBMG6152PsM-w5E_o2B3jDbrYBKhpYA7qi3AyijnCJ7BP9rr3U8kxE
      xCpG3mK420TjOw",
  "tag": "VILuUwuIxaLVmh5X-T7kmA"
}

Figure 172: JSON Flattened Serialization

5.10. Including Additional Authenticated Data

This example illustrates encrypting content that includes additional authenticated data. As this example includes an additional top-level property not present in the Compact serialization, only the JSON serialization is possible.

Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in Section 1.1.

5.10.1. Input Factors

The following are supplied before beginning the encryption process:

Plaintext content; this example uses the content from Figure 72.
Recipient encryption key; this example uses the key from Figure 151.
Key encryption algorithm; this example uses “A128KW”.
Content encryption algorithm; this example uses “A128GCM”.
Additional authenticated data; this example uses a [RFC7095] vCard from Figure 173, serialized to UTF-8.

[
  "vcard",
  [
    [ "version", {}, "text", "4.0" ],
    [ "fn", {}, "text", "Meriadoc Brandybuck" ],
    [ "n", {},
      "text", [
        "Brandybuck", "Meriadoc", "Mr.", ""
      ]
    ],
    [ "bday", {}, "text", "TA 2982" ],
    [ "gender", {}, "text", "M" ]
  ]
]

Figure 173: Additional Authenticated Data, in JSON format

NOTE whitespace between JSON values added for readability.

5.10.2. Generated Factors

The following are generated before encrypting:

AES symmetric key as the Content Encryption Key (CEK); this example uses the key from Figure 174.
Initialization vector/nonce; this example uses the initialization vector/nonce from Figure 175.
Encoded additional authenticated data (AAD); this example uses the additional authenticated data from Figure 173, encoded to [RFC4648] base64url as Figure 176.

75m1ALsYv10pZTKPWrsqdg

Figure 174: Content Encryption Key, base64url-encoded

veCx9ece2orS7c_N

Figure 175: Initialization Vector, base64url-encoded

WyJ2Y2FyZCIsW1sidmVyc2lvbiIse30sInRleHQiLCI0LjAiXSxbImZuIix7fS
widGV4dCIsIk1lcmlhZG9jIEJyYW5keWJ1Y2siXSxbIm4iLHt9LCJ0ZXh0Iixb
IkJyYW5keWJ1Y2siLCJNZXJpYWRvYyIsIk1yLiIsIiJdXSxbImJkYXkiLHt9LC
J0ZXh0IiwiVEEgMjk4MiJdLFsiZ2VuZGVyIix7fSwidGV4dCIsIk0iXV1d

Figure 176: Additional Authenticated Data, base64url-encoded

5.10.3. Encrypting the Key

Performing the key encryption operation over the CEK (Figure 174) with the AES key (Figure 151) produces the following encrypted key:

4YiiQ_ZzH76TaIkJmYfRFgOV9MIpnx4X

Figure 177: Encrypted Key, base64url-encoded

5.10.4. Encrypting the Content

The following are generated before encrypting the content:

JWE Protected Header; this example uses the header from Figure 178, encoded to [RFC4648] base64url as Figure 179.

{
  "alg": "A128KW",
  "kid": "81b20965-8332-43d9-a468-82160ad91ac8",
  "enc": "A128GCM"
}

Figure 178: JWE Protected Header JSON

eyJhbGciOiJBMTI4S1ciLCJraWQiOiI4MWIyMDk2NS04MzMyLTQzZDktYTQ2OC
04MjE2MGFkOTFhYzgiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn0

Figure 179: JWE Protected Header, base64url-encoded

Performing the content encryption operation over the Plaintext with the following:

CEK (Figure 174);
Initialization vector/nonce (Figure 175); and
Concatenation of the JWE Protected Header (Figure 179), “.”, and the [RFC4648] base64url encoding of Figure 173 as authenticated data

produces the following:

Ciphertext from Figure 180.
Authentication tag from Figure 181.

Z_3cbr0k3bVM6N3oSNmHz7Lyf3iPppGf3Pj17wNZqteJ0Ui8p74SchQP8xygM1
oFRWCNzeIa6s6BcEtp8qEFiqTUEyiNkOWDNoF14T_4NFqF-p2Mx8zkbKxI7oPK
8KNarFbyxIDvICNqBLba-v3uzXBdB89fzOI-Lv4PjOFAQGHrgv1rjXAmKbgkft
9cB4WeyZw8MldbBhc-V_KWZslrsLNygon_JJWd_ek6LQn5NRehvApqf9ZrxB4a
q3FXBxOxCys35PhCdaggy2kfUfl2OkwKnWUbgXVD1C6HxLIlqHhCwXDG59weHr
RDQeHyMRoBljoV3X_bUTJDnKBFOod7nLz-cj48JMx3SnCZTpbQAkFV

Figure 180: Ciphertext, base64url-encoded

vOaH_Rajnpy_3hOtqvZHRA

Figure 181: Authentication Tag, base64url-encoded

5.10.5. Output Results

The following compose the resulting JWE object:

JWE Protected Header (Figure 179)
encrypted key (Figure 177)
Initialization vector/nonce (Figure 175)
Additional authenticated data (Figure 176)
Ciphertext (Figure 180)
Authentication tag (Figure 181)

The Compact Serialization is not presented because it does not support this use case.

The resulting JWE object using the JSON General Serialization:

{
  "recipients": [
    {
      "encrypted_key": "4YiiQ_ZzH76TaIkJmYfRFgOV9MIpnx4X"
    }
  ],
  "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJBMTI4S1ciLCJraWQiOiI4MWIyMDk2NS04Mz
      MyLTQzZDktYTQ2OC04MjE2MGFkOTFhYzgiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn
      0",
  "iv": "veCx9ece2orS7c_N",
  "aad": "WyJ2Y2FyZCIsW1sidmVyc2lvbiIse30sInRleHQiLCI0LjAiXSxb
      ImZuIix7fSwidGV4dCIsIk1lcmlhZG9jIEJyYW5keWJ1Y2siXSxbIm4i
      LHt9LCJ0ZXh0IixbIkJyYW5keWJ1Y2siLCJNZXJpYWRvYyIsIk1yLiIs
      IiJdXSxbImJkYXkiLHt9LCJ0ZXh0IiwiVEEgMjk4MiJdLFsiZ2VuZGVy
      Iix7fSwidGV4dCIsIk0iXV1d",
  "ciphertext": "Z_3cbr0k3bVM6N3oSNmHz7Lyf3iPppGf3Pj17wNZqteJ0
      Ui8p74SchQP8xygM1oFRWCNzeIa6s6BcEtp8qEFiqTUEyiNkOWDNoF14
      T_4NFqF-p2Mx8zkbKxI7oPK8KNarFbyxIDvICNqBLba-v3uzXBdB89fz
      OI-Lv4PjOFAQGHrgv1rjXAmKbgkft9cB4WeyZw8MldbBhc-V_KWZslrs
      LNygon_JJWd_ek6LQn5NRehvApqf9ZrxB4aq3FXBxOxCys35PhCdaggy
      2kfUfl2OkwKnWUbgXVD1C6HxLIlqHhCwXDG59weHrRDQeHyMRoBljoV3
      X_bUTJDnKBFOod7nLz-cj48JMx3SnCZTpbQAkFV",
  "tag": "vOaH_Rajnpy_3hOtqvZHRA"
}

Figure 182: JSON General Serialization

The resulting JWE object using the JSON Flattened Serialization:

{
  "protected": "eyJhbGciOiJBMTI4S1ciLCJraWQiOiI4MWIyMDk2NS04Mz
      MyLTQzZDktYTQ2OC04MjE2MGFkOTFhYzgiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn
      0",
  "encrypted_key": "4YiiQ_ZzH76TaIkJmYfRFgOV9MIpnx4X",
  "aad": "WyJ2Y2FyZCIsW1sidmVyc2lvbiIse30sInRleHQiLCI0LjAiXSxb
      ImZuIix7fSwidGV4dCIsIk1lcmlhZG9jIEJyYW5keWJ1Y2siXSxbIm4i
      LHt9LCJ0ZXh0IixbIkJyYW5keWJ1Y2siLCJNZXJpYWRvYyIsIk1yLiIs
      IiJdXSxbImJkYXkiLHt9LCJ0ZXh0IiwiVEEgMjk4MiJdLFsiZ2VuZGVy
      Iix7fSwidGV4dCIsIk0iXV1d",
  "iv": "veCx9ece2orS7c_N",
  "ciphertext": "Z_3cbr0k3bVM6N3oSNmHz7Lyf3iPppGf3Pj17wNZqteJ0
      Ui8p74SchQP8xygM1oFRWCNzeIa6s6BcEtp8qEFiqTUEyiNkOWDNoF14
      T_4NFqF-p2Mx8zkbKxI7oPK8KNarFbyxIDvICNqBLba-v3uzXBdB89fz
      OI-Lv4PjOFAQGHrgv1rjXAmKbgkft9cB4WeyZw8MldbBhc-V_KWZslrs
      LNygon_JJWd_ek6LQn5NRehvApqf9ZrxB4aq3FXBxOxCys35PhCdaggy
      2kfUfl2OkwKnWUbgXVD1C6HxLIlqHhCwXDG59weHrRDQeHyMRoBljoV3
      X_bUTJDnKBFOod7nLz-cj48JMx3SnCZTpbQAkFV",
  "tag": "vOaH_Rajnpy_3hOtqvZHRA"
}

Figure 183: JSON Flattened Serialization

5.11. Protecting Specific Header Fields

This example illustrates encrypting content where only certain JOSE header parameters are protected. As this example includes parameters in the JWE Shared Unprotected Header, only the JSON General Serialization and JSON Flattened Serialization are possible.

Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in Section 1.1.

5.11.1. Input Factors

The following are supplied before beginning the encryption process:

Plaintext content; this example uses the content from Figure 72.
Recipient encryption key; this example uses the key from Figure 151.
Key encryption algorithm; this example uses “A128KW”.
Content encryption algorithm; this example uses “A128GCM”.

5.11.2. Generated Factors

The following are generated before encrypting:

AES symmetric key as the Content Encryption Key (CEK); this example uses the key from Figure 184.
Initialization vector/nonce; this example uses the initialization vector/nonce from Figure 185.

WDgEptBmQs9ouUvArz6x6g

Figure 184: Content Encryption Key, base64url-encoded

WgEJsDS9bkoXQ3nR

Figure 185: Initialization Vector, base64url-encoded

5.11.3. Encrypting the Key

Performing the key encryption operation over the CEK (Figure 184) with the AES key (Figure 151) produces the following encrypted key:

jJIcM9J-hbx3wnqhf5FlkEYos0sHsF0H

Figure 186: Encrypted Key, base64url-encoded

5.11.4. Encrypting the Content

The following are generated before encrypting the content:

JWE Protected Header; this example uses the header from Figure 187, encoded to [RFC4648] base64url as Figure 188.

{
  "enc": "A128GCM"
}

Figure 187: JWE Protected Header JSON

eyJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn0

Figure 188: JWE Protected Header, base64url-encoded

Performing the content encryption operation over the Plaintext with the following:

CEK (Figure 184);
Initialization vector/nonce (Figure 185); and
JWE Protected Header (Figure 188) as authenticated data

produces the following:

Ciphertext from Figure 189.
Authentication tag from Figure 190.

lIbCyRmRJxnB2yLQOTqjCDKV3H30ossOw3uD9DPsqLL2DM3swKkjOwQyZtWsFL
YMj5YeLht_StAn21tHmQJuuNt64T8D4t6C7kC9OCCJ1IHAolUv4MyOt80MoPb8
fZYbNKqplzYJgIL58g8N2v46OgyG637d6uuKPwhAnTGm_zWhqc_srOvgiLkzyF
XPq1hBAURbc3-8BqeRb48iR1-_5g5UjWVD3lgiLCN_P7AW8mIiFvUNXBPJK3nO
WL4teUPS8yHLbWeL83olU4UAgL48x-8dDkH23JykibVSQju-f7e-1xreHWXzWL
Hs1NqBbre0dEwK3HX_xM0LjUz77Krppgegoutpf5qaKg3l-_xMINmf

Figure 189: Ciphertext, base64url-encoded

fNYLqpUe84KD45lvDiaBAQ

Figure 190: Authentication Tag, base64url-encoded

5.11.5. Output Results

The following compose the resulting JWE object:

JWE Shared Unprotected Header (Figure 191)
JWE Protected Header (Figure 188)
encrypted key (Figure 186)
Initialization vector/nonce (Figure 185)
Ciphertext (Figure 189)
Authentication tag (Figure 190)

The Compact Serialization is not presented because it does not support this use case.

The following JWE Shared Unprotected Header is generated before assembling the output results:

{
  "alg": "A128KW",
  "kid": "81b20965-8332-43d9-a468-82160ad91ac8"
}

Figure 191: JWE Shared Unprotected Header JSON

The resulting JWE object using the JSON General Serialization:

{
  "recipients": [
    {
      "encrypted_key": "jJIcM9J-hbx3wnqhf5FlkEYos0sHsF0H"
    }
  ],
  "unprotected": {
    "alg": "A128KW",
    "kid": "81b20965-8332-43d9-a468-82160ad91ac8"
  },
  "protected": "eyJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn0",
  "iv": "WgEJsDS9bkoXQ3nR",
  "ciphertext": "lIbCyRmRJxnB2yLQOTqjCDKV3H30ossOw3uD9DPsqLL2D
      M3swKkjOwQyZtWsFLYMj5YeLht_StAn21tHmQJuuNt64T8D4t6C7kC9O
      CCJ1IHAolUv4MyOt80MoPb8fZYbNKqplzYJgIL58g8N2v46OgyG637d6
      uuKPwhAnTGm_zWhqc_srOvgiLkzyFXPq1hBAURbc3-8BqeRb48iR1-_5
      g5UjWVD3lgiLCN_P7AW8mIiFvUNXBPJK3nOWL4teUPS8yHLbWeL83olU
      4UAgL48x-8dDkH23JykibVSQju-f7e-1xreHWXzWLHs1NqBbre0dEwK3
      HX_xM0LjUz77Krppgegoutpf5qaKg3l-_xMINmf",
  "tag": "fNYLqpUe84KD45lvDiaBAQ"
}

Figure 192: JSON General Serialization

The resulting JWE object using the JSON Flattened Serialization:

{
  "protected": "eyJlbmMiOiJBMTI4R0NNIn0",
  "unprotected": {
    "alg": "A128KW",
    "kid": "81b20965-8332-43d9-a468-82160ad91ac8"
  },
  "encrypted_key": "jJIcM9J-hbx3wnqhf5FlkEYos0sHsF0H",
  "iv": "WgEJsDS9bkoXQ3nR",
  "ciphertext": "lIbCyRmRJxnB2yLQOTqjCDKV3H30ossOw3uD9DPsqLL2D
      M3swKkjOwQyZtWsFLYMj5YeLht_StAn21tHmQJuuNt64T8D4t6C7kC9O
      CCJ1IHAolUv4MyOt80MoPb8fZYbNKqplzYJgIL58g8N2v46OgyG637d6
      uuKPwhAnTGm_zWhqc_srOvgiLkzyFXPq1hBAURbc3-8BqeRb48iR1-_5
      g5UjWVD3lgiLCN_P7AW8mIiFvUNXBPJK3nOWL4teUPS8yHLbWeL83olU
      4UAgL48x-8dDkH23JykibVSQju-f7e-1xreHWXzWLHs1NqBbre0dEwK3
      HX_xM0LjUz77Krppgegoutpf5qaKg3l-_xMINmf",
  "tag": "fNYLqpUe84KD45lvDiaBAQ"
}

Figure 193: JSON Flattened Serialization

5.12. Protecting Content Only

This example illustrates encrypting content where none of the JOSE header parameters are protected. As this example includes parameters only in the JWE Shared Unprotected Header, only the JSON serialization is possible.

Note that whitespace is added for readability as described in Section 1.1.

5.12.1. Input Factors

The following are supplied before beginning the encryption process:

Plaintext content; this example uses the content from Figure 72.
Recipient encryption key; this example uses the key from Figure 151.
Key encryption algorithm; this example uses “A128KW”.
Content encryption algorithm; this example uses “A128GCM”.

5.12.2. Generated Factors

The following are generated before encrypting:

AES symmetric key as the Content Encryption Key; this example the key from Figure 194.
Initialization vector/nonce; this example uses the initialization vector/nonce from Figure 195.

KBooAFl30QPV3vkcZlXnzQ

Figure 194: Content Encryption Key, base64url-encoded

YihBoVOGsR1l7jCD

Figure 195: Initialization Vector, base64url-encoded

5.12.3. Encrypting the Key

Performing the key encryption operation over the CEK (Figure 194 with the AES key (Figure 151 produces the following encrypted key:

244YHfO_W7RMpQW81UjQrZcq5LSyqiPv

Figure 196: Encrypted Key, base64url-encoded

5.12.4. Encrypting the Content

Performing the content encryption operation over the Plaintext (Figure 72) using the following:

CEK (Figure 194);
Initialization vector/nonce (Figure 195); and
Empty string as authenticated data

produces the following:

Ciphertext from Figure 197.
Authenticated data from Figure 198.

qtPIMMaOBRgASL10dNQhOa7Gqrk7Eal1vwht7R4TT1uq-arsVCPaIeFwQfzrSS
6oEUWbBtxEasE0vC6r7sphyVziMCVJEuRJyoAHFSP3eqQPb4Ic1SDSqyXjw_L3
svybhHYUGyQuTmUQEDjgjJfBOifwHIsDsRPeBz1NomqeifVPq5GTCWFo5k_MNI
QURR2Wj0AHC2k7JZfu2iWjUHLF8ExFZLZ4nlmsvJu_mvifMYiikfNfsZAudISO
a6O73yPZtL04k_1FI7WDfrb2w7OqKLWDXzlpcxohPVOLQwpA3mFNRKdY-bQz4Z
4KX9lfz1cne31N4-8BKmojpw-OdQjKdLOGkC445Fb_K1tlDQXw2sBF

Figure 197: Ciphertext, base64url-encoded

e2m0Vm7JvjK2VpCKXS-kyg

Figure 198: Authentication Tag, base64url-encoded

5.12.5. Output Results

The Compact Serialization is not presented because it does not support this use case.

The following JWE Shared Unprotected Header is generated before assembling the output results:

{
  "alg": "A128KW",
  "kid": "81b20965-8332-43d9-a468-82160ad91ac8",
  "enc": "A128GCM"
}

Figure 199: JWE Shared Unprotected Header JSON

The following compose the resulting JWE object:

JWE Shared Unprotected Header (Figure 199)
encrypted key (Figure 196)
Initialization vector/nonce (Figure 195)
Ciphertext (Figure 197)
Authentication tag (Figure 198)

The resulting JWE object using the JSON General Serialization:

{
  "recipients": [
    {
      "encrypted_key": "244YHfO_W7RMpQW81UjQrZcq5LSyqiPv"
    }
  ],
  "unprotected": {
    "alg": "A128KW",
    "kid": "81b20965-8332-43d9-a468-82160ad91ac8",
    "enc": "A128GCM"
  },
  "iv": "YihBoVOGsR1l7jCD",
  "ciphertext": "qtPIMMaOBRgASL10dNQhOa7Gqrk7Eal1vwht7R4TT1uq-
      arsVCPaIeFwQfzrSS6oEUWbBtxEasE0vC6r7sphyVziMCVJEuRJyoAHF
      SP3eqQPb4Ic1SDSqyXjw_L3svybhHYUGyQuTmUQEDjgjJfBOifwHIsDs
      RPeBz1NomqeifVPq5GTCWFo5k_MNIQURR2Wj0AHC2k7JZfu2iWjUHLF8
      ExFZLZ4nlmsvJu_mvifMYiikfNfsZAudISOa6O73yPZtL04k_1FI7WDf
      rb2w7OqKLWDXzlpcxohPVOLQwpA3mFNRKdY-bQz4Z4KX9lfz1cne31N4
      -8BKmojpw-OdQjKdLOGkC445Fb_K1tlDQXw2sBF",
  "tag": "e2m0Vm7JvjK2VpCKXS-kyg"
}

Figure 200: JSON General Serialization

The resulting JWE object using the JSON Flattened Serialization:

[I-D.ietf-jose-json-web-algorithms]	Jones, M., "JSON Web Algorithms (JWA)", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-jose-json-web-algorithms-38, December 2014.
[I-D.ietf-jose-json-web-encryption]	Jones, M. and J. Hildebrand, "JSON Web Encryption (JWE)", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-jose-json-web-encryption-38, December 2014.
[I-D.ietf-jose-json-web-key]	Jones, M., "JSON Web Key (JWK)", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-jose-json-web-key-38, December 2014.
[I-D.ietf-jose-json-web-signature]	Jones, M., Bradley, J. and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web Signature (JWS)", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-jose-json-web-signature-38, December 2014.
[RFC4648]	Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings", RFC 4648, October 2006.

[I-D.ietf-oauth-json-web-token]	Jones, M., Bradley, J. and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web Token (JWT)", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-oauth-json-web-token-32, December 2014.
[LOTR-FELLOWSHIP]	Tolkien, J. and C. Tolkien, "The Fellowship of the Ring", ISBN 9780061917702, March 2009.
[RFC1951]	Deutsch, P., "DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification version 1.3", RFC 1951, May 1996.
[RFC7095]	Kewisch, P., "jCard: The JSON Format for vCard", RFC 7095, January 2014.

9. References

9.1. Normative References

9.2. Informative References