| MBONED | M. McBride |
| Internet-Draft | Huawei |
| Intended status: Informational | February 28, 2018 |
| Expires: September 1, 2018 |
Multicast in the Data Center Overview
draft-ietf-mboned-dc-deploy-02
There has been much interest in issues surrounding massive amounts of hosts in the data center. These issues include the prevalent use of IP Multicast within the Data Center. Its important to understand how IP Multicast is being deployed in the Data Center to be able to understand the surrounding issues with doing so. This document provides a quick survey of uses of multicast in the data center and should serve as an aid to further discussion of issues related to large amounts of multicast in the data center.
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Data center servers often use IP Multicast to send data to clients or other application servers. IP Multicast is expected to help conserve bandwidth in the data center and reduce the load on servers. IP Multicast is also a key component in several data center overlay solutions. Increased reliance on multicast, in next generation data centers, requires higher performance and capacity especially from the switches. If multicast is to continue to be used in the data center, it must scale well within and between datacenters. There has been much interest in issues surrounding massive amounts of hosts in the data center. There was a lengthy discussion, in the now closed ARMD WG, involving the issues with address resolution for non ARP/ND multicast traffic in data centers. This document provides a quick survey of multicast in the data center and should serve as an aid to further discussion of issues related to multicast in the data center.
ARP/ND issues are not addressed in this document except to explain how address resolution occurs with multicast.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.
There are many data center operators who do not deploy Multicast in their networks for scalability and stability reasons. There are also many operators for whom multicast is a critical protocol within their network and is enabled on their data center switches and routers. For this latter group, there are several uses of multicast in their data centers. An understanding of the uses of that multicast is important in order to properly support these applications in the ever evolving data centers. If, for instance, the majority of the applications are discovering/signaling each other, using multicast, there may be better ways to support them then using multicast. If, however, the multicasting of data is occurring in large volumes, there is a need for good data center overlay multicast support. The applications either fall into the category of those that leverage L2 multicast for discovery or of those that require L3 support and likely span multiple subnets.
IPTV servers use multicast to deliver content from the data center to end users. IPTV is typically a one to many application where the hosts are configured for IGMPv3, the switches are configured with IGMP snooping, and the routers are running PIM-SSM mode. Often redundant servers are sending multicast streams into the network and the network is forwarding the data across diverse paths.
Windows Media servers send multicast streaming to clients. Windows Media Services streams to an IP multicast address and all clients subscribe to the IP address to receive the same stream. This allows a single stream to be played simultaneously by multiple clients and thus reducing bandwidth utilization.
Market data relies extensively on IP multicast to deliver stock quotes from the data center to a financial services provider and then to the stock analysts. The most critical requirement of a multicast trading floor is that it be highly available. The network must be designed with no single point of failure and in a way the network can respond in a deterministic manner to any failure. Typically redundant servers (in a primary/backup or live live mode) are sending multicast streams into the network and the network is forwarding the data across diverse paths (when duplicate data is sent by multiple servers).
With publish and subscribe servers, a separate message is sent to each subscriber of a publication. With multicast publish/subscribe, only one message is sent, regardless of the number of subscribers. In a publish/subscribe system, client applications, some of which are publishers and some of which are subscribers, are connected to a network of message brokers that receive publications on a number of topics, and send the publications on to the subscribers for those topics. The more subscribers there are in the publish/subscribe system, the greater the improvement to network utilization there might be with multicast.
Routers, running Virtual Routing Redundancy Protocol (VRRP), communicate with one another using a multicast address. VRRP packets are sent, encapsulated in IP packets, to 224.0.0.18. A failure to receive a multicast packet from the master router for a period longer than three times the advertisement timer causes the backup routers to assume that the master router is dead. The virtual router then transitions into an unsteady state and an election process is initiated to select the next master router from the backup routers. This is fulfilled through the use of multicast packets. Backup router(s) are only to send multicast packets during an election process.
Overlays may use IP multicast to virtualize L2 multicasts. IP multicast is used to reduce the scope of the L2-over-UDP flooding to only those hosts that have expressed explicit interest in the frames.VXLAN, for instance, is an encapsulation scheme to carry L2 frames over L3 networks. The VXLAN Tunnel End Point (VTEP) encapsulates frames inside an L3 tunnel. VXLANs are identified by a 24 bit VXLAN Network Identifier (VNI). The VTEP maintains a table of known destination MAC addresses, and stores the IP address of the tunnel to the remote VTEP to use for each. Unicast frames, between VMs, are sent directly to the unicast L3 address of the remote VTEP. Multicast frames are sent to a multicast IP group associated with the VNI. Underlying IP Multicast protocols (PIM-SM/SSM/BIDIR) are used to forward multicast data across the overlay.
The Ganglia application relies upon multicast for distributed discovery and monitoring of computing systems such as clusters and grids. It has been used to link clusters across university campuses and can scale to handle clusters with 2000 nodes
Windows Server, cluster node exchange, relies upon the use of multicast heartbeats between servers. Only the other interfaces in the same multicast group use the data. Unlike broadcast, multicast traffic does not need to be flooded throughout the network, reducing the chance that unnecessary CPU cycles are expended filtering traffic on nodes outside the cluster. As the number of nodes increases, the ability to replace several unicast messages with a single multicast message improves node performance and decreases network bandwidth consumption. Multicast messages replace unicast messages in two components of clustering:
Multicast addresses in the 224.0.0.x range are considered link local multicast addresses. They are used for protocol discovery and are flooded to every port. For example, OSPF uses 224.0.0.5 and 224.0.0.6 for neighbor and DR discovery. These addresses are reserved and will not be constrained by IGMP snooping. These addresses are not to be used by any application.
The switches, in between the servers and the routers, rely upon igmp snooping to bound the multicast to the ports leading to interested hosts and to L3 routers. A switch will, by default, flood multicast traffic to all the ports in a broadcast domain (VLAN). IGMP snooping is designed to prevent hosts on a local network from receiving traffic for a multicast group they have not explicitly joined. It provides switches with a mechanism to prune multicast traffic from links that do not contain a multicast listener (an IGMP client). IGMP snooping is a L2 optimization for L3 IGMP.
IGMP snooping, with proxy reporting or report suppression, actively filters IGMP packets in order to reduce load on the multicast router. Joins and leaves heading upstream to the router are filtered so that only the minimal quantity of information is sent. The switch is trying to ensure the router only has a single entry for the group, regardless of how many active listeners there are. If there are two active listeners in a group and the first one leaves, then the switch determines that the router does not need this information since it does not affect the status of the group from the router’s point of view. However the next time there is a routine query from the router the switch will forward the reply from the remaining host, to prevent the router from believing there are no active listeners. It follows that in active IGMP snooping, the router will generally only know about the most recently joined member of the group.
In order for IGMP, and thus IGMP snooping, to function, a multicast router must exist on the network and generate IGMP queries. The tables (holding the member ports for each multicast group) created for snooping are associated with the querier. Without a querier the tables are not created and snooping will not work. Furthermore IGMP general queries must be unconditionally forwarded by all switches involved in IGMP snooping. Some IGMP snooping implementations include full querier capability. Others are able to proxy and retransmit queries from the multicast router.
In source-only networks, however, which presumably describes most data center networks, there are no IGMP hosts on switch ports to generate IGMP packets. Switch ports are connected to multicast source ports and multicast router ports. The switch typically learns about multicast groups from the multicast data stream by using a type of source only learning (when only receiving multicast data on the port, no IGMP packets). The switch forwards traffic only to the multicast router ports. When the switch receives traffic for new IP multicast groups, it will typically flood the packets to all ports in the same VLAN. This unnecessary flooding can impact switch performance.
There are three flavors of PIM used for Multicast Routing in the Data Center: PIM-SM [RFC4601], PIM-SSM [RFC4607], and PIM-BIDIR [RFC5015]. SSM provides the most efficient forwarding between sources and receivers and is most suitable for one to many types of multicast applications. State is built for each S,G channel therefore the more sources and groups there are, the more state there is in the network. BIDIR is the most efficient shared tree solution as one tree is built for all S,G’s, therefore saving state. But it is not the most efficient in forwarding path between sources and receivers. SSM and BIDIR are optimizations of PIM-SM. PIM-SM is still the most widely deployed multicast routing protocol. PIM-SM can also be the most complex. PIM-SM relies upon a RP (Rendezvous Point) to set up the multicast tree and then will either switch to the SPT (shortest path tree), similar to SSM, or stay on the shared tree (similar to BIDIR). For massive amounts of hosts sending (and receiving) multicast, the shared tree (particularly with PIM-BIDIR) provides the best potential scaling since no matter how many multicast sources exist within a VLAN, the tree number stays the same. IGMP snooping, IGMP proxy, and PIM-BIDIR have the potential to scale to the huge scaling numbers required in a data center.
Data Center environments may create unique challenges for IP Multicast. Data Center networks required a high amount of VM traffic and mobility within and between DC networks. DC networks have large numbers of servers. DC networks are often used with cloud orchestration software. DC networks often use IP Multicast in their unique environments. This section looks at the challenges of using multicast within the challenging data center environment.
When IGMP/MLD Snooping is not implemented, ethernet switches will flood multicast frames out of all switch-ports, which turns the traffic into something more like a broadcast.
VRRP uses multicast heartbeat to communicate between routers. The communication between the host and the default gateway is unicast. The multicast heartbeat can be very chatty when there are thousands of VRRP pairs with sub-second heartbeat calls back and forth.
Link-local multicast should scale well within one IP subnet particularly with a large layer3 domain extending down to the access or aggregation switches. But if multicast traverses beyond one IP subnet, which is necessary for an overlay like VXLAN, you could potentially have scaling concerns. If using a VXLAN overlay, it is necessary to map the L2 multicast in the overlay to L3 multicast in the underlay or do head end replication in the overlay and receive duplicate frames on the first link from the router to the core switch. The solution could be to run potentially thousands of PIM messages to generate/maintain the required multicast state in the IP underlay. The behavior of the upper layer, with respect to broadcast/multicast, affects the choice of head end (*,G) or (S,G) replication in the underlay, which affects the opex and capex of the entire solution. A VXLAN, with thousands of logical groups, maps to head end replication in the hypervisor or to IGMP from the hypervisor and then PIM between the TOR and CORE ’switches’ and the gateway router.
Requiring IP multicast (especially PIM BIDIR) from the network can prove challenging for data center operators especially at the kind of scale that the VXLAN/NVGRE proposals require. This is also true when the L2 topological domain is large and extended all the way to the L3 core. In data centers with highly virtualized servers, even small L2 domains may spread across many server racks (i.e. multiple switches and router ports).
It’s not uncommon for there to be 10-20 VMs per server in a virtualized environment. One vendor reported a customer requesting a scale to 400VM’s per server. For multicast to be a viable solution in this environment, the network needs to be able to scale to these numbers when these VMs are sending/receiving multicast.
A lot of switching/routing hardware has problems with IP Multicast, particularly with regards to hardware support of PIM-BIDIR.
Sending L2 multicast over a campus or data center backbone, in any sort of significant way, is a new challenge enabled for the first time by overlays. There are interesting challenges when pushing large amounts of multicast traffic through a network, and have thus far been dealt with using purpose-built networks. While the overlay proposals have been careful not to impose new protocol requirements, they have not addressed the issues of performance and scalability, nor the large-scale availability of these protocols.
There is an unnecessary multicast stream flooding problem in the link layer switches between the multicast source and the PIM First Hop Router (FHR). The IGMP-Snooping Switch will forward multicast streams to router ports, and the PIM FHR must receive all multicast streams even if there is no request from receiver. This often leads to waste of switch cache and link bandwidth when the multicast streams are not actually required. [I-D.pim-umf-problem-statement] details the problem and defines design goals for a generic mechanism to restrain the unnecessary multicast stream flooding.
As discussed in RFC6820, the ARMD problems statement, there are a variety of topological data center variations including L3 to Access Switches, L3 to Aggregation Switches, and L3 in the Core only. Further analysis is needed in order to understand how these variations affect IP Multicast scalability
Solicited-node Multicast Addresses are used with IPv6 Neighbor Discovery to provide the same function as the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) in IPv4. ARP uses broadcasts, to send an ARP Requests, which are received by all end hosts on the local link. Only the host being queried responds. However, the other hosts still have to process and discard the request. With IPv6, a host is required to join a Solicited-Node multicast group for each of its configured unicast or anycast addresses. Because a Solicited-node Multicast Address is a function of the last 24-bits of an IPv6 unicast or anycast address, the number of hosts that are subscribed to each Solicited-node Multicast Address would typically be one (there could be more because the mapping function is not a 1:1 mapping). Compared to ARP in IPv4, a host should not need to be interrupted as often to service Neighbor Solicitation requests.
With IPv4 unicast address resolution, the translation of an IP address to a MAC address is done dynamically by ARP. With multicast address resolution, the mapping from a multicast IP address to a multicast MAC address is derived from direct mapping. In IPv4, the mapping is done by assigning the low-order 23 bits of the multicast IP address to fill the low-order 23 bits of the multicast MAC address. When a host joins an IP multicast group, it instructs the data link layer to receive frames that match the MAC address that corresponds to the IP address of the multicast group. The data link layer filters the frames and passes frames with matching destination addresses to the IP module. Since the mapping from multicast IP address to a MAC address ignores 5 bits of the IP address, groups of 32 multicast IP addresses are mapped to the same MAC address. As a result a multicast MAC address cannot be uniquely mapped to a multicast IPv4 address. Planning is required within an organization to select IPv4 groups that are far enough away from each other as to not end up with the same L2 address used. Any multicast address in the [224-239].0.0.x and [224-239].128.0.x ranges should not be considered. When sending IPv6 multicast packets on an Ethernet link, the corresponding destination MAC address is a direct mapping of the last 32 bits of the 128 bit IPv6 multicast address into the 48 bit MAC address. It is possible for more than one IPv6 Multicast address to map to the same 48 bit MAC address.
This memo includes no request to IANA.
No new security considerations result from this document
The authors would like to thank the many individuals who contributed opinions on the ARMD wg mailing list about this topic: Linda Dunbar, Anoop Ghanwani, Peter Ashwoodsmith, David Allan, Aldrin Isaac, Igor Gashinsky, Michael Smith, Patrick Frejborg, Joel Jaeggli and Thomas Narten.
| [RFC2119] | Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997. |
| [RFC6820] | Narten, T., Karir, M. and I. Foo, "Address Resolution Problems in Large Data Center Networks", RFC 6820, DOI 10.17487/RFC6820, January 2013. |