OAuth Working Group M.B. Jones
Internet-Draft Microsoft
Intended status: Standards Track J. Bradley
Expires: April 16, 2013 Ping Identity
N. Sakimura
NRI
October 15, 2012

JSON Web Token (JWT)
draft-ietf-oauth-json-web-token-04

Abstract

JSON Web Token (JWT) is a means of representing claims to be transferred between two parties. The claims in a JWT are encoded as a JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) object that is digitally signed or MACed using JSON Web Signature (JWS) and/or encrypted using JSON Web Encryption (JWE).

The suggested pronunciation of JWT is the same as the English word "jot".

Status of This Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http:/⁠/⁠datatracker.ietf.org/⁠drafts/⁠current/⁠.

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This Internet-Draft will expire on April 16, 2013.

Copyright Notice

Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction

JSON Web Token (JWT) is a compact token format intended for space constrained environments such as HTTP Authorization headers and URI query parameters. JWTs encode claims to be transmitted as a JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) [RFC4627] object that is base64url encoded and digitally signed or MACed and/or encrypted. Signing and MACing is performed using JSON Web Signature (JWS) [JWS]. Encryption is performed using JSON Web Encryption (JWE) [JWE].

The suggested pronunciation of JWT is the same as the English word "jot".

1.1. Notational Conventions

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels [RFC2119].

2. Terminology

JSON Web Token (JWT)
A string representing a set of claims as a JSON object that is digitally signed or MACed and/or encrypted. The string consists of multiple parts, the first being the Encoded JWT Header, plus additional parts depending upon the contents of the header, with the parts being separated by period ('.') characters, and each part containing base64url encoded content.
Base64url Encoding
The URL- and filename-safe Base64 encoding described in RFC 4648 [RFC4648], Section 5, with the (non URL-safe) '=' padding characters omitted, as permitted by Section 3.2. (See Appendix C of [JWS] for notes on implementing base64url encoding without padding.)
JWT Header
A string representing a JSON object that describes the cryptographic operations applied to the JWT. When the JWT is digitally signed or MACed, the JWT Header is a JWS Header. When the JWT is encrypted, the JWT Header is a JWE Header.
Header Parameter Name
The name of a member of the JSON object representing a JWT Header.
Header Parameter Value
The value of a member of the JSON object representing a JWT Header.
JWT Claims Set
A string representing a JSON object that contains the claims conveyed by the JWT. When the JWT is digitally signed or MACed, the bytes of the UTF-8 representation of the JWT Claims Set are base64url encoded to create the Encoded JWS Payload. When the JWT is encrypted, the bytes of the UTF-8 representation of the JWT Claims Set are used as the JWE Plaintext.
Claim Name
The name of a member of the JSON object representing a JWT Claims Set.
Claim Value
The value of a member of the JSON object representing a JWT Claims Set.
Encoded JWT Header
Base64url encoding of the bytes of the UTF-8 [RFC3629] representation of the JWT Header.
Collision Resistant Namespace
A namespace that allows names to be allocated in a manner such that they are highly unlikely to collide with other names. For instance, collision resistance can be achieved through administrative delegation of portions of the namespace or through use of collision-resistant name allocation functions. Examples of Collision Resistant Namespaces include: Domain Names, Object Identifiers (OIDs) as defined in the ITU-T X.660 and X.670 Recommendation series, and Universally Unique IDentifiers (UUIDs) [RFC4122]. When using an administratively delegated namespace, the definer of a name needs to take reasonable precautions to ensure they are in control of the portion of the namespace they use to define the name.
StringOrURI
A JSON string value, with the additional requirement that while arbitrary string values MAY be used, any value containing a ":" character MUST be a URI [RFC3986]. StringOrURI values are compared as case-sensitive strings with no transformations or canonicalizations applied.
IntDate
A JSON numeric value representing the number of seconds from 1970-01-01T0:0:0Z UTC until the specified UTC date/time. See RFC 3339 [RFC3339] for details regarding date/times in general and UTC in particular.

3. JSON Web Token (JWT) Overview

JWTs represent a set of claims as a JSON object that is base64url encoded and digitally signed or MACed and/or encrypted. The JWT Claims Set represents this JSON object. As per RFC 4627 [RFC4627] Section 2.2, the JSON object consists of zero or more name/value pairs (or members), where the names are strings and the values are arbitrary JSON values. These members are the claims represented by the JWT.

The member names within the JWT Claims Set are referred to as Claim Names. The corresponding values are referred to as Claim Values.

The bytes of the UTF-8 representation of the JWT Claims Set are digitally signed or MACed in the manner described in JSON Web Signature (JWS) [JWS] and/or encrypted in the manner described in JSON Web Encryption (JWE) [JWE].

The contents of the JWT Header describe the cryptographic operations applied to the JWT Claims Set. If the JWT Header is a JWS Header, the claims are digitally signed or MACed. If the JWT Header is a JWE Header, the claims are encrypted.

A JWT is represented as a JWS or JWE. The number of parts is dependent upon the representation of the resulting JWS or JWE.

3.1. Example JWT

The following example JWT Header declares that the encoded object is a JSON Web Token (JWT) and the JWT is MACed using the HMAC SHA-256 algorithm: 

  {"typ":"JWT",
   "alg":"HS256"}

Base64url encoding the bytes of the UTF-8 representation of the JWT Header yields this Encoded JWS Header value, which is used as the Encoded JWT Header: 

  eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLA0KICJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9

The following is an example of a JWT Claims Set: 

  {"iss":"joe",
   "exp":1300819380,
   "http://example.com/is_root":true}

Base64url encoding the bytes of the UTF-8 representation of the JSON Claims Set yields this Encoded JWS Payload (with line breaks for display purposes only): 

  eyJpc3MiOiJqb2UiLA0KICJleHAiOjEzMDA4MTkzODAsDQogImh0dHA6Ly
  9leGFtcGxlLmNvbS9pc19yb290Ijp0cnVlfQ

Signing the Encoded JWS Header and Encoded JWS Payload with the HMAC SHA-256 algorithm and base64url encoding the signature in the manner specified in [JWS], yields this Encoded JWS Signature: 

  dBjftJeZ4CVP-mB92K27uhbUJU1p1r_wW1gFWFOEjXk

Concatenating these parts in this order with period ('.') characters between the parts yields this complete JWT (with line breaks for display purposes only): 

  eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLA0KICJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9
  .
  eyJpc3MiOiJqb2UiLA0KICJleHAiOjEzMDA4MTkzODAsDQogImh0dHA6Ly9leGFt
  cGxlLmNvbS9pc19yb290Ijp0cnVlfQ
  .
  dBjftJeZ4CVP-mB92K27uhbUJU1p1r_wW1gFWFOEjXk

This computation is illustrated in more detail in Appendix A.1 of [JWS]. See Appendix Appendix A for an example of an encrypted JWT.

4. JWT Claims

The JWT Claims Set represents a JSON object whose members are the claims conveyed by the JWT. The Claim Names within this object MUST be unique; JWTs with duplicate Claim Names MUST be rejected. Note however, that the set of claims that a JWT must contain to be considered valid is context-dependent and is outside the scope of this specification. When used in a security-related context, implementations MUST understand and support all of the claims present; otherwise, the JWT MUST be rejected for processing.

There are three classes of JWT Claim Names: Reserved Claim Names, Public Claim Names, and Private Claim Names.

4.1. Reserved Claim Names

The following claim names are reserved. None of the claims defined below are intended to be mandatory, but rather, provide a starting point for a set of useful, interoperable claims. All the names are short because a core goal of JWTs is for the tokens to be compact. Additional reserved claim names MAY be defined via the IANA JSON Web Token Claims registry Section 9.1.

4.1.1. "exp" (Expiration Time) Claim

The exp (expiration time) claim identifies the expiration time on or after which the token MUST NOT be accepted for processing. The processing of the exp claim requires that the current date/time MUST be before the expiration date/time listed in the exp claim. Implementers MAY provide for some small leeway, usually no more than a few minutes, to account for clock skew. Its value MUST be a number containing an IntDate value. This claim is OPTIONAL.

4.1.2. "nbf" (Not Before) Claim

The nbf (not before) claim identifies the time before which the token MUST NOT be accepted for processing. The processing of the nbf claim requires that the current date/time MUST be after or equal to the not-before date/time listed in the nbf claim. Implementers MAY provide for some small leeway, usually no more than a few minutes, to account for clock skew. Its value MUST be a number containing an IntDate value. This claim is OPTIONAL.

4.1.3. "iat" (Issued At) Claim

The iat (issued at) claim identifies the time at which the JWT was issued. This claim can be used to determine the age of the token. Its value MUST be a number containing an IntDate value. This claim is OPTIONAL.

4.1.4. "iss" (Issuer) Claim

The iss (issuer) claim identifies the principal that issued the JWT. The processing of this claim is generally application specific. The iss value is a case sensitive string containing a StringOrURI value. This claim is OPTIONAL.

4.1.5. "aud" (Audience) Claim

The aud (audience) claim identifies the audience that the JWT is intended for. The principal intended to process the JWT MUST be identified with the value of the audience claim. If the principal processing the claim does not identify itself with the identifier in the aud claim value then the JWT MUST be rejected. The interpretation of the audience value is generally application specific. The aud value is a case sensitive string containing a StringOrURI value. This claim is OPTIONAL.

4.1.6. "prn" (Principal) Claim

The prn (principal) claim identifies the subject of the JWT. The processing of this claim is generally application specific. The prn value is a case sensitive string containing a StringOrURI value. This claim is OPTIONAL.

4.1.7. "jti" (JWT ID) Claim

The jti (JWT ID) claim provides a unique identifier for the JWT. The identifier value MUST be assigned in a manner that ensures that there is a negligible probability that the same value will be accidentally assigned to a different data object. The jti claim can be used to prevent the JWT from being replayed. The jti value is a case sensitive string. This claim is OPTIONAL.

4.1.8. "typ" (Type) Claim

The typ (type) claim is used to declare a type for the contents of this JWT Claims Set. The typ value is a case sensitive string. This claim is OPTIONAL.

The values used for the typ claim come from the same value space as the typ header parameter, with the same rules applying.

4.2. Public Claim Names

Claim names can be defined at will by those using JWTs. However, in order to prevent collisions, any new claim name SHOULD either be registered in the IANA JSON Web Token Claims registry Section 9.1 or be a URI that contains a Collision Resistant Namespace.

4.3. Private Claim Names

A producer and consumer of a JWT may agree to any claim name that is not a Reserved Name Section 4.1 or a Public Name Section 4.2. Unlike Public Names, these private names are subject to collision and should be used with caution.

5. JWT Header

The members of the JSON object represented by the JWT Header describe the cryptographic operations applied to the JWT and optionally, additional properties of the JWT. The member names within the JWT Header are referred to as Header Parameter Names. These names MUST be unique; JWTs with duplicate Header Parameter Names MUST be rejected. The corresponding values are referred to as Header Parameter Values.

Implementations MUST understand the entire contents of the header; otherwise, the JWT MUST be rejected for processing.

JWS Header Parameters are defined by [JWS]. JWE Header Parameters are defined by [JWE]. This specification further specifies the use of the following header parameter in both the cases where the JWT is a JWS and where it is a JWE.

5.1. "typ" (Type) Header Parameter

The typ (type) header parameter is used to declare the type of this object. If present, it is RECOMMENDED that its value be either "JWT" or "urn:ietf:params:oauth:token-type:jwt" to indicate that this object is a JWT. The typ value is a case sensitive string. This header parameter is OPTIONAL.

5.2. "cty" (Content Type) Header Parameter

The cty (content type) header parameter is used to declare structural information about the JWT. Its value MUST be a string.

In the normal case where nested signing or encryption operations are not employed, the use of this header parameter is NOT RECOMMENDED. In the case that nested signing or encryption is employed, the use of this header parameter is REQUIRED; in this case, the value MUST be "JWT", to indicate that a nested JWT is carried in this JWT.

The values used for the cty header parameter come from the same value space as the typ header parameter, with the same rules applying.

6. Plaintext JWTs

To support use cases where the JWT content is secured by a means other than a signature and/or encryption contained within the token (such as a signature on a data structure containing the token), JWTs MAY also be created without a signature or encryption. A plaintext JWT is a JWS using the none JWS alg header parameter value defined in JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) [JWA]; it is a JWS with an empty JWS Signature value.

6.1. Example Plaintext JWT

The following example JWT Header declares that the encoded object is a Plaintext JWT: 

  {"alg":"none"}

Base64url encoding the bytes of the UTF-8 representation of the JWT Header yields this Encoded JWT Header: 

  eyJhbGciOiJub25lIn0

The following is an example of a JWT Claims Set: 

  {"iss":"joe",
   "exp":1300819380,
   "http://example.com/is_root":true}

Base64url encoding the bytes of the UTF-8 representation of the JSON Claims Set yields this Encoded JWS Payload (with line breaks for display purposes only): 

  eyJpc3MiOiJqb2UiLA0KICJleHAiOjEzMDA4MTkzODAsDQogImh0dHA6Ly9leGFt
  cGxlLmNvbS9pc19yb290Ijp0cnVlfQ

The Encoded JWS Signature is the empty string.

Concatenating these parts in this order with period ('.') characters between the parts yields this complete JWT (with line breaks for display purposes only): 

  eyJhbGciOiJub25lIn0
  .
  eyJpc3MiOiJqb2UiLA0KICJleHAiOjEzMDA4MTkzODAsDQogImh0dHA6Ly9leGFt
  cGxlLmNvbS9pc19yb290Ijp0cnVlfQ
  .

7. Rules for Creating and Validating a JWT

To create a JWT, one MUST perform these steps. The order of the steps is not significant in cases where there are no dependencies between the inputs and outputs of the steps.

  1. Create a JWT Claims Set containing the desired claims. Note that white space is explicitly allowed in the representation and no canonicalization is performed before encoding.
  2. Let the Message be the bytes of the UTF-8 representation of the JWT Claims Set.
  3. Create a JWT Header containing the desired set of header parameters. The JWT MUST conform to either the [JWS] or [JWE] specifications. Note that white space is explicitly allowed in the representation and no canonicalization is performed before encoding.
  4. Base64url encode the bytes of the UTF-8 representation of the JWT Header. Let this be the Encoded JWT Header.
  5. Depending upon whether the JWT is a JWS or JWE, there are two cases:

  6. If a nested signing or encryption operation will be performed, let the Message be the JWS or JWE, and return to Step 3, using a cty (content type) value of "JWT" in the new JWT Header created in that step.
  7. Otherwise, let the resulting JWT be the JWS or JWE.

When validating a JWT the following steps MUST be taken. The order of the steps is not significant in cases where there are no dependencies between the inputs and outputs of the steps. If any of the listed steps fails then the token MUST be rejected for processing.

  1. The JWT MUST contain at least one period ('.') character.
  2. Let the Encoded JWT Header be the portion of the JWT before the first period ('.') character.
  3. The Encoded JWT Header MUST be successfully base64url decoded following the restriction given in this specification that no padding characters have been used.
  4. The resulting JWT Header MUST be completely valid JSON syntax conforming to RFC 4627 [RFC4627].
  5. The resulting JWT Header MUST be validated to only include parameters and values whose syntax and semantics are both understood and supported.
  6. Determine whether the JWT is a JWS or a JWE by examining the alg (algorithm) header value and optionally, the enc (encryption method) header value, if present.
  7. Depending upon whether the JWT is a JWS or JWE, there are two cases:

  8. If the JWT Header contains a cty (content type) value of "JWT", then the Message contains a JWT that was the subject of nested signing or encryption operations. In this case, return to Step 1, using the Message as the JWT.
  9. Otherwise, let the JWT Claims Set be the Message.
  10. The JWT Claims Set MUST be completely valid JSON syntax conforming to RFC 4627 [RFC4627].
  11. When used in a security-related context, the JWT Claims Set MUST be validated to only include claims whose syntax and semantics are both understood and supported.

Processing a JWT inevitably requires comparing known strings to values in the token. For example, in checking what the algorithm is, the Unicode string encoding alg will be checked against the member names in the JWT Header to see if there is a matching header parameter name. A similar process occurs when determining if the value of the alg header parameter represents a supported algorithm.

Comparisons between JSON strings and other Unicode strings MUST be performed as specified below:

  1. Remove any JSON applied escaping to produce an array of Unicode code points.
  2. Unicode Normalization [USA15] MUST NOT be applied at any point to either the JSON string or to the string it is to be compared against.
  3. Comparisons between the two strings MUST be performed as a Unicode code point to code point equality comparison.

8. Cryptographic Algorithms

JWTs use JSON Web Signature (JWS) [JWS] and JSON Web Encryption (JWE) [JWE] to sign and/or encrypt the contents of the JWT.

Of the JWS signing algorithms, only HMAC SHA-256 and none MUST be implemented by conforming JWT implementations. It is RECOMMENDED that implementations also support the RSA SHA-256 and ECDSA P-256 SHA-256 algorithms. Support for other algorithms and key sizes is OPTIONAL.

If an implementation provides encryption capabilities, of the JWE encryption algorithms, only RSA-PKCS1-1.5 with 2048 bit keys, AES-128-KW, AES-256-KW, AES-128-CBC, and AES-256-CBC MUST be implemented by conforming implementations. It is RECOMMENDED that implementations also support ECDH-ES with 256 bit keys, AES-128-GCM, and AES-256-GCM. Support for other algorithms and key sizes is OPTIONAL.

9. IANA Considerations

9.1. JSON Web Token Claims Registry

This specification establishes the IANA JSON Web Token Claims registry for reserved JWT Claim Names. The registry records the reserved Claim Name and a reference to the specification that defines it. This specification registers the Claim Names defined in Section 4.1.

Values are registered with a Specification Required [RFC5226] after a two-week review period on the [TBD]@ietf.org mailing list, on the advice of one or more Designated Experts. However, to allow for the allocation of values prior to publication, the Designated Expert(s) may approve registration once they are satisfied that such a specification will be published.

Registration requests must be sent to the [TBD]@ietf.org mailing list for review and comment, with an appropriate subject (e.g., "Request for access token type: example"). [[ Note to RFC-EDITOR: The name of the mailing list should be determined in consultation with the IESG and IANA. Suggested name: claims-reg-review. ]]

Within the review period, the Designated Expert(s) will either approve or deny the registration request, communicating this decision to the review list and IANA. Denials should include an explanation and, if applicable, suggestions as to how to make the request successful.

IANA must only accept registry updates from the Designated Expert(s) and should direct all requests for registration to the review mailing list.

9.1.1. Registration Template

Claim Name:

The name requested (e.g., "example"). This name is case sensitive. Names that match other registered names in a case insensitive manner SHOULD NOT be accepted.
Change Controller:

For Standards Track RFCs, state "IETF". For others, give the name of the responsible party. Other details (e.g., postal address, email address, home page URI) may also be included.
Specification Document(s):

Reference to the document(s) that specify the parameter, preferably including URI(s) that can be used to retrieve copies of the document(s). An indication of the relevant sections may also be included but is not required.

9.1.2. Initial Registry Contents

9.2. Sub-Namespace Registration of urn:ietf:params:oauth:token-type:jwt

9.2.1. Registry Contents

This specification registers the value token-type:jwt in the IANA urn:ietf:params:oauth registry established in An IETF URN Sub-Namespace for OAuth [RFC6755].

9.3. JSON Web Signature and Encryption Type Values Registration

9.3.1. Registry Contents

This specification registers the JWT type value in the IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Type Values registry [JWS]:

9.4. Media Type Registration

9.4.1. Registry Contents

This specification registers the application/jwt Media Type [RFC2046] in the MIME Media Type registry [RFC4288] to indicate that the content is a JWT.

10. Security Considerations

All of the security issues faced by any cryptographic application must be faced by a JWT/JWS/JWE/JWK agent. Among these issues are protecting the user's private key, preventing various attacks, and helping the user avoid mistakes such as inadvertently encrypting a message for the wrong recipient. The entire list of security considerations is beyond the scope of this document, but some significant concerns are listed here.

All the security considerations in the JWS specification also apply to JWT, as do the JWE security considerations when encryption is employed. In particular, the JWS JSON Security Considerations and Unicode Comparison Security Considerations apply equally to the JWT Claims Set in the same manner that they do to the JWS Header.

11. References

11.1. Normative References

[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2046] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types", RFC 2046, November 1996.
[RFC3339] Klyne, G. and C. Newman, "Date and Time on the Internet: Timestamps", RFC 3339, July 2002.
[RFC3629] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, November 2003.
[RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R. and L. Masinter, "Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC 3986, January 2005.
[RFC4288] Freed, N. and J. Klensin, "Media Type Specifications and Registration Procedures", BCP 13, RFC 4288, December 2005.
[RFC4627] Crockford, D., "The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)", RFC 4627, July 2006.
[RFC4648] Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings", RFC 4648, October 2006.
[RFC5226] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226, May 2008.
[RFC6755] Campbell, B. and H. Tschofenig, "An IETF URN Sub-Namespace for OAuth", RFC 6755, October 2012.
[USA15] Davis, M., Whistler, K. and M. Dürst, "Unicode Normalization Forms", Unicode Standard Annex 15, 09 2009.
[JWS] Jones, M.B., Bradley, J. and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web Signature (JWS)", October 2012.
[JWE] Jones, M.B., Rescorla, E. and J. Hildebrand, "JSON Web Encryption (JWE)", October 2012.
[JWA] Jones, M.B., "JSON Web Algorithms (JWA)", October 2012.

11.2. Informative References

[RFC3275] Eastlake, D., Reagle, J. and D. Solo, "(Extensible Markup Language) XML-Signature Syntax and Processing", RFC 3275, March 2002.
[RFC4122] Leach, P., Mealling, M. and R. Salz, "A Universally Unique IDentifier (UUID) URN Namespace", RFC 4122, July 2005.
[OASIS.saml-core-2.0-os] Cantor, S., Kemp, J., Philpott, R. and E. Maler, "Assertions and Protocol for the OASIS Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) V2.0", OASIS Standard saml-core-2.0-os, March 2005.
[W3C.CR-xml11-20021015] Cowan, J, "Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.1", W3C CR CR-xml11-20021015, October 2002.
[SWT] Hardt, D. and Y.Y. Goland, "Simple Web Token (SWT)", Version 0.9.5.1, November 2009.
[MagicSignatures] Panzer (editor), J., Laurie, B. and D. Balfanz, "Magic Signatures", January 2011.
[JSS] Bradley, J. and N. Sakimura (editor), "JSON Simple Sign", September 2010.
[CanvasApp] Facebook, , "Canvas Applications", 2010.

Appendix A. Example Encrypted JWT

This example encrypts the same claims as used in Section 3.1 to the recipient using RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5 and AES CBC. AES CBC does not have an integrated integrity check, so a separate integrity check calculation is performed using HMAC SHA-256, with separate encryption and integrity keys being derived from a master key using the Concat KDF with the SHA-256 digest function.

The following example JWE Header (with line breaks for display purposes only) declares that: 

  {"alg":"RSA1_5","enc":"A128CBC+HS256"}

Other than using the bytes of the UTF-8 representation of the JSON Claims Set from Section 3.1 as the plaintext value, the computation of this JWT is identical to the computation of the JWE in Appendix A.2 of [JWE], including the keys used.

The final result in this example (with line breaks for display purposes only) is: 

  eyJhbGciOiJSU0ExXzUiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDK0hTMjU2In0.
  W_LXELSzOoofu8FGRt4WwXiTGfvC50hiiSV4DcgkUIY1nOnkJ4tHW4LiioZFvvLD
  ohAnuHs1K_29TMx8VQl8kLCxFgn6xxg5q5-UZzbcASgJIAupo7r5mzENbIrjK3bx
  H8aXSKJQ0icN-sEC54M8rKz2VYdPjZTpGcTHCI2suobyhA0Jwr3OJ7JBZiDJ1GSN
  O310isBrQcZQXKsMC9ne8P5jJEZSD3IHcTag502P0Rp8BxFV0Ld5OdfU_NmS69RD
  DxCZC6nV8Zz_n97nLE9vFrSOjXMyJoyqeORdvWGsiXPmD7fkE8a6BOw3-efYqeCj
  5elo-kKrNcirBHxH96u-sw.
  AxY8DCtDaGlsbGljb3RoZQ.
  Wcyp1X4AaobxcNcVOqmLftbfg-t6yIy6yvxi0dNoWLroCbgUowHs8WeLWNj_ktrT
  lL3xL_cz3a2-DioHF5deqNmvyByjVR7Xc4QXBYcn0nE.
  tEkhyWYGI_VHL1WoDO23nPRC8w3LG53KaCm5HmavnA0

Appendix B. Relationship of JWTs to SAML Tokens

SAML 2.0 [OASIS.saml-core-2.0-os] provides a standard for creating tokens with much greater expressivity and more security options than supported by JWTs. However, the cost of this flexibility and expressiveness is both size and complexity. In addition, SAML's use of XML [W3C.CR-xml11-20021015] and XML DSIG [RFC3275] only contributes to the size of SAML tokens.

JWTs are intended to provide a simple token format that is small enough to fit into HTTP headers and query arguments in URIs. It does this by supporting a much simpler token model than SAML and using the JSON [RFC4627] object encoding syntax. It also supports securing tokens using Message Authentication Codes (MACs) and digital signatures using a smaller (and less flexible) format than XML DSIG.

Therefore, while JWTs can do some of the things SAML tokens do, JWTs are not intended as a full replacement for SAML tokens, but rather as a compromise token format to be used when space is at a premium.

Appendix C. Relationship of JWTs to Simple Web Tokens (SWTs)

Both JWTs and Simple Web Tokens SWT [SWT], at their core, enable sets of claims to be communicated between applications. For SWTs, both the claim names and claim values are strings. For JWTs, while claim names are strings, claim values can be any JSON type. Both token types offer cryptographic protection of their content: SWTs with HMAC SHA-256 and JWTs with a choice of algorithms, including HMAC SHA-256, RSA SHA-256, and ECDSA P-256 SHA-256.

Appendix D. Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge that the design of JWTs was intentionally influenced by the design and simplicity of Simple Web Tokens [SWT] and ideas for JSON tokens that Dick Hardt discussed within the OpenID community.

Solutions for signing JSON content were previously explored by Magic Signatures [MagicSignatures], JSON Simple Sign [JSS], and Canvas Applications [CanvasApp], all of which influenced this draft. Dirk Balfanz, Yaron Y. Goland, John Panzer, and Paul Tarjan all made significant contributions to the design of this specification.

Hannes Tschofenig and Derek Atkins chaired the OAuth working group and Sean Turner and Stephen Farrell served as Security area directors during the creation of this specification.

Appendix E. Open Issues

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The following items remain to be considered or done in this draft:

Appendix F. Document History

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Authors' Addresses

Michael B. Jones Microsoft EMail: mbj@microsoft.com URI: http://self-issued.info/
John Bradley Ping Identity EMail: ve7jtb@ve7jtb.com
Nat Sakimura Nomura Research Institute EMail: n-sakimura@nri.co.jp