Open Pluggable Edge Services A. Barbir
Internet-Draft Nortel Networks
Expires: February 25, 2004 A. Rousskov
The Measurement Factory
August 27, 2003
OPES Treatment of IAB Considerations
draft-ietf-opes-iab-01
Status of this Memo
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
IETF Internet Architecture Board (IAB) expressed nine
architecture-level considerations when Open Pluggable Edge Services
(OPES) working group was being chartered at the IETF. The working
group was chartered under the condition that IAB considerations were
addressed by the group. This document describes how OPES addresses
those considerations.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Consideration (2.1) One-party consent . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4. Consideration (2.2) IP-layer communications . . . . . . . . . 6
5. Notification Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.1 Notification versus trace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.2 An example of an OPES trace for HTTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.3 Consideration (3.1) Notification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.4 Consideration (3.2) Notification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.5 Consideration (3.3) Non-blocking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6. Consideration (4.1) URI resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7. Consideration (4.2) Reference validity . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8. Consideration (4.3) Addressing extensions . . . . . . . . . . 16
9. Consideration (5.1) Privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
10. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
11. Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
12. To-do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
A. Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . 25
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1. Introduction
The Open Pluggable Edge Services (OPES) architecture
[I-D.ietf-opes-architecture], enables cooperative application
services (OPES services) between a data provider, a data consumer,
and zero or more OPES processors. The application services under
consideration analyze and possibly transform application-level
messages exchanged between the data provider and the data consumer.
In the process of chartering OPES, the IAB made recommendations on
issues that OPES solutions should be required to address. These
recommendations were formulated in the form of specific IAB
considerations [RFC3238]. IAB emphasized that its considerations did
not recommend specific solutions and did not mandate specific
functional requirements. Addressing an IAB consideration may involve
showing appropriate protocol mechanisms or demonstrating that the
issue does not apply. Addressing a consideration does not necessarily
mean supporting technology implied by the consideration wording.
The primary goal of this document is to show that all IAB
considerations are addressed by OPES, to the extent those
considerations can be addressed by an IETF working group. Limitations
of OPES working group ability to address certain aspects of IAB
considerations are explicitly documented.
There are nine IAB considerations [RFC3238] that OPES has to address.
In the core of this document are the corresponding nine
"Consideration" sections. For each IAB consideration, its section
contains general discussion as well as references to specific OPES
mechanisms relevant to the consideration.
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2. Terminology
This document does not introduce any new terminology but uses
terminology from other OPES documents it quotes.
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3. Consideration (2.1) One-party consent
"An OPES framework standardized in the IETF must require that the use
of any OPES service be explicitly authorized by one of the
application-layer end-hosts (that is, either the content provider or
the client)."[RFC3238]
OPES architecture requires that "OPES processors MUST be consented to
by either the data consumer or data provider application"
[I-D.ietf-opes-architecture]. This requirement alone cannot prevent
consent-less introduction of OPES processors. In
[I-D.ietf-opes-end-comm], the OPES architecture enables concerned
parties to detect unwanted OPES processors by examining OPES traces.
The use of traces in OPES is mandatory.
Tracing mechanism on its own is unable to detect processors that are
in violation of OPES specifications. Examples include OPES processors
operating in stealth mode. However, the OPES architecture allows the
use of content signature to verify the authenticity of performed
adaptations. Content signatures is a strong but expensive mechanism
that can detect any modifications of signed content provided the
content provider is willing to sign the data and the client is
willing to either check the signature or relay received content to
content provider for signature verification.
OPES adaptations may include copying and other forms of non-modifying
access to content. These kinds of adaptations cannot be detected by
the above mentioned mechanisms. Thus, "passive" OPES processors can
operate without consent. If presence of such processors is a concern,
content encryption can be used. A passive processor is no different
from a proxy or intermediary operating outside of OPES framework. No
OPES mechanism can prevent non-modifying access to content.
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4. Consideration (2.2) IP-layer communications
"For an OPES framework standardized in the IETF, the OPES
intermediary must be explicitly addressed at the IP layer by the end
user."[RFC3238]
OPES architecture requires that "OPES processors MUST be addressable
at the IP layer by the end user (data consumer application)"
[I-D.ietf-opes-architecture]. IAB and the architecture draft mention
an important exception: addressing the first OPES processor in a
chain of processors is sufficient. That is, a chain of OPES
processors is viewed as a single OPES "system" at the address of the
first chain element.
The notion of a chain is not strictly defined by IAB. For the purpose
of addressing this consideration, we consider a group of OPES
processors working on a given application transaction. Such a group
would necessarily form a single processing chain, with a single
"exit" OPES processor (the processor that adapted the given message
last). OPES architecture essentially requires that last OPES
processor to be explicitly addressable at the IP layer by the end
user. Note that chain formation, including its exit point may depend
on an application message and other dynamic factors such as time of
day or system load.
Furthermore, if OPES processing is an internal processing step at
data consumer or provider side, then the last OPES processor may
reside in a private address space of the side's network and may not
be explicitly addressable. In such situations, the processing side
must designate an addressable point on the same processing chain.
That designated point may not be, strictly speaking, an OPES
processor, but it will suffice as such as far as IAB considerations
are concerned -- the other side will be able to address it explicitly
at the IP layer and it will represent the OPES processing chain to
the outside world.
Designating an addressable processing point avoids the conflict
between narrow interpretation of IAB consideration and real system
designs: It is irrational to expect a content provider to provide
access to internal hosts participating in content generation, whether
OPES processors are involved or not. Moreover, providing such access
would serve little practical purpose because internal OPES processors
are not likely to be able to answer any end user queries, being
completely out of content generation context. For example, an OPES
processor adding customer-specific information to XML pages may not
understand or be aware of any final HTML content that the end user
receives and may not be able to map end user request to any internal
user identification. Since OPES requires the end of the message
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processing chain to be addressable, the conflict does not exist --
OPES places no requirements on the internal architecture of data
producer systems while requiring the entire OPES-related content
production "system" to be addressable at the IP layer.
Public/Private Domain | Private Domain
|
+--------------+ | +------+
| Data | *-------* +----------+ | | OPES |
| Consumer |<-->/ Network \<-->| Public IP| | +------+
| Application | \(Public) / | Address |<-->| .
+--------------+ *-------* | OPES | | .
+----------+ | .
| +------+
| | OPES |
| +------+
|
Figure 1
(XXX: should we add a picture showing internal and external OPES
intermediaries? more pictures showing other OPES layouts? Move to
architecture draft?)
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5. Notification Considerations
This section discusses how OPES framework addresses IAB Notification
considerations 3.1 and 3.2.
5.1 Notification versus trace
Before specific considerations are discussed, the relationship
between IAB notifications and OPES tracing has to be explained. OPES
framework concentrates on tracing rather than notification. The
tracing specification [I-D.ietf-opes-end-comm] defines "OPES trace"
as "application message information about OPES entities that adapted
that message" and "OPES tracing" as "the process of including,
manipulating, and interpreting an OPES trace" (XXX: keep these in
sync). Thus, OPES trace follows the application message it traces.
The trace is for the recipient of the application message. Traces are
implemented as extensions of application protocols being adapted and
traced.
As opposed to an OPES trace, provider notification (as implied by
IAB) notifies the sender of the application message rather than the
recipient. Thus, notifications propagate in the opposite direction of
traces. Supporting notifications directly would require a new
protocol. Figure XXX illustrates the differences between a trace and
notification from a single application message point of view.
sender --[message A]---> OPES --[message A' + trace]--> recipient
^ V
| |
+-<-- [notification] ---+
Figure 2
Since notifications cannot be piggy-backed to application messages,
they create new messages and may at least double the number of
messages the sender has to process (more if several intermediaries on
the message path emit notifications). Moreover, associating
notifications with application messages may require duplicating
application message information in notifications and/or maintaining a
sender state until notification is received, increasing performance
overhead of notifications. These concerns call for optional
notification, with a special protocol to enable notifications when
needed.
The level of available details in notifications versus provider
interest in supporting notification is another concern. Experience
shows that content providers often require very detailed information
about user actions to be interested in notifications at all. For
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example, Hit Metering protocol [XXX] has been designed to supply
content providers with proxy cache hit counts, in an effort to reduce
cache busting behavior which was caused by content providers desire
to get accurate site "access counts". However, the Hit Metering
protocol is currently not widely deployed because the protocol does
not supply content providers with information such as client IP
addresses, browser versions, or cookies.
Hit Metering experience is relevant because Hit Metering protocol was
designed to do for HTTP caching intermediaries what OPES
notifications are meant to do for OPES intermediaries. Performance
requirements call for state reduction via aggregation of
notifications while provider preferences call for state preservation
or duplication. Achieving the right balance when two sides belong to
different organizations and have different optimization priorities
may be impossible.
Thus, instead of explicitly supporting notifications on a protocol
level, OPES concentrates on tracing facilities and supports
notifications indirectly, using those tracing facilities. In other
words, the IAB choice of "Notification" label is interpreted as
"Notification assistance" (i.e. making notifications meaningful) and
is not interpreted as a "Notification protocol".
5.2 An example of an OPES trace for HTTP
The example below illustrates adaptations done to HTTP request at an
OPES intermediary operated by the client ISP. Both original (as sent
by an end user) and adapted (as received by the origin web server)
requests are shown. The primary adaptation is the modification of
HTTP "Accept" header. The secondary adaptation is the addition of an
"OPES-Via" HTTP extension header.
GET /pub/WWW/ HTTP/1.1
Host: www.w3.org
Accept: text/plain
Figure 3
... may be adapted by an ISP OPES system to become:
GET /pub/WWW/ HTTP/1.1
Host: www.w3.org
Accept: text/plain; q=0.5, text/html, text/x-dvi; q=0.8
OPES-Via: http://www.isp-example.com/opes/?client-hash=1234567
Figure 4
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The example below illustrates adaptations done to HTTP response at an
OPES intermediary operated by a Content Distribution Network (CDN).
Both original (as sent by the origin web server) and adapted (as
received by the end user) responses are shown. The primary adaptation
is the conversion from HTML markup to plain text. The secondary
adaptation is the addition of an "OPES-Via" HTTP extension header.
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Length: 12345
Content-Encoding: text/html
Available Documenta...
Figure 5
... may be adapted by a CDN OPES system to become:
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Length: 2345
Content-Encoding: text/plain
OPES-Via: http://www.cdn-example.com/opes/?site=7654321&service=h2t
AVAILABLE DOCUMENTA...
Figure 6
In the above examples, "OPES-Via" header values contain URLs that may
point to OPES-specific documents such as description of the OPES
operator and its privacy policy. Those documents may be
parameterized to allow for customizations specific to the transaction
being traced (e.g., client or even transaction identifier may be used
to provide more information about performed adaptations). Traced OPES
URLs may be later used to request OPES bypass. (XXX: OPES specs will
need to define OPES-Via format and semantics)
5.3 Consideration (3.1) Notification
"The overall OPES framework needs to assist content providers in
detecting and responding to client-centric actions by OPES
intermediaries that are deemed inappropriate by the content
provider."[RFC3238]
OPES tracing mechanisms assist content providers in detecting
client-centric actions by OPES intermediaries. Specifically, a
compliant OPES intermediary or system notifies a content provider of
its presence by including its tracing information in the application
protocol requests. An OPES system MUST leave its trace (XXX quote
tracing draft) [I-D.ietf-opes-end-comm]. Detection assistance has
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its limitations. Some OPES intermediaries may work exclusively on
responses and may not have a chance to trace the request. Moreover,
some application protocols may not have explicit requests (e.g., a
content push service).
OPES tracing mechanisms assist content providers in responding to
client-centric actions by OPES intermediaries. Specifically, OPES
traces MUST include identification of OPES systems and SHOULD include
a list of adaptation actions performed on provider's content. This
tracing information may be included in the application request.
Usually, however, this information will be included in the
application response, an adapted version of which does not reach the
content provider. If OPES end points cooperate, then notification can
be assisted with traces. Content providers that suspect or experience
difficulties can do any of the following:
Check whether requests they receive pass through OPES
intermediaries. Presence of OPES tracing info will determine that.
This check is only possible for request/response protocols. For
other protocols (e.g., broadcast or push), the provider would have
to assume that OPES intermediaries are involved until proven
otherwise.
If OPES intermediaries are suspected, request OPES traces from
potentially affected user(s). The trace will be a part of the
application message received by the user software. If users
cooperate, the provider(s) have all the information they need. If
users do not cooperate, the provider(s) cannot do much about it
(they might be able to deny service to uncooperative users in some
cases).
Some traces may indicate that more information is available by
accessing certain resources on the specified OPES intermediary or
elsewhere. Content providers may query for more information in
that case.
If everything else fails, providers can enforce no-adaptation
policy using appropriate OPES bypass mechanisms and/or end-to-end
encryption mechanisms.
OPES detection and response assistance is limited to application
protocols with support for tracing extensions. For example, HTTP
[RFC2616] has such support while DNS over UDP does not.
(XXX: should we prohibit adaptation of application protocols that do
not allow for tracing?)
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5.4 Consideration (3.2) Notification
"The overall OPES framework should assist end users in detecting the
behavior of OPES intermediaries, potentially allowing them to
identify imperfect or compromised intermediaries."[RFC3238]
OPES tracing mechanisms assist end users in detecting OPES
intermediaries. Specifically, a compliant OPES intermediary or system
notifies an end user of its presence by including its tracing
information in the application protocol messages sent to the client.
An OPES intermediary MUST leave its trace (XXX quote tracing draft)
[I-D.ietf-opes-end-comm]. Detection assistance has its limitations.
Some OPES intermediaries may work exclusively on requests and may not
have a chance to trace the response. Moreover, some application
protocols may not have explicit responses (e.g., event logging
service).
OPES detection assistance is limited to application protocols with
support for tracing extensions. For example, HTTP [RFC2616] has such
support while DNS over UDP does not.
(XXX: should we prohibit adaptation of application protocols that do
not allow for tracing?)
5.5 Consideration (3.3) Non-blocking
"If there exists a "non-OPES" version of content available from the
content provider, the OPES architecture must not prevent users from
retrieving this "non-OPES" version from the content
provider."[RFC3238]
OPES intermediaries MUST support a bypass feature (XXX quote bypass
draft) [I-D.ietf-opes-end-comm]. If an application message includes
bypass instructions and an OPES intermediary is not configured to
ignore them, the matching OPES intermediary will not process the
message. An intermediary may be configured to ignore bypass
instructions only if no non-OPES version of content is available.
Bypass may generate content errors since some OPES services may be
essential but may not be configured as such.
Bypass support has limitations similar to the two
notification-related considerations above. (XXX: but it is possible
to instruct all OPES intermediaries to bypass an application message
without knowing all OPES intermediaries IDs).
(XXX: Ideally, this section need to be polished further -- if there
is no non-OPES version of the content, most IAB considerations
probably do not apply because there is really no adaptation, only
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creation of content; and we should not restrict content creation.)
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6. Consideration (4.1) URI resolution
"OPES documentation must be clear in describing these services as
being applied to the result of URI resolution, not as URI resolution
itself."[RFC3238]
"OPES Scenarios and Use Cases" specification
[I-D.ietf-opes-scenarios] documents content adaptations that are in
scope of the OPES framework (XXX provide a quote). These adaptations
do not include URI resolution (XXX check). In some environments, it
is technically possible to adapt URIs (and other kinds of identifiers
or addresses) using documented OPES mechanisms.
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7. Consideration (4.2) Reference validity
"All proposed services must define their impact on inter- and
intra-document reference validity."[RFC3238]
OPES working group does not propose adaptation services. However,
OPES tracing requirements include identification of OPES
intermediaries and services (for details, see "Notification"
consideration sections in this document). It is required that
provided identification can be used to locate information about the
OPES intermediaries, including the description of impact on reference
validity (XXX quote tracing draft) [I-D.ietf-opes-end-comm].
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8. Consideration (4.3) Addressing extensions
"Any services that cannot be achieved while respecting the above two
considerations may be reviewed as potential requirements for Internet
application addressing architecture extensions, but must not be
undertaken as ad hoc fixes."[RFC3238]
OPES framework does not contain ad hoc fixes. This and other OPES
documents should be sufficient to inform service creators of IAB
considerations. If a service does URI resolution or silently affects
document reference validity, the authors are requested to review
service impact on Internet application addressing architecture and
work within IETF on potential extension requirements. Such actions
would be outside of the current OPES framework.
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9. Consideration (5.1) Privacy
"The overall OPES framework must provide for mechanisms for end users
to determine the privacy policies of OPES intermediaries."[RFC3238]
OPES tracing mechanisms allow end users to identify OPES
intermediaries (for details, see "Notification" consideration
sections in this document). It is required that provided
identification can be used to locate information about the OPES
intermediaries, including their privacy policies.
The terms "privacy" and "privacy policy" are not defined in this
context (by IAB or OPES working group). OPES tracing mechanisms allow
end users and content providers to identify OPES intermediaries. It
is believed that once an intermediary is identified, it would be
possible to locate relevant information about that intermediary,
including information relevant to requesters perception of privacy
policy or reference validity. (XXX: should we move this paragraph
into a separate section and expand it? one the other hand, it is
probably the job of the architecture draft to define these things so
that we can refer to them from here.)
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10. Security Considerations
XXX.
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11. Compliance
This document may be perceived as a proof of OPES compliance with IAB
implied recommendations. However, this document does not introduce
any compliance subjects. Compliance of OPES implementations is
defined in other OPES documents discussed above.
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12. To-do
security section: Does this document have any original security
matters worth documenting?
normative IDs: To be normative, OPES Internet-Drafts must be replaced
with corresponding RFCs when the latter are published.
architecture draft: Should architecture draft talk about external/
internal OPES intermediaries, OPES systems, and privacy policies?
Should this document be limited to a compilation of references
from other OPES drafts, or should we introduce/discuss new
concepts here?
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Appendix A. Change Log
Internal WG revision control ID: $Id: iab-cons.xml,v 1.19 2003/08/28
03:48:32 rousskov Exp $
head-sid15
* Added a figure showing a chain of internal OPES intermediaries
behind a public IP address. Needs more work. More cases?
head-sid14
* Rewrote the Introduction to the IP addressing consideration.
Do NOT explain how IAB considerations, if interpreted literary,
do not satisfy important real-world constraints. Instead, use
the "chain of OPES intermediaries" exception introduced by IAB
itself to show that OPES architecture addresses IAB concerns as
long as the "chain" is defined/formed for a given application
message rather than being a statically configured application
routing table of sorts. IAB had to add the "chain" exception to
cover one of the most obvious real-world usage scenario. We use
the very same exception to cover all usage scenarios we care
about.
* Polished text explaining the differences between tracing and
notification mechanisms.
* Added examples of OPES/HTTP traces.
* Be careful not to imply that all OPES intermediaries must obey
bypass instructions. Bypass should be ignored when no non-OPES
version of the content exists. Ideally, this may need to be
polished further -- if there is no non-OPES version of the
content, most IAB considerations probably do not apply because
there is really no adaptation, only creation of content (and we
should not restrict content creation).
* Added references to OPES "Communications" draft
[I-D.ietf-opes-end-comm].
head-sid9
* Polished to meet new xml2rfc strict requirements.
head-sid8
* Added unpolished meat for all nine considerations.
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* Added Abbie Barbir as an author.
head-sid7
* Initial revision
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Normative References
[I-D.ietf-opes-end-comm]
Barbir, A., "OPES processor and end points
communications", draft-ietf-opes-end-comm-00 (work in
progress), June 2003.
[I-D.ietf-opes-architecture]
Barbir, A., "An Architecture for Open Pluggable Edge
Services (OPES)", draft-ietf-opes-architecture-04 (work in
progress), December 2002.
[I-D.ietf-opes-scenarios]
Barbir, A., "OPES Use Cases and Deployment Scenarios",
draft-ietf-opes-scenarios-01 (work in progress), August
2002.
[RFC3238] Floyd, S. and L. Daigle, "IAB Architectural and Policy
Considerations for Open Pluggable Edge Services", RFC
3238, January 2002.
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Informative References
[RFC2616] Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Nielsen, H.,
Masinter, L., Leach, P. and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext
Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999.
Authors' Addresses
Abbie Barbir
Nortel Networks
3500 Carling Avenue
Nepean, Ontario
CA
Phone: +1 613 763 5229
EMail: abbieb@nortelnetworks.com
Alex Rousskov
The Measurement Factory
EMail: rousskov@measurement-factory.com
URI: http://www.measurement-factory.com/
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Internet-Draft OPES Treatment of IAB Considerations August 2003
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