| QUIC | C. Krasic |
| Internet-Draft | Netflix |
| Intended status: Standards Track | M. Bishop |
| Expires: April 6, 2019 | Akamai Technologies |
| A. Frindell, Ed. | |
| October 03, 2018 |
QPACK: Header Compression for HTTP over QUIC
draft-ietf-quic-qpack-03
This specification defines QPACK, a compression format for efficiently representing HTTP header fields, to be used in HTTP/QUIC. This is a variation of HPACK header compression that seeks to reduce head-of-line blocking.
Discussion of this draft takes place on the QUIC working group mailing list (quic@ietf.org), which is archived at https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/search/?email_list=quic.
Working Group information can be found at https://github.com/quicwg; source code and issues list for this draft can be found at https://github.com/quicwg/base-drafts/labels/-qpack.
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on April 6, 2019.
Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.
The QUIC transport protocol was designed from the outset to support HTTP semantics, and its design subsumes many of the features of HTTP/2. HTTP/2 uses HPACK ([RFC7541]) for header compression, but QUIC’s stream multiplexing comes into some conflict with HPACK. A key goal of the design of QUIC is to improve stream multiplexing relative to HTTP/2 by reducing head-of-line blocking. If HPACK were used for HTTP/QUIC, it would induce head-of-line blocking due to built-in assumptions of a total ordering across frames on all streams.
QUIC is described in [QUIC-TRANSPORT]. The HTTP/QUIC mapping is described in [QUIC-HTTP]. For a full description of HTTP/2, see [RFC7540]. The description of HPACK is [RFC7541].
QPACK reuses core concepts from HPACK, but is redesigned to allow correctness in the presence of out-of-order delivery, with flexibility for implementations to balance between resilience against head-of-line blocking and optimal compression ratio. The design goals are to closely approach the compression ratio of HPACK with substantially less head-of-line blocking under the same loss conditions.
QPACK preserves the ordering of header fields within each header list. An encoder MUST emit header field representations in the order they appear in the input header list. A decoder MUST must emit header fields in the order their representations appear in the input header block.
Like HPACK, QPACK uses two tables for associating header fields to indices. The static table (see Section 2.1) is predefined and contains common header fields (some of them with an empty value). The dynamic table (see Section 2.2) is built up over the course of the connection and can be used by the encoder to index header fields repeated in the encoded header lists.
Unlike in HPACK, entries in the QPACK static and dynamic tables are addressed separately. The following sections describe how entries in each table are addressed.
The static table consists of a predefined static list of header fields, each of which has a fixed index over time. Its entries are defined in Appendix A.
A decoder that encounters an invalid static table index on a request stream or push stream MUST treat this as a stream error of type HTTP_QPACK_DECOMPRESSION_FAILED. If this index is received on the encoder stream, this MUST be treated as a connection error of type HTTP_QPACK_ENCODER_STREAM_ERROR.
The dynamic table consists of a list of header fields maintained in first-in, first-out order. The dynamic table is initially empty. Entries are added by instructions on the encoder stream (see Section 5.2).
The maximum size of the dynamic table can be modified by the encoder, subject to a decoder-controlled limit (see Section 4 and Section 5.2.4). The initial maximum size is determined by the corresponding setting when HTTP requests or responses are first permitted to be sent. For clients using 0-RTT data in HTTP/QUIC, the table size is the remembered value of the setting, even if the server later specifies a larger maximum in its SETTINGS frame. For HTTP/QUIC servers and HTTP/QUIC clients when 0-RTT is not attempted or is rejected, the initial maximum table size is the value of the setting in the peer’s SETTINGS frame.
Before a new entry is added to the dynamic table, entries are evicted from the end of the dynamic table until the size of the dynamic table is less than or equal to (maximum size - new entry size) or until the table is empty. The encoder MUST NOT evict a dynamic table entry unless it has first been acknowledged by the decoder.
If the size of the new entry is less than or equal to the maximum size, that entry is added to the table. It is an error to attempt to add an entry that is larger than the maximum size; this MUST be treated as a connection error of type HTTP_QPACK_ENCODER_STREAM_ERROR.
A new entry can reference an entry in the dynamic table that will be evicted when adding this new entry into the dynamic table. Implementations are cautioned to avoid deleting the referenced name if the referenced entry is evicted from the dynamic table prior to inserting the new entry.
The dynamic table can contain duplicate entries (i.e., entries with the same name and same value). Therefore, duplicate entries MUST NOT be treated as an error by a decoder.
The encoder decides how to update the dynamic table and as such can control how much memory is used by the dynamic table. To limit the memory requirements of the decoder, the dynamic table size is strictly bounded.
The decoder determines the maximum size that the encoder is permitted to use for the dynamic table. In HTTP/QUIC, this value is determined by the SETTINGS_HEADER_TABLE_SIZE setting (see Section 4).
An encoder can choose to use less capacity than this maximum size (see Section 5.2.4), but the chosen size MUST stay lower than or equal to the maximum set by the decoder. Whenever the maximum size for the dynamic table is reduced, entries are evicted from the end of the dynamic table until the size of the dynamic table is less than or equal to the maximum size.
This mechanism can be used to completely clear entries from the dynamic table by setting a maximum size of 0, which can subsequently be restored.
The size of the dynamic table is the sum of the size of its entries.
The size of an entry is the sum of its name’s length in octets (as defined in Section 5.1.2), its value’s length in octets, and 32.
The size of an entry is calculated using the length of its name and value without any Huffman encoding applied.
MaxEntries is the maximum number of entries that the dynamic table can have. The smallest entry has empty name and value strings and has the size of 32. The MaxEntries is calculated as
MaxEntries = floor( MaxTableSize / 32 )
MaxTableSize is the maximum size of the dynamic table as specified by the decoder (see Section 2.2.1).
Each entry possesses both an absolute index which is fixed for the lifetime of that entry and a relative index which changes over time based on the context of the reference. The first entry inserted has an absolute index of “1”; indices increase sequentially with each insertion.
The relative index begins at zero and increases in the opposite direction from the absolute index. Determining which entry has a relative index of “0” depends on the context of the reference.
On the encoder stream, a relative index of “0” always refers to the most recently inserted value in the dynamic table. Note that this means the entry referenced by a given relative index will change while interpreting instructions on the encoder stream.
+---+---------------+-----------+
| n | ... | d + 1 | Absolute Index
+ - +---------------+ - - - - - +
| 0 | ... | n - d - 1 | Relative Index
+---+---------------+-----------+
^ |
| V
Insertion Point Dropping Point
n = count of entries inserted
d = count of entries dropped
Example Dynamic Table Indexing - Control Stream
Because frames from request streams can be delivered out of order with instructions on the encoder stream, relative indices are relative to the Base Index at the beginning of the header block (see Section 5.4.1). The Base Index is an absolute index. When interpreting the rest of the frame, the entry identified by Base Index has a relative index of zero. The relative indices of entries do not change while interpreting headers on a request or push stream.
Base Index
|
V
+---+-----+-----+-----+-------+
| n | n-1 | n-2 | ... | d+1 | Absolute Index
+---+-----+ - +-----+ - +
| 0 | ... | n-d-3 | Relative Index
+-----+-----+-------+
n = count of entries inserted
d = count of entries dropped
Example Dynamic Table Indexing - Relative Index on Request Stream
A header block on the request stream can reference entries added after the entry identified by the Base Index. This allows an encoder to process a header block in a single pass and include references to entries added while processing this (or other) header blocks. Newly added entries are referenced using Post-Base instructions. Indices for Post-Base instructions increase in the same direction as absolute indices, but the zero value is one higher than the Base Index.
Base Index
|
V
+---+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| n | n-1 | n-2 | ... | d+1 | Absolute Index
+---+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 1 | 0 | Post-Base Index
+---+-----+
n = count of entries inserted
d = count of entries dropped
Example Dynamic Table Indexing - Post-Base Index on Request Stream
If the decoder encounters a reference on a request or push stream to a dynamic table entry which has already been dropped or which has an absolute index greater than the declared Largest Reference (see Section 5.4.1), it MUST treat this as a stream error of type HTTP_QPACK_DECOMPRESSION_FAILED.
If the decoder encounters a reference on the encoder stream to a dynamic table entry which has already been dropped, it MUST treat this as a connection error of type HTTP_QPACK_ENCODER_STREAM_ERROR.
Because QUIC does not guarantee order between data on different streams, a header block might reference an entry in the dynamic table that has not yet been received.
Each header block contains a Largest Reference which identifies the table state necessary for decoding. If the greatest absolute index in the dynamic table is less than the value of the Largest Reference, the stream is considered “blocked.” While blocked, header field data should remain in the blocked stream’s flow control window. When the Largest Reference is zero, the frame contains no references to the dynamic table and can always be processed immediately. A stream becomes unblocked when the greatest absolute index in the dynamic table becomes greater than or equal to the Largest Reference for all header blocks the decoder has started reading from the stream. If a decoder encounters a header block where the actual largest reference is not equal to the Largest Reference declared in the prefix, it MAY treat this as a stream error of type HTTP_QPACK_DECOMPRESSION_FAILED.
A decoder can permit the possibility of blocked streams by setting SETTINGS_QPACK_BLOCKED_STREAMS to a non-zero value (see Section 4). This setting specifies an upper bound on the number of streams which can be blocked.
An encoder can decide whether to risk having a stream become blocked. If permitted by the value of SETTINGS_QPACK_BLOCKED_STREAMS, compression efficiency can be improved by referencing dynamic table entries that are still in transit, but if there is loss or reordering the stream can become blocked at the decoder. An encoder avoids the risk of blocking by only referencing dynamic table entries which have been acknowledged, but this means using literals. Since literals make the header block larger, this can result in the encoder becoming blocked on congestion or flow control limits.
An encoder MUST limit the number of streams which could become blocked to the value of SETTINGS_QPACK_BLOCKED_STREAMS at all times. Note that the decoder might not actually become blocked on every stream which risks becoming blocked. If the decoder encounters more blocked streams than it promised to support, it MUST treat this as a stream error of type HTTP_QPACK_DECOMPRESSION_FAILED.
The decoder stream (Section 5.3) signals key events at the decoder that permit the encoder to track the decoder’s state. These events are:
Regardless of whether a header block contained blocking references, the knowledge that it has been processed permits the encoder to evict entries to which no unacknowledged references remain; see Section 7.3.1. When a stream is reset or abandoned, the indication that these header blocks will never be processed serves a similar function; see Section 5.3.3.
For the encoder to identify which dynamic table entries can be safely used without a stream becoming blocked, the encoder tracks the absolute index of the decoder’s Largest Known Received entry.
When blocking references are permitted, the encoder uses acknowledgement of header blocks to identify the Largest Known Received index, as described in Section 5.3.2.
To acknowledge dynamic table entries which are not referenced by header blocks, for example because the encoder or the decoder have chosen not to risk blocked streams, the decoder sends a Table State Synchronize instruction (see Section 5.3.1).
The key words “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”, “SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “NOT RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL” in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.
Definitions of terms that are used in this document:
QPACK is a name, not an acronym.
Diagrams use the format described in Section 3.1 of [RFC2360], with the following additional conventions:
QPACK defines two settings which are included in the HTTP/QUIC SETTINGS frame.
QPACK instructions occur in three locations, each of which uses a separate instruction space:
There MUST be exactly one of each unidirectional stream type in each direction. Receipt of a second instance of either stream type MUST be treated as a connection error of HTTP_WRONG_STREAM_COUNT. Closure of either unidirectional stream MUST be treated as a connection error of type HTTP_CLOSED_CRITICAL_STREAM.
This section describes the instructions which are possible on each stream type.
All table updates occur on the encoder stream. Request streams and push streams only carry header blocks that do not modify the state of the table.
The prefixed integer from Section 5.1 of [RFC7541] is used heavily throughout this document. The format from [RFC7541] is used unmodified. QPACK implementations MUST be able to decode integers up to 62 bits long.
The string literal defined by Section 5.2 of [RFC7541] is also used throughout. This string format includes optional Huffman encoding.
HPACK defines string literals to begin on a byte boundary. They begin with a single flag (indicating whether the string is Huffman-coded), followed by the Length encoded as a 7-bit prefix integer, and finally Length octets of data. When Huffman encoding is enabled, the Huffman table from Appendix B of [RFC7541] is used without modification.
This document expands the definition of string literals and permits them to begin other than on a byte boundary. An “N-bit prefix string literal” begins with the same Huffman flag, followed by the length encoded as an (N-1)-bit prefix integer. The remainder of the string literal is unmodified.
A string literal without a prefix length noted is an 8-bit prefix string literal and follows the definitions in [RFC7541] without modification.
Table updates can add a table entry, possibly using existing entries to avoid transmitting redundant information. The name can be transmitted as a reference to an existing entry in the static or the dynamic table or as a string literal. For entries which already exist in the dynamic table, the full entry can also be used by reference, creating a duplicate entry.
The contents of the encoder stream are an unframed sequence of the following instructions.
An addition to the header table where the header field name matches the header field name of an entry stored in the static table or the dynamic table starts with the ‘1’ one-bit pattern. The S bit indicates whether the reference is to the static (S=1) or dynamic (S=0) table. The 6-bit prefix integer (see Section 5.1 of [RFC7541]) that follows is used to locate the table entry for the header name. When S=1, the number represents the static table index; when S=0, the number is the relative index of the entry in the dynamic table.
The header name reference is followed by the header field value represented as a string literal (see Section 5.2 of [RFC7541]).
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| 1 | S | Name Index (6+) |
+---+---+-----------------------+
| H | Value Length (7+) |
+---+---------------------------+
| Value String (Length octets) |
+-------------------------------+
Insert Header Field -- Indexed Name
An addition to the header table where both the header field name and the header field value are represented as string literals (see Section 5.1) starts with the ‘01’ two-bit pattern.
The name is represented as a 6-bit prefix string literal, while the value is represented as an 8-bit prefix string literal.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| 0 | 1 | H | Name Length (5+) |
+---+---+---+-------------------+
| Name String (Length octets) |
+---+---------------------------+
| H | Value Length (7+) |
+---+---------------------------+
| Value String (Length octets) |
+-------------------------------+
Insert Header Field -- New Name
Duplication of an existing entry in the dynamic table starts with the ‘000’ three-bit pattern. The relative index of the existing entry is represented as an integer with a 5-bit prefix.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| 0 | 0 | 0 | Index (5+) |
+---+---+---+-------------------+
Figure 1: Duplicate
The existing entry is re-inserted into the dynamic table without resending either the name or the value. This is useful to mitigate the eviction of older entries which are frequently referenced, both to avoid the need to resend the header and to avoid the entry in the table blocking the ability to insert new headers.
An encoder informs the decoder of a change to the size of the dynamic table using an instruction which begins with the ‘001’ three-bit pattern. The new maximum table size is represented as an integer with a 5-bit prefix (see Section 5.1 of [RFC7541]).
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 | 0 | 1 | Max size (5+) | +---+---+---+-------------------+
Figure 2: Maximum Dynamic Table Size Change
The new maximum size MUST be lower than or equal to the limit determined by the protocol using QPACK. A value that exceeds this limit MUST be treated as a connection error of type HTTP_QPACK_ENCODER_STREAM_ERROR. In HTTP/QUIC, this limit is the value of the SETTINGS_HEADER_TABLE_SIZE parameter (see Section 4) received from the decoder.
Reducing the maximum size of the dynamic table can cause entries to be evicted (see Section 4.3 of [RFC7541]). This MUST NOT cause the eviction of entries with outstanding references (see Section 7.3). Changing the size of the dynamic table is not acknowledged as this instruction does not insert an entry.
The decoder stream carries information used to ensure consistency of the dynamic table. Information is sent from the QPACK decoder to the QPACK encoder; that is, the server informs the client about the processing of the client’s header blocks and table updates, and the client informs the server about the processing of the server’s header blocks and table updates.
The contents of the decoder stream are an unframed sequence of the following instructions.
The Table State Synchronize instruction begins with the ‘00’ two-bit pattern. The instruction specifies the total number of dynamic table inserts and duplications since the last Table State Synchronize or Header Acknowledgement that increased the Largest Known Received dynamic table entry. This is encoded as a 6-bit prefix integer. The encoder uses this value to determine which table entries might cause a stream to become blocked, as described in Section 2.3.1.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 | 0 | Insert Count (6+) | +---+---+-----------------------+
Figure 3: Table State Synchronize
An encoder that receives an Insert Count equal to zero or one that increases Largest Known Received beyond what the encoder has sent MUST treat this as a connection error of type HTTP_QPACK_DECODER_STREAM_ERROR.
A decoder chooses when to emit Table State Synchronize instructions. Emitting a Table State Synchronize after adding each new dynamic table entry will provide the most timely feedback to the encoder, but could be redundant with other decoder feedback. By delaying a Table State Synchronize, a decoder might be able to coalesce multiple Table State Synchronize instructions, or replace them entirely with Header Acknowledgements. However, delaying too long may lead to compression inefficiencies if the encoder waits for an entry to be acknowledged before using it.
After processing a header block whose declared Largest Reference is not zero, the decoder emits a Header Acknowledgement instruction on the decoder stream. The instruction begins with the ‘1’ one-bit pattern and includes the request stream’s stream ID, encoded as a 7-bit prefix integer. It is used by the peer’s QPACK encoder to know when it is safe to evict an entry.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 1 | Stream ID (7+) | +---+---------------------------+
Figure 4: Header Acknowledgement
The same Stream ID can be identified multiple times, as multiple header blocks can be sent on a single stream in the case of intermediate responses, trailers, and pushed requests. Since header frames on each stream are received and processed in order, this gives the encoder precise feedback on which header blocks within a stream have been fully processed.
If an encoder receives a Header Acknowledgement instruction referring to a stream on which every header block with a non-zero Largest Reference has already been acknowledged, that MUST be treated as a connection error of type HTTP_QPACK_DECODER_STREAM_ERROR.
When blocking references are permitted, the encoder uses acknowledgement of header blocks to update the Largest Known Received index. If a header block was potentially blocking, the acknowledgement implies that the decoder has received all dynamic table state necessary to process the header block. If the Largest Reference of an acknowledged header block was greater than the encoder’s current Largest Known Received index, the block’s Largest Reference becomes the new Largest Known Received.
A stream that is reset might have multiple outstanding header blocks with dynamic table references. A decoder that receives a stream reset before the end of a stream generates a Stream Cancellation instruction on the decoder stream. Similarly, a decoder that abandons reading of a stream needs to signal this using the Stream Cancellation instruction. This signals to the encoder that all references to the dynamic table on that stream are no longer outstanding. A decoder with a maximum dynamic table size equal to zero MAY omit sending Stream Cancellations, because the encoder cannot have any dynamic table references.
An encoder cannot infer from this instruction that any updates to the dynamic table have been received.
The instruction begins with the ‘01’ two-bit pattern. The instruction includes the stream ID of the affected stream - a request or push stream - encoded as a 6-bit prefix integer.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 | 1 | Stream ID (6+) | +---+---+-----------------------+
Figure 5: Stream Cancellation
HEADERS and PUSH_PROMISE frames on request and push streams reference the dynamic table in a particular state without modifying it. Frames on these streams emit the headers for an HTTP request or response.
Header data is prefixed with two integers, Largest Reference and Base Index.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | Largest Reference (8+) | +---+---------------------------+ | S | Delta Base Index (7+) | +---+---------------------------+ | Compressed Headers ... +-------------------------------+
Figure 6: Frame Payload
Largest Reference identifies the largest absolute dynamic index referenced in the block. Blocking decoders use the Largest Reference to determine when it is safe to process the rest of the block. If Largest Reference is greater than zero, the encoder transforms it as follows before encoding:
LargestReference = LargestReference mod 2*MaxEntries + 1
The decoder reconstructs the Largest Reference using the following algorithm:
if LargestReference > 0:
LargestReference -= 1
CurrentWrapped = TableLargestAbsoluteIndex mod 2*MaxEntries
if CurrentWrapped >= LargestReference + MaxEntries:
# Largest Reference wrapped around 1 extra time
LargestReference += 2*MaxEntries
else if CurrentWrapped + MaxEntries < LargestReference
# Decoder wrapped around 1 extra time
CurrentWrapped += 2*MaxEntries
LargestReference +=
(TableLargestAbsoluteIndex - CurrentWrapped)
TableLargestAbsoluteIndex is the Absolute Index of the most recently inserted item in the decoder’s dynamic table. This encoding limits the length of the prefix on long-lived connections.
Base Index is used to resolve references in the dynamic table as described in Section 2.2.4.
To save space, Base Index is encoded relative to Largest Reference using a one-bit sign and the Delta Base Index value. A sign bit of 0 indicates that the Base Index has an absolute index that is greater than or equal to the Largest Reference; the value of Delta Base Index is added to the Largest Reference to determine the absolute value of the Base Index. A sign bit of 1 indicates that the Base Index is less than the Largest Reference. That is:
if sign == 0:
baseIndex = largestReference + deltaBaseIndex
else:
baseIndex = largestReference - deltaBaseIndex
A single-pass encoder is expected to determine the absolute value of Base Index before encoding a header block. If the encoder inserted entries in the dynamic table while encoding the header block, Largest Reference will be greater than Base Index, so the encoded difference is negative and the sign bit is set to 1. If the header block did not reference the most recent entry in the table and did not insert any new entries, Base Index will be greater than the Largest Reference, so the delta will be positive and the sign bit is set to 0.
An encoder that produces table updates before encoding a header block might set Largest Reference and Base Index to the same value. When Largest Reference and Base Index are equal, the Delta Base Index is encoded with a zero sign bit. A sign bit set to 1 when the Delta Base Index is 0 MUST be treated as a decoder error.
A header block that does not reference the dynamic table can use any value for Base Index; setting both Largest Reference and Base Index to zero is the most efficient encoding.
An indexed header field representation identifies an entry in either the static table or the dynamic table and causes that header field to be added to the decoded header list, as described in Section 3.2 of [RFC7541].
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 1 | S | Index (6+) | +---+---+-----------------------+
Indexed Header Field
If the entry is in the static table, or in the dynamic table with an absolute index less than or equal to Base Index, this representation starts with the ‘1’ 1-bit pattern, followed by the S bit indicating whether the reference is into the static (S=1) or dynamic (S=0) table. Finally, the relative index of the matching header field is represented as an integer with a 6-bit prefix (see Section 5.1 of [RFC7541]).
If the entry is in the dynamic table with an absolute index greater than Base Index, the representation starts with the ‘0001’ 4-bit pattern, followed by the post-base index (see Section 2.2.5) of the matching header field, represented as an integer with a 4-bit prefix (see Section 5.1 of [RFC7541]).
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Index (4+) | +---+---+---+---+---------------+
Indexed Header Field with Post-Base Index
A literal header field with a name reference represents a header where the header field name matches the header field name of an entry stored in the static table or the dynamic table.
If the entry is in the static table, or in the dynamic table with an absolute index less than or equal to Base Index, this representation starts with the ‘01’ two-bit pattern. If the entry is in the dynamic table with an absolute index greater than Base Index, the representation starts with the ‘0000’ four-bit pattern.
The following bit, ‘N’, indicates whether an intermediary is permitted to add this header to the dynamic header table on subsequent hops. When the ‘N’ bit is set, the encoded header MUST always be encoded with a literal representation. In particular, when a peer sends a header field that it received represented as a literal header field with the ‘N’ bit set, it MUST use a literal representation to forward this header field. This bit is intended for protecting header field values that are not to be put at risk by compressing them (see Section 7.1 of [RFC7541] for more details).
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| 0 | 1 | N | S |Name Index (4+)|
+---+---+---+---+---------------+
| H | Value Length (7+) |
+---+---------------------------+
| Value String (Length octets) |
+-------------------------------+
Literal Header Field With Name Reference
For entries in the static table or in the dynamic table with an absolute index less than or equal to Base Index, the header field name is represented using the relative index of that entry, which is represented as an integer with a 4-bit prefix (see Section 5.1 of [RFC7541]). The S bit indicates whether the reference is to the static (S=1) or dynamic (S=0) table.
For entries in the dynamic table with an absolute index greater than Base Index, the header field name is represented using the post-base index of that entry (see Section 2.2.5) encoded as an integer with a 3-bit prefix.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | N |NameIdx(3+)|
+---+---+---+---+---+-----------+
| H | Value Length (7+) |
+---+---------------------------+
| Value String (Length octets) |
+-------------------------------+
Literal Header Field With Post-Base Name Reference
An addition to the header table where both the header field name and the header field value are represented as string literals (see Section 5.1) starts with the ‘001’ three-bit pattern.
The fourth bit, ‘N’, indicates whether an intermediary is permitted to add this header to the dynamic header table on subsequent hops. When the ‘N’ bit is set, the encoded header MUST always be encoded with a literal representation. In particular, when a peer sends a header field that it received represented as a literal header field with the ‘N’ bit set, it MUST use a literal representation to forward this header field. This bit is intended for protecting header field values that are not to be put at risk by compressing them (see Section 7.1 of [RFC7541] for more details).
The name is represented as a 4-bit prefix string literal, while the value is represented as an 8-bit prefix string literal.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| 0 | 0 | 1 | N | H |NameLen(3+)|
+---+---+---+---+---+-----------+
| Name String (Length octets) |
+---+---------------------------+
| H | Value Length (7+) |
+---+---------------------------+
| Value String (Length octets) |
+-------------------------------+
Literal Header Field Without Name Reference
The following error codes are defined for HTTP/QUIC to indicate failures of QPACK which prevent the stream or connection from continuing:
Upon encountering an error, an implementation MAY elect to treat it as a connection error even if this document prescribes that it MUST be treated as a stream error.
An encoder making a single pass over a list of headers must choose Base Index before knowing Largest Reference. When trying to reference a header inserted to the table after encoding has begun, the entry is encoded with different instructions that tell the decoder to use an absolute index greater than the Base Index.
Due to out-of-order arrival, QPACK’s eviction algorithm requires changes (relative to HPACK) to avoid the possibility that an indexed representation is decoded after the referenced entry has already been evicted. QPACK employs a two-phase eviction algorithm, in which the encoder will not evict entries that have outstanding (unacknowledged) references.
An encoder MUST ensure that a header block which references a dynamic table entry is not received by the decoder after the referenced entry has already been evicted. An encoder also respects the limit set by the decoder on the number of streams that are allowed to become blocked. Even if the decoder is willing to tolerate blocked streams, the encoder might choose to avoid them in certain cases.
In order to enable this, the encoder will need to track outstanding (unacknowledged) header blocks and table updates using feedback received from the decoder.
An encoder MUST NOT insert an entry into the dynamic table (or duplicate an existing entry) if doing so would evict an entry with unacknowledged references. For header blocks that might rely on the newly added entry, the encoder can use a literal representation and maybe insert the entry later.
To ensure that the encoder is not prevented from adding new entries, the encoder can avoid referencing entries that will be evicted soonest. Rather than reference such an entry, the encoder SHOULD emit a Duplicate instruction (see Section 5.2.3), and reference the duplicate instead.
Determining which entries are too close to eviction to reference is an encoder preference. One heuristic is to target a fixed amount of available space in the dynamic table: either unused space or space that can be reclaimed by evicting unreferenced entries. To achieve this, the encoder can maintain a draining index, which is the smallest absolute index in the dynamic table that it will emit a reference for. As new entries are inserted, the encoder increases the draining index to maintain the section of the table that it will not reference. Draining entries - entries with an absolute index lower than the draining index - will not accumulate new references. The number of unacknowledged references to draining entries will eventually become zero, making the entry available for eviction.
+----------+---------------------------------+--------+ | Draining | Referenceable | Unused | | Entries | Entries | Space | +----------+---------------------------------+--------+ ^ ^ ^ | | | Dropping Draining Index Base Index / Point Insertion Point
Figure 7: Draining Dynamic Table Entries
For header blocks encoded in non-blocking mode, the encoder needs to forego indexed representations that refer to table updates which have not yet been acknowledged (see Section 5.3). Since all table updates are processed in sequence on the control stream, an index into the dynamic table is sufficient to track which entries have been acknowledged.
To track blocked streams, the necessary Base Index value for each stream can be used. Whenever the decoder processes a table update, it can begin decoding any blocked streams that now have their dependencies satisfied.
Implementations can speculatively send instructions on the encoder stream which are not needed for any current HTTP request or response. Such headers could be used strategically to improve performance. For instance, the encoder might decide to refresh by sending Duplicate representations for popular header fields (Section 5.2.3), ensuring they have small indices and hence minimal size on the wire.
Pseudo-code for single pass encoding, excluding handling of duplicates, non-blocking mode, and reference tracking.
baseIndex = dynamicTable.baseIndex
largestReference = 0
for header in headers:
staticIdx = staticTable.getIndex(header)
if staticIdx:
encodeIndexReference(streamBuffer, staticIdx)
continue
dynamicIdx = dynamicTable.getIndex(header)
if !dynamicIdx:
# No matching entry. Either insert+index or encode literal
nameIdx = getNameIndex(header)
if shouldIndex(header) and dynamicTable.canIndex(header):
encodeLiteralWithIncrementalIndex(controlBuffer, nameIdx,
header)
dynamicTable.add(header)
dynamicIdx = dynamicTable.baseIndex
if !dynamicIdx:
# Couldn't index it, literal
if nameIdx <= staticTable.size:
encodeLiteral(streamBuffer, nameIndex, header)
else:
# encode literal, possibly with nameIdx above baseIndex
encodeDynamicLiteral(streamBuffer, nameIndex, baseIndex,
header)
largestReference = max(largestReference,
dynamicTable.toAbsolute(nameIdx))
else:
# Dynamic index reference
assert(dynamicIdx)
largestReference = max(largestReference, dynamicIdx)
# Encode dynamicIdx, possibly with dynamicIdx above baseIndex
encodeDynamicIndexReference(streamBuffer, dynamicIdx,
baseIndex)
# encode the prefix
encodeInteger(prefixBuffer, 0x00, largestReference, 8)
if baseIndex >= largestReference:
encodeInteger(prefixBuffer, 0, baseIndex - largestReference, 7)
else:
encodeInteger(prefixBuffer, 0x80,
largestReference - baseIndex, 7)
return controlBuffer, prefixBuffer + streamBuffer
TBD.
This document creates two new settings in the “HTTP/QUIC Settings” registry established in [QUIC-HTTP].
The entries in the following table are registered by this document.
| Setting Name | Code | Specification |
|---|---|---|
| HEADER_TABLE_SIZE | 0x1 | Section 4 |
| QPACK_BLOCKED_STREAMS | 0x7 | Section 4 |
This document creates two new settings in the “HTTP/QUIC Stream Type” registry established in [QUIC-HTTP].
The entries in the following table are registered by this document.
| Stream Type | Code | Specification | Sender |
|---|---|---|---|
| QPACK Encoder Stream | 0x48 | Section 5 | Both |
| QPACK Decoder Stream | 0x68 | Section 5 | Both |
This document establishes the following new error codes in the “HTTP/QUIC Error Code” registry established in [QUIC-HTTP].
| Name | Code | Description | Specification |
|---|---|---|---|
| HTTP_QPACK_DECOMPRESSION_FAILED | TBD | Decompression of a header block failed | Section 6 |
| HTTP_QPACK_ENCODER_STREAM_ERROR | TBD | Error on the encoder stream | Section 6 |
| HTTP_QPACK_DECODER_STREAM_ERROR | TBD | Error on the decoder stream | Section 6 |
| [QUIC-HTTP] | Bishop, M., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) over QUIC", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-quic-http-15, October 2018. |
| [QUIC-TRANSPORT] | Iyengar, J. and M. Thomson, "QUIC: A UDP-Based Multiplexed and Secure Transport", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-quic-transport-14, October 2018. |
| [RFC2119] | Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997. |
| [RFC7541] | Peon, R. and H. Ruellan, "HPACK: Header Compression for HTTP/2", RFC 7541, DOI 10.17487/RFC7541, May 2015. |
| [RFC8174] | Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017. |
| [RFC2360] | Scott, G., "Guide for Internet Standards Writers", BCP 22, RFC 2360, DOI 10.17487/RFC2360, June 1998. |
| [RFC7540] | Belshe, M., Peon, R. and M. Thomson, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol Version 2 (HTTP/2)", RFC 7540, DOI 10.17487/RFC7540, May 2015. |
| Index | Name | Value |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | :authority | |
| 1 | :path | / |
| 2 | age | 0 |
| 3 | content-disposition | |
| 4 | content-length | 0 |
| 5 | cookie | |
| 6 | date | |
| 7 | etag | |
| 8 | if-modified-since | |
| 9 | if-none-match | |
| 10 | last-modified | |
| 11 | link | |
| 12 | location | |
| 13 | referer | |
| 14 | set-cookie | |
| 15 | :method | CONNECT |
| 16 | :method | DELETE |
| 17 | :method | GET |
| 18 | :method | HEAD |
| 19 | :method | OPTIONS |
| 20 | :method | POST |
| 21 | :method | PUT |
| 22 | :scheme | http |
| 23 | :scheme | https |
| 24 | :status | 103 |
| 25 | :status | 200 |
| 26 | :status | 304 |
| 27 | :status | 404 |
| 28 | :status | 503 |
| 29 | accept | */* |
| 30 | accept | application/dns-message |
| 31 | accept-encoding | gzip, deflate, br |
| 32 | accept-ranges | bytes |
| 33 | access-control-allow-headers | cache-control |
| 34 | access-control-allow-headers | content-type |
| 35 | access-control-allow-origin | * |
| 36 | cache-control | max-age=0 |
| 37 | cache-control | max-age=2592000 |
| 38 | cache-control | max-age=604800 |
| 39 | cache-control | no-cache |
| 40 | cache-control | no-store |
| 41 | cache-control | public, max-age=31536000 |
| 42 | content-encoding | br |
| 43 | content-encoding | gzip |
| 44 | content-type | application/dns-message |
| 45 | content-type | application/javascript |
| 46 | content-type | application/json |
| 47 | content-type | application/x-www-form-urlencoded |
| 48 | content-type | image/gif |
| 49 | content-type | image/jpeg |
| 50 | content-type | image/png |
| 51 | content-type | text/css |
| 52 | content-type | text/html; charset=utf-8 |
| 53 | content-type | text/plain |
| 54 | content-type | text/plain;charset=utf-8 |
| 55 | range | bytes=0- |
| 56 | strict-transport-security | max-age=31536000 |
| 57 | strict-transport-security | max-age=31536000; includesubdomains |
| 58 | strict-transport-security | max-age=31536000; includesubdomains; preload |
| 59 | vary | accept-encoding |
| 60 | vary | origin |
| 61 | x-content-type-options | nosniff |
| 62 | x-xss-protection | 1; mode=block |
| 63 | :status | 100 |
| 64 | :status | 204 |
| 65 | :status | 206 |
| 66 | :status | 302 |
| 67 | :status | 400 |
| 68 | :status | 403 |
| 69 | :status | 421 |
| 70 | :status | 425 |
| 71 | :status | 500 |
| 72 | accept-language | |
| 73 | access-control-allow-credentials | FALSE |
| 74 | access-control-allow-credentials | TRUE |
| 75 | access-control-allow-headers | * |
| 76 | access-control-allow-methods | get |
| 77 | access-control-allow-methods | get, post, options |
| 78 | access-control-allow-methods | options |
| 79 | access-control-expose-headers | content-length |
| 80 | access-control-request-headers | content-type |
| 81 | access-control-request-method | get |
| 82 | access-control-request-method | post |
| 83 | alt-svc | clear |
| 84 | authorization | |
| 85 | content-security-policy | script-src ‘none’; object-src ‘none’; base-uri ‘none’ |
| 86 | early-data | 1 |
| 87 | expect-ct | |
| 88 | forwarded | |
| 89 | if-range | |
| 90 | origin | |
| 91 | purpose | prefetch |
| 92 | server | |
| 93 | timing-allow-origin | * |
| 94 | upgrade-insecure-requests | 1 |
| 95 | user-agent | |
| 96 | x-forwarded-for | |
| 97 | x-frame-options | deny |
| 98 | x-frame-options | sameorigin |
This draft draws heavily on the text of [RFC7541]. The indirect input of those authors is gratefully acknowledged, as well as ideas from:
Buck’s contribution was supported by Google during his employment there.
A substantial portion of Mike’s contribution was supported by Microsoft during his employment there.