A SIP Response Code for Unwanted Calls
draft-ietf-sipcore-status-unwanted-02

Abstract

This document defines the 666 (Unwanted) SIP response code, allowing called parties to indicate that the call or message was unwanted. SIP entities may use this information to adjust how future calls from this calling party are handled for the called party or more broadly.

Status of This Memo

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Table of Contents

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Normative Language
• 3. Motivation
• 4. Behavior of SIP Entities
• 5. IANA Considerations
• 5.1. SIP Response Code
• 5.2. SIP Global Feature-Capability Indicator
• 6. Security Considerations
• 7. Acknowledgements
• 8. References
• 8.1. Normative References
• 8.2. Informative References
• Author's Address

1. Introduction

In many countries, an increasing number of calls are unwanted [RFC5039]: they might be fraudulent, illegal telemarketing or the receiving party does not want to be disturbed by, say, surveys or solicitation by charities. Carriers and other service providers may want to help their subscribers avoid receiving such calls, using a variety of global or user-specific filtering algorithms. One input into such algorithms is user feedback. User feedback may be offered through smartphone apps, APIs or within the context of a SIP-initiated call. This document addresses only the last mode, where the called party either rejects the SIP [RFC3261] request, typically requests using the INVITE or MESSAGE methods, as unwanted or terminates the session with a BYE request after answering the call. To allow the called party to express that the call was unwanted, this document defines the 666 (Unwanted) response code. The called user agent (UAS), based on input from the called party or some UA-internal logic, uses this to indicate that future calls from the same caller are also unwanted.

As in [I-D.ietf-stir-rfc4474bis], we use the term "caller identity" or "calling party identity" in this document to mean either a canonical address-of-record (AoR) SIP URI employed to reach a user (such as 'sip:alice@atlanta.example.com'), or a telephone number, which commonly appears in either a tel URI [RFC3966] or as the user portion of a SIP URI.

2. Normative Language

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

3. Motivation

None of the existing 4xx, 5xx or 6xx response codes signify that this SIP request is unwanted by the called party. The particular response code number was chosen to reflect the distaste felt by many upon receiving such calls.

4. Behavior of SIP Entities

The response code 666 MAY be used in a failure response for an INVITE, MESSAGE, SUBSCRIBE or other out-of-dialog SIP request to indicate that the offered communication is unwanted. The response code MAY also be used as the value of the "cause" parameter of a SIP reason-value in a Reason header field [RFC3326], typically when the UAS issues a BYE request terminating an incoming call or the UAC issues a CANCEL request when forking a call. (Including a Reason header field with the 666 status code allows the UAS that receive a CANCEL request to make an informed choice whether and how to include such calls in their missed-call list.)

The SIP entities receiving this response code are not obligated to take any particular action beyond those appropriate for 6xx responses. Following the default handling for 6xx responses in [RFC5057], the 666 response destroys the transaction. The service provider delivering calls or messages to the user issuing the response, for example, MAY add the calling party to a personal blacklist specific to the called party, MAY use the information as input when computing the likelihood that the calling party is placing unwanted calls ("crowd sourcing"), MAY initiate a traceback request, and MAY report the calling party identity to government authorities.

Systems receiving 666 responses could decide to treat pre-call and mid-call responses differently, given that the called party has had access to call content for mid-call rejections. In other words, depending on the implementation, the response code does not necessarily automatically block all calls from that caller identity. The same user interface action might also trigger addition of the caller identity to a local, on-device blacklist or graylist, e.g., causing such calls to be flagged or alerted with a different ring tone.

The actions described here do not depend on the nature of the SIP URI, e.g., whether it describes a telephone number or not; however, the same anonymous SIP URI [RFC3323] may be used by multiple callers and thus such URIs are unlikely to be appropriate for URI-specific call treatment. SIP entities tallying responses for particular callers may need to consider canonicalzing SIP URIs, including telephone numbers, as described in [I-D.ietf-stir-rfc4474bis]. The calling party may be identified in different locations in the SIP header, e.g., the From header field, P-Asserted-Identity or History-Info, and may also be affected by diverting services.

This document defines a SIP feature-capability [RFC6809], sip.666, that allows the registrar to indicate that the corresponding proxy supports this particular response code. This allows the UA, for example, to provide a suitable user interface element, such as a "spam" button, only if its service provider actually supports the feature. The presence of the feature capability does not imply that the provider will take any particular action, such as blocking future calls. A UA may still decide to render a "spam" button even without such as a capability if, for example, it maintains a device-local blacklist or reports unwanted calls to a third party.

5. IANA Considerations

5.1. SIP Response Code

This document registers a new SIP response code. This response code is defined by the following information, which is to be added to the "Response Codes" sub-registry under http://www.iana.org/assignments/sip-parameters.

Response Code Number

666

Default Reason Phrase

Unwanted

Reference

[this RFC]

5.2. SIP Global Feature-Capability Indicator

This document defines the feature capability sip.666 in the "SIP Feature-Capability Indicator Registration Tree" registry defined in [RFC6809].

Name

sip.666

Description

This feature-capability indicator when used in a REGISTER response indicates that the server will process the 666 response code. This does not imply any specific action.

Reference

[this RFC]

6. Security Considerations

If the calling party address is spoofed, users may report the caller identity as placing unwanted calls, possibly leading to the blocking of calls from the legitimate user of the caller identity in addition to the unwanted caller, i.e., creating a form of denial-of-service attack. Thus, the response code SHOULD NOT be used for creating global call filters unless the calling party identity has been authenticated using [I-D.ietf-stir-rfc4474bis] as being assigned to the caller placing the unwanted call. (The creation of call filters local to a user agent is beyond the scope of this document.)

Even if the identity is not spoofed, a call or message recipient might flag legitimate caller identities, e.g., to extract vengeance on a person or business, or simply by mistake. To correct errors, any additions to a personal list of blocked caller identities should be observable and reversible by the party being protected by the blacklist. For example, the list may be shown on a web page or the subscriber may be notified by periodic email reminders. Any additions to a global or carrier-wide list of unwanted callers needs to consider that any user-initiated mechanism will suffer from an unavoidable rate of false positives and tailor their algorithms accordingly, e.g., by comparing the fraction of delivered calls for a particular caller that are flagged as unwanted rather than just the absolute number, and considering time-weighted filters that give more credence to recent feedback.

Since caller identities are routinely re-assigned to new subscribers, algorithms are advised to consider whether the caller identity has been re-assigned to a new subscriber and possibly reset any related rating.

For both individually-authenticated and unauthenticated calls, recipients of response code 666 may want to distinguish responses sent before and after the call has been answered, ascertaining whether either response timing suffers from a lower false-positive rate.

7. Acknowledgements

Tolga Asveren, Peter Dawes, Martin Dolly, Keith Drage, Vijay Gurbani, Olle Johansson, Paul Kyzivat, Jean Mahoney, Marianne Mohali, Brian Rosen, Brett Tate, Chris Wendt and Dale Worley provided helpful comments.

8. References

8.1. Normative References

8.2. Informative References

Author's Address