TAPS M. Welzl
Internet-Draft S. Gjessing
Intended status: Informational University of Oslo
Expires: April 25, 2018 October 22, 2017

A Minimal Set of Transport Services for TAPS Systems
draft-ietf-taps-minset-00

Abstract

This draft recommends a minimal set of IETF Transport Services offered by end systems supporting TAPS, and gives guidance on choosing among the available mechanisms and protocols. It is based on the set of transport features given in the TAPS document draft-ietf-taps-transports-usage-08.

Status of This Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

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This Internet-Draft will expire on April 25, 2018.

Copyright Notice

Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction

The task of any system that implements TAPS is to offer transport services to its applications, i.e. the applications running on top of TAPS, without binding them to a particular transport protocol. Currently, the set of transport services that most applications use is based on TCP and UDP; this limits the ability for the network stack to make use of features of other protocols. For example, if a protocol supports out-of-order message delivery but applications always assume that the network provides an ordered bytestream, then the network stack can never utilize out-of-order message delivery: doing so would break a fundamental assumption of the application.

By exposing the transport services of multiple transport protocols, a TAPS system can make it possible to use these services without having to statically bind an application to a specific transport protocol. The first step towards the design of such a system was taken by [RFC8095], which surveys a large number of transports, and [TAPS2] as well as [TAPS2UDP], which identify the specific transport features that are exposed to applications by the protocols TCP, MPTCP, UDP(-Lite) and SCTP as well as the LEDBAT congestion control mechanism. The present draft is based on these documents and follows the same terminology (also listed below).

The number of transport features of current IETF transports is large, and exposing all of them has a number of disadvantages: generally, the more functionality is exposed, the less freedom a TAPS system has to automate usage of the various functions of its available set of transport protocols. Some functions only exist in one particular protocol, and if an application would use them, this would statically tie the application to this protocol, counteracting the purpose of a TAPS system. Also, if the number of exposed features is exceedingly large, a TAPS system might become very hard to use for an application programmer. Taking [TAPS2] as a basis, this document therefore develops a minimal set of transport features, removing the ones that could be harmful to the purpose of a TAPS system but keeping the ones that must be retained for applications to benefit from useful transport functionality.

Applications use a wide variety of APIs today. The transport features in the minimal set in this document must be reflected in *all* network APIs in order for the underlying functionality to become usable everywhere. For example, it does not help an application that talks to a middleware if only the Berkeley Sockets API is extended to offer "unordered message delivery", but the middleware only offers an ordered bytestream. Both the Berkeley Sockets API and the middleware would have to expose the "unordered message delivery" transport feature (alternatively, there may be interesting ways for certain types of middleware to use some transport features without exposing them, based on knowledge about the applications -- but this is not the general case). In most situations, in the interest of being as flexible and efficient as possible, the best choice will be for a middleware or library to expose at least all of the transport features that are recommended as a "minimal set" here.

This "minimal set" can be implemented one-sided with a fall-back to TCP (or UDP, if certain limitations are put in place). This means that a sender-side TAPS system can talk to a non-TAPS TCP (or UDP) receiver, and a receiver-side TAPS system can talk to a non-TAPS TCP (or UDP) sender. For systems that do not have this requirement, [I-D.trammell-taps-post-sockets] describes a way to extend the functionality of the minimal set such that some of its limitations are removed.

2. Terminology

The following terms are used throughout this document, and in subsequent documents produced by TAPS that describe the composition and decomposition of transport services.

Transport Feature:
a specific end-to-end feature that the transport layer provides to an application. Examples include confidentiality, reliable delivery, ordered delivery, message-versus-stream orientation, etc.
Transport Service:
a set of Transport Features, without an association to any given framing protocol, which provides a complete service to an application.
Transport Protocol:
an implementation that provides one or more different transport services using a specific framing and header format on the wire.
Transport Service Instance:
an arrangement of transport protocols with a selected set of features and configuration parameters that implements a single transport service, e.g., a protocol stack (RTP over UDP).
Application:
an entity that uses the transport layer for end-to-end delivery data across the network (this may also be an upper layer protocol or tunnel encapsulation).
Application-specific knowledge:
knowledge that only applications have.
Endpoint:
an entity that communicates with one or more other endpoints using a transport protocol.
Connection:
shared state of two or more endpoints that persists across messages that are transmitted between these endpoints.
Socket:
the combination of a destination IP address and a destination port number.

Moreover, throughout the document, the protocol name "UDP(-Lite)" is used when discussing transport features that are equivalent for UDP and UDP-Lite; similarly, the protocol name "TCP" refers to both TCP and MPTCP.

3. The Minimal Set of Transport Features

Based on the categorization, reduction and discussion in Appendix A, this section describes the minimal set of transport features that is offered by end systems supporting TAPS. This TAPS system is able to fall back to TCP; elements of the system that may prohibit falling back to UDP are marked with "!UDP". To implement a TAPS system that is also able to fall back to UDP, these marked transport features should be excluded.

3.1. Flow Creation

A TAPS flow must be "created" before it is connected, to allow for initial configurations to be carried out. All configuration parameters in Section 3.3 and Section 3.4 can be used initially, although some of them may only take effect when the flow has been connected. Configuring a flow early helps a TAPS system make the right decisions. In particular, the "group number" can influence the TAPS system to implement a TAPS flow as a stream of a multi-streaming protocol's existing association or not. 


- Will it ever be necessary to offer any of the following?
  *  Reliably transfer data
  *  Notify the peer of closing/aborting
  *  Preserve data ordering

  Yes: SCTP or TCP can be used.
  - Is any of the following useful to the application?
    * Choosing a scheduler to operate between flows in a group,
      with the possibility to configure a priority or weight per flow
    * Configurable message reliability
    * Unordered message delivery
    * Request not to delay the acknowledgement (SACK) of a message

    Yes: SCTP is preferred.
    No:
    - Is any of the following useful to the application?
      * Hand over a message to reliably transfer (possibly
        multiple times) before connection establishment
      * Suggest timeout to the peer
      * Notification of Excessive Retransmissions (early
        warning below abortion threshold)
      * Notification of ICMP error message arrival
      
      Yes: TCP is preferred.
      No: SCTP and TCP are equally preferable.
      

  No: all protocols can be used.
  - Is any of the following useful to the application?
    *  Specify checksum coverage used by the sender
    *  Specify minimum checksum coverage required by receiver

    Yes: UDP-Lite is preferred.
    No: UDP is preferred.

For flows that use a new "group number", early configuration is necessary because it allows the TAPS system to know which protocols it should try to use (to steer a mechanism such as "Happy Eyeballs" [I-D.grinnemo-taps-he]). In particular, a TAPS system that only makes a one-time choice for a particular protocol must know early about strict requirements that must be kept, or it can end up in a deadlock situation (e.g., having chosen UDP and later be asked to support reliable transfer). As one possibility to correctly handle these cases, we provide the following decision tree (this is derived from Appendix A.2.1 excluding authentication, as explained in Section 8):

Note that this decision tree is not optimal for all cases. For example, if an application wants to use "Specify checksum coverage used by the sender", which is only offered by UDP-Lite, and "Configure priority or weight for a scheduler", which is only offered by SCTP, the above decision tree will always choose UDP-Lite, making it impossible to use SCTP's schedulers with priorities between flows in a group. The TAPS system must know which choice is more important for the application in order to make the best decision. We caution implementers to be aware of the full set of trade-offs, for which we recommend consulting the list in Appendix A.2.1 when deciding how to initialize a flow.

Once a flow is created, it can be queried for the maximum amount of data that an application can possibly expect to have reliably transmitted before or during connection establishment (with zero being a possible answer). An application can also give the flow a message for reliable transmission before or during connection establishment (!UDP); the TAPS system will then try to transmit it as early as possible. An application can facilitate sending the message particularly early by marking it as "idempotent"; in this case, the receiving application must be prepared to potentially receive multiple copies of the message (because idempotent messages are reliably transferred, asking for idempotence is not necessary for systems that support UDP-fall-back).

3.2. Flow Connection and Termination

To be compatible with multiple transports, including streams of a multi-streaming protocol (used as if they were transports themselves), the semantics of opening and closing need to be the most restrictive subset of all of them. For example, TCP's support of half-closed connections can be seen as a feature on top of the more restrictive "ABORT"; this feature cannot be supported because not all protocols used by a TAPS system (including streams of an association) support half-closed connections.

After creation, a flow can be actively connected to the other side using "Connect", or it can passively listen for incoming connection requests with "Listen". Note that "Connect" may or may not trigger a notification on the listening side. It is possible that the first notification on the listening side is the arrival of the first data that the active side sends (a receiver-side TAPS system could handle this by continuing to block a "Listen" call, immediately followed by issuing "Receive", for example; callback-based implementations may simply skip the equivalent of "Listen"). This also means that the active opening side is assumed to be the first side sending data.

A TAPS system can actively close a connection, i.e. terminate it after reliably delivering all remaining data to the peer, or it can abort it, i.e. terminate it without delivering remaining data. Unless all data transfers only used unreliable frame transmission without congestion control (i.e., UDP-style transfer), closing a connection is guaranteed to cause an event to notify the peer application that the connection has been closed (!UDP). Similarly, for anything but (UDP-style) unreliable non-congestion-controlled data transfer, aborting a connection will cause an event to notify the peer application that the connection has been aborted (!UDP). A timeout can be configured to abort a flow when data could not be delivered for too long (!UDP); however, timeout-based abortion does not notify the peer application that the connection has been aborted. Because half-closed connections are not supported, when a TAPS host receives a notification that the peer is closing or aborting the flow (!UDP), the other side may not be able to read outstanding data. This means that unacknowledged data residing in the TAPS system's send buffer may have to be dropped from that buffer upon arrival of a notification to close or abort the flow from the peer.

3.3. Flow Group Configuration

A flow group can be configured with a number of transport features, and there are some notifications to applications about a flow group. Here we list transport features and notifications from Appendix A.2 that sometimes automatically apply to groups of flows (e.g., when a flow is mapped to a stream of a multi-streaming protocol).

Timeout, error notifications:

Others:

The following transport features are new or changed, based on the discussion in Appendix A.3:

3.4. Flow Configuration

Here we list transport features and notifications from Appendix A.2 that only apply to a single flow.

Configure priority or weight for a scheduler

Checksums:

3.5. Data Transfer

3.5.1. The Sender

This section discusses how to send data after flow establishment. Section 3.2 discusses the possiblity to hand over a message to reliably send before or during establishment.

Here we list per-frame properties that a sender can optionally configure if it hands over a delimited frame for sending with congestion control (!UDP), taken from Appendix A.2:

Additionally, an application can hand over delimited frames for unreliable transmission without congestion control (note that such applications should perform congestion control in accordance with [RFC2914]). Then, none of the per-frame properties listed above have any effect, but it is possible to use the transport feature "Specify DF field" to allow/disallow fragmentation.

Following Appendix A.3.7, there are three transport features (two old, one new) and a notification:

There are two more sender-side notifications. These are unreliable, i.e. a TAPS system cannot be assumed to implement them, but they may occur: Appendix A.3.4 -- SCTP's "SENDER DRY" is a special case where the threshold (for unsent data) is 0 and there is also no more unacknowledged data in the send buffer). Note that this threshold and its notification should operate across the buffers of the whole TAPS system, i.e. also any potential buffers that the TAPS system itself may use on top of the transport's send buffer.

"Notification of draining below a low water mark" is a generic notification that tries to enable uniform access to "TCP_NOTSENT_LOWAT" as well as the "SENDER DRY" notification (as discussed in

3.5.2. The Receiver

A receiving application obtains an Application-Framed Bytestream. Similar to TCP's receiver semantics, it is just a stream of bytes. If frame boundaries were specified by the sender, a receiver-side TAPS system will still not inform the receiving application about them. Within the bytestream, frames themselves will always stay intact (partial frames are not supported - see Appendix A.3.1). Different from TCP's semantics, there is no guarantee that all frames in the bytestream are transmitted from the sender to the receiver, and that all of them are in the same sequence in which they were handed over by the sender. If an application is aware of frame delimiters in the bytestream, and if the sender-side application has informed the TAPS system about these boundaries and about potentially relaxed requirements regarding the sequence of frames or per-frame reliability, frames within the receiver-side bytestream may be out-of-order or missing.

4. An MinSet Abstract Interface

Here we present the minimum set in the form of an abstract interface that a TAPS system could implement. This abstract interface is derived from the description in the previous section. The primitives of this abstract interface can be implemented in various ways. For example, information that is provided to an application can either be offered via a primitive that is polled, or via an asynchronous notification.

We note that this is just a different form to represent the text in the previous section, and not an abstract API that is recommended to be implemented in this form by all TAPS systems. Specifically, TAPS systems implementing this specific abstract interface would have the following properties:

  1. Support one-sided deployment with a fall-back to TCP (or UDP)
  2. Offer all the transport features of (MP)TCP, UDP(-Lite), LEDBAT and SCTP that require application-specific knowledge
  3. Not offer any of the transport features of these protocols and the LEDBAT congestion control mechanism that do not require application-specific knowledge (to give maximum flexibility to a TAPS system)

This reciprocally means that this is probably not the ideal interface to implement for systems that:

  1. Assume that there is a system on both sides -- in this case, richer functionality can be provided (cf. [I-D.trammell-taps-post-sockets]) -- or assume different fall-back protocols than TCP or UDP
  2. Use other protocols than (MP)TCP, UDP(-Lite), SCTP or the LEDBAT congestion control mechanism underneath the TAPS interface
  3. Want to offer transport features that do not require application-specific knowledge

4.1. Specification

CREATE (flow-group-id, reliability, checksum_coverage, config_msg_prio, earlymsg_timeout_notifications)
Returns: flow-id


Create a flow and associate it with an existing or new flow group number. The group number can influence the TAPS system to implement a TAPS flow as a stream of a multi-streaming protocol's existing association or not, and the other parameters serve as input to the decision tree described in Section 3.1. The TAPS systems gives no guarantees about honoring any of the requests at this stage, these parameters are just meant to help it to choose and configure a suitable protocol.

PARAMETERS:

flow-group-id:
the flow's group number; all other parameters are only relevant when this number is not currently in use by an ongoing flow to the same destination (in which case the flow becomes a member of the existing flow's group and inherits the configuration of the group).
reliability:
a boolean that should be set to true when any of the following will be useful to the application: reliably transfer data; notify the peer of closing/aborting; preserve data ordering.
checksum_coverage:
a boolean to specify whether it will be useful to the application to specify checksum coverage when sending or receiving.
config_msg_prio:
a boolean that should be set to true when any of the following per-message configuration or prioritization mechanisms will be useful to the application: choosing a scheduler to operate between flows in a group, with the possibility to configure a priority or weight per flow; configurable message reliability; unordered message delivery; requesting not to delay the acknowledgement (SACK) of a message.
earlymsg_timeout_notifications:
a boolean that should be set to true when any of the following will be useful to the application: hand over a message to reliably transfer (possibly multiple times) before connection establishment; suggest timeout to the peer; notification of excessive retransmissions (early warning below abortion threshold); notification of ICMP error message arrival.

(!UDP) CONFIGURE_TIMEOUT (flow-group-id [timeout] [peer_timeout] [retrans_notify])


This configures timeouts for all flows in a group. Configuration should generally be carried out as early as possible, ideally before flows are connected, to aid the TAPS system's decision taking.

PARAMETERS:

timeout:
a timeout value for aborting connections, in seconds
peer_timeout:
a timeout value to be suggested to the peer (if possible), in seconds
retrans_notify:
the number of retransmissions after which the application should be notifed of "Excessive Retransmissions"

CONFIGURE_CHECKSUM (flow-id [send [send_length]] [receive [receive_length]])


This configures the usage of checksums for a flow in a group. Configuration should generally be carried out as early as possible, ideally before the flow is connected, to aid the TAPS system's decision taking. "send" parameters concern using a checksum when sending, "receive" parameters concern requiring a checksum when receiving. There is no guarantee that any checksum limitations will indeed be enforced; all defaults are: "full coverage, checksum enabled".

PARAMETERS:

send:
boolean, enable / disable usage of a checksum
send_length:
if send is true, this optional parameter can provide the desired coverage of the checksum in bytes
receive:
boolean, enable / disable requiring a checksum
receive_length:
if receive is true, this optional parameter can provide the required minimum coverage of the checksum in bytes

CONFIGURE_URGENCY (flow-group-id [scheduler] [capacity_profile] [low_watermark])


This carries out configuration related to the urgency of sending data on flows of a group. Configuration should generally be carried out as early as possible, ideally before flows are connected, to aid the TAPS system's decision taking.

PARAMETERS:

scheduler:
a number to identify the type of scheduler that should be used to operate between flows in the group (no guarantees given). Future versions of this document will be self contained, but for now we suggest the schedulers defined in [I-D.ietf-tsvwg-sctp-ndata].
capacity_profile:
a number to identify how an application wants to use its available capacity. Future versions of this document will be self contained, but for now choices can be "lowest possible latency at the expense of overhead" (which would disable any Nagle-like algorithm), "scavenger", and some more values that help determine the DSCP value for a flow (e.g. similar to table 1 in [I-D.ietf-tsvwg-rtcweb-qos]).
low_watermark:
a buffer limit (in bytes); when the sender has less then low_watermark bytes in the buffer, the application may be notified. Notifications are not guaranteed, and supporting watermark numbers greater than 0 is not guaranteed.

CONFIGURE_PRIORITY (flow-id priority)


This configures a flow's priority or weight for a scheduler. Configuration should generally be carried out as early as possible, ideally before flows are connected, to aid the TAPS system's decision taking.

PARAMETERS:

priority:
future versions of this document will be self contained, but for now we suggest the priority as described in [I-D.ietf-tsvwg-sctp-ndata].

NOTIFICATIONS
Returns: flow-group-id notification_type


This is fired when an event occurs, notifying the application about something happening in relation to a flow group. Notification types are:

Excessive Retransmissions:
the configured (or a default) number of retransmissions has been reached, yielding this early warning below an abortion threshold.
ICMP Arrival (parameter: ICMP message):
an ICMP packet carrying the conveyed ICMP message has arrived.
ECN Arrival (parameter: ECN value):
a packet carrying the conveyed ECN value has arrived. This can be useful for applications implementing congestion control.
Timeout (parameter: s seconds):
data could not be delivered for s seconds.
Close:
the peer has closed the connection. The peer has no more data to send, and will not read more data. Data that is in transit or resides in the local send buffer will be discarded.
Abort:
the peer has aborted the connection. The peer has no more data to send, and will not read more data. Data that is in transit or resides in the local send buffer will be discarded. Note that there is no guarantee that this notification will be invoked when the peer aborts.
Drain:
the send buffer has either drained below the configured low water mark or it has become completely empty.
Path Change (parameter: path identifier):
the path has changed; the path identifier is a number that can be used to determine a previously used path is used again (e.g., the TAPS system has switched from one interface to the other and back).
Send Failure (parameter: frame identifier):
this informs the application of a failure to send a specific frame. There can be a send failure without this notification happening.

QUERY_PROPERTIES (flow-group-id property_identifier)
Returns: requested property (see below)


This allows to query some properties of a flow group. Return values per property identifier are:

CONNECT (flow-id dst_addr)


Connects a flow. This primitive may or may not trigger a notification (continuing LISTEN) on the listening side. If a send precedes this call, then data may be transmitted with this connect.

PARAMETERS:

dst_addr:
the destination transport address to connect to

LISTEN (flow-id)


Blocking passive connect, listening on all interfaces. This may not be the direct result of the peer calling CONNECT - it may also be invoked upon reception of the first block of data. In this case, RECEIVE_FRAME is invoked immediately after.

SEND_FRAME (flow-id frame [reliability] [ordered] [bundle] [delack] [fragment] [idempotent])


Sends an application frame. No guarantees are given about the preservation of frame boundaries to the peer; if frame boundaries are needed, the receiving application at the peer must know about them beforehand (or the TAPS system cannot fall back to TCP). Note that this call can already be used before a flow is connected. All parameters refer to the frame that is being handed over.

PARAMETERS:

(!UDP) reliability:
this parameter is used to convey a choice of: fully reliable, unreliable without congestion control (which is guaranteed), unreliable, partially reliable (how to configure: TBD, probably using a time value). The latter two choices are not guaranteed and may result in full reliability.
(!UDP) ordered:
this boolean parameter lets an application choose between ordered message delivery (true) and possibly unordered, potentially faster message delivery (false).
bundle:
a boolean that expresses a preference for allowing to bundle frames (true) or not (false). No guarantees are given.
delack:
a boolean that, if false, lets an application request that the peer would not delay the acknowledgement for this frame.
fragment:
a boolean that expresses a preference for allowing to fragment frames (true) or not (false), at the IP level. No guarantees are given.
(!UDP) idempotent:
a boolean that expresses whether a frame is idempotent (true) or not (false). Idempotent frames may arrive multiple times at the receiver (but they will arrive at least once). When data is idempotent it can be used by the receiver immediately on a connection establishment attempt. Thus, if SEND_FRAME is used before connecting, stating that a frame is idempotent facilitates transmitting it to the peer application particularly early.

(!UDP) CLOSE (flow-id)


Closes the flow after all outstanding data is reliably delivered to the peer (if reliable data delivery was requested). In case reliable or partially reliable data delivery was requested earlier, the peer is notified of the CLOSE.

ABORT (flow-id)


Aborts the flow without delivering outstanding data to the peer. In case reliable or partially reliable data delivery was requested earlier (!UDP), the peer is notified of the ABORT.

RECEIVE_FRAME (flow-id buffer)


This receives a block of data. This block may or may not correspond to a sender-side frame, i.e. the receiving application is not informed about frame boundaries (this limitation is only needed for TAPS systems that want to be able to fall back to TCP). However, if the sending application has allowed that frames are not fully reliably transferred, or delivered out of order, then such re-ordering or unreliability may be reflected per frame in the arriving data. Frames will always stay intact - i.e. if an incomplete frame is contained at the end of the arriving data block, this frame is guaranteed to continue in the next arriving data block.

PARAMETERS:

buffer:
the buffer where the received data will be stored.

5. Conclusion

By decoupling applications from transport protocols, a TAPS system provides a different abstraction level than the Berkeley sockets interface. As with high- vs. low-level programming languages, a higher abstraction level allows more freedom for automation below the interface, yet it takes some control away from the application programmer. This is the design trade-off that a TAPS system developer is facing, and this document provides guidance on the design of this abstraction level. Some transport features are currently rarely offered by APIs, yet they must be offered or they can never be used ("functional" transport features). Other transport features are offered by the APIs of the protocols covered here, but not exposing them in a TAPS API would allow for more freedom to automate protocol usage in a TAPS system.

The minimal set presented in this document is an effort to find a middle ground that can be recommended for TAPS systems to implement, on the basis of the transport features discussed in [TAPS2]. This middle ground eliminates a large number of transport features because they do not require application-specific knowledge, but instead rely on knowledge about the network or the Operating System. This leaves us with an unanswered question about how exactly a TAPS system should automate using all of these "automatable" transport features.

In some cases, it may be best to not entirely automate the decision making, but leave it up to a system-wide policy. For example, when multiple paths are available, a system policy could guide the decision on whether to connect via a WiFi or a cellular interface. Such high-level guidance could also be provided by application developers, e.g. via a primitive that lets applications specify such preferences. As long as this kind of information from applications is treated as advisory, it will not lead to a permanent protocol binding and does therefore not limit the flexibility of a TAPS system. Decisions to add such primitives are therefore left open to TAPS system designers.

6. Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the participants of the TAPS Working Group and the NEAT research project for valuable input to this document. We especially thank Michael Tuexen for help with TAPS flow connection establishment/teardown and Gorry Fairhurst for his suggestions regarding fragmentation and packet sizes. This work has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 644334 (NEAT).

7. IANA Considerations

XX RFC ED - PLEASE REMOVE THIS SECTION XXX

This memo includes no request to IANA.

8. Security Considerations

Authentication, confidentiality protection, and integrity protection are identified as transport features by [RFC8095]. As currently deployed in the Internet, these features are generally provided by a protocol or layer on top of the transport protocol; no current full-featured standards-track transport protocol provides all of these transport features on its own. Therefore, these transport features are not considered in this document, with the exception of native authentication capabilities of TCP and SCTP for which the security considerations in [RFC5925] and [RFC4895] apply.

9. References

9.1. Normative References

[RFC8095] Fairhurst, G., Trammell, B. and M. Kuehlewind, "Services Provided by IETF Transport Protocols and Congestion Control Mechanisms", RFC 8095, DOI 10.17487/RFC8095, March 2017.
[TAPS2] Welzl, M., Tuexen, M. and N. Khademi, "On the Usage of Transport Features Provided by IETF Transport Protocols", Internet-draft draft-ietf-taps-transports-usage-08, August 2017.
[TAPS2UDP] Fairhurst, G. and T. Jones, "Features of the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and Lightweight UDP (UDP-Lite) Transport Protocols", Internet-draft draft-ietf-taps-transports-usage-udp-07, September 2017.

9.2. Informative References

[COBS] Cheshire, S. and M. Baker, "Consistent Overhead Byte Stuffing", September 1997.
[I-D.grinnemo-taps-he] Grinnemo, K., Brunstrom, A., Hurtig, P., Khademi, N. and Z. Bozakov, "Happy Eyeballs for Transport Selection", Internet-Draft draft-grinnemo-taps-he-03, July 2017.
[I-D.ietf-tsvwg-rtcweb-qos] Jones, P., Dhesikan, S., Jennings, C. and D. Druta, "DSCP Packet Markings for WebRTC QoS", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-tsvwg-rtcweb-qos-18, August 2016.
[I-D.ietf-tsvwg-sctp-ndata] Stewart, R., Tuexen, M., Loreto, S. and R. Seggelmann, "Stream Schedulers and User Message Interleaving for the Stream Control Transmission Protocol", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-tsvwg-sctp-ndata-13, September 2017.
[I-D.pauly-taps-transport-security] Pauly, T. and C. Wood, "A Survey of Transport Security Protocols", Internet-Draft draft-pauly-taps-transport-security-00, July 2017.
[I-D.trammell-taps-post-sockets] Trammell, B., Perkins, C., Pauly, T., Kuehlewind, M. and C. Wood, "Post Sockets, An Abstract Programming Interface for the Transport Layer", Internet-Draft draft-trammell-taps-post-sockets-01, September 2017.
[LBE-draft] Bless, R., "A Lower Effort Per-Hop Behavior (LE PHB)", Internet-draft draft-tsvwg-le-phb-02, June 2017.
[RFC2914] Floyd, S., "Congestion Control Principles", BCP 41, RFC 2914, DOI 10.17487/RFC2914, September 2000.
[RFC4895] Tuexen, M., Stewart, R., Lei, P. and E. Rescorla, "Authenticated Chunks for the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)", RFC 4895, DOI 10.17487/RFC4895, August 2007.
[RFC4987] Eddy, W., "TCP SYN Flooding Attacks and Common Mitigations", RFC 4987, DOI 10.17487/RFC4987, August 2007.
[RFC5925] Touch, J., Mankin, A. and R. Bonica, "The TCP Authentication Option", RFC 5925, DOI 10.17487/RFC5925, June 2010.
[RFC6458] Stewart, R., Tuexen, M., Poon, K., Lei, P. and V. Yasevich, "Sockets API Extensions for the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)", RFC 6458, DOI 10.17487/RFC6458, December 2011.
[RFC6525] Stewart, R., Tuexen, M. and P. Lei, "Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Stream Reconfiguration", RFC 6525, DOI 10.17487/RFC6525, February 2012.
[RFC7413] Cheng, Y., Chu, J., Radhakrishnan, S. and A. Jain, "TCP Fast Open", RFC 7413, DOI 10.17487/RFC7413, December 2014.
[WWDC2015] Lakhera, P. and S. Cheshire, "Your App and Next Generation Networks", Apple Worldwide Developers Conference 2015, San Francisco, USA, June 2015.

Appendix A. Deriving the minimal set

We approach the construction of a minimal set of transport features in the following way: Section 3.

  1. Categorization: the superset of transport features from [TAPS2] is presented, and transport features are categorized for later reduction.
  2. Reduction: a shorter list of transport features is derived from the categorization in the first step. This removes all transport features that do not require application-specific knowledge or cannot be implemented with TCP. !!!TODO discuss UDP
  3. Discussion: the resulting list shows a number of peculiarities that are discussed, to provide a basis for constructing the minimal set.
  4. Construction: Based on the reduced set and the discussion of the transport features therein, a minimal set is constructed.

The first three steps as well as the underlying rationale for constructing the minimal set are described in this appendix. The minimal set itself is described in

A.1. Step 1: Categorization -- The Superset of Transport Features

Following [TAPS2], we divide the transport features into two main groups as follows:

  1. CONNECTION related transport features
    - ESTABLISHMENT
    - AVAILABILITY
    - MAINTENANCE
    - TERMINATION
  2. DATA Transfer Related transport features
    - Sending Data
    - Receiving Data
    - Errors

We assume that TAPS applications have no specific requirements that need knowledge about the network, e.g. regarding the choice of network interface or the end-to-end path. Even with these assumptions, there are certain requirements that are strictly kept by transport protocols today, and these must also be kept by a TAPS system. Some of these requirements relate to transport features that we call "Functional".

Functional transport features provide functionality that cannot be used without the application knowing about them, or else they violate assumptions that might cause the application to fail. For example, ordered message delivery is a functional transport feature: it cannot be configured without the application knowing about it because the application's assumption could be that messages always arrive in order. Failure includes any change of the application behavior that is not performance oriented, e.g. security.

"Change DSCP" and "Disable Nagle algorithm" are examples of transport features that we call "Optimizing": if a TAPS system autonomously decides to enable or disable them, an application will not fail, but a TAPS system may be able to communicate more efficiently if the application is in control of this optimizing transport feature. These transport features require application-specific knowledge (e.g., about delay/bandwidth requirements or the length of future data blocks that are to be transmitted).

The transport features of IETF transport protocols that do not require application-specific knowledge and could therefore be transparently utilized by a TAPS system are called "Automatable".

Finally, some transport features are aggregated and/or slightly changed in the description below. These transport features are marked as "ADDED". The corresponding transport features are automatable, and they are listed immediately below the "ADDED" transport feature.

In this description, transport services are presented following the nomenclature "CATEGORY.[SUBCATEGORY].SERVICENAME.PROTOCOL", equivalent to "pass 2" in [TAPS2]. We also sketch how some of the TAPS transport features can be implemented by a TAPS system. For all transport features that are categorized as "functional" or "optimizing", and for which no matching TCP and/or UDP primitive exists in "pass 2" of [TAPS2], a brief discussion on how to fall back to TCP and/or UDP is included.

We designate some transport features as "automatable" on the basis of a broader decision that affects multiple transport features:

A.1.1. CONNECTION Related Transport Features

ESTABLISHMENT:

AVAILABILITY:

MAINTENANCE:

TERMINATION:

A.1.2. DATA Transfer Related Transport Features

A.1.2.1. Sending Data

A.1.2.2. Receiving Data

A.1.2.3. Errors

This section describes sending failures that are associated with a specific call to in the "Sending Data" category (Appendix A.1.2.1).

A.2. Step 2: Reduction -- The Reduced Set of Transport Features

By hiding automatable transport features from the application, a TAPS system can gain opportunities to automate the usage of network-related functionality. This can facilitate using the TAPS system for the application programmer and it allows for optimizations that may not be possible for an application. For instance, system-wide configurations regarding the usage of multiple interfaces can better be exploited if the choice of the interface is not entirely up to the application. Therefore, since they are not strictly necessary to expose in a TAPS system, we do not include automatable transport features in the reduced set of transport features. This leaves us with only the transport features that are either optimizing or functional.

A TAPS system should be able to fall back to TCP or UDP if alternative transport protocols are found not to work. For many transport features, this is possible -- often by simply not doing anything. For some transport features, however, it was identified that neither a fall-back to TCP nor a fall-back to UDP is possible: in these cases, even not doing anything would incur semantically incorrect behavior. Whenever an application would make use of one of these transport features, this would eliminate the possibility to use TCP or UDP. Thus, we only keep the functional and optimizing transport features for which a fall-back to either TCP or UDP is possible in our reduced set.

In the following list, we precede a transport feature with "T:" if a fall-back to TCP is possible, "U:" if a fall-back to UDP is possible, and "TU:" if a fall-back to either TCP or UDP is possible.

A.2.1. CONNECTION Related Transport Features

ESTABLISHMENT:

AVAILABILITY:

MAINTENANCE:

TERMINATION:

A.2.2. DATA Transfer Related Transport Features

A.2.2.1. Sending Data

A.2.2.2. Receiving Data

A.2.2.3. Errors

This section describes sending failures that are associated with a specific call to in the "Sending Data" category (Appendix A.1.2.1).

A.3. Step 3: Discussion

The reduced set in the previous section exhibits a number of peculiarities, which we will discuss in the following. This section focuses on TCP because, with the exception of one particular transport feature ("Receive a message" -- we will discuss this in Appendix A.3.1), the list shows that UDP is strictly a subset of TCP. We can first try to understand how to build a TAPS system that is able to fall back to TCP, and then narrow down the result further to allow that the system can always fall back to either TCP or UDP (which effectively means removing everything related to reliability, ordering, authentication and closing/aborting with a notification to the peer).

Note that, because the functional transport features of UDP are -- with the exception of "Receive a message" -- a subset of TCP, TCP can be used as a fall-back for UDP whenever an application does not need message delimiting (e.g., because the application-layer protocol already does it). This has been recognized by many applications that already do this in practice, by trying to communicate with UDP at first, and falling back to TCP in case of a connection failure.

A.3.1. Sending Messages, Receiving Bytes

When considering to fall back to TCP, there are several transport features related to sending, but only a single transport feature related to receiving: "Receive data (with no message delimiting)" (and, strangely, "information about partial message arrival"). Notably, the transport feature "Receive a message" is also the only non-automatable transport feature of UDP(-Lite) for which no fall-back to TCP is possible.

To support these TCP receiver semantics, we define an "Application-Framed Bytestream" (AFra-Bytestream). AFra-Bytestreams allow senders to operate on messages while minimizing changes to the TCP socket API. In particular, nothing changes on the receiver side - data can be accepted via a normal TCP socket.

In an AFra-Bytestream, the sending application can optionally inform the transport about frame boundaries and required properties per frame (configurable order and reliability, or embedding a request not to delay the acknowledgement of a frame). Whenever the sending application specifies per-frame properties that relax the notion of reliable in-order delivery of bytes, it must assume that the receiving application is 1) able to determine frame boundaries, provided that frames are always kept intact, and 2) able to accept these relaxed per-frame properties. Any signaling of such information to the peer is up to an application-layer protocol and considered out of scope of this document.

For example, if an application requests to transfer fixed-size messages of 100 bytes with partial reliability, this needs the receiving application to be prepared to accept data in chunks of 100 bytes. If, then, some of these 100-byte messages are missing (e.g., if SCTP with Configurable Reliability is used), this is the expected application behavior. With TCP, no messages would be missing, but this is also correct for the application, and the possible retransmission delay is acceptable within the best effort service model. Still, the receiving application would separate the byte stream into 100-byte chunks.

Note that this usage of messages does not require all messages to be equal in size. Many application protocols use some form of Type-Length-Value (TLV) encoding, e.g. by defining a header including length fields; another alternative is the use of byte stuffing methods such as COBS [COBS]. If an application needs message numbers, e.g. to restore the correct sequence of messages, these must also be encoded by the application itself, as the sequence number related transport features of SCTP are no longer provided (in the interest of enabling a fall-back to TCP).

For the implementation of a TAPS system, this has the following consequences:

A.3.2. Stream Schedulers Without Streams

We have already stated that multi-streaming does not require application-specific knowledge. Potential benefits or disadvantages of, e.g., using two streams over an SCTP association versus using two separate SCTP associations or TCP connections are related to knowledge about the network and the particular transport protocol in use, not the application. However, the transport features "Choose a scheduler to operate between streams of an association" and "Configure priority or weight for a scheduler" operate on streams. Here, streams identify communication channels between which a scheduler operates, and they can be assigned a priority. Moreover, the transport features in the MAINTENANCE category all operate on assocations in case of SCTP, i.e. they apply to all streams in that assocation.

With only these semantics necessary to represent, the interface to a TAPS system becomes easier if we rename connections into "TAPS flows" (the TAPS equivalent of a connection which may be a transport connection or association, but could also become a stream of an existing SCTP association, for example) and allow assigning a "Group Number" to a TAPS flow. Then, all MAINTENANCE transport features can be said to operate on flow groups, not connections, and a scheduler also operates on the flows within a group.

For the implementation of a TAPS system, this has the following consequences:

A.3.3. Early Data Transmission

There are two transport features related to transferring a message early: "Hand over a message to reliably transfer (possibly multiple times) before connection establishment", which relates to TCP Fast Open [RFC7413], and "Hand over a message to reliably transfer during connection establishment", which relates to SCTP's ability to transfer data together with the COOKIE-Echo chunk. Also without TCP Fast Open, TCP can transfer data during the handshake, together with the SYN packet -- however, the receiver of this data may not hand it over to the application until the handshake has completed. Also, different from TCP Fast Open, this data is not delimited as a message by TCP (thus, not visible as a ``message''). This functionality is commonly available in TCP and supported in several implementations, even though the TCP specification does not explain how to provide it to applications.

A TAPS system could differentiate between the cases of transmitting data "before" (possibly multiple times) or during the handshake. Alternatively, it could also assume that data that are handed over early will be transmitted as early as possible, and "before" the handshake would only be used for data that are explicitly marked as "idempotent" (i.e., it would be acceptable to transfer it multiple times).

The amount of data that can successfully be transmitted before or during the handshake depends on various factors: the transport protocol, the use of header options, the choice of IPv4 and IPv6 and the Path MTU. A TAPS system should therefore allow a sending application to query the maximum amount of data it can possibly transmit before (or, if exposed, during) connection establishment.

A.3.4. Sender Running Dry

The transport feature "Notification that the stack has no more user data to send" relates to SCTP's "SENDER DRY" notification. Such notifications can, in principle, be used to avoid having an unnecessarily large send buffer, yet ensure that the transport sender always has data available when it has an opportunity to transmit it. This has been found to be very beneficial for some applications [WWDC2015]. However, "SENDER DRY" truly means that the entire send buffer (including both unsent and unacknowledged data) has emptied -- i.e., when it notifies the sender, it is already too late, the transport protocol already missed an opportunity to send data. Some modern TCP implementations now include the unspecified "TCP_NOTSENT_LOWAT" socket option proposed in [WWDC2015], which limits the amount of unsent data that TCP can keep in the socket buffer; this allows to specify at which buffer filling level the socket becomes writable, rather than waiting for the buffer to run empty.

SCTP allows to configure the sender-side buffer too: the automatable Transport Feature "Configure send buffer size" provides this functionality, but only for the complete buffer, which includes both unsent and unacknowledged data. SCTP does not allow to control these two sizes separately. A TAPS system should allow for uniform access to "TCP_NOTSENT_LOWAT" as well as the "SENDER DRY" notification.

A.3.5. Capacity Profile

The transport features:

all relate to a QoS-like application need such as "low latency" or "scavenger". In the interest of flexibility of a TAPS system, they could therefore be offered in a uniform, more abstract way, where a TAPS system could e.g. decide by itself how to use combinations of LEDBAT-like congestion control and certain DSCP values, and an application would only specify a general "capacity profile" (a description of how it wants to use the available capacity). A need for "lowest possible latency at the expense of overhead" could then translate into automatically disabling the Nagle algorithm.

In some cases, the Nagle algorithm is best controlled directly by the application because it is not only related to a general profile but also to knowledge about the size of future messages. For fine-grain control over Nagle-like functionality, the "Request not to bundle messages" is available.

A.3.6. Security

Both TCP and SCTP offer authentication. TCP authenticates complete segments. SCTP allows to configure which of SCTP's chunk types must always be authenticated -- if this is exposed as such, it creates an undesirable dependency on the transport protocol. For compatibility with TCP, a TAPS system should only allow to configure complete transport layer packets, including headers, IP pseudo-header (if any) and payload.

Security is discussed in a separate TAPS document [I-D.pauly-taps-transport-security]. The minimal set presented in the present document therefore excludes all security related transport features: "Configure authentication", "Change authentication parameters", "Obtain authentication information" and and "Set Cookie life value" as well as "Specifying a key id to be used to authenticate a message".

A.3.7. Packet Size

UDP(-Lite) has a transport feature called "Specify DF field". This yields an error message in case of sending a message that exceeds the Path MTU, which is necessary for a UDP-based application to be able to implement Path MTU Discovery (a function that UDP-based applications must do by themselves). The "Get max. transport-message size that may be sent using a non-fragmented IP packet from the configured interface" transport feature yields an upper limit for the Path MTU (minus headers) and can therefore help to implement Path MTU Discovery more efficiently.

This also relates to the fact that the choice of path is automatable: if a TAPS system can switch a path at any time, unknown to an application, yet the application intends to do Path MTU Discovery, this could yield a very inefficient behavior. Thus, a TAPS system should probably avoid automatically switching paths, and inform the application about any unavoidable path changes, when applications request to disallow fragmentation with the "Specify DF field" feature.

Appendix B. Revision information

XXX RFC-Ed please remove this section prior to publication.

-02: implementation suggestions added, discussion section added, terminology extended, DELETED category removed, various other fixes; list of Transport Features adjusted to -01 version of [TAPS2] except that MPTCP is not included.

-03: updated to be consistent with -02 version of [TAPS2].

-04: updated to be consistent with -03 version of [TAPS2]. Reorganized document, rewrote intro and conclusion, and made a first stab at creating a real "minimal set".

-05: updated to be consistent with -05 version of [TAPS2] (minor changes). Fixed a mistake regarding Cookie Life value. Exclusion of security related transport features (to be covered in a separate document). Reorganized the document (now begins with the minset, derivation is in the appendix). First stab at an abstract API for the minset.

draft-ietf-taps-minset-00: updated to be consistent with -08 version of [TAPS2] ("obtain message delivery number" was removed, as this has also been removed in [TAPS2] because it was a mistake in RFC4960. This led to the removal of two more transport features that were only designated as functional because they affected "obtain message delivery number"). Fall-back to UDP incorporated (this was requested at IETF-99); this also affected the transport feature "Choice between unordered (potentially faster) or ordered delivery of messages" because this is a boolean which is always true for one fall-back protocol, and always false for the other one. This was therefore now divided into two features, one for ordered, one for unordered delivery. The word "reliably" was added to the transport features "Hand over a message to reliably transfer (possibly multiple times) before connection establishment" and "Hand over a message to reliably transfer during connection establishment" to make it clearer why this is not supported by UDP. Clarified that the "minset abstract interface" is not proposing a specific API for all TAPS systems to implement, but it is just a way to describe the minimum set. Author order changed.

Authors' Addresses

Michael Welzl University of Oslo PO Box 1080 Blindern Oslo, N-0316 Norway Phone: +47 22 85 24 20 EMail: michawe@ifi.uio.no
Stein Gjessing University of Oslo PO Box 1080 Blindern Oslo, N-0316 Norway Phone: +47 22 85 24 44 EMail: steing@ifi.uio.no