| Network Working Group | P. Saint-Andre |
| Internet-Draft | &yet |
| Intended status: Standards Track | M. Miller |
| Expires: April 26, 2015 | Cisco Systems, Inc. |
| October 23, 2014 |
Domain Name Associations (DNA) in the Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP)
draft-ietf-xmpp-dna-08
This document improves the security of the Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) in two ways. First, it specifies how to establish a strong association between a domain name and an XML stream, using the concept of "prooftypes". Second, it describes how to securely delegate a service domain name (e.g., example.com) to a target server host name (e.g., hosting.example.net), which is especially important in multi-tenanted environments where the same target server hosts a large number of service associated with different domains.
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In systems that use the Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) [RFC6120], it is important to establish a strong association between the DNS domain name of an XMPP service (e.g., example.com) and the XML stream that a client or peer server initiates with that service. In other words, the client or peer server needs to verify the identity of the server to which it connects.
To date, such verification has been established based on information obtained from the Domain Name System (DNS), the Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), or similar sources. In relation to such associations, this document does the following:
This document also provides guidelines for secure delegation of a service domain name (e.g., example.com) to a target server host name (e.g., hosting.example.net). The need for secure delegation arises because the process for resolving the domain name of an XMPP service into the IP address at which an XML stream will be negotiated (see [RFC6120]) can involve delegation of a service domain name to a target server host name using technologies such as DNS SRV records [RFC2782]. A more detailed description of the delegation problem can be found in [I-D.ietf-xmpp-posh]. If such delegation is not done in a secure manner, then the domain name association cannot be verified.
This document inherits XMPP terminology from [RFC6120] and [XEP-0220], DNS terminology from [RFC1034], [RFC1035], [RFC2782] and [RFC4033], and security terminology from [RFC4949] and [RFC5280]. The terms "reference identity", and "presented identity" are used as defined in the "CertID" specification [RFC6125]. For the sake of consistency with [I-D.ietf-dane-srv], this document uses the terms "service domain name" and "target server host name" to refer to the same entities identified by the terms "source domain" and "derived domain" from [RFC6125].
The client-to-server case is much simpler than the server-to-server case because the client does not assert a domain name, the only domain name that needs to be verified is that of the server, etc. Therefore we describe this case first to help the reader understand domain name associations in XMPP.
The following flow chart illustrates the protocol flow for establishing a domain name association for an XML stream from a client to a server using the standard PKIX prooftype specified in [RFC6120].
|
DNS RESOLUTION ETC.
|
+-----------------STREAM HEADERS---------------------+
| |
| A: <stream from='user@a.example' to='a.example'> |
| |
| B: <stream from='a.example' to='user@a.example'> |
| |
+----------------------------------------------------+
|
+-----------------TLS NEGOTIATION--------------------+
| |
| B: Server Certificate |
| |
+----------------------------------------------------+
|
(client establishes DNA for a.example)
|
The simplified order of events (see [RFC6120] for details) in establishing an XML stream from a client (user@a.exmaple) to a server (a.example) is as follows:
The server-to-server case is significantly more complex than the client-to-server case, and involves checking of domain name associations in both directions along with other "wrinkles" described in the following sections.
The following flow chart illustrates the protocol flow for establishing domain name associations between Server 1 and Server 2, as described in the remaining sections of this document.
|
(Section 4.2: A Simple Scenario)
|
DNS RESOLUTION ETC.
|
+-------------STREAM HEADERS--------------------+
| |
| A: <stream from='a.example' to='b.example'> |
| |
| B: <stream from='b.example' to='a.example'> |
| |
+-----------------------------------------------+
|
+-------------TLS NEGOTIATION-------------------+
| |
| B: Server Certificate |
| [B: Certificate Request] |
| [A: Client Certificate] |
| |
+-----------------------------------------------+
|
(A establishes DNA for b.example)
|
+-------------AUTHENTICATION--------------------+
| | |
| {client certificate?} ----+ |
| | | |
| | yes no | |
| v | |
| SASL EXTERNAL | |
| (mutual auth!) | |
+------------------------------------|----------+
|
+----------------+
| B needs to auth A
|
|
(Section 4.3: One-Way Authentication)
|
DNS RESOLUTION ETC.
|
+-------------STREAM HEADERS--------------------+
| |
| B: <stream from='b.example' to='a.example'> |
| |
| A: <stream from='a.example' to='b.example'> |
| |
+-----------------------------------------------+
|
+-------------TLS NEGOTIATION-------------------+
| |
| A: Server Certificate |
| |
+-----------------------------------------------+
|
(B establishes DNA for a.example)
|
|
(Section 4.4.1: Piggybacking Assertion)
|
+----------DIALBACK IDENTITY ASSERTION----------+
| |
| B: <db:result from='c.example' |
| to='a.example'/> |
| |
+-----------------------------------------------+
|
+-----------DNA DANCE AS ABOVE------------------+
| |
| DNS RESOLUTION, STREAM HEADERS, |
| TLS NEGOTIATION, AUTHENTICATION |
| |
+-----------------------------------------------+
|
+----------DIALBACK IDENTITY VERIFICATION-------+
| |
| A: <db:result from='a.example' |
| to='c.example' |
| type='valid'/> |
| |
+-----------------------------------------------+
|
|
(Section 4.4.2: Piggybacking Supposition)
|
+-----------SUBSEQUENT CONNECTION---------------+
| |
| B: <stream from='c.example' |
| to='rooms.a.example'> |
| |
| A: <stream from='rooms.a.example' |
| to='c.example'> |
| |
+-----------------------------------------------+
|
+-----------DNA DANCE AS ABOVE------------------+
| |
| DNS RESOLUTION, STREAM HEADERS, |
| TLS NEGOTIATION, AUTHENTICATION |
| |
+-----------------------------------------------+
|
+-----------DIALBACK OPTIMIZATION---------------+
| |
| B: <db:result from='c.example' |
| to='rooms.a.example'/> |
| |
| B: <db:result from='rooms.a.example' |
| to='c.example' |
| type='valid'/> |
| |
+-----------------------------------------------+
|
To illustrate the problem, consider the simplified order of events (see [RFC6120] for details) in establishing an XML stream between Server 1 (a.example) and Server 2 (b.example):
Several simplifying assumptions underlie the happy scenario just outlined:
Let's consider each of these "wrinkles" in turn.
If Server 1 does not present its PKIX certificate during TLS negotiation (perhaps because it wishes to verify the identity of Server 2 before presenting its own credentials), Server 2 is unable to mutually authenticate Server 1. Therefore, Server 2 needs to negotiate and authenticate a stream to Server 1, just as Server 1 has done:
At this point the servers are using two TCP connections instead of one, which is somewhat wasteful. However, there are ways to tie the authentication achieved on the second TCP connection to the first TCP connection; see [XEP-0288] for further discussion.
Consider the common scenario in which Server 2 hosts not only b.example but also a second domain c.example (a "multi-tenanted" environment). If a user of Server 2 associated with c.example wishes to communicate with a friend at a.example, Server 2 needs to send XMPP stanzas from the domain c.example rather than b.example. Although Server 2 could open an new TCP connection and negotiate new XML streams for the domain pair of c.example and a.example, that too is wasteful. Server 2 already has a connection to a.example, so how can it assert that it would like to add a new domain pair to the existing connection?
The traditional method for doing so is the Server Dialback protocol, first specified in [RFC3920] and since moved to [XEP-0220]. Here, Server 2 can send a <db:result/> element for the new domain pair over the existing stream.
<db:result from='c.example' to='a.example'>
some-dialback-key
</db:result>
This element functions as Server 2's assertion that it is (also) c.example, and thus is functionally equivalent to the 'from' address of an initial stream header as previously described.
In response to this assertion, Server 1 needs to obtain some kind of proof that Server 2 really is also c.example. It can do the same thing that it did before:
Now that Server 1 accepts the domain name association, it informs Server 2 of that fact:
<db:result from='a.example' to='c.example' type='valid'/>
The parties can then terminate the second connection, since it was used only for Server 1 to associate a stream over the same IP:port combination with the domain name c.example (the dialback key links the original stream to the new association).
Piggybacking can also occur in the other direction. Consider the common scenario in which Server 1 provides XMPP services not only for a.example but also for a subdomain such as a groupchat service at rooms.a.example (see [XEP-0045]). If a user from c.example at Server 2 wishes to join a room on the groupchat sevice, Server 2 needs to send XMPP stanzas from the domain c.example to the domain rooms.a.example rather than a.example. Therefore, Server 2 needs to negotiate and authenticate a stream to rooms.a.example:
As before, the parties now have two TCP connections open. So that they can close the now-redundant connection, Server 2 sends a dialback key to Server 1 over the new connection.
<db:result from='c.example' to='rooms.a.example'>
some-dialback-key
</db:result>
Server 1 then informs Server 2 that it accepts the domain name association:
<db:result from='rooms.a.example' to='c.example' type='valid'/>
Server 2 can now close the connection over which it tested the domain name association for rooms.a.example.
The foregoing protocol flows assumed that domain name associations were proved using the standard PKI prooftype specified in [RFC6120]: that is, the server's proof consists of a PKIX certificate that is checked according to the XMPP profile [RFC6120] of the matching rules from [RFC6125], the client's verification material is obtained out of band in the form of a trusted root, and secure DNS is not necessary.
However, sometimes XMPP server administrators are unable or unwilling to obtain valid PKIX certificates for their servers. As one example, in order to issue a PKIX certificate a certification authority (CA) might try to send email messages to authoritative mailbox names [RFC2142], but the administrator of a subsidiary service such as im.cs.podunk.example cannot receive email sent to mailto:hostmaster@podunk.example. As another example, a hosting provider such as hosting.example.net might not want to take on the liability of holding the certificate and private key for a tenant such as example.com (or the tenant might not want the hosting provider to hold its certificate and private key). In these circumstances, prooftypes other than PKIX are desirable. As described below, two alternatives have been defined so far: DNS-Based Authentication of Named Entities (DANE) and PKIX Over Secure HTTP (POSH).
In the DANE prooftype, the server's proof consists of either a service certificate or domain-issued certificate (TLSA usage PKIX-EE or DANE-EE, see [RFC6698] and [RFC7218]) that is compared as an exact match or a hash of either the SubjectPublicKeyInfo or the full certificate, and the client's verification material is obtained via secure DNS.
The DANE prooftype makes use of the DNS-Based Authentication of Named Entities [RFC6698], specifically the use of DANE with DNS SRV records [I-D.ietf-dane-srv]. For XMPP purposes, the following rules apply:
In the POSH prooftype, the server's proof consists of a PKIX certificate that is checked according to the rules from [RFC6120] and [RFC6125], the client's verification material is obtained by retrieving the PKIX certificate over HTTPS at a well-known URI [RFC5785], and secure DNS is not necessary since the HTTPS retrieval mechanism relies on the chain of trust from the public key infrastructure.
POSH is defined in [I-D.ietf-xmpp-posh]. For XMPP purposes, the following rules apply:
The well-known URIs [RFC5785] to be used for POSH are:
One common method for deploying XMPP services is multi-tenancy: e.g., the XMPP service for example.com is actually hosted at hosting.example.net. Such an arrangement is relatively convenient in XMPP given the use of DNS SRV records [RFC2782], such as the following delegation from example.com to hosting.example.net:
_xmpp-server._tcp.example.com. 0 IN SRV 0 0 5269 hosting.example.net
Secure connections with multi-tenancy can work using the PKIX prooftype on a small scale if the provider itself wishes to host several domains (e.g., several related domains such as jabber-de.example and jabber-ch.example). However, in practice the security of multi-tenancy has been found to be unwieldy when the provider hosts large numbers of XMPP services on behalf of multiple tenants (see [I-D.ietf-xmpp-posh] for a detailed description). Typically there are two main reasons for this state of affairs: the service provider (say, hosting.example.net) wishes to limit its liability and therefore does not wish to hold the certificate and private key for the tenant (say, example.com) and the tenant wishes to improve the security of the service and therefore does not wish to share its certificate and private key with service provider. As a result, server-to-server communications to example.com go unencrypted or the communications are TLS-encrypted but the certificates are not checked (which is functionally equivalent to a connection using an anonymous key exchange). This is also true of client-to-server communications, forcing end users to override certificate warnings or configure their clients to accept certificates for hosting.example.net instead of example.com. The fundamental problem here is that if DNSSEC is not used then the act of delegation via DNS SRV records is inherently insecure.
The specification for use of SRV records with DANE [I-D.ietf-dane-srv] explains how to use DNSSEC for secure delegation with the DANE prooftype, and the POSH specification [I-D.ietf-xmpp-posh] explains how to use HTTPS redirects for secure delegation with the POSH prooftype.
In general, a domain name association (DNA) prooftype conforms to the following definition:
The PKIX, DANE, and POSH prooftypes adhere to this model. (Some prooftypes depend on, or are enhanced by, secure DNS and thus also need to describe how they ensure secure delegation.)
Other prooftypes are possible; examples might include TLS with PGP keys [RFC6091], a token mechanism such as Kerberos [RFC4120] or OAuth [RFC6749], and Server Dialback keys [XEP-0220].
Although the PKIX prooftype reuses the syntax of the XMPP Server Dialback protocol [XEP-0220] for signalling between servers, this framework document does not define how the generation and validation of Server Dialback keys (also specified in [XEP-0220]) is a DNA prooftype. However, nothing in this document prevents the continued use of server dialback, and a future specification (or an updated version of [XEP-0220]) might define a DNA prooftype for dialback in a way that is consistent with this framework. However, nothing in this document prevents the continued use of Server Dialback on the XMPP network.
The POSH specification [I-D.ietf-xmpp-posh] provides guidelines for registering the well-known URIs [RFC5785] of protocols that make use of POSH. This specification registers two such URIs, for which the completed registration templates follow.
This specification registers the well-known URI "posh._xmpp-client._tcp.json" in the Well-Known URI Registry as defined by [RFC5785].
URI suffix: posh._xmpp-client._tcp.json
Change controller: IETF
Specification document(s): [[ this document ]]
This specification registers the well-known URI "posh._xmpp-server._tcp.json" in the Well-Known URI Registry as defined by [RFC5785].
URI suffix: posh._xmpp-server._tcp.json
Change controller: IETF
Specification document(s): [[ this document ]]
This document supplements but does not supersede the security considerations of [RFC6120] and [RFC6125]. Relevant security considerations can also be found in [I-D.ietf-dane-srv] and [I-D.ietf-xmpp-posh].
| [RFC2142] | Crocker, D., "MAILBOX NAMES FOR COMMON SERVICES, ROLES AND FUNCTIONS", RFC 2142, May 1997. |
| [RFC3920] | Saint-Andre, P., "Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP): Core", RFC 3920, October 2004. |
| [RFC4120] | Neuman, C., Yu, T., Hartman, S. and K. Raeburn, "The Kerberos Network Authentication Service (V5)", RFC 4120, July 2005. |
| [RFC6091] | Mavrogiannopoulos, N. and D. Gillmor, "Using OpenPGP Keys for Transport Layer Security (TLS) Authentication", RFC 6091, February 2011. |
| [RFC6749] | Hardt, D., "The OAuth 2.0 Authorization Framework", RFC 6749, October 2012. |
| [XEP-0045] | Saint-Andre, P., "Multi-User Chat", XSF XEP 0045, February 2012. |
| [XEP-0288] | Hancke, P. and D. Cridland, "Bidirectional Server-to-Server Connections", XSF XEP 0288, September 2013. |
Thanks to Philipp Hancke for his feedback.