Health Check Response Format for HTTP APIs
draft-inadarei-api-health-check-02

Abstract

This document proposes a service health check response format for HTTP APIs.

Note to Readers

RFC EDITOR: please remove this section before publication

The issues list for this draft can be found at https://github.com/inadarei/rfc-healthcheck/issues.

The most recent draft is at https://inadarei.github.io/rfc-healthcheck/.

Recent changes are listed at https://github.com/inadarei/rfc-healthcheck/commits/master.

See also the draft’s current status in the IETF datatracker, at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-inadarei-api-health-check/.

Status of This Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

This Internet-Draft will expire on April 17, 2019.

Copyright Notice

Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.

This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Notational Conventions
• 3. API Health Response
• 3.1. status
• 3.2. version
• 3.3. releaseId
• 3.4. notes
• 3.5. output
• 3.6. details
• 3.7. links
• 3.8. serviceId
• 3.9. description
• 4. The Details Object
• 4.1. componentId
• 4.2. componentType
• 4.3. observedValue
• 4.4. observedUnit
• 4.5. status
• 4.6. time
• 4.7. output
• 4.8. links
• 5. Example Output
• 6. Security Considerations
• 7. IANA Considerations
• 8. Acknowledgements
• 9. Creating and Serving Health Responses
• 10. Consuming Health Check Responses
• 11. References
• 11.1. Normative References
• 11.2. Informative References
• Author's Address

1. Introduction

The vast majority of modern APIs driving data to web and mobile applications use HTTP [RFC7230] as their protocol. The health and uptime of these APIs determine availability of the applications themselves. In distributed systems built with a number of APIs, understanding the health status of the APIs and making corresponding decisions, for caching, failover or circuit-breaking, are essential to the ability of providing highly-available solutions.

There exists a wide variety of operational software that relies on the ability to read health check response of APIs. However, there is currently no standard for the health check output response, so most applications either rely on the basic level of information included in HTTP status codes [RFC7231] or use task-specific formats.

Usage of task-specific or application-specific formats creates significant challenges, disallowing any meaningful interoperability across different implementations and between different tooling.

Standardizing a format for health checks can provide any of a number of benefits, including:

• Flexible deployment - since operational tooling and API clients can rely on rich, uniform format, they can be safely combined and substituted as needed.
• Evolvability - new APIs, conforming to the standard, can safely be introduced in any environment and ecosystem that also conforms to the same standard, without costly coordination and testing requirements.

This document defines a “health check” format using the JSON format [RFC8259] for APIs to use as a standard point for the health information they offer. Having a well-defined format for this purpose promotes good practice and tooling.

2. Notational Conventions

The key words “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”, “SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL” in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

3. API Health Response

Health Check Response Format for HTTP APIs uses the JSON format described in [RFC8259] and has the media type “application/health+json”.

Its content consists of a single mandatory root field (“status”) and several optional fields:

3.1. status

status: (required) indicates whether the service status is acceptable or not. API publishers SHOULD use following values for the field:

• “pass”: healthy (acceptable aliases: “ok” to support Node’s Terminius and “up” for Java’s SpringBoot),
• “fail”: unhealthy (acceptable aliases: “error” to support Node’s Terminius and “down” for Java’s SpringBoot), and
• “warn”: healthy, with some concerns.

The value of the status field is case-insensitive and is tightly related with the HTTP response code returned by the health endpoint. For “pass” and “warn” statuses, HTTP response code in the 2xx-3xx range MUST be used. For “fail” status, HTTP response code in the 4xx-5xx range MUST be used. In case of the “warn” status, endpoints SHOULD return HTTP status in the 2xx-3xx range, and additional information SHOULD be provided, utilizing optional fields of the response.

A health endpoint is only meaningful in the context of the component it indicates the health of. It has no other meaning or purpose. As such, its health is a conduit to the health of the component. Clients SHOULD assume that the HTTP response code returned by the health endpoint is applicable to the entire component (e.g. a larger API or a microservice). This is compatible with the behavior that current infrastructural tooling expects: load-balancers, service discoveries and others, utilizing health-checks.

3.2. version

version: (optional) public version of the service.

3.3. releaseId

releaseId: (optional) in well-designed APIs, backwards-compatible changes in the service should not update a version number. APIs usually change their version number as infrequently as possible, to preserve stable interface. However implementation of an API may change much more frequently, which leads to the importance of having separate “release number” or “releaseID” that is different from the public version of the API.

3.4. notes

notes: (optional) array of notes relevant to current state of health

3.5. output

output: (optional) raw error output, in case of “fail” or “warn” states. This field SHOULD be omitted for “pass” state.

3.6. details

details (optional) is an object that provides more details about the status of the service as it pertains to the information about the downstream dependencies of the service in question. Please refer to the “The Details Object” section for more information.

3.7. links

links (optional) is an array of objects containing link relations and URIs [RFC3986] for external links that MAY contain more information about the health of the endpoint. Per web-linking standards [RFC8288] a link relationship SHOULD either be a common/registered one or be indicated as a URI, to avoid name clashes. If a “self” link is provided, it MAY be used by clients to check health via HTTP response code, as mentioned above.

3.8. serviceId

serviceId (optional) is a unique identifier of the service, in the application scope.

3.9. description

description (optional) is a human-friendly description of the service.

4. The Details Object

The “details” object MAY have a number of unique keyes, one for each logical downstream dependencies or sub-components. Since each sub-component may be backed by several nodes with varying health statuses, these keys point to arrays of objects. In case of a single-node sub-component (or if presence of nodes is not relevant), a single-element array should be used as the value, for consistency.

The key identifying an element in the object should be a unique string within the details section. It MAY have two parts: “{componentName}:{measurementName}”, in which case the meaning of the parts SHOULD be as follows:

• componentName: (optional) human-readable name for the component. MUST not contain a colon, in the name, since colon is used as a separator.
• measurementName: (optional) name of the measurement type (a data point type) that the status is reported for. MUST not contain a colon, in the name, since colon is used as a separator. The observation’s name can be one of:
  • A pre-defined value from this spec. Pre-defined values include:
    • utilization
    • responseTime
    • connections
    • uptime
  • A common and standard term from a well-known source such as schema.org, IANA or microformats.
  • A URI that indicates extra semantics and processing rules that MAY be provided by a resource at the other end of the URI. URIs do not have to be dereferenceable, however. They are just a namespace, and the meaning of a namespace CAN be provided by any convenient means (e.g. publishing an RFC, Swagger document or a nicely printed book).

On the value side of the equation, each “component details” object in the array MAY have one of the following object keys:

4.1. componentId

componentId: (optional) is a unique identifier of an instance of a specific sub-component/dependency of a service. Multiple objects with the same componentID MAY appear in the details, if they are from different nodes.

4.2. componentType

componentType: (optional) SHOULD be present if componentName is present. It’s a type of the component and could be one of:

• Pre-defined value from this spec. Pre-defined values include:
  • component
  • datastore
  • system
• A common and standard term from a well-known source such as schema.org, IANA or microformats.
• A URI that indicates extra semantics and processing rules that MAY be provided by a resource at the other end of the URI. URIs do not have to be dereferenceable, however. They are just a namespace, and the meaning of a namespace CAN be provided by any convenient means (e.g. publishing an RFC, Swagger document or a nicely printed book).

4.3. observedValue

observedValue: (optional) could be any valid JSON value, such as: string, number, object, array or literal.

4.4. observedUnit

observedUnit (optional) SHOULD be present if observedValue is present. Calrifies the unit of measurement in which observedUnit is reported, e.g. for a time-based value it is important to know whether the time is reported in seconds, minutes, hours or something else. To make sure unit is denoted by a well-understood name or an abbreviation, it should be one of:

• A common and standard term from a well-known source such as schema.org, IANA, microformats, or a standards document such as [RFC3339].
• A URI that indicates extra semantics and processing rules that MAY be provided by a resource at the other end of the URI. URIs do not have to be dereferenceable, however. They are just a namespace, and the meaning of a namespace CAN be provided by any convenient means (e.g. publishing an RFC, Swagger document or a nicely printed book).

4.5. status

status (optional) has the exact same meaning as the top-level “output” element, but for the sub-component/downstream dependency represented by the details object.

4.6. time

time (optional) is the date-time, in ISO8601 format, at which the reading of the observedValue was recorded. This assumes that the value can be cached and the reading typically doesn’t happen in real time, for performance and scalability purposes.

4.7. output

output (optional) has the exact same meaning as the top-level “output” element, but for the sub-component/downstream dependency represented by the details object.

4.8. links

links (optional) has the exact same meaning as the top-level “output” element, but for the sub-component/downstream dependency represented by the details object.

5. Example Output

  GET /health HTTP/1.1
  Host: example.org
  Accept: application/health+json

  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
  Content-Type: application/health+json
  Cache-Control: max-age=3600
  Connection: close

{
  "status": "pass",
  "version": "1",
  "releaseID": "1.2.2",
  "notes": [""],
  "output": "",
  "serviceID": "f03e522f-1f44-4062-9b55-9587f91c9c41",
  "description": "health of authz service",
  "details": {
    "cassandra:responseTime": [
      {
        "componentId": "dfd6cf2b-1b6e-4412-a0b8-f6f7797a60d2",
        "componentType": "datastore",
        "observedValue": 250,
        "observedUnit": "ms",
        "status": "pass",
        "time": "2018-01-17T03:36:48Z",
        "output": ""
      }
    ],
    "cassandra:connections": [
      {
        "componentId": "dfd6cf2b-1b6e-4412-a0b8-f6f7797a60d2",
        "type": "datastore",
        "observedValue": 75,
        "status": "warn",
        "time": "2018-01-17T03:36:48Z",
        "output": "",
        "links": {
          "self": "http://api.example.com/dbnode/dfd6cf2b/health"
        }
      }
    ],
    "uptime": [
      {
        "componentType": "system",
        "observedValue": 1209600.245,
        "observedUnit": "s",
        "status": "pass",
        "time": "2018-01-17T03:36:48Z"
      }
    ],
    "cpu:utilization": [
      {
        "componentId": "6fd416e0-8920-410f-9c7b-c479000f7227",
        "node": 1,
        "componentType": "system",
        "observedValue": 85,
        "observedUnit": "percent",
        "status": "warn",
        "time": "2018-01-17T03:36:48Z",
        "output": ""
      },
      {
        "componentId": "6fd416e0-8920-410f-9c7b-c479000f7227",
        "node": 2,
        "componentType": "system",
        "observedValue": 85,
        "observedUnit": "percent",
        "status": "warn",
        "time": "2018-01-17T03:36:48Z",
        "output": ""
      }
    ],
    "memory:utilization": [
      {
        "componentId": "6fd416e0-8920-410f-9c7b-c479000f7227",
        "node": 1,
        "componentType": "system",
        "observedValue": 8.5,
        "observedUnit": "GiB",
        "status": "warn",
        "time": "2018-01-17T03:36:48Z",
        "output": ""
      },
      {
        "componentId": "6fd416e0-8920-410f-9c7b-c479000f7227",
        "node": 2,
        "componentType": "system",
        "observedValue": 5500,
        "observedUnit": "MiB",
        "status": "pass",
        "time": "2018-01-17T03:36:48Z",
        "output": ""
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "about": "http://api.example.com/about/authz",
    "http://api.x.io/rel/thresholds":
      "http://api.x.io/about/authz/thresholds"
  }
}

6. Security Considerations

Clients need to exercise care when reporting health information. Malicious actors could use this information for orchestrating attacks. In some cases the health check endpoints may need to be authenticated and institute role-based access control.

7. IANA Considerations

The media type for health check response is application/health+json.

• Media type name: application
• Media subtype name: health+json
• Required parameters: n/a
• Optional parameters: n/a
• Encoding considerations: binary
• Security considerations: Health+JSON shares security issues common to all JSON content types. See RFC 8259 Section #12 for additional information.
  
  Health+JSON allows utilization of Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) and as such shares security issues common to URI usage. See RFC 3986 Section #7 for additional information.
  
  Since health+json can carry wide variety of data, some data may require privacy or integrity services. This specification does not prescribe any specific solution and assumes that concrete implementations will utilize common, trusted approaches such as TLS/HTTPS, OAuth2 etc.
• Interoperability considerations: None
• Published specification: this RFC draft
• Applications which use this media: Various
• Fragment identifier considerations: Health+JSON follows RFC6901 for implementing URI Fragment Identification standard to JSON content types.
• Restrictions on usage: None
• Additional information:
  1. Deprecated alias names for this type: n/a
  2. Magic number(s): n/a
  3. File extension(s): .json
  4. Macintosh file type code: TEXT
  5. Object Identifiers: n/a
• General Comments:
• Person to contact for further information:
  1. Name: Irakli Nadareishvili
  2. Email: irakli@gmail.com
• Intended usage: Common
• Author/Change controller: Irakli Nadareishvili

8. Acknowledgements

Thanks to Mike Amundsen, Erik Wilde, Justin Bachorik and Randall Randall for their suggestions and feedback. And to Mark Nottingham for blueprint for authoring RFCs easily.

9. Creating and Serving Health Responses

When making an health check endpoint available, there are a few things to keep in mind:

• A health response endpoint is best located at a memorable and commonly-used URI, such as “health” because it will help self-discoverability by clients.
• Health check responses can be personalized. For example, you could advertise different URIs, and/or different kinds of link relations, to afford different clients access to additional health check information.
• Health check responses SHOULD be assigned a freshness lifetime (e.g., “Cache-Control: max-age=3600”) so that clients can determine how long they could cache them, to avoid overly frequent fetching and unintended DDOS-ing of the service. Any method of cach lifetime negotiation provided by HTTP spec is acceptable (e.g. ETags are just fine).
• Custom link relation types, as well as the URIs for variables, should lead to documentation for those constructs.

10. Consuming Health Check Responses

Clients might use health check responses in a variety of ways.

Note that the health check response is a “living” document; links from the health check response MUST NOT be assumed to be valid beyond the freshness lifetime of the health check response, as per HTTP’s caching model [RFC7234].

As a result, clients ought to cache the health check response (as per [RFC7234]), to avoid fetching it before every interaction (which would otherwise be required).

Likewise, a client encountering a 404 (Not Found) on a link is encouraged to obtain a fresh copy of the health check response, to assure that it is up-to-date.

11. References

11.1. Normative References

11.2. Informative References

Author's Address