| Network Working Group | S. Josefsson |
| Internet-Draft | SJD AB |
| Intended status: Informational | I. Liusvaara |
| Expires: April 10, 2016 | Independent |
| October 8, 2015 |
Edwards-curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA)
draft-irtf-cfrg-eddsa-00
The elliptic curve signature scheme Edwards-curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA) is described. The algorithm is instantiated with recommended parameters for the Curve25519 and Curve448 curves. An example implementation and test vectors are provided.
NOTE: Anything not about Ed25519 in this document is extremely premature and there is at least one FIXME that makes some things unimplementable.
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The Edwards-curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA) is a variant of Schnorr's signature system with (possibly Twisted) Edwards curves. EdDSA needs to be instantiated with certain parameters and this document describe some recommended variants.
To facilitate adoption in the Internet community of EdDSA, this document describe the signature scheme in an implementation-oriented way, and provide sample code and test vectors.
The advantages with EdDSA include:
For further background, see the original EdDSA paper [EDDSA] and the generalized version described in EdDSA for more curves [EDDSA2]. The [I-D.irtf-cfrg-curves] document discuss specific curves, including Curve25519 [CURVE25519] and Ed448-Goldilocks [ED448].
FIXME: make sure this is aligned with irtf-cfrg-curves
The following notation is used throughout the document:
GF(p) --- finite field with p elements
x^y --- x multiplied by itself y times
B --- generator of the group or subgroup of interest
n B --- B added to itself n times.
h_i --- the i'th bit of h
a || b --- (bit-)string a concatenated with (bit-)string b
a <= b --- a is less than or equal to b
A + B --- sum of A and B
A x B --- cartesian product of A and B
EdDSA is a digital signature system with eleven parameters.
The generic EdDSA digital signature system with its eleven input parameters is not intended to be implemented directly. Chosing parameters is critical for secure and efficient operation. Instead, you would implement a particular parameter choice for EdDSA (such as Ed25519 or Ed448), sometimes slightly generalized to achieve code re-use to cover Ed25519 and Ed448.
Therefor, a precise explanation of the generic EdDSA is thus not particularly useful for implementers. For background and completeness, a succinct description of the generic EdDSA algorithm is given here.
The definition of some parameters, such as n and c, may help to explain some non-intuitive steps of the algorithm.
This description closely follows [EDDSA2].
EdDSA has elevent parameters:
Points on the curve form a group under addition, (x3, y3) = (x1, y1) + (x2, y2), with the formulas
x1 y2 + x2 y1 y1 y2 - a x1 x2
x3 = -------------------, y3 = -------------------
1 + d x1 x2 y1 y2 1 - d x1 x2 y1 y2
The neutral element in the group is (0, 1).
For Ed25519, the curve used is equivalent to Curve25519 [CURVE25519], under a change of coordinates, which means that the difficulty of the discrete logarithm problem is the same as for Curve25519.
For Ed448, the curve is equivalent to Ed448-Goldilocks under change of basepoint, which also preserves difficulty of the discrete logarithm.
Unlike many other curves used for cryptographic applications, these formulas are "strongly unified": they are valid for all points on the curve, with no exceptions. In particular, the denominators are non-zero for all input points.
There are more efficient formulas, which are still strongly unified, which use homogeneous coordinates to avoid the expensive modulo p inversions. See [Faster-ECC] and [Edwards-revisited].
An integer 0 < S < l - 1 is encoded in little-endian form as a b-bit string ENC(S).
An element (x,y) of E is encoded as a b-bit string called ENC(x,y) which is the (b-1)-bit encoding of y concatenated with one bit that is 1 if x is negative and 0 if x is not negative.
The encoding of GF(p) is used to define "negative" elements of GF(p): specifically, x is negative if the (b-1)-bit encoding of x is lexicographically larger than the (b-1)-bit encoding of -x.
An EdDSA secret key is a b-bit string k. Let the hash H(k) = (h_0, h_1, ..., h_(2b-1)) determine an integer s which is 2^n plus the sum of m = 2^i * h_i for all i equal or larger than c and equal to or less than n. Let s determine the multiple A = s B. The EdDSA public key is ENC(A). The bits h_b, ..., h_(2b-1) is used below during signing.
The EdDSA signature of a message M under a secret key k is defined as the PureEdDSA signature of PH(M). In other words, EdDSA simply uses PureEdDSA to sign PH(M).
The PureEdDSA signature of a message M under a secret key k is the 2b-bit string ENC(R) || ENC(S). R and S are derived as follows. First define r = H(h_b, ... h_(2b-1), M) interpreting 2b-bit strings in little-endian form as integers in {0, 1, ..., 2^(2b) - 1}. Let R = r B and S = (r + H(ENC(R) || ENC(A) || P(M)) s) mod l. The s used here is from the previous section.
To verify a signature ENC(R) || ENC(S) on a message M under a public key ENC(A), proceed as follows. Parse the inputs so that A and R is an element of E, and S is a member of the set {0, 1, ..., l-1 }. Compute h = H(ENC(R) || ENC(A) || M) and check the group equation 2^c S B = 2^c R + 2^c h A in E. Verification is rejected if parsing fails or the group equation does not hold.
EdDSA verification for a message M is defined as PureEdDSA verification for PH(M).
One of the parameters of the EdDSA algorithm is the "prehash" function. This may be the identity function, resulting in an algorithm called PureEdDSA, or a collision-resistant hash function such as SHA-512, resulting in an algorithm called HashEdDSA.
Chosing which variant to use depends on which property is deemed to be more important between 1) collision resilience, and 2) a single-pass interface. The collision reilience property means EdDSA is secure even if it is feasible to compute collisions for the hash function. The single-pass interface property means that only one pass over the input message is required, whereas PureEdDSA requires two passes over the input. Many existing APIs, protocols and environments assume digital signature algorithms only need one pass over the input, and may have API or bandwidth concerns supporting anything else.
This document specify parameters resulting in the HashEdDSA variants Ed25519ph and Ed448ph, and the PureEdDSA variants Ed25519 and Ed448.
This section instantiate the general EdDSA algorithm for the Curve25519 and Ed448 curves, each for the PureEdDSA and HashEdDSA variants. Thus four different parameter sets are described.
Ed25519 is PureEdDSA instantiated with p as the prime 2^255-19, b=256, the 255-bit encoding of GF(p) being the little-endian encoding of {0, 1, ..., p-1}, H being SHA-512 [RFC4634], c being 3, n being 254, a being -1, d = -121665/121666 which is a member of GF(p), and B is the unique point (x, 4/5) in E for which x is "positive", which with the encoding used simply means that the least significant bit of x is 0, l is the prime 2^252 + 27742317777372353535851937790883648493.
Ed25519ph is the same but with PH being SHA-512 instead, i.e., the input is hashed using SHA-512 before signing with Ed25519.
Written out explicitly, B is the point (15112221349535400772501151409588531511454012693041857206046113283949847762202, 46316835694926478169428394003475163141307993866256225615783033603165251855960).
The values for p, a, d, B and l follows from the "edwards25519" values in [I-D.irtf-cfrg-curves].
FIXME: Ilari: Do we want to refer more to "Edwards25519" from CFRG-CURVES to get rid of those long-looking constants from above? Simon: I think we do with the previous paragraph -- do you want to remove them from this document? The cfrg-curves draft uses the same variable name for many different values, so repeating the values here may help. Maybe we can split this up into "specified here" and "specified in cfrg-curves" for easier double checking.
For advise on how to implement arithmetic modulo p = 2^255 - 19 efficiently and securely, see Curve25519 [CURVE25519]. For inversion modulo p, it is recommended to use the identity x^-1 = x^(p-2) (mod p).
For point decoding or "decompression", square roots modulo p are needed. They can be computed using the Tonelli-Shanks algorithm, or the special case for p = 5 (mod 8). To find a square root of a, first compute the candidate root x = a^((p+3)/8) (mod p). Then there are three cases:
All values are coded as octet strings, and integers are coded using little endian convention. I.e., a 32-octet string h h[0],...h[31] represents the integer h[0] + 2^8 h[1] + ... + 2^248 h[31].
A curve point (x,y), with coordinates in the range 0 <= x,y < p, is coded as follows. First encode the y-coordinate as a little-endian string of 32 octets. The most significant bit of the final octet is always zero. To form the encoding of the point, copy the least significant bit of the x-coordinate to the most significant bit of the final octet.
(p+3)/8 3 (p-5)/8 x = (u/v) = u v (u v^7) (mod p)
Decoding a point, given as a 32-octet string, is a little more complicated.
For point addition, the following method is recommended. A point (x,y) is represented in extended homogeneous coordinates (X, Y, Z, T), with x = X/Z, y = Y/Z, x y = T/Z.
The following formulas for adding two points, (x3,y3) = (x1,y1)+(x2,y2) are described in [Edwards-revisited], section 3.1. They are strongly unified, i.e., they work for any pair of valid input points.
A = (Y1-X1)*(Y2-X2) B = (Y1+X1)*(Y2+X2) C = T1*2*d*T2 D = Z1*2*Z2 E = B-A F = D-C G = D+C H = B+A X3 = E*F Y3 = G*H T3 = E*H Z3 = F*G
The secret is 32 octets (256 bits, corresponding to b) of cryptographically-secure random data. See [RFC4086] for a discussion about randomness.
h[0] &= ~0x07; h[31] &= 0x7F; h[31] |= 0x40;
The 32-byte public key is generated by the following steps.
The inputs to the signing procedure is the secret key, a 32-octet string, and a message M of arbitrary size.
Ed448 is PureEdDSA instantiated with p as the prime 2^448 - 2^224 - 1, b=456, the 455-bit encoding of GF(2^448-2^224-1) is the usual little-endian encoding of {0, 1, ..., 2^448 - 2^224 - 2}, H is [FIXME: needs 912-bit hash], c being 2, n being 448, a being 1, d being - 39081, B is (X(P), Y(P)), and l is the prime 2^446 - 13818066809895115352007386748515426880336692474882178609894547503885.
Ed448ph is the same but with P being SHA-512 instead, i.e., the input is hashed using SHA-512 before signing with Ed448.
The values of p, a, d, X(p), Y(p), and l are taken from curve named "edwards448" in [I-D.irtf-cfrg-curves].
h[0] &= ~0x03; h[55] &= 0xFF; h[55] |= 0x80; h[56] = 0;
FIXME: Everything except the hash is straightforward generalization from Ed25519 case (but duplicating all the text does not seem very sensible), except now the curve is untwisted, so point formulas are bit different, keys are 57 bytes, signatures 114, and the pruning formula becomes:
The rest of this section describes how Ed25519 can be implemented in Python (version 3.2 or later) for illustration. See appendix A for the complete implementation and appendix B for a test-driver to run it through some test vectors.
Note that this code is not intended for production as it is not proven to be correct for all inputs, nor does it protect against side-channel attacks. The purpose is to illustrate the algorithm to help implementers with their own implementation.
First some preliminaries that will be needed.
import hashlib
def sha512(s):
return hashlib.sha512(s).digest()
# Base field Z_p
p = 2**255 - 19
def modp_inv(x):
return pow(x, p-2, p)
# Curve constant
d = -121665 * modp_inv(121666) % p
# Group order
q = 2**252 + 27742317777372353535851937790883648493
def sha512_modq(s):
return int.from_bytes(sha512(s), "little") % q
Then follows functions to perform point operations.
# Points are represented as tuples (X, Y, Z, T) of extended coordinates,
# with x = X/Z, y = Y/Z, x*y = T/Z
def point_add(P, Q):
A = (P[1]-P[0])*(Q[1]-Q[0]) % p
B = (P[1]+P[0])*(Q[1]+Q[0]) % p
C = 2 * P[3] * Q[3] * d % p
D = 2 * P[2] * Q[2] % p
E = B-A
F = D-C
G = D+C
H = B+A
return (E*F, G*H, F*G, E*H)
# Computes Q = s * Q
def point_mul(s, P):
Q = (0, 1, 1, 0) # Neutral element
while s > 0:
# Is there any bit-set predicate?
if s & 1:
Q = point_add(Q, P)
P = point_add(P, P)
s >>= 1
return Q
def point_equal(P, Q):
# x1 / z1 == x2 / z2 <==> x1 * z2 == x2 * z1
if (P[0] * Q[2] - Q[0] * P[2]) % p != 0:
return False
if (P[1] * Q[2] - Q[1] * P[2]) % p != 0:
return False
return True
Now follows functions for point compression.
# Square root of -1
modp_sqrt_m1 = pow(2, (p-1) // 4, p)
# Compute corresponding x coordinate, with low bit corresponding to sign,
# or return None on failure
def recover_x(y, sign):
x2 = (y*y-1) * modp_inv(d*y*y+1)
if x2 == 0:
if sign:
return None
else:
return 0
# Compute square root of x2
x = pow(x2, (p+3) // 8, p)
if (x*x - x2) % p != 0:
x = x * modp_sqrt_m1 % p
if (x*x - x2) % p != 0:
return None
if (x & 1) != sign:
x = p - x
return x
# Base point
g_y = 4 * modp_inv(5) % p
g_x = recover_x(g_y, 0)
G = (g_x, g_y, 1, g_x * g_y % p)
def point_compress(P):
zinv = modp_inv(P[2])
x = P[0] * zinv % p
y = P[1] * zinv % p
return int.to_bytes(y | ((x & 1) << 255), 32, "little")
def point_decompress(s):
if len(s) != 32:
raise Exception("Invalid input length for decompression")
y = int.from_bytes(s, "little")
sign = y >> 255
y &= (1 << 255) - 1
x = recover_x(y, sign)
if x is None:
return None
else:
return (x, y, 1, x*y % p)
These are functions for manipulating the secret.
def secret_expand(secret):
if len(secret) != 32:
raise Exception("Bad size of private key")
h = sha512(secret)
a = int.from_bytes(h[:32], "little")
a &= (1 << 254) - 8
a |= (1 << 254)
return (a, h[32:])
def secret_to_public(secret):
(a, dummy) = secret_expand(secret)
return point_compress(point_mul(a, G))
The signature function works as below.
def sign(secret, msg):
a, prefix = secret_expand(secret)
A = point_compress(point_mul(a, G))
r = sha512_modq(prefix + msg)
R = point_mul(r, G)
Rs = point_compress(R)
h = sha512_modq(Rs + A + msg)
s = (r + h * a) % q
return Rs + int.to_bytes(s, 32, "little")
And finally the verification function.
def verify(public, msg, signature):
if len(public) != 32:
raise Exception("Bad public-key length")
if len(signature) != 64:
Exception("Bad signature length")
A = point_decompress(public)
if not A:
return False
Rs = signature[:32]
R = point_decompress(Rs)
if not R:
return False
s = int.from_bytes(signature[32:], "little")
h = sha512_modq(Rs + public + msg)
sB = point_mul(s, G)
hA = point_mul(h, A)
return point_equal(sB, point_add(R, hA))
This section contains test vectors for Ed25519ph, Ed448ph, Ed25519 and Ed448.
TODO
TODO
Below is a sequence of octets with test vectors for the the Ed25519 signature algorithm. The octets are hex encoded and whitespace is inserted for readability. Private keys are 64 bytes, public keys 32 bytes, message of arbitrary length, and signatures are 64 bytes. The test vectors are taken from [ED25519-TEST-VECTORS] (but we removed the public key as a suffix of the secret key, and removed the message from the signature) and [ED25519-LIBGCRYPT-TEST-VECTORS].
-----TEST 1 SECRET KEY: 9d61b19deffd5a60ba844af492ec2cc4 4449c5697b326919703bac031cae7f60 PUBLIC KEY: d75a980182b10ab7d54bfed3c964073a 0ee172f3daa62325af021a68f707511a MESSAGE (length 0 bytes): SIGNATURE: e5564300c360ac729086e2cc806e828a 84877f1eb8e5d974d873e06522490155 5fb8821590a33bacc61e39701cf9b46b d25bf5f0595bbe24655141438e7a100b -----TEST 2 SECRET KEY: 4ccd089b28ff96da9db6c346ec114e0f 5b8a319f35aba624da8cf6ed4fb8a6fb PUBLIC KEY: 3d4017c3e843895a92b70aa74d1b7ebc 9c982ccf2ec4968cc0cd55f12af4660c MESSAGE (length 1 byte): 72 SIGNATURE: 92a009a9f0d4cab8720e820b5f642540 a2b27b5416503f8fb3762223ebdb69da 085ac1e43e15996e458f3613d0f11d8c 387b2eaeb4302aeeb00d291612bb0c00 -----TEST 3 SECRET KEY: c5aa8df43f9f837bedb7442f31dcb7b1 66d38535076f094b85ce3a2e0b4458f7 PUBLIC KEY: fc51cd8e6218a1a38da47ed00230f058 0816ed13ba3303ac5deb911548908025 MESSAGE (length 2 bytes): af82 SIGNATURE: 6291d657deec24024827e69c3abe01a3 0ce548a284743a445e3680d7db5ac3ac 18ff9b538d16f290ae67f760984dc659 4a7c15e9716ed28dc027beceea1ec40a -----TEST 1024 SECRET KEY: f5e5767cf153319517630f226876b86c 8160cc583bc013744c6bf255f5cc0ee5 PUBLIC KEY: 278117fc144c72340f67d0f2316e8386 ceffbf2b2428c9c51fef7c597f1d426e MESSAGE (length 1023 bytes): 08b8b2b733424243760fe426a4b54908 632110a66c2f6591eabd3345e3e4eb98 fa6e264bf09efe12ee50f8f54e9f77b1 e355f6c50544e23fb1433ddf73be84d8 79de7c0046dc4996d9e773f4bc9efe57 38829adb26c81b37c93a1b270b20329d 658675fc6ea534e0810a4432826bf58c 941efb65d57a338bbd2e26640f89ffbc 1a858efcb8550ee3a5e1998bd177e93a 7363c344fe6b199ee5d02e82d522c4fe ba15452f80288a821a579116ec6dad2b 3b310da903401aa62100ab5d1a36553e 06203b33890cc9b832f79ef80560ccb9 a39ce767967ed628c6ad573cb116dbef efd75499da96bd68a8a97b928a8bbc10 3b6621fcde2beca1231d206be6cd9ec7 aff6f6c94fcd7204ed3455c68c83f4a4 1da4af2b74ef5c53f1d8ac70bdcb7ed1 85ce81bd84359d44254d95629e9855a9 4a7c1958d1f8ada5d0532ed8a5aa3fb2 d17ba70eb6248e594e1a2297acbbb39d 502f1a8c6eb6f1ce22b3de1a1f40cc24 554119a831a9aad6079cad88425de6bd e1a9187ebb6092cf67bf2b13fd65f270 88d78b7e883c8759d2c4f5c65adb7553 878ad575f9fad878e80a0c9ba63bcbcc 2732e69485bbc9c90bfbd62481d9089b eccf80cfe2df16a2cf65bd92dd597b07 07e0917af48bbb75fed413d238f5555a 7a569d80c3414a8d0859dc65a46128ba b27af87a71314f318c782b23ebfe808b 82b0ce26401d2e22f04d83d1255dc51a ddd3b75a2b1ae0784504df543af8969b e3ea7082ff7fc9888c144da2af58429e c96031dbcad3dad9af0dcbaaaf268cb8 fcffead94f3c7ca495e056a9b47acdb7 51fb73e666c6c655ade8297297d07ad1 ba5e43f1bca32301651339e22904cc8c 42f58c30c04aafdb038dda0847dd988d cda6f3bfd15c4b4c4525004aa06eeff8 ca61783aacec57fb3d1f92b0fe2fd1a8 5f6724517b65e614ad6808d6f6ee34df f7310fdc82aebfd904b01e1dc54b2927 094b2db68d6f903b68401adebf5a7e08 d78ff4ef5d63653a65040cf9bfd4aca7 984a74d37145986780fc0b16ac451649 de6188a7dbdf191f64b5fc5e2ab47b57 f7f7276cd419c17a3ca8e1b939ae49e4 88acba6b965610b5480109c8b17b80e1 b7b750dfc7598d5d5011fd2dcc5600a3 2ef5b52a1ecc820e308aa342721aac09 43bf6686b64b2579376504ccc493d97e 6aed3fb0f9cd71a43dd497f01f17c0e2 cb3797aa2a2f256656168e6c496afc5f b93246f6b1116398a346f1a641f3b041 e989f7914f90cc2c7fff357876e506b5 0d334ba77c225bc307ba537152f3f161 0e4eafe595f6d9d90d11faa933a15ef1 369546868a7f3a45a96768d40fd9d034 12c091c6315cf4fde7cb68606937380d b2eaaa707b4c4185c32eddcdd306705e 4dc1ffc872eeee475a64dfac86aba41c 0618983f8741c5ef68d3a101e8a3b8ca c60c905c15fc910840b94c00a0b9d0 SIGNATURE: 0aab4c900501b3e24d7cdf4663326a3a 87df5e4843b2cbdb67cbf6e460fec350 aa5371b1508f9f4528ecea23c436d94b 5e8fcd4f681e30a6ac00a9704a188a03 -----TEST 1A -----An additional test with the data from test 1 but using an -----uncompressed public key. SECRET KEY: 9d61b19deffd5a60ba844af492ec2cc4 4449c5697b326919703bac031cae7f60 PUBLIC KEY: 0455d0e09a2b9d34292297e08d60d0f6 20c513d47253187c24b12786bd777645 ce1a5107f7681a02af2523a6daf372e1 0e3a0764c9d3fe4bd5b70ab18201985a d7 MSG (length 0 bytes): SIGNATURE: e5564300c360ac729086e2cc806e828a 84877f1eb8e5d974d873e06522490155 5fb8821590a33bacc61e39701cf9b46b d25bf5f0595bbe24655141438e7a100b -----TEST 1B -----An additional test with the data from test 1 but using an -----compressed prefix. SECRET KEY: 9d61b19deffd5a60ba844af492ec2cc4 4449c5697b326919703bac031cae7f60 PUBLIC KEY: 40d75a980182b10ab7d54bfed3c96407 3a0ee172f3daa62325af021a68f70751 1a MESSAGE (length 0 bytes): SIGNATURE: e5564300c360ac729086e2cc806e828a 84877f1eb8e5d974d873e06522490155 5fb8821590a33bacc61e39701cf9b46b d25bf5f0595bbe24655141438e7a100b -----
TODO
Feedback on this document was received from Werner Koch, Damien Miller, Bob Bradley, and Franck Rondepierre. The Ed25519 test vectors were double checked by Bob Bradley using 3 separate implementations (one based on TweetNaCl and 2 different implementations based on code from SUPERCOP).
None.
For implementations performing signatures, secrecy of the key is fundamental. It is possible to protect against some side-channel attacks by ensuring that the implementation executes exactly the same sequence of instructions and performs exactly the same memory accesses, for any value of the secret key.
To make an implementation side-channel silent in this way, the modulo p arithmetic must not use any data-dependent branches, e.g., related to carry propagation. Side channel-silent point addition is straight-forward, thanks to the unified formulas.
Scalar multiplication, multiplying a point by an integer, needs some additional effort to implement in a side-channel silent manner. One simple approach is to implement a side-channel silent conditional assignment, and use together with the binary algorithm to examine one bit of the integer at a time.
Note that the example implementation in this document does not attempt to be side-channel silent.
| [RFC4634] | Eastlake 3rd, D. and T. Hansen, "US Secure Hash Algorithms (SHA and HMAC-SHA)", RFC 4634, DOI 10.17487/RFC4634, July 2006. |
| [I-D.irtf-cfrg-curves] | Langley, A. and M. Hamburg, "Elliptic Curves for Security", Internet-Draft draft-irtf-cfrg-curves-10, October 2015. |
| [RFC4086] | Eastlake 3rd, D., Schiller, J. and S. Crocker, "Randomness Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086, DOI 10.17487/RFC4086, June 2005. |
| [EDDSA] | Bernstein, D., Duif, N., Lange, T., Schwabe, P. and B. Yang, "High-speed high-security signatures", WWW http://ed25519.cr.yp.to/ed25519-20110926.pdf, September 2011. |
| [EDDSA2] | Bernstein, D., Josefsson, S., Lange, T., Schwabe, P. and B. Yang, "EdDSA for more curves", WWW http://ed25519.cr.yp.to/eddsa-20150704.pdf, July 2015. |
| [Faster-ECC] | Bernstein, D. and T. Lange, "Faster addition and doubling on elliptic curves", WWW http://eprint.iacr.org/2007/286, July 2007. |
| [Edwards-revisited] | Hisil, H., Wong, K., Carter, G. and E. Dawson, "Twisted Edwards Curves Revisited", WWW http://eprint.iacr.org/2008/522, December 2008. |
| [CURVE25519] | Bernstein, D., "Curve25519: new Diffie-Hellman speed records", WWW http://cr.yp.to/ecdh.html, February 2006. |
| [ED448] | Hamburg, M., "Ed448-Goldilocks, a new elliptic curve", WWW http://eprint.iacr.org/2015/625, June 2015. |
| [ED25519-TEST-VECTORS] | Bernstein, D., Duif, N., Lange, T., Schwabe, P. and B. Yang, "Ed25519 test vectors", WWW http://ed25519.cr.yp.to/python/sign.input, July 2011. |
| [ED25519-LIBGCRYPT-TEST-VECTORS] | Koch, W., "Ed25519 Libgcrypt test vectors", WWW http://git.gnupg.org/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi?p=libgcrypt.git;a=blob;f=tests/t-ed25519.inp;h=e13566f826321eece65e02c593bc7d885b3dbe23;hb=refs/heads/master, July 2014. |
Below is an example implementation of Ed25519 written in Python, version 3.2 or higher is required.
# Loosely based on the public domain code at
# http://ed25519.cr.yp.to/software.html
#
# Needs python-3.2
import hashlib
def sha512(s):
return hashlib.sha512(s).digest()
# Base field Z_p
p = 2**255 - 19
def modp_inv(x):
return pow(x, p-2, p)
# Curve constant
d = -121665 * modp_inv(121666) % p
# Group order
q = 2**252 + 27742317777372353535851937790883648493
def sha512_modq(s):
return int.from_bytes(sha512(s), "little") % q
# Points are represented as tuples (X, Y, Z, T) of extended coordinates,
# with x = X/Z, y = Y/Z, x*y = T/Z
def point_add(P, Q):
A = (P[1]-P[0])*(Q[1]-Q[0]) % p
B = (P[1]+P[0])*(Q[1]+Q[0]) % p
C = 2 * P[3] * Q[3] * d % p
D = 2 * P[2] * Q[2] % p
E = B-A
F = D-C
G = D+C
H = B+A
return (E*F, G*H, F*G, E*H)
# Computes Q = s * Q
def point_mul(s, P):
Q = (0, 1, 1, 0) # Neutral element
while s > 0:
# Is there any bit-set predicate?
if s & 1:
Q = point_add(Q, P)
P = point_add(P, P)
s >>= 1
return Q
def point_equal(P, Q):
# x1 / z1 == x2 / z2 <==> x1 * z2 == x2 * z1
if (P[0] * Q[2] - Q[0] * P[2]) % p != 0:
return False
if (P[1] * Q[2] - Q[1] * P[2]) % p != 0:
return False
return True
# Square root of -1
modp_sqrt_m1 = pow(2, (p-1) // 4, p)
# Compute corresponding x coordinate, with low bit corresponding to sign,
# or return None on failure
def recover_x(y, sign):
x2 = (y*y-1) * modp_inv(d*y*y+1)
if x2 == 0:
if sign:
return None
else:
return 0
# Compute square root of x2
x = pow(x2, (p+3) // 8, p)
if (x*x - x2) % p != 0:
x = x * modp_sqrt_m1 % p
if (x*x - x2) % p != 0:
return None
if (x & 1) != sign:
x = p - x
return x
# Base point
g_y = 4 * modp_inv(5) % p
g_x = recover_x(g_y, 0)
G = (g_x, g_y, 1, g_x * g_y % p)
def point_compress(P):
zinv = modp_inv(P[2])
x = P[0] * zinv % p
y = P[1] * zinv % p
return int.to_bytes(y | ((x & 1) << 255), 32, "little")
def point_decompress(s):
if len(s) != 32:
raise Exception("Invalid input length for decompression")
y = int.from_bytes(s, "little")
sign = y >> 255
y &= (1 << 255) - 1
x = recover_x(y, sign)
if x is None:
return None
else:
return (x, y, 1, x*y % p)
def secret_expand(secret):
if len(secret) != 32:
raise Exception("Bad size of private key")
h = sha512(secret)
a = int.from_bytes(h[:32], "little")
a &= (1 << 254) - 8
a |= (1 << 254)
return (a, h[32:])
def secret_to_public(secret):
(a, dummy) = secret_expand(secret)
return point_compress(point_mul(a, G))
def sign(secret, msg):
a, prefix = secret_expand(secret)
A = point_compress(point_mul(a, G))
r = sha512_modq(prefix + msg)
R = point_mul(r, G)
Rs = point_compress(R)
h = sha512_modq(Rs + A + msg)
s = (r + h * a) % q
return Rs + int.to_bytes(s, 32, "little")
def verify(public, msg, signature):
if len(public) != 32:
raise Exception("Bad public-key length")
if len(signature) != 64:
Exception("Bad signature length")
A = point_decompress(public)
if not A:
return False
Rs = signature[:32]
R = point_decompress(Rs)
if not R:
return False
s = int.from_bytes(signature[32:], "little")
h = sha512_modq(Rs + public + msg)
sB = point_mul(s, G)
hA = point_mul(h, A)
return point_equal(sB, point_add(R, hA))
Below is a command-line tool that uses the library above to perform computations, for interactive use or for self-checking.
import sys
import binascii
from ed25519 import *
def point_valid(P):
zinv = modp_inv(P[2])
x = P[0] * zinv % p
y = P[1] * zinv % p
assert (x*y - P[3]*zinv) % p == 0
return (-x*x + y*y - 1 - d*x*x*y*y) % p == 0
assert point_valid(G)
Z = (0, 1, 1, 0)
assert point_valid(Z)
assert point_equal(Z, point_add(Z, Z))
assert point_equal(G, point_add(Z, G))
assert point_equal(Z, point_mul(0, G))
assert point_equal(G, point_mul(1, G))
assert point_equal(point_add(G, G), point_mul(2, G))
for i in range(0, 100):
assert point_valid(point_mul(i, G))
assert point_equal(Z, point_mul(q, G))
def munge_string(s, pos, change):
return (s[:pos] +
int.to_bytes(s[pos] ^ change, 1, "little") +
s[pos+1:])
# Read a file in the format of
# http://ed25519.cr.yp.to/python/sign.input
lineno = 0
while True:
line = sys.stdin.readline()
if not line:
break
lineno = lineno + 1
print(lineno)
fields = line.split(":")
secret = (binascii.unhexlify(fields[0]))[:32]
public = binascii.unhexlify(fields[1])
msg = binascii.unhexlify(fields[2])
signature = binascii.unhexlify(fields[3])[:64]
assert public == secret_to_public(secret)
assert signature == sign(secret, msg)
assert verify(public, msg, signature)
if len(msg) == 0:
bad_msg = b"x"
else:
bad_msg = munge_string(msg, len(msg) // 3, 4)
assert not verify(public, bad_msg, signature)
bad_signature = munge_string(signature, 20, 8)
assert not verify(public, msg, bad_signature)
bad_signature = munge_string(signature, 40, 16)
assert not verify(public, msg, bad_signature)