| Transport Area Working Group | J. Holland |
| Internet-Draft | Akamai Technologies, Inc. |
| Intended status: Experimental | October 24, 2016 |
| Expires: April 27, 2017 |
Circuit Breaker Assisted Congestion Control (CBACC): Protocol Specification
draft-jholland-cb-assisted-cc-00
This document specifies Circuit Breaker Assisted Congestion Control (CBACC), which provides bandwidth information from senders to intermediate network nodes to enable good decisions for fast-trip Network Transport Circuit Breaker activity ([I-D.ietf-tsvwg-circuit-breaker]) when necessary for network health. CBACC is specifically designed to support protocols using IP multicast, particularly as a supplement to receiver-driven congestion control protocols such as WEBRC [RFC3738], to help affected networks rapidly detect and mitigate the impact of scenarios in which a network is oversubscribed to flows which are not responsive to congestion.
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This document specifies Circuit Breaker Assisted Congestion Control (CBACC).
CBACC is a congestion control building block designed for use with IP traffic that has a known maximum bandwidth, which does not reduce its sending rate in response to congestion. CBACC is specifically designed to supplement protocols using WEBRC [RFC3738] or other receiver-driven multicast congestion control systems that rely on well-behaved receivers to achieve congestion control in a very highly scalable system (up to millions of receivers) without a feedback path that reduces sending rates by senders.
CBACC addresses a vulnerability to "overjoining", a condition in which receivers (particularly malicious receivers) subscribe to traffic which, from the sending side, is non-responsive to congestion. Overjoining attacks and the challenges they present are discussed in more detail in Appendix A.
A careful reading of the congestion control requirements of UDP Best Practices [I-D.ietf-tsvwg-rfc5405bis] suggests that a network that forwards multicast traffic is required to operate a circuit breaker to maintain network health under a persistent overjoining condition, at a cost of cutting off some or all multicast traffic across the network during high congestion.
CBACC provides a mechanism for networks to mitigate the impact of network overjoining by sender advertising of bandwidth information sufficient to implement a fast-trip circuit breaker [I-D.ietf-tsvwg-circuit-breaker] within a single network node which can specifically block the most problematic flows, and which can ensure the remaining flows fit within desired network parameters.
In conjunction with receiver counts (e.g. via [RFC6807]) such nodes can also provide much improved network fairness for circuit breaking decisions during an overjoining condition.
In addition to streams using WEBRC, CBACC may also be suitable for use with other traffic, both unicast and multicast, that does not respond to congestion by reducing sending rates, including certain profiles of RTP [RFC3550] over either unicast or multicast, as well as several tunneling protocols (e.g. AMT [RFC7450] and GRE [RFC2784]) when they are known to carry traffic that would be suitable for CBACC. A complete specification for use of CBACC with unicast protocols and with tunneling protocols is out of scope for this document, though the security issues section does mention a few special considerations for potential unicast usage.
CBACC-compliant senders transmit Bandwidth Advertisements through the same transport path as the data traffic, so that circuit breakers can make informed decisions about how flows should be prioritized for circuit breaking. Additionally, CBACC-compliant circuit breakers transmit information to receivers about flows which have been or might soon be circuit-broken, to encourage CBACC-aware applications to use alternate methods to retrieve equivalent (though probably lower-quality and possibly less efficient) data when possible.
This document describes a building block as defined in [RFC3048]. This document describes a congestion control building block that conforms to [RFC2357]. This document follows the general guidelines provided in [RFC3269], in addition to the requirements on RFCs from [RFC5226] and [RFC3552].
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| circuit breaker | See [I-D.ietf-tsvwg-circuit-breaker] |
| controlled environment | See [I-D.ietf-tsvwg-rfc5405bis] Section 3.6 |
| general internet | See [I-D.ietf-tsvwg-rfc5405bis] Section 3.6 |
| flow | traffic for a single (source,destination) IP pair, including destinations that are group addresses |
| upstream | along a network topology path in the direction of a flow's sender |
| downstream | along a network topology path in the direction of a flow's receiver |
| ingress interface | the (single) upstream interface for a flow in a circuit breaker |
| egress interface | a downstream interface for a flow in a circuit breaker |
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
CBACC is defined as an independent congestion control building block instead of as an extension to WEBRC because it would be an equally useful supplement for other kinds of experimental receiver-driven multicast congestion control schemes, such as [PLM] or other methods based on receiver-driven conformance to a measurement of available network bandwidth or congestion.
CBACC is also potentially valuable, even without other congestion control systems, in controlled environments where congestion control may not be required (e.g. for certain profiles of RTP [RFC3550]), since CBACC can provide protection for such a network against congestion due to sender or network mis-configuration.
CBACC provides a new form of communication between senders and network transit nodes to facilitate fast-trip circuit breakers as described in section 5.1 of [I-D.ietf-tsvwg-circuit-breaker] which are not available via previously existing methods. When used in conjunction with compatible circuit breakers, CBACC can greatly improve the safety of a network that accepts and delivers interdomain massively scalable multicast traffic to potentially untrusted receivers.
CBACC relies on the presence of CBACC-aware circuit breakers on a flow's transit path in order to provide congestion control in a network. In the absence of any CBACC-aware circuit breakers on a network path, CBACC constitutes a small extra overhead to a flow that provides no additional value.
CBACC provides a form of congestion control for massively scalable protocols using the IP multicast service. CBACC is best used in conjunction with another receiver-driven multicast congestion control, but it is also suitable for use even without another congestion control mechanism, or when presence of another congestion control mechanism is unproven, such as when accepting multicast joins from untrusted receivers.
CBACC senders send Bandwidth Advertisement packets to advertise the maximum sending bandwidth along the data path for a flow through a network.
CBACC bandwidth information is monitored by CBACC circuit breakers along the network path, which may block the forwarding of traffic for some flows in order to maintain network health. When a flow is blocked, a CBACC circuit breaker sets a bit in Bandwidth Advertisement packets before they're forwarded downstream that indicates to subscribed receivers of that flow that traffic has been blocked.
An effort is also made to notify downstream receivers when a flow is in danger of being circuit broken in the near future. This gives applications an opportunity to gracefully shift to a lower-bandwidth version of the same content, when possible, providing an early warning system against potential congestion.
A Bandwidth Advertisement packet constitutes an "ingress meter" as described in section 3.1 of [I-D.ietf-tsvwg-circuit-breaker]. The configured bandwidth caps of egress interfaces likewise constitute "egress meters". However, the diagram in the referenced document is simplified by running the ingress and egress on the same network node. At the CBACC-aware circuit breaker, that node has both pieces of information as soon as a Bandwidth Advertisement is received, and can trip the circuit breaker if the aggregate CBACC bandwidth exceeds the bandwidth available on any egress interfaces.
The initial draft of this document proposes 2 different methods of encapsulating the Bandwidth Advertisement with a discussion of the known pros and cons of each. The intent is to solicit feedback from the community and then settle on one encapsulation (possibly a different, as yet unconsidered one).
Bandwidth advertisement can appear as either an IPv4 header option (as in Section 3.1 of [RFC0791]) or as an IPv6 extension header option (as in section 4.2 of [RFC2460]). They have the same layout:
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | Length |B|D| Reserved | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Bandwidth | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 1
Bandwidth advertisements sent as IPv4 header options use option value [TBD], with the "copied" bit set and the option class "control", as specified in [RFC0791] section 3.1. Until and unless IANA assigns a value, this will be option number 158 as described in section 8 of [RFC4727] for experiments using IPv4 Option types. The length field is 8.
Bandwidth advertisements sent as IPv6 header options use option value [TBD], with the "action" bits set to "skip" and the "change" bit set to 1, as specified in [RFC2460] section 4.2. Until and unless IANA assigns a value, this will be option number 0x3e as described in section 8 of [RFC4727] for experiments using IPv6 Option Types. The length field is 6.
Using an IP header option has the benefit of exposing the bandwidth to all CBACC-compatible routers, in much the same way the IP Router Alert option would, but without being processed or causing undue load in non-CBACC routers.
The IP Header encapsulations DO work with IPSEC. As described in Appendix A of [RFC4302], the IP header fields are properly treated as mutable and zeroed for the IPSEC ICV calculations. CBACC circuit breakers MAY change bits in transit. The Bandwidth Advertisement header itself IS NOT protected by IPSEC security services, but protection of other parts of the packet remain unchanged.
Bandwidth advertisements can appear as a UDP packet with destination port [TBD]. Until and unless IANA assigns a value, this will be port number 1022, one of the experimental ports provided in Section 6 of [RFC4727]. The UDP packet contains a payload with the following packet format:
0 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |B|D| Reserved | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | + Bandwidth (32 bits) + | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 2
Using a dedicated UDP packet has the benefit of following the guidelines from section 2.2.5 of [RFC3269], that Reliable Multicast Building Blocks MUST initially define packet formats for use over UDP until such time as the protocol is sufficiently widely deployed and understood. However, since the Bandwidth Advertisement packets will be processed by intermediate network nodes while being transmitted along the same routing path as the corresponding data packets, it will be necessary to add an IP Router Alert option ([RFC2113] and [RFC2711]) to the appropriate packets to flag them for the circuit-breaker's examination. It's important to note that [RFC6398] specifically recommends against using the Router Alert option in the end-to-end open Internet, which may impede experimentation and would very likely impede early adoption.
An additional disadvantage of UDP relative to the IP header option is that CBACC in UDP cannot be used for unicast tunnels, because the UDP port is the only discriminator for the Bandwidth Advertisement.
The UDP encapsulation DOES NOT work with IPSEC, because middle boxes can't unpack or modify the Bandwidth Advertisement packets. [TO BE REMOVED: Does this violate [RFC3269] section 2.2.5?]
As in several other protocols sending bandwidth values such as OSPF-TE [RFC3630], the bandwidth is expressed in bytes per second (not bits), in IEEE floating point format. For quick reference, this format is as follows:
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |S| Exponent | Fraction | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 3
S is the sign, Exponent is the exponent base 2 in "excess 127" notation, and Fraction is the mantissa - 1, with an implied binary point in front of it. Thus, the above represents the value:
(-1)**(S) * 2**(Exponent-127) * (1 + Fraction)
For more details, refer to [IEEE.754.1985].
Figure 4
Indicates that the flow has been circuit-broken.
Indicates that the flow is in danger of being circuit-broken.
The sender MUST set all reserved bits to 0 when sending a CBACC control packet. Receivers MUST accept any value in the reserved bits.
A CBACC circuit breaker holds the following state for each interface, for both the inbound and outbound directions on that interface:
The following state is kept for flows that are joined from at least one downstream interface and for which at least one CBACC Bandwidth Advertisement packet has been received:
Flows additionally have a per-interface state for egress interfaces:
The CBACC building block on a sender MUST have access to the maximum bandwidth that may be sent at any time in the following 3 seconds. A CBACC sender MUST send this value in a Bandwidth Advertisement packet once per second. The end result of the traffic sent on the wire for a particular flow MUST honor this maximum bandwidth commitment, such that bandwidth measurements taken over any one-second period MUST NOT exceed any of prior 3 maximum Bandwidth Advertisements (or any of them, if fewer than 3 have been sent).
A CBACC circuit breaker MUST order its monitored flows based on per-flow estimates of network fairness and preferentially circuit break less fair flows when bandwidth limits are exceeded. A normative method to determine network fairness for a flow is out of scope for this document, but CBACC circuit breaker implementations SHOULD provide a capability for network operators to configure administrative biases for specific sets of flows, and network operators SHOULD consider fairness concerns as expressed in [RFC2914] section 3.2 and other relevant documents containing best practices.
In particular, fairness metrics SHOULD favor multicast flows with many receivers over multicast flows with few receivers and flows with low bandwidth over flows with high bandwidth. When receiver counts are known (for example via the experimental PIM extension specified in [RFC6807]) a RECOMMENDED metric is (bandwidth/receiver count), though other metrics MAY be used where deemed appropriate by network operators following internet best practices, or when receiver counts can't be determined.
Bandwidth Advertisement packets MUST NOT be sent by a sender more often than once per second.
If a circuit breaker receives more than 5 Bandwidth Advertisement packets for a flow in two seconds, the circuit breaker SHOULD set the flow to "pruned" and leave the upstream channel, and MUST drop Bandwidth Advertisement packets in excess of one per second.
Flows which are currently circuit-broken on an egress interface are set to "blocked". When an flow on an egress interface is in blocked state, Bandwidth Advertisement packets MUST be forwarded except as described in the preceding paragraph, the "Blocked" bit MUST be set to 1 before forwarding, and other traffic for that flow MUST NOT be forwarded along that interface.
When a flow is blocked or pruned, the circuit breaker MAY truncate the Bandwidth Advertisement packet, keeping only the headers of the packet containing the Bandwidth Advertisement before forwarding.
When a flow is pruned, the circuit-breaker MUST generate and forward a Bandwidth Advertisement packet once per second with the "Blocked" bit set when there are still downstream receivers connected.
In flows which are not circuit-broken but which would be circuit-broken if the bandwidth warning threshold were the bandwidth limit, the Danger bit MUST be set to 1 before forwarding. Both data and control packets are forwarded for flows in this situation. The "Danger" bit MAY be used by receivers to take early action to avoid getting circuit-broken by shifting to a lower-bandwidth representation, if available.
When a flow is in the "blocked" state on every egress interface, the circuit breaker MAY set the flow to "pruned" on the ingress interface and leave the channel upstream.
In addition to monitoring the advertised bandwidth, a CBACC circuit breaker or other assisting nodes in the network SHOULD monitor the observed bandwidth per flow, and SHOULD circuit break "overactive" flows, defined as those which exceed their CBACC maximum bandwidth commitment. A circuit breaker MAY perform constant monitoring on all flows, or MAY use load sharing techniques such as random selection or round robin to monitor only a certain subset of flows at a time.
When detecting overactive flows, circuit breakers MUST use techniques to avoid false positives due to transient upstream network conditions such as packet compression or occasional packet duplication. For example, using an average of bandwidth measurements over the prior 3 seconds would qualify, where a half-second window would not. (A full listing of reasonable false-positive avoidance techniques is out of scope for this document.)
[TBD: examples with network diagrams and bandwidths?]
The sender needs to know the bandwidth, including any upcoming changes, at least 3 seconds in advance. There is no requirement on how building blocks define this functionality except on the packets on the wire--the advance knowledge might, for example, be implemented by buffering and pacing on the sending machine. Specifics of the sending bandwidth implementations are out of scope for this document, as it's intended to provide requirements that will be applicable to a broad range of possible implementations, including RTP and WEBRC.
This draft requests IANA to allocate an IPv6 packet header option number with the "action" bits set to "skip" and the "change" bit set to 1, as specified in [RFC2460] section 4.2. [TO BE REMOVED: This registration should take place at the following location: http://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv6-parameters/ipv6-parameters.xhtml#extension-header.]
This draft also requests IANA to allocate an IPv4 packet header option number with the "copied" bit set and the option class "control", as specified in [RFC0791] section 3.1. [TO BE REMOVED: This registration should take place at the following location: http://www.iana.org/assignments/ip-parameters/ip-parameters.xhtml#ip-parameters-1.]
If those are deemed unacceptable, as an alternative with some compromises described in Section 5.2.2, this draft instead requests IANA to allocate a UDP destination port number. [TO BE REMOVED: This registration should take place at the following location: http://www.iana.org/assignments/service-names-port-numbers/service-names-port-numbers.xhtml.]
Forged Bandwidth Advertisement packets that get accepted by CBACC circuit breakers which dramatically over-report or under-report the correct bandwidth would present a potential DoS against a CBACC flow, by making the circuit breaker believe the flow exceeds the node's capacity when over-reporting, or by letting the node notice an apparent violation of the commitment to remain under the advertised bandwidth when under-reporting.
Similarly, it is possible to forge a CBACC Bandwidth Advertisement for a non-CBACC flow, which likewise may constitute a DoS against that flow.
For multicast, attacker would have to be on-path in order to deliver a forged packet to a CBACC circuit breaker, because the join's reverse path propagation will only reach the sender on a legitimate network path to its source address.
For unicast, it's a bigger problem, because ANY sender along path that doesn't have RPF check BCP 38 [RFC2827] permits attack on the flow via forged packet that substantially under-reports or over-reports bandwidth.
For AMT tunnels, when RPF checks along a path to the gateway are not present, nothing stops forged packets from being forwarded by the gateway. If these packets contain CBACC control packets, it's possible to inject a forged packet into the network downstream from the gateway, combining the unicast hole with the multicast hole. This is a vulnerability that should probably be addressed by a new AMT version with some defense against forgery of data.
For IPSEC, since the Bandwidth Advertisement IP header option is mutable, it's not protected by the IPSEC security services, so the Bandwidth Advertisement can be forged for consumption by the circuit breakers, even though the packet will be rejected by the end host with the security association. This could mount a DoS via the intermediate circuit-breakers by over-reporting or under-reporting flow bandwidth, when processing CBACC traffic through untrusted network paths.
The unicast vulnerabilities would be much mitigated by RPF checks as recommended by BCP 38 [RFC2827] at every hop, or otherwise maintained by the network. Absent such checks, cheap DoS vulnerabilities may be present from any permissive network locations.
CBACC control packets are sent as part of the data stream so that they traverse the same intermediate network nodes as the rest of the data, but they also carry control information that must be processed by certain nodes along that path.
This creates potential problems very similar to the problems with the Router Alert IP option discussed in Section 3 of [RFC6398], where a circuit-breaker might have a "fast path" for forwarding that can handle a much higher traffic volume than the "slow path" necessary to process CBACC control packets, which is potentially vulnerable to overloading.
If a CBACC-compatible circuit breaker receives a high rate of CBACC control packets, the circuit breaker MUST maintain network health for other flows. A circuit-breaker MAY drop all packets, including all CBACC control packets, for a flow in which more than 5 CBACC control packets were received in less than a second. (This number is intended to allow for moderate IP packet duplication and packet compression by upstream routers, while still being slow enough for handling of packets on the slow path.)
Since CBACC flows require state, it may be possible for a set of receivers and/or senders, possibly acting in concert, to generate many flows in an attempt to overflow the circuit breakers' state tables.
It is permissible for a network node to behave as a CBACC circuit breaker for some CBACC flows while treating other CBACC flows as non-CBACC, as part of a load balancing strategy for the network as a whole, or simply as defense against this concern when the number of monitored flows exceeds some threshold.
The same techniques described in section 3.1 of [RFC4609] can be used to help mitigate this attack, for much the same reasons. It is RECOMMENDED that network operators implement measures to mitigate such attacks.
Many thanks to Devin Anderson for a detailed review and many great suggestions. Thanks also to Cheng Jin and Scott Brown for early feedback.
[I-D.ietf-tsvwg-rfc5405bis] describes several remedies for unicast congestion control under UDP, even though UDP does not itself provide congestion control. In general, any network node under congestion could in theory collect evidence that a unicast flow's sending rate is not responding to congestion, and would then be justified in circuit-breaking it.
With multicast IP, the situation is different, especially in the presence of malicious receivers. A well-behaved sender using a receiver-controlled congestion scheme such as WEBRC does not reduce its send rate in response to congestion, instead relying on receivers to leave the appropriate multicast groups.
This leads to a situation where, when a network accepts inter-domain multicast traffic, as long as there are senders somewhere in the world with aggregate bandwidth that exceeds a network's capacity, receivers in that network can join the flows and overflow the network capacity. A receiver controlled by an attacker could do this at the IGMP/MLD level without running the application layer protocol that participates in the receiver-controlled congestion control.
A network might be able to detect and defend against the most naive version of such an attack by blocking end users that try to join too many flows at once. However, an attacker can achieve the same effect by joining a few high-bandwidth flows, if those exist anywhere, and an attacker that controls a few machines in a network can coordinate the receivers so they join disjoint sets of non-responsive sending flows.
This scenario will produce congestion in a middle node in the network that can't be easily detected at the edge where the IGMP/MLD join is accepted. Thus, an attacker with a small set of machines in a target network can always trip a circuit breaker if present, or can induce excessive congestion among the bandwidth allocated to multicast. This problem gets worse as more multicast flows become available.
This is a significant barrier to multicast adoption because there is no present defense which does not itself constitute a denial of service attack.
Although the same can apply to non-responsive unicast traffic, network operators can assume that non-responsive sending flows are in violation of congestion control best practices, and can therefore cut off such flows. However, non-responsive multicast senders are likely to be well-behaved participants in receiver-controlled congestion control schemes.
However, receiver controlled congestion control schemes also show the most promise for efficient massive scale content distribution via multicast, provided network health can be ensured. Therefore, mechanisms to mitigate overjoining attacks while still permitting receiver-controlled congestion control are necessary.
TBD: network diagram
Figure 5