| AVTCORE | J. Lennox |
| Internet-Draft | Vidyo |
| Updates: 3550 (if approved) | M. Westerlund |
| Intended status: Standards Track | Ericsson |
| Expires: October 13, 2013 | Q. Wu |
| Huawei | |
| C. Perkins | |
| University of Glasgow | |
| April 11, 2013 |
RTP Considerations for Endpoints Sending Multiple Media Streams
draft-lennox-avtcore-rtp-multi-stream-02
This document expands and clarifies the behavior of the Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) endpoints when they are sending multiple media streams in a single RTP session. In particular, issues involving Real-Time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP) messages are described.
This document updates RFC 3550 in regards to handling of multiple SSRCs per endpoint in RTP sessions.
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At the time The Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) [RFC3550] was originally written, and for quite some time after, endpoints in RTP sessions typically only transmitted a single media stream per RTP session, where separate RTP sessions were typically used for each distinct media type.
Recently, however, a number of scenarios have emerged (discussed further in Section 3) in which endpoints wish to send multiple RTP media streams, distinguished by distinct RTP synchronization source (SSRC) identifiers, in a single RTP session. Although RTP's initial design did consider such scenarios, the specification was not consistently written with such use cases in mind. The specifications are thus somewhat unclear.
The purpose of this document is to expand and clarify [RFC3550]'s language for these use cases. The authors believe this does not result in any major normative changes to the RTP specification, however this document defines how the RTP specification is to be interpreted. In these cases, this document updates RFC3550.
The document starts with terminology and some use cases where multiple sources will occur. This is followed by some case studies to try to identify issues that exist and need considerations. This is followed by RTP and RTCP recommendations to resolve issues. Next are security considerations and remaining open issues.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119] and indicate requirement levels for compliant implementations.
This section discusses several use cases that have motivated the development of endpoints that send multiple streams in a single RTP session.
The most straightforward motivation for an endpoint to send multiple media streams in a session is the scenario where an endpoint has multiple capture devices of the same media type and characteristics. For example, telepresence endpoints, of the type described by the CLUE Telepresence Framework [I-D.ietf-clue-framework] is designed, often have multiple cameras or microphones covering various areas of a room.
Recent work has been done in RTP [I-D.ietf-avtcore-multi-media-rtp-session] and SDP [I-D.ietf-mmusic-sdp-bundle-negotiation] to update RTP's historical assumption that media streams of different media types would always be sent on different RTP sessions. In this work, a single endpoint's audio and video media streams (for example) are instead sent in a single RTP session.
There are several RTP topologies which can involve a central device that itself generates multiple media streams in a session.
One example is a mixer providing centralized compositing for a multi-capture scenario like that described in Section 3.1. In this case, the centralized node is behaving much like a multi-capturer endpoint, generating several similar and related sources.
More complicated is the Source Projecting Mixer, see Section 3.6 of [I-D.westerlund-avtcore-rtp-topologies-update]. This is a central box that receives media streams from several endpoints, and then selectively forwards modified versions of some of the streams toward the other endpoints it is connected to. Toward one destination, a separate media source appears in the session for every other source connected to the mixer, "projected" from the original streams, but at any given time many of them can appear to be inactive (and thus are receivers, not senders, in RTP). This sort of device is closer to being an RTP mixer than an RTP translator, in that it terminates RTCP reporting about the mixed streams, and it can re-write SSRCs, timestamps, and sequence numbers, as well as the contents of the RTP payloads, and can turn sources on and off at will without appearing to be generating packet loss. Each projected stream will typically preserve its original RTCP source description (SDES) information.
This section illustrates some scenarios that have shown areas where the RTP specification is unclear.
This issue case tries to illustrate the effect of having multiple SSRCs sent by an endpoint, by considering the traffic between two source-projecting mixers in a large multi-party conference.
For concreteness, consider a 200-person conference, where 16 sources are viewed at any given time. Assuming participants are distributed evenly among the mixers, each mixer would have 100 sources "behind" (projected through) it, of which at any given time eight are active senders. Thus, the RTP session between the mixers consists of two endpoints, but 200 sources.
The RTCP bandwidth implications of this scenario are discussed further in Section 8.7.
(TBD: Other examples? Can this section be removed?)
While an endpoint MUST (of course) stay within its share of the available session bandwidth, as determined by signalling and congestion control, this need not be applied independently or uniformly to each media stream. In particular, session bandwidth MAY be reallocated among an endpoint's media streams, for example by varying the bandwidth use of a variable-rate codec, or changing the codec used by the media stream, up to the constraints of the session's negotiated (or declared) codecs. This includes enabling or disabling media streams as more or less bandwidth becomes available.
This section contains a number of different RTCP clarifications or recommendations that enables more efficient and simpler behavior without loss of functionality.
The RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) is defined in Section 6 of [RFC3550], but it is largely documented in terms of "participants". In many cases, the specification's recommendations for "participants" are to be interpreted as applying to individual media streams, rather than to endpoints. This section describes several concrete cases where this applies.
(tbd: rather than think in terms of media streams, it might be clearer to refer to SSRC values, where a participant with multiple active SSRC values counts as multiple participants, once per SSRC)
For each of an endpoint's media streams, whether or not it is currently sending media, SR/RR and SDES packets MUST be sent at least once per RTCP report interval. (For discussion of the content of SR or RR packets' reception statistic reports, see Section 8.)
When a new media stream is added to a unicast session, the sentence in [RFC3550]'s Section 6.2 applies: "For unicast sessions ... the delay before sending the initial compound RTCP packet MAY be zero." This applies to individual media sources as well. Thus, endpoints MAY send an initial RTCP packet for an SSRC immediately upon adding it to a unicast session.
This allowance also applies, as written, when initially joining a unicast session. However, in this case some caution needs to be exercised if the end-point or mixer has a large number of sources (SSRCs) as this can create a significant burst. How big an issue this depends on the number of source to send initial SR or RR and Session Description CNAME items for in relation to the RTCP bandwidth.
(tbd: Maybe some recommendation here? The aim in restricting this to unicast sessions was to avoid this burst of traffic, which the usual RTCP timing and reconsideration rules will prevent)
Section 6.1 gives the following advice to RTP translators and mixers:
Note: To avoid confusion, an RTCP packet is an individual item, such as a Sender Report (SR), Receiver Report (RR), Source Description (SDES), Goodbye (BYE), Application Defined (APP), Feedback [RFC4585] or Extended Report (XR) [RFC3611] packet. A compound packet is the combination of two or more such RTCP packets where the first packet has to be an SR or an RR packet, and which contains a SDES packet containing an CNAME item. Thus the above results in compound RTCP packets that contain multiple SR or RR packets from different sources as well as any of the other packet types. There are no restrictions on the order in which the packets can occur within the compound packet, except the regular compound rule, i.e., starting with an SR or RR.
This advice applies to multi-media-stream endpoints as well, with the same restrictions and considerations. (Note, however, that the last sentence does not apply to AVPF [RFC4585] or SAVPF [RFC5124] feedback packets if Reduced-Size RTCP [RFC5506] is in use.)
Due to RTCP's randomization of reporting times, there is a fair bit of tolerance in precisely when an endpoint schedules RTCP to be sent. Thus, one potential way of implementing this recommendation would be to randomize all of an endpoint's sources together, with a single randomization schedule, so an MTU's worth of RTCP all comes out simultaneously.
(tbd: Multiplexing RTCP packets from multiple different sources might require some adjustment to the calculation of RTCP's avg_rtcp_size, as the RTCP group interval is proportional to avg_rtcp_size times the group size).
It is possible for an RTP session to carry sources of greatly differing bandwidths. One example is the scenario of [I-D.ietf-avtcore-multi-media-rtp-session], when audio and video are sent in the same session. However, this can occur even within a single media type, for example a video session carrying both 5 fps QCIF and 60 fps 1080p HD video, or an audio session carrying both G.729 and L24/48000/6 audio.
(tbd: recommend how RTCP bandwidths are to be chosen in these scenarios. Likely, these recommendations will be different for sessions using AVPF-based profiles (where the trr-int parameter is available) than for those using AVP.)
As specified by [RFC3550], an endpoint MUST send reception reports about every active media stream it is receiving, from at least one local source.
However, a naive application of the RTP specification's rules could be quite inefficient. In particular, if a session has N SSRCs (active and inactive, i.e., participant SSRCs), and the session has S active senders in each reporting interval, there will either be N*S report blocks per reporting interval, or (per the round-robin recommendations of [RFC3550] Section 6.1) reception sources would be unnecessarily round-robinned. In a session where most media sources become senders reasonably frequently, this results in quadratically many reception report blocks in the conference, or reporting delays proportional to the number of session members.
Since traffic is received by endpoints, however, rather than by media sources, there is not actually any need for this quadratic expansion. All that is needed is for each endpoint to report all the remote sources it is receiving.
Thus, this document defines a new RTCP mechanism, Reporting Groups, to indicate sources which originate from the same endpoint, and which therefore would have identical recption reports.
An RTCP Reporting Group indicates that a set of sources (SSRCs) that originate from a single entity (endpoint or middlebox) in an RTP session, and therefore all the sources in the group's view of the network is identical. If reporting groups are in use, two sources SHOULD be put into the same reporting group if their view of the network is identical; i.e., if they report on traffic received at the same interface of an RTP endpoint. Sources with different views of the network MUST NOT be put into the same reporting group.
If reporting groups are in use, an endpoint MUST NOT send reception reports from one source in a reporting group about another one in the same group ("self-reports"). Similarly, an endpoint MUST NOT send reception reports about a remote media source from more than one source in a reporting group ("cross-reports"). Instead, it MUST pick one of its local media sources as the "reporting" source for each remote media source, and use it to send reception reports about that remote source; all the other media sources in the reporting group MUST NOT send any reception reports about that remote media source.
This reporting source MUST also be the source for any RTP/AVPF Feedback [RFC4585] or Extended Report (XR) [RFC3611] packets about the corresponding remote sources as well. If a reporting source leaves the session (i.e., if it sends a BYE, or leaves the group without sending BYE under the rules of [RFC3550] section 6.3.7), another reporting source MUST be chosen if any members of the group still exist.
An endpoint or middlebox MAY use multiple sources as reporting sources; however, each reporting source MUST have non-overlapping sets of remote SSRCs it reports on. This is primarily to be done when the reporting source's number of reception report blocks is so large that it would be forced to round robin around the sources. Thus, by splitting the reports among several reporting SSRCs more consistent reporting can be achieved.
If RTP/AVPF feedback is in use, a reporting source MAY send immediate or early feedback at any point when any member of the reporting group could validly do so.
An endpoint SHOULD NOT create single-source reporting groups, unless it is anticipated that the group might have additional sources added to it in the future.
A remote RTP entity, such as an endpoint or a middlebox needs to be able to determine the report group used by another RTP entity. To achieve this goal two RTCP extensions has been defined. For the SSRCs that are reporting on behalf of the reporting group an SDES item RGRP has been defined for providing the report group with an identifier. For SSRCs that aren't reporting on any peer SSRC a new RTCP packet type is defined. This RTCP packet type "Reporting Sources", lists the SSRC that are reporting on this SSRC's behalf.
This divided approach has been selected for the following reasons:
This section defines a new RTCP packet type called "Reporting Group's Reporting Sources" (RGRS). It identifies the SSRC(s) that report on behalf of the SSRC that is the sender of the RGRS packet.
This packet consists of the fixed RTCP packet header which indicates the packet type, the number of reporting sources included and the SSRC which behalf the reporting SSRCs report on. This is followed by the list of reporting SSRCs.
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |V=2|P| SC | PT=RGRS(TBA) | length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | SSRC of packet sender | +=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+ : SSRC for Reporting Source : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The RTCP Packets field has the following definition.
Each RGRS packet MUST contain at least one reporting SSRC. In case the reporting SSRC field is insufficient to list all the SSRCs that is reporting in this report group, the SSRC SHALL round robin around the reporting sources.
Any RTP mixer or translator which forwards SR or RR packets from members of a reporting group MUST forward the corresponding RGRS RTCP packet as well.
A new RTCP Source Description (SDES) item is defined for the purpose of identifying reporting groups.
The Source Description (SDES) item "RGRP" is sent by a reporting group's reporting SSRC. Syntactically, its format is the same as the RTCP SDES CNAME item [RFC6222], and MUST be chosen with the same global-uniqueness and privacy considerations as CNAME. This name MUST be stable across the lifetime of the reporting group, even if the SSRC of a reporting source changes.
Every source which belongs to a reporting group MUST either include an RGRP SDES item in an SDES packet (if it is a reporting source), or an RGRS packet (if it is not), in every compound RTCP packet in which it sends an RR or SR packet (i.e., in every RTCP packet it sends, unless Reduced-Size RTCP [RFC5506] is in use).
Any RTP mixer or translator which forwards SR or RR packets from members of a reporting group MUST forward the corresponding RGRP SDES items as well, even if it otherwise strips SDES items other than CNAME.
This section discusses middlebox considerations for Reporting groups.
To be expanded.
TBD
To understand the benefits of RTCP reporting groups, consider the scenario described in Section 4.1. This scenario describes an environment in which the two endpoints in a session each have a hundred sources, of which eight each are sending within any given reporting interval.
For ease of analysis, we can make the simplifying approximation that the duration of the RTCP reporting interval is equal to the total size of the RTCP packets sent during an RTCP interval, divided by the RTCP bandwidth. (This will be approximately true in scenarios where the bandwidth is not so high that the minimum RTCP interval is reached.) For further simplification, we can assume RTCP senders are following the recommendations of Section 6.3; thus, the per-packet transport-layer overhead will be small relative to the RTCP data. Thus, only the actual RTCP data itself need be considered.
In a report interval in this scenario, there will, as a baseline, be 200 SDES packets, 184 RR packets, and 16 SR packets. This amounts to approximately 6.5 kB of RTCP per report interval, assuming 16-byte CNAMEs and no other SDES information.
Using the original [RFC3550] everyone-reports-on-every-sender feedback rules, each of the 184 receivers will send 16 report blocks, and each of the 16 senders will send 15. This amounts to approximately 76 kB of report block traffic per interval; 92% of RTCP traffic consists of report blocks.
If reporting groups are used, however, there is only 0.4 kB of reports per interval, with no loss of useful information. Additionally, there will be (assuming 16-byte RGRPs, and a single reporting source per reporting group) an additional 2.4 kB per cycle of RGRP SDES items and RGRS packets. Put another way, the unmodified [RFC3550] reporting interval is approximately 8.9 times longer than if reporting groups are in use.
The RTCP traffic generated by receivers using RTCP Reporting Groups might appear, to observers unaware of these semantics, to be generated by receivers who are experiencing a network disconnection, as the non-reporting sources appear not to be receiving a given sender at all.
This could be a potentially critical problem for such a sender using RTCP for congestion control, as such a sender might think that it is sending so much traffic that it is causing complete congestion collapse.
However, such an interpretation of the session statistics would require a fairly sophisticated RTCP analysis. Any receiver of RTCP statistics which is just interested in information about itself needs to be prepared that any given reception report might not contain information about a specific media source, because reception reports in large conferences can be round-robined.
Thus, it is unclear to what extent such backward compatibility issues would actually cause trouble in practice.
In the secure RTP protocol (SRTP) [RFC3711], the cryptographic context of a compound SRTCP packet is the SSRC of the sender of the first RTCP (sub-)packet. This could matter in some cases, especially for keying mechanisms such as Mikey [RFC3830] which use per-SSRC keying.
Other than that, the standard security considerations of RTP apply; sending multiple media streams from a single endpoint does not appear to have different security consequences than sending the same number of streams.
At this stage this document contains a number of open issues. The below list tries to summarize the issues:
This document make several requests to IANA for registering new RTP/RTCP identifiers.
(Note to the RFC-Editor: please replace "TBA" with the IANA-assigned value, and "XXXX" with the number of this document, prior to publication as an RFC.)
This document adds an additional SDES types to the IANA "RTCP SDES Item Types" Registry, as follows:
Value Abbrev Name Reference TBA RGRP Reporting Group [RFCXXXX]
Figure 1: Item for the IANA Source Attribute Registry
This document defines one new RTCP Control Packet types (PT) to be registered as follows:
Value Abbrev Name Reference TBA RGRR Reporting Group Reporting Sources [RFCXXXX]
Figure 2: Item for the IANA RTCP Control Packet Types (PT) Registry
| [I-D.westerlund-avtcore-rtp-topologies-update] | Westerlund, M. and S. Wenger, "RTP Topologies", Internet-Draft draft-westerlund-avtcore-rtp-topologies-update-01, October 2012. |
| [I-D.ietf-mmusic-sdp-bundle-negotiation] | Holmberg, C., Alvestrand, H. and C. Jennings, "Multiplexing Negotiation Using Session Description Protocol (SDP) Port Numbers", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-mmusic-sdp-bundle-negotiation-03, February 2013. |
| [I-D.ietf-clue-framework] | Duckworth, M., Pepperell, A. and S. Wenger, "Framework for Telepresence Multi-Streams", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-clue-framework-09, February 2013. |
| [RFC3830] | Arkko, J., Carrara, E., Lindholm, F., Naslund, M. and K. Norrman, "MIKEY: Multimedia Internet KEYing", RFC 3830, August 2004. |
| [RFC3611] | Friedman, T., Caceres, R. and A. Clark, "RTP Control Protocol Extended Reports (RTCP XR)", RFC 3611, November 2003. |
| [I-D.ietf-avtcore-multi-media-rtp-session] | Westerlund, M., Perkins, C. and J. Lennox, "Multiple Media Types in an RTP Session", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-avtcore-multi-media-rtp-session-01, October 2012. |
Note to the RFC-Editor: please remove this section prior to publication as an RFC.