| 6MAN Working Group | A. Petrescu |
| Internet-Draft | CEA, LIST |
| Updates: RFC4291, RFC4007 (if approved) | L. Velvindron |
| Intended status: Standards Track | Cyberstorm.mu |
| Expires: October 29, 2019 | N. Kottapalli |
| Benu Networks | |
| G. Mishra | |
| Verizon Communications | |
| April 27, 2019 |
The length of the prefix of an IPv6 link-local address ranges from 10 to 127
draft-petrescu-6man-ll-prefix-len-14
A rejected Erratum to RFC4291 "IPv6 Addr Archi" on the topic of link-local addresses 'would need' a draft. This is an answer to that need.
The length of the prefix of an IPv6 link-local address is variable. The minimal value is 10 decimal. The maximum value is 127 decimal.
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The prefix of an IP address is formed by the n leftmost bits of the address. (in a left-to-right writing system).
The prefix of an IP address is used for goals such as: identify the type of an IPv6 address (link-local, global, others), identify the belonging of an IP address to a particular subnetwork, assist the forwarding (or not forwarding) decisions, and others.
The minimal length of the prefix of an IPv6 link-local address (the value of n) is equal to 10 decimal. The maximum is 127.
The prefix of an IPv6 link-local address is represented textually as "fe80::/n", where n MAY be any value between 10 and 127.
Regardless of the prefix length, the leftmost 10 bits of an IPv6 link-local address MUST be set to binary 1111111010 (hexadecimal fe80).
| leftmost | Subnet ID and Interface ID
| 10 bits | 118 bits |
+----------+------------------------------------------------------+
|1111111010+ Bits that MAY be either 0 or 1 |
+----------+------------------------------------------------------+
Figure 1: The IPv6 link-local address
The illustration of an IPv6 link-local address is:
Examples: fe80::1/10, fe80:1::1/32 and fe80::1:1/64 are all IPv6 link-local addresses; their prefix lengths are 10, 32 and 64 respectively. Each such IPv6 address has the leftmost 10 bits equal to binary 1111111010.
The Difficulty: the number binary 1111111010 can not be written in hexadecimal without specifying the number of significant bits (fe80::/10); yet that does not make it a 'prefix'. Converting 1111111010 to hexadecimal leads to 3FA (because in a left-to-right writing system the leading 0s before comma are irrelevant); yet '3FA' is not commonly known to be the leading bits of an IPv6 link-local address, fe80::/10 is.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.
prefix: a contiguous string of bits valid for forwarding operations and for subnet formation. A prefix MUST have an integer length value from 1 to 127 (except when the prefix length is for default route, in which case the value is 0) and a prefix length must be indicated in its textual representation (e.g. 2001:db8::/32 is the prefix and 32 is the prefix length).
textual representation of a prefix: e.g. fe80::/64.
n leading bits: the first n bits in a string of bits read from left to right in a writing system that is read left-to-right. E.g. the 10 leading bits of the fe80::/64 textual representation of the IPv6 link-local prefix are 1111111010.
IPv6 link-local addresses are typically self-configured according to 4 RFCs and relying on the fe80::/10 IANA allocation, RFC4291 54 0 bits, and RFC24262 MAC-based 64bit Interface IDs. In some cases, it is advantageous to manually configure link-local addresses. This is useful for easy remembering by humans, and for parameter resilience during network interface replacement.
Manual configuration of an LL address may use short IID and Subnet ID. The Subnet ID presence in the link-local address is useful in some wireless settings where the subnet structure parameters depend on the link locality. Other settings may also benefit.
When manually setting the link-local address it is necessary to know the length of the prefix of the subnet on which this link-local address is present. This length is necessary for on-link determination.
Some solutions to this problem are: use an address of the form fe80:1::2/32, or use an address of the form fe80::1:2/64, where 1 is the Subnet ID and 2 is the Interface ID. Other solutions involve a hidden 'scope_id' and the use of special syntax ('%') to denote an interface. Each of these solutions have other problems of their own: set some of the 54 mandatorily reset bits of RFC4291, not implementable on some OS, invade the IID with a Subnet ID, and potentially others.
draft-bourbaki-6man-classless-ipv6-05 describes the motivation of considering IPv6 to be classless. It gives a little bit of history of why it is how it is. It proposes the rigid 64 IID length to be probably the last remnant of the boundary.
A memo describes the use of IPv6 link-local addresses in applications. The filename of the Internet Draft is draft-smith-ipv6-link-locals-apps-00.
The RFC "IPv6 Address Archi" illustrates the format of the link-local addresses. From the illustration it MAY be understood that the length of the link-local prefix is 10 bits of value 1111111010 and 54 0 bits.
IANA lists the "IPv6 prefix", and "Address Block", to be "fe80::/10" on its website. It is possible that in the future the IETF could decide to use the bits 11-53.
The RFC 2464 "IPv6-over-Ethernet" states that the prefix for link-local addresses is "fe80::/64".
RFC 6874, "Representing IPv6 Zone Identifiers in Address Literals and Uniform Resource Identifiers" specifies the link-local addresses to be under prefix "fe80::/10".
RFC 8415 "DHCPv6" considers that link-local addresses are designated by the prefix fe80::/10.
RFC 4007 "IPv6 Scoped Address Architecture" discusses Zone ID. A Zone ID may be used - internally - in the 54bits of a link-local address, even though these 54bits appear to be reset. The document mentions at a point that fe80::1 could be used in two separate physical links (not virtual, like the loopback).
RFC4291 requires that an IPv6 link-local address be assigned on each interface. Yet, it does not require the link-local prefix to be associated to an interface.
RFC4861 requires that the link local prefix be present in the Prefix List associated with an interface, although it does not specify the length of the link local prefix.
RFC4862 "SLAAC" defines how GUAs and LLs self-configure. Whereas the GUA gets its prefix length from the RA (not from an RFC), the LL gets it from RFC4291 (not from RA). They are independent choices based on distinct sources.
Several knowledgeable interpretations state that, generally speaking, the prefix length of link-local addresses is 10, but it is 64 in the particular case of Stateless Address-Autoconfiguration (SLAAC). In this latter case, the prefix is named a "subnet prefix", or "prefix on a link", and it is "fe80::/64".
The term "link-local prefix" is sometimes used to mean the prefix for on-link determination, and is sometimes used to mean the reserved address space for link-local addresses (including all current and future use). The latter is fe80::/10. Of which the address architecture spec only gives the addresses that match fe80::/64 the standard format (by specifying intermediate 54 bits are all 0). As a result the former is (currently) only fe80::/64.
For people in the RIR world it's a common thing: you get a prefix from the RIR and then make assignments from it for specific purposes. You can route the aggregate allocation, but you're not allowed to use the unassigned parts (until you make an assignment). In this case fe80::/10 is the allocation and fe80::/64 is the assignment.
Independent testing shows that 'ifconfig add fe80:1::1' works on linux but fails on openbsd. The same command works on a Cisco router.
Interpretations of the situation of linux working ok with fe80:1::1 call it a violation of standards.
The address fe80::1/128 is present on the loopback interface of BSD.
Implementations of an IPv6 stack in a particular operating system (linux) allow for the manual configuration of both prefix lengths 64 and 10 for link-local addresses.
In another operating system the prefix length for link-local addresses can not be explicitely specified by the end user, but may be indirectly derived from two distinct textual formats by using an unspecified rule.
In yet another operating system (FreeBSD) an end user can not use a link-local address whose value is fe80:1::1; because in that OS the hosts drop incoming packets whose source or destination address matches fe80::/10 and contains a non-0 value in bits 15-31 (like fe80:1::1 does). The URL of the C code in OpenBSD that leads to make that packet drop is https://github.com/openbsd/src/blob/master/sys/netinet6/ip6_input.c
In a particular operating system (openbsd), it is possible to run SLAAC with Interface IDentifiers of length different than 64, e.g. 100; this implements RFC7217. In that same operating system it is not possible to use an Interface Identifier of length 100. At the same time, in another operating system (linux) it is possible to use Interface IDentifiers of length 100, yet SLAAC does not work with IID that is not 64. In an ideal linux-bsd operating system any length of IID would be possible.
The loopback interface is required to have a link-local address too (RFC4291), although some OSs dont (linux). The RFC4007 clarifies that, somehow.
Misconfigurations and lack of interoperability MAY arise between computers that use mixed prefix lengths for link-local addresses.
Historical note: earlier, the link-local prefix fe80::/10 and site-local prefix fec0::/10 were grouped into a common fe80::/9. If bits 10-64 were 0 then the prefix was a link-local, otherwise a site-local. The site-local addresses were later deprecated by RFC 3879.
This figure shows two routers each with two interfaces; one such interface is connected to the other router; there are two interfaces that point elsewhere.
i1 ------- i2 i3-------i4
--|Router1|---------|Router2|---
------- -------
i2 address is fe80:12::1:1/32 ('12' means subnet between R1 and R2,
'1' is R1, 2nd '1' is 'front' interface)
i3 address is fe80:12::2:2/32
Figure 2: Figure
One router's interface (connected to the other router) uses address fe80:12::1:1/32 and the other router's corresponding interface uses address fe80:12::2:2/32.
The clarification of the definition of the prefix length of the IPv6 link-local prefix at IANA is: call it 'leading bits' and not 'prefix', or state that the IPv6 prefix length of link-local addresses is 10 decimal. This clarification has beneficial impact in the algorithm implementation for calculation of the opaque and stable Interface Identifiers for IPv6 link-local addresses. It also positively impacts some implementations of IPv6 forwarding.
IANA is requested to change the name of the column head in the table that depicts the "Internet Protocol Version 6 Address Space". The name should be "The n leading bits of an address" instead of "IPv6 Prefix".
The desired effect of this change is that the IPv6 link-local prefix be "fe80::/n" and that the 10 leading bits of this prefix be 1111111010. A second effect would be that the textual representation "fe80::/10" as an IPv6 link-local prefix would disappear from that IANA page.
Listed from 6man WG discussion.
The following persons are acknowledged for the discussion that is reflected in this draft. Not all points are reflected. Some points are copied almost entirely.
Ole Troan, Scott Timothy Morizot, Brian Carpenter, Fred Baker, Mark Smith, Peter Occil, Philip Homburg, Albert Manfredi, _–¾ ’BÆ (TATUYA Jinmei), Fernando Gont, Christian Huitema, Simon Hobson, Matthew Petach, Yucel Guven, Sander Steffann, Dennis Ferguson, Musa Stephen Honlue, Fred Templin, Gyan Mishra, Yu Tianpeng.
Peter Paluch submitted the Erratum suggestion to RFC 4291 about link-local addresses, and Brian Haberman rejected it, by noting 'would need' a draft. Igor Lubashev pointed to that Errata.
| [RFC2119] | Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997. |
The changes are listed in reverse chronological order, most recent changes appearing at the top of the list.
-14: updated authorship.
-13: added a Problem Statement section; added the name of the Organisation of one co-author; distinguished between 'need' and 'would need' a draft.
-12: the '64' in GUA vs '64' in LL issued by distinct sources: RA vs RFC4291 respectively; the address fe80::1/128 is present on the loopback interface of BSD; detailed, again, the distinction for 'on-link' determination; detailed, again, the distinction between 'assignment' and 'allocation'; added the fact that Cisco supports manual assignment of fe80:1::1.
-11: trying the attribute updates=RFC4291,RFC4007 in the rfc tag.
-10: syntax error corrected; more explanation about how FreeBSD C code blocks fe80:1::1; clarification in IANA section, but doubtful.
-09: added a reference to RFC 4007 about Zone ID in LL; added a reference to draft-bourbaki about IPv6 being classless; added the result of independent testing showing ifconfig add fe80:1::1 works on linux but fails on BSD; added URL to C code in BSD flavor that may be in charge of dropping packets whose src/dst is an LL like fe80:1::1; added two co-authors.
-08: added explanation of which RFC requires the LL address to be present, and which requires the LL prefix to be present; named the OSs, instead of staying generic; explained that the lack of requirement of ll address on lo in RFC4291 is covered by another RFC4007; explained that openbsd allows variable len IID for GUAs but not for LLs, yet linux allows the reverse, and concluded on an obvious ideal.
-07: added the fact that DHCPv6 spec considers the link-local addresses to be fe80::/10; added a valuable explanation of ll behaviour of a particularly important OS.
-04: added an example advantage of using prefix length 32.
-03:
-02: corrected a typo in "fe80::/1" and added a 7-bit encoding for one persons name (in addition to the japanese-shift-jis encoding which is not understood by xml2rfc.)