IDR and SIDR K. Sriram
Internet-Draft D. Montgomery
Intended status: Informational US NIST
Expires: September 10, 2015 March 9, 2015
Methods for Detection and Mitigation of BGP Route Leaks
draft-sriram-idr-route-leak-detection-mitigation-00
Abstract
In [I-D.ietf-grow-route-leak-problem-definition], the authors have
provided a definition of the route leak problem, and also enumerated
several types of route leaks. In this document, we first examine
which of those route-leak types are detected and mitigated by the
existing origin validation [RFC 6811] and BGPSEC path validation [I-
D.ietf-sidr-bgpsec-protocol]. Where the current BGPSEC protocol
doesn't offer a solution, this document suggests an enhancement that
would extend the route-leak detection and mitigation capability of
BGPSEC. The solution can be implemented in BGP without necessarily
tying it to BGPSEC. Incorporating the solution in BGPSEC is one way
of implementing it in a secure way. We do not claim to have provided
a solution for all possible types of route leaks, but the solution
covers several, especially considering some significant route-leak
attacks or occurrences that have been observed in recent years. The
document also includes a stopgap method for detection and mitigation
of route leaks for the phase when BGPSEC (path validation) is not yet
deployed but only origin validation is deployed.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on September 10, 2015.
Sriram & Montgomery Expires September 10, 2015 [Page 1]
Internet-Draft Route Leak Detection and Mitigation March 2015
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Mechanisms for Detection and Mitigation of Route Leaks . . . 3
2.1. Route Leak Protection (RLP) Field Encoding by Sending
Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2. Recommended Actions at a Receiving Router . . . . . . . . 7
2.3. Detection and Mitigation of Route Leaks of Type 5 and
Type 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3. Stopgap Solution when Only Origin Validation is Deployed . . 9
4. Design Rationale and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.1. Downside of 'Up (Towards Provider AS)' Indication in the
RLP Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2. Possibility of Abuse of '01' (i.e. 'Do not Propagate Up')
Indication in the RLP Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1. Introduction
In [I-D.ietf-grow-route-leak-problem-definition], the authors have
provided a definition of the route leak problem, and also enumerated
several types of route leaks. In this document, we first examine
which of those route-leak types are detected and mitigated by the
existing Origin Validation (OV) [RFC6811] and BGPSEC path validation
[I-D.ietf-sidr-bgpsec-protocol]. For the rest of this document, we
use the term BGPSEC as synonymous with path validation. The BGPSEC
Sriram & Montgomery Expires September 10, 2015 [Page 2]
Internet-Draft Route Leak Detection and Mitigation March 2015
protocol provides cryptographic protection for some aspects of BGP
update messages. OV and BGPSEC together offer mechanisms to protect
against mis-originations and hijacks of IP prefixes as well as man-
in-the-middle (MITM) AS path modifications. Route leaks (see
[I-D.ietf-grow-route-leak-problem-definition] and references cited at
the back) are another type of vulnerability in the global BGP routing
system against which BGPSEC so far offers only partial protection.
For the types of route leaks enumerated in
[I-D.ietf-grow-route-leak-problem-definition], where the current
BGPSEC protocol doesn't offer a solution, this document suggests an
enhancement that would extend the detection and mitigation capability
of BGPSEC. The solution can be implemented in BGP without
necessarily tying it to BGPSEC. Incorporating the solution in BGPSEC
is one way of implementing it in a secure way. We do not claim to
provide a solution for all possible types of route leaks, but the
solution covers several relevant types, especially considering some
significant route-leak occurrences that have been observed frequently
in recent years. The document also includes (in Section 3) a stopgap
method for detection and mitigation of route leaks for the phase when
BGPSEC (path validation) is not yet deployed but only origin
validation is deployed.
2. Mechanisms for Detection and Mitigation of Route Leaks
Referring to the enumeration of route leaks discussed in
[I-D.ietf-grow-route-leak-problem-definition], Table 1 summarizes the
route-leak detection capability offered by OV and BGPSEC for
different types of route leaks. (Note: Route filtering is not
considered here in this table. Please see Section 3.)
A detailed explanation of the contents of Table 1 is as follows. It
is readily observed that route leaks of Types 1, 5, 6, and 7 are not
detected by OV or even by BGPSEC. Type 2 route leak involves
changing a prefix to a subprefix (i.e. more specific); such a
modified update will fail BGPSEC checks. Clearly, Type 3 route leak
involves hijacking and hence can be detected by OV. In the case of
Type 3 route leak, there would be no existing ROAs to validate a re-
originated prefix or subprefix, and hence the update will be
considered Invalid by OV.
Sriram & Montgomery Expires September 10, 2015 [Page 3]
Internet-Draft Route Leak Detection and Mitigation March 2015
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| Type of Route Leak | Detection Coverage and Comments |
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| Type 1: U-Turn with Full Prefix | Neither OV nor BGPSEC (in its |
| | current form) detects Type 1. |
| ------------------------------- | ------------------------------- |
| Type 2: U-Turn with More | In OV, the ROA maxLength may |
| Specific Prefix | offer detection of Type 2 in |
| | some cases; BGPSEC (in its |
| | current form) always detects |
| | Type 2. |
| ------------------------------- | ------------------------------- |
| Type 3: Prefix Hijack with Data | OV by itself detects Type 3; |
| Path to Legitimate Origin | BGPSEC does not detect Type 3. |
| ------------------------------- | ------------------------------- |
| Type 4: Leak of Internal | For internal prefixes never |
| Prefixes and Accidental | meant to be seen (i.e. routed) |
| Deaggregation | on the Internet, OV helps |
| | detect their leak; they might |
| | either have no covering ROA or |
| | have a ROA-AS0 to always filter |
| | them. In the case of accidental |
| | deaggregation, OV may offer |
| | some detection due to ROA |
| | maxLength. BGPSEC does not |
| | catch Type 4. |
| ------------------------------- | ------------------------------- |
| Type 5: Lateral ISP-ISP-ISP | Neither OV nor BGPSEC (in its |
| Leak | current form) detects Type 5. |
| ------------------------------- | ------------------------------- |
| Type 6: Leak of Provider | Neither OV nor BGPSEC (in its |
| Prefixes to Peer | current form) detects Type 6. |
| ------------------------------- | ------------------------------- |
| Type 7: Leak of Peer Prefixes | Neither OV nor BGPSEC (in its |
| to Provider | current form) detects Type 7. |
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
Table 1: Examination of Route-Leak Detection Capability of Origin
Validation and Current BGPSEC Path Validation
In the case of Type 4 leaks involving internal prefixes that are not
meant to be routed in the Internet, they are likely to be detected by
OV. That is because such prefixes might either have no covering ROA
or have a ROA-AS0 to always filter them. In the case of Type 4 leaks
that are due to accidental deaggregation, they may be detected due to
violation of ROA maxLength. BGPSEC does not catch Type 4. However,
route leaks of Type 4 are least problematic due to the following
reasons. In the case of accidental deaggregation, the offending AS
Sriram & Montgomery Expires September 10, 2015 [Page 4]
Internet-Draft Route Leak Detection and Mitigation March 2015
is itself the legitimate destination of the leaked more-specific
prefixes. Hence, in most cases of this type, the data traffic is
neither misrouted not denied service. Also, leaked announcements of
Type 4 are short-lived and typically withdrawn quickly following the
announcements. Further, the MaxPrefix limit may kick in in some
receiving routers and that helps limit the propagation of sometimes
large number of leaked routes of Type 4.
From the above, it is evident that in our proposed solution method,
we need to focus primarily on route leaks of Types 1, 5, 6, and 7.
In Section 2.1 and Section 2.2, we describe a simple addition to
BGPSEC that facilitates cryptographically-enabled detection of route
leaks of Types 1 and 7. Then in Section 2.3, we will explain how the
same method as described in Section 2.1 can be utilized between ISPs
(or ASes) to detect and mitigate route leaks of Types 5 and 6.
2.1. Route Leak Protection (RLP) Field Encoding by Sending Router
The key principle is that, in the event of a route leak, a receiving
router in a provider AS (e.g. referring to Figure 1, ISP2 (AS3)
router) should be able to detect from the prefix-update that its
customer AS (e.g. AS1 in Figure 1) SHOULD NOT have forwarded the
update (towards the provider AS). This means that at least one of
the ASes in the AS path of the update has indicated that it sent the
update to its customer or peer AS, but forbade any subsequent 'Up'
forwarding (i.e. from a customer AS to its provider AS). For this
purpose, a Route Leak Protection (RLP) field to be set by a sending
router is proposed to be used for each AS hop.
Sriram & Montgomery Expires September 10, 2015 [Page 5]
Internet-Draft Route Leak Detection and Mitigation March 2015
/\ /\
\ route-leak(P)/
\ propagated /
\ /
+------------+ peer +------------+
______| ISP1 (AS2) |----------->| ISP2 (AS3)|---------->
/ ------------+ prefix(P) +------------+ route-leak(P)
| prefix | \ update /\ \ propagated
\ (P) / \ / \
------- prefix(P) \ / \
update \ / \
\ /route-leak(P) \/
\/ /
+---------------+
| customer(AS1) |
+---------------+
Figure 1: Illustration of the basic notion of a route leak.
For the purpose of route leak detection and mitigation proposed in
this document, the RLP field value SHOULD be set to one of two values
as follows:
o 00: This is the default value (i.e. "nothing specified"),
o 01: This is the 'Do not Propagate Up' indication; sender
indicating that the prefix-update SHOULD NOT be forwarded 'Up'
towards a provider AS.
There are two different scenarios when a sending AS SHOULD set the
'01' indication in a prefix-update: (1) when sending the prefix-
update to a customer AS, and (2) to let a peer AS know not to forward
the prefix-update 'Up' towards a provide AS. In essence, in both
scenarios, the intent of '01' indication is that any receiving AS
along the subsequent AS path SHOULD NOT forward the prefix-update
'Up' towards its (receiving AS's) provider AS.
One may argue for an RLP field value (e.g. '10') to be used to
specify 'Up' (i.e. towards provider AS) directionality. But in the
interest of keeping the methodology simple, the choice of two RLP
field values as defined above (00 - default, and 01 - 'Do not
Propagate Up') is all that is needed. This two-state specification
in the RLP field can be shown to work for detection and mitigation of
route leaks of Types 1 and 7 readily (and also Types 5 and 6; see
Section 2.3), which are the focus here. (Please see Section 4 for
further discussion about the downside using 'Up' indication.)
Sriram & Montgomery Expires September 10, 2015 [Page 6]
Internet-Draft Route Leak Detection and Mitigation March 2015
In general, the proposed RLP encoding can be carried in BGP-4
[RFC4271] updates in any possible way, e.g., in a transitive
community attribute. We consider BGPSEC as an example, where the RLP
encoding can be accommodated in the existing Flags field and thereby
secured using the existing BGPSEC path signatures. The Flags field
is part of the Secure_Path Segment in BPGSEC updates
[I-D.ietf-sidr-bgpsec-protocol]. It is one octet long, and one Flags
field is available for each AS hop, and currently only the first bit
is used in BGPSEC. So there are 7 bits that are currently unused in
the Flags field. Two (or more if needed) of these bits can be
designated for the RLP field. Since the BGPSEC protocol
specification requires a sending AS to include the Flags field in the
data that are signed over, the RLP field for each hop (assuming it
would be part of the Flags field) will be protected under the sending
AS's signature.
2.2. Recommended Actions at a Receiving Router
We provide here an example set of receiver actions that work to
detect and mitigate route leaks of Types 1 and 7 (in particular).
This example algorithm serves as a proof of concept. However, other
receiver algorithms or procedures can be designed (based on the same
sender specification as in Section 2.1) and may perform with greater
efficacy, and are by no means excluded.
A recommended receiver algorithm for detecting a route leak is as
follows:
A receiving BGPSEC router SHOULD mark an update as a Route-Leak if
ALL of the following conditions hold true:
1. The update is received from a customer AS.
2. It is Valid in accordance with the BGPSEC protocol.
3. The update has the RLP field set to '01' (i.e. 'Do not Propagate
Up') indication for one or more hops (excluding the most recent)
in the AS path.
The reason for stating "excluding the most recent" in the above
algorithm is as follows. The provider AS already knows that most
recent hop in the update is from its customer AS to itself, and hence
it does not need to rely on the RLP field value set by the customer
for detection of route leaks. (See further discussion in
Section 4.1.)
After applying the above detection algorithm, a receiving router may
use any policy-based algorithm of its own choosing to mitigate any
Sriram & Montgomery Expires September 10, 2015 [Page 7]
Internet-Draft Route Leak Detection and Mitigation March 2015
detected route leaks. An example receiver algorithm for mitigating a
route leak is as follows:
o If an update from a customer AS is marked as a Route-Leak, then
the receiving router SHOULD prefer a Valid signed update from a
peer or an upstream provider over the customer's update.
The basic principle here is that the presence of '01' value in the
RLP field corresponding to one or more AS hops in the AS path of an
update coming from a customer AS informs a receiving router in a
provider AS that a route leak is likely occurring. The provider AS
then overrides the "prefer customer route" policy, and instead
prefers a route learned from a peer or another upstream provider over
the customer's route.
A receiving router expects the RLP field value for any hop in the AS
path to be either 00 or 01. However, if a different value (say, 10
or 11) is found in the RLP field, then an error condition will get
flagged, and any further action is TBD.
2.3. Detection and Mitigation of Route Leaks of Type 5 and Type 6
The sender and receiver actions described in Section 2.1 and
Section 2.2 clearly help detect and mitigate route leaks of Types 1
and 7. With a slightly modified interpretation of the RLP encoding
on the receiver side, they can be extended to detect lateral ISP-ISP-
ISP route leaks (Type 5) as well as leaks of provider prefixes to
peer (Type 6). A sending ISP router would set RLP field value to
'01' indication towards a peer AS or a customer AS, following the
same sender principles as described in Section 2.1.
A recommended receiver algorithm for an ISP to detect a route leak of
either Type 5 or Type 6 is as follows:
A receiving BGPSEC router SHOULD mark an update as a Route-Leak if
ALL of the following conditions hold true:
1. The update is received from a lateral ISP peer or a customer AS.
2. It is Valid in accordance with the BGPSEC protocol.
3. The update has the RLP field set to '01' indication for one or
more hops (excluding the most recent) in the AS path.
In the above algorithm, the receiving AS interprets the '01'
indication slightly strongly (i.e. stronger than in Section 2.2) to
mean "the update SHOULD NOT have been propagated laterally to a peer
ISP like me either". The rationale here is based on the fact that
Sriram & Montgomery Expires September 10, 2015 [Page 8]
Internet-Draft Route Leak Detection and Mitigation March 2015
settlement-free ISP peers accept only customer prefix-routes from
each other. The receiving AS applies the logic that if a preceding
AS (excluding the most recent) set '01' indication, it means that the
update was sent to a peer or a customer by the (preceding) AS, and
the update should not be traversing a lateral peer-to-peer link
subsequently.
The receiver algorithm for mitigation is up to the discretion of the
ISP. It may simply prefer another unmarked (i.e. not route-leak)
update from a different peer or an upstream ISP over a marked update.
3. Stopgap Solution when Only Origin Validation is Deployed
During a phase when BGPSEC path validation has not yet been deployed
but only origin validation has been deployed, it would be good have a
stopgap solution for route leaks. The stopgap solution can be in the
form of construction of a prefix filter list from ROAs. A suggested
procedure for constructing such a list comprises of the following
steps:
o ISP makes a list of all the ASes (Cust_AS_List) that are in its
customer cone (ISP's own AS is also included in the list). (Some
of the ASes in Cust_AS_List may be multi-homed to another ISP and
that is OK.)
o ISP downloads from the RPKI repositories a complete list
(Cust_ROA_List) of valid ROAs that contain any of the ASes in
Cust_AS_List.
o ISP creates a list of all the prefixes (Cust_Prfx_List) that are
contained in any of the ROAs in Cust_ROA_List.
o Cust_Prfx_List is the allowed list of prefixes that is permitted
by the ISP's AS, and will be forwarded by the ISP to upstream
ISPs, customers, and peers.
o Any prefix not in Cust_Prfx_List but announced by any of the ISP's
customers is marked as a potential route leak. Then the ISP's
router SHOULD prefer a Valid (i.e. valid according to origin
validation) and 'not marked' update from a peer or an upstream
provider over the customer's marked update for that prefix.
Special considerations with regard to the above procedure may be
needed for DDoS mitigation service providers. They typically
originate or announce a DDoS victim's prefix to their own ISP on a
short notice during a DDoS emergency. Some provisions would need to
be made for such cases, and they can be determined with the help of
inputs from DDoS mitigation service providers.
Sriram & Montgomery Expires September 10, 2015 [Page 9]
Internet-Draft Route Leak Detection and Mitigation March 2015
4. Design Rationale and Discussion
In this section, we will try to provide design justifications for the
methodology specified in Section 2, and also answer some anticipated
questions.
4.1. Downside of 'Up (Towards Provider AS)' Indication in the RLP Field
As we have shown in Section 2, route leak detection and mitigation
can be performed without the use of 'Up' (i.e. from customer AS to
provider AS) indication in the RLP field. The detection and
mitigation action should primarily occur at a provider AS's router
just as soon as a leaked update is received from a customer AS. At
that point, a provider AS can be fooled if it merely looks to see if
an offending customer AS has set an 'Up' indication in the RLP field.
This is so since a customer AS intent on leaking a route can
deliberately set "Not Specified (00)" indication in order to misguide
its provider AS. So it seems better that a provider AS figures out
that the update is moving in the 'Up' direction based only on its own
(configuration-based) knowledge that the update is coming from one of
its customer ASes. An 'Up' indication (if it were allowed) can be
also potentially misused. For example, an AS in the middle can
determine that a '01' (i.e. 'Do not Propagate Up') value already
exists on one of the preceding AS hops in a received update's AS
path. Then, said AS in the middle can deliberately set its own RLP
field to signal 'Up', in which case the update may be erroneously
marked as a route leak by a subsequent AS if it concludes that there
was a valley in the AS path of the update. So there appears to be
some possibility of misuse of 'Up' indication, and hence we proposed
not including it in the RLP specification in Section 2. However,
other proposals, if any, that aim to beneficially use an 'Up'
indication in the RLP field would be worth discussing.
4.2. Possibility of Abuse of '01' (i.e. 'Do not Propagate Up')
Indication in the RLP Field
In reality, there appears to be no gain or incentive for an AS to
falsely set its own RLP field to '01' (i.e. 'Do not Propagate Up')
indication in an update that it originates or forwards. The purpose
of a deliberate route leak by an AS is to attract traffic towards
itself, but if the AS were to falsely set its own RLP field to '01'
value, it would be effectively repelling some or all traffic away
from itself for the prefix in question (see receiver algorithms in
Section 2.2 and Section 2.3).
Sriram & Montgomery Expires September 10, 2015 [Page 10]
Internet-Draft Route Leak Detection and Mitigation March 2015
5. Summary
It should be emphasized once again that the proposed route-leak
detection method using the RLP encoding is not intended to cover all
forms of route leaks. However, we feel that the solution covers
several important types of route leaks, especially considering some
significant route-leak attacks or occurrences that have been
frequently observed in recent years. The solution can be implemented
in BGP without necessarily tying it to BGPSEC. Carrying the proposed
RLP encoding in a transitive community attribute in BGP is another
way, but in order to prevent abuse, the community attribute would
require cryptographic protection. Incorporating the RLP encoding in
the BGPSEC Flags field is one way of implementing it securely using
an already existing protection mechanism provided in BGPSEC path
signatures.
6. Security Considerations
The proposed Route Leak Protection (RLP) field requires cryptographic
protection. Since it is proposed that the RLP field be included in
the Flags field in the Secure_Path Segment in BPGSEC updates, the
cryptographic security mechanisms in BGPSEC are expected to also
apply to the RLP field. The reader is therefore directed to the
security considerations provided in [I-D.ietf-sidr-bgpsec-protocol].
7. IANA Considerations
No updates to the registries are suggested by this document.
8. Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Danny McPherson and Eric Osterweil for
discussions related to this work. Also, thanks are due to Jared
Mauch, Jeff Haas, Warren Kumari, Brian Dickson, Amogh Dhamdhere,
Jakob Heitz, Geoff Huston, Randy Bush, Ruediger Volk, Andrei
Robachevsky, Chris Morrow, and Sandy Murphy for comments,
suggestions, and critique. The authors are also thankful to Padma
Krishnaswamy, Oliver Borchert, and Okhee Kim for their comments and
review.
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[RFC4271] Rekhter, Y., Li, T., and S. Hares, "A Border Gateway
Protocol 4 (BGP-4)", RFC 4271, January 2006.
Sriram & Montgomery Expires September 10, 2015 [Page 11]
Internet-Draft Route Leak Detection and Mitigation March 2015
9.2. Informative References
[Cowie2010]
Cowie, J., "China's 18 Minute Mystery", Dyn Research/
Renesys Blog, November 2010,
.
[Cowie2013]
Cowie, J., "The New Threat: Targeted Internet Traffic
Misdirection", Dyn Research/Renesys Blog, November 2013,
.
[Gao] Gao, L. and J. Rexford, "Stable Internet routing without
global coordination", IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,
December 2001, .
[Gill] Gill, P., Schapira, M., and S. Goldberg, "A Survey of
Interdomain Routing Policies", ACM SIGCOMM Computer
Communication Review, January 2014,
.
[Giotsas] Giotsas, V. and S. Zhou, "Valley-free violation in
Internet routing - Analysis based on BGP Community data",
IEEE ICC 2012, June 2012,
.
[Hiran] Hiran, R., Carlsson, N., and P. Gill, "Characterizing
Large-scale Routing Anomalies: A Case Study of the China
Telecom Incident", PAM 2013, March 2013,
.
[Huston2012]
Huston, G., "Leaking Routes", March 2012,
.
[Huston2014]
Huston, G., "What's so special about 512?", September
2014, .
Sriram & Montgomery Expires September 10, 2015 [Page 12]
Internet-Draft Route Leak Detection and Mitigation March 2015
[I-D.ietf-grow-route-leak-problem-definition]
Sriram, K., Montgomery, D., McPherson, D., and E.
Osterweil, "Problem Definition and Classification of BGP
Route Leaks", draft-ietf-grow-route-leak-problem-
definition-00 (work in progress), February 2015.
[I-D.ietf-sidr-bgpsec-protocol]
Lepinski, M., "BGPsec Protocol Specification", draft-ietf-
sidr-bgpsec-protocol-11 (work in progress), January 2015.
[Kapela-Pilosov]
Pilosov, A. and T. Kapela, "Stealing the Internet: An
Internet-Scale Man in the Middle Attack", DEFCON-16 Las
Vegas, NV, USA, August 2008,
.
[Khare] Khare, V., Ju, Q., and B. Zhang, "Concurrent Prefix
Hijacks: Occurrence and Impacts", IMC 2012, Boston, MA,
November 2012, .
[LRL] Khare, V., Ju, Q., and B. Zhang, "Large Route Leaks",
Project web page, 2012,
.
[Labovitz]
Labovitz, C., "Additional Discussion of the April China
BGP Hijack Inciden", Arbor Networks IT Security Blog,
November 2010,
.
[Luckie] Luckie, M., Huffaker, B., Dhamdhere, A., Giotsas, V., and
kc. claffy, "AS Relationships, Customer Cones, and
Validation", IMC 2013, October 2013,
.
[Madory] Madory, D., "Why Far-Flung Parts of the Internet Broke
Today", Dyn Research/Renesys Blog, September 2014,
.
[Mauch] Mauch, J., "BGP Routing Leak Detection System", Project
web page, 2014,
.
Sriram & Montgomery Expires September 10, 2015 [Page 13]
Internet-Draft Route Leak Detection and Mitigation March 2015
[Mauch-nanog]
Mauch, J., "Detecting Routing Leaks by Counting", NANOG-41
Albuquerque, NM, USA, October 2007,
.
[Paseka] Paseka, T., "Why Google Went Offline Today and a Bit about
How the Internet Works", CloudFare Blog, November 2012,
.
[RFC6811] Mohapatra, P., Scudder, J., Ward, D., Bush, R., and R.
Austein, "BGP Prefix Origin Validation", RFC 6811, January
2013.
[Toonk] Toonk, A., "What Caused Today's Internet Hiccup", August
2014, .
[Wijchers]
Wijchers, B. and B. Overeinder, "Quantitative Analysis of
BGP Route Leaks", RIPE-69, November 2014,
.
[Zmijewski]
Zmijewski, E., "Indonesia Hijacks the World", Dyn
Research/Renesys Blog, April 2014,
.
Authors' Addresses
Kotikalapudi Sriram
US NIST
Email: ksriram@nist.gov
Doug Montgomery
US NIST
Email: dougm@nist.gov
Sriram & Montgomery Expires September 10, 2015 [Page 14]