| TMRID | A. Wiethuechter |
| Internet-Draft | S. Card |
| Intended status: Standards Track | AX Enterprize |
| Expires: May 3, 2020 | R. Moskowitz |
| HTT Consulting | |
| October 31, 2019 |
TM-RID Authentication Formats
draft-wiethuechter-tmrid-auth-03
This document describes how to include trust into the proposed ASTM Remote ID specification defined in WK65041 by the F38 Committee under a Broadcast Remote ID (RID) scenario. It defines a few different message schemes (based on the authentication message) that can be used to assure past messages sent by a UA and also act as a assurance for UA trustworthiness in the absence of Internet connectivity at the receiving node.
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on May 3, 2020.
Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.
UA Systems (UAS) are usually in a volatile environment when it comes to communication. UA are generally small with little computational (or flying) horsepower to carry standard communication equipment. This limits the mediums of communication to few viable options.
Observer systems (e.g. smartphones and tablets) place further constraints on the communication options. The Remote ID Broadcast messages MUST be available to applications on these platforms without modifying the devices.
The ASTM standard focuses on two ways of communicating to a UAS for RID: Broadcast and Network.
This document will focus on adding trust to Broadcast RID in the current authentication message format, using the Host Identity Protocol Version 2 (HIPv2) [RFC7401] Hierarchical HIT (HHIT) [I-D.moskowitz-hip-hierarchical-hit].
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.
The current draft standard for Remote ID (RID) does not, in any meaningful capacity, address the concerns of trust in the UA space with communication in the Broadcast RID environment. This is a requirement that will need to be addressed eventually for various different parties that have a stake in the UA industry.
The following subsections will provide a high level reference to the ASTM standard for authentication messages and how their current limitations effect trust in the Broadcast RID envirorment.
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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| ASTM UAS RID HEADERS +---------------+
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+-----------------------------------------------+ |
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| Authentication Data / Signature |
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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+---------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ASTM HEADER | |
+---------------+ |
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| |
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| Authentication Data / Signature |
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
ASTM UAS RID Headers: (7 bytes)
Contains header information for the authentication message
from ASTM UAS RID Standard.
A short 1 byte header is also present as ASTM HEADER included
on every page.
Authentication Data / Signature: (109 bytes: 17+23*4)
Opaque authentication data.
The format proposed by the ASTM is designed with a few major considerations in mind, which the authors feel put significant limitations on the expansion of the standard.
The primary consideration (in this context) is the use of the Bluetooth 5.X Extended Frame format. This method allows for a 255 byte payload to be sent in what the ASTM refers to as an "atomic message".
The idea is to include up to five standard ASTM Broadcast RID messages (each of which are 25 bytes) plus a single authentication message (5 pages of 25 bytes each) in an atomic message. The reasoning is then the authentication message is for the entire atomic message pack.
The authors have no issues with this proposed approach; this is a valid format to use for the authentication message provided by the ASTM. However, by limiting the authentication message to ONLY five pages in the standard it ignores the possibility of other formatting options to be created and used.
This document is assuming that the first two levels of TM-RID (Identification and Authentication) are implemented. This document serves as a expansion to these two levels, leveraging the abilities of the HHIT Registries [I-D.moskowitz-hip-hhit-registries] to its fullest potential.
The following section describes various methods that HIP can help enable more trustworthy communication using the Authentication Message as the base. Each diagram will show all 5 pages of the format filled out.
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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| ASTM UAS RID HEADERS +---------------+
| | RESERVED |
+-----------------------------------------------+---------------+
| |
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| HHIT |
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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+---------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ASTM HEADER | Trust Timestamp /
+---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+
/ | RESERVED | |
+---------------+---------------+ |
| |
| |
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| HHIT Signature |
| |
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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+---------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ASTM HEADER | |
+---------------+ |
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| HHIT Signature |
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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+---------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ASTM HEADER | |
+---------------+ |
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| HHIT Signature |
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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+---------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ASTM HEADER | |
+---------------+ |
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| Payload |
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
HHIT: (16 bytes)
HHIT using the EdDSA25519 HI.
Trust Timestamp: (4 bytes)
Timestamp denoting a future time to trust message to.
HHIT Signature: (64 bytes)
Signature of payload using the EdDSA25519 keypair.
Spread across 3 pages.
Payload: (0 to 23/25 bytes)
Opaque payload data that has been used in signing.
This can be increased to 25 by removing padding RESERVED
sections.
This format is a way to authenticate a given UA using Level 1 and Level 2 of the TM-RID architecture.
When this authentication format is recieved the HHIT (provided by Level 1 TM-RID) is first looked up by mechanisms defined in Level 2. This lookup chain ultimately obtains, on the Observers device, the full HI associated with the HHIT recieved. Once completed the signature can then be verifed with the respective data it was signed with. This data, at a minimum would be the payload in the authentication message.
The payload can be anything that fits within the 23/25 byte limit. Some examples of what could be done with this format are found in Section 5.
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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| ASTM UAS RID HEADERS +---------------+
| | H-Alg | H-Len |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| Hash of Previous Auth. Message |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| Hash of Current Auth. Message |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| Message Hash |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| Message Hash |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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+---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+
| ASTM HEADER | H-Alg | H-Len | RESERVED |
+---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+
| Message Hash |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| Message Hash |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| Message Hash |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| Message Hash |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| Message Hash |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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+---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+
| ASTM HEADER | RESERVED | Signature Length |
+---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+
| Signature Algorithm | |
+-------------------------------+ |
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| HHIT Signature |
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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+---------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ASTM HEADER | |
+---------------+ |
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| HHIT Signature |
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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+---------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ASTM HEADER | |
+---------------+ |
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| HHIT Signature |
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
H-Alg, H-Len: (4 bits), (4 bits)
These are fields for relaying information of the Hash
algorithm used for the messages and the Hash length (in octets).
For this example of the format a length of 4 bytes is
used.
H-Alg Values
----- ------
RESERVED 0
cSHAKE128 1 [sp800-185] (RECOMMENDED)
Hash of Previous Auth. Message: (4 bytes)
A hash of the previously sent Authentication message.
Hash of Current Auth. Message: (4 bytes)
A hash of the current Authentication message.
Message Hash: (4 bytes)
A hash of a previously sent message.
Signature Length: (2 bytes)
Length of signature in octets, excluding Length, and Padding
Signature Algorithm: (2 bytes)
Self explanatory.
HHIT Signature: (64 bytes)
EdDSA25519 signature using an EdDSA25519-based HI from HIP.
Spread across 3 pages.
This format is designed to provide provenance to Broadcast RID messages sent by a given UAS. It should be noted that the HHIT is not provided in the format like others specified here - instead it must be obtained via the Basic ID Message in a detached fashion.
By hashing previously sent messages and signing them we gain trust in UAS previous reports. An observer who has been listening for any length of time can hash received messages and cross check against listed hashes. The signature is signed across the list of hashes.
cSHAKE128(MAC|Message, 8*H-Len, "", "RemoteID Auth Hash")
With cSHAKE128 NIST SP 800-185, the hash is computed as follows:
Two special hashes are included; a previous authentication hash, which links to the previous signed hash list message, as well as a current hash. This gives a pseudo-blockchain provenance to the authentication message that could be traced back if the observer was present for extended periods of time.
In regards to the creation and use of the current authentication hash field:
With the current format proposed by ASTM only 7 messages can be hashed reasonably in the above format. RESERVED padding, the Signature Algorithm, Signature Length and redundant H-Alg, H-Len fields could be removed. This would increase the total list of hashes to 9 while losing word alignment of the hashes in each page.
To address this problem properly the authors feel that the Authentication Messages needs to have a max bound of 10 pages, instead of 5.
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+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
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| DEV HHIT |
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+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| TIMESTAMP |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
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| DEV HHIT |
| SIG |
. .
. .
. .
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+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
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| DEV HI |
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+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AUTH TIMESTAMP |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
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| AUTH HHIT |
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+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
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| AUTH |
| SIG |
. .
. .
. .
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+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
/ PAYLOAD /
/ /
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
DEV HHIT 16 byte Dev HHIT of EdDSA25519 HI
TIMESTAMP 4 byte packet trust until timestamp
DEV HHIT SIG 64 byte Signature of whole packet
DEV HI 32 byte Device HI of EdDSA25519 HI
AUTH TIMESTAMP 4 byte Dev HHIT trust until timestamp
AUTH HHIT 16 byte Authorizer's HHIT of EdDSA25519 HI
AUTH SIG 64 byte Signature of Device HHIT-HI
PAYLOAD 0 to n bytes of payload
Length 200 + n bytes
This specific format does not currently fit within the ASTM specification. Requiring a minimum of 200 bytes, this would require the Authentication Message to have 10 pages, instead of the current 5 page limit.
What this will grant, if attainable in future revisions of the ASTM specification, is the ability to authenticate UA information when the receiving device of the observer (e.g. a smartphone with a dedicated RID application) has no Internet service (e.g. LTE signal).
By including the device HI along with a signature from the registry the UA is under, we can assert trust of a given UA without requiring the need for immediate reverse lookups online.
This section introduces potentional use cases of the HIP based extensions to the proposed ASTM standard authentication message.
Using the HIP Based Authentication Wrapper any single Broadcast RID message defined by ASTM can become what the authors refer to as a "Trusted Message".
One specific use case that is useful in the UAS RID space is the creation of a "Trusted Vector Message". By placing a previous [or new] vector message into the Payload section of this format a verifiable broadcast can be created.
Due to being signed this creates an authentic vector that is hard to spoof, which can confirm flight paths in near real time.
The figure below is a example of a "Trusted Vector Message". Note that the padding (RESERVED) byte are now gone. The "Trust Timestamp" and "Vector Message" fields now span multiple pages instead of being aligned to pages.
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| ASTM UAS RID HEADERS +---------------+
| | |
+-----------------------------------------------+ |
| |
| |
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| HHIT |
| |
| +---------------+
| | /
+-----------------------------------------------+---------------+
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+---------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ASTM HEADER / Trust Timestamp |
+---------------+-----------------------------------------------+
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| HHIT Signature |
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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+---------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ASTM HEADER | |
+---------------+ |
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| HHIT Signature |
| |
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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+---------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ASTM HEADER | |
+---------------+ |
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| HHIT Signature |
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| +-------------------------------+
| | Vector Message /
+-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
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+---------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ASTM HEADER / |
+---------------+ |
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| Vector Message |
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
Using the HIP Based Authentication Wrapper a [short] list of hashes can be signed. These hashes are of previous individual RID messages.
This follows the format of the Signed Hash List, excluding the psuedo-blockchain hashes and various other fields enabling it to fit within the 23 byte limit of the final page.
To the authors, this format has limited use due to numerous concerns of replay attacks. It is suggested to instead use the full Signed Hash List format.
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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| ASTM UAS RID HEADERS +---------------+
| | RESERVED |
+-----------------------------------------------+---------------+
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| HHIT |
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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+---------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ASTM HEADER | Trust Timestamp /
+---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+
/ | RESERVED | |
+---------------+---------------+ |
| |
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| HHIT Signature |
| |
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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+---------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ASTM HEADER | |
+---------------+ |
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| HHIT Signature |
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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+---------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ASTM HEADER | |
+---------------+ |
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| HHIT Signature |
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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+---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+
| ASTM HEADER | H-Alg | H-Len | RESERVED |
+---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+
| Message Hash |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| Message Hash |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| Message Hash |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| Message Hash |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| Message Hash |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
TBD
TBD
TBD
| [NIST.SP.800-185] | Kelsey, J., Change, S. and R. Perlner, "SHA-3 derived functions: cSHAKE, KMAC, TupleHash and ParallelHash", National Institute of Standards and Technology report, DOI 10.6028/nist.sp.800-185, December 2016. |
| [RFC2119] | Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997. |
| [RFC8174] | Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017. |
| [I-D.moskowitz-hip-hhit-registries] | Moskowitz, R., Card, S. and A. Wiethuechter, "Hierarchical HIT Registries", Internet-Draft draft-moskowitz-hip-hhit-registries-01, October 2019. |
| [I-D.moskowitz-hip-hierarchical-hit] | Moskowitz, R., Card, S. and A. Wiethuechter, "Hierarchical HITs for HIPv2", Internet-Draft draft-moskowitz-hip-hierarchical-hit-02, October 2019. |
| [I-D.moskowitz-hip-new-crypto] | Moskowitz, R., Card, S. and A. Wiethuechter, "New Cryptographic Algorithms for HIP", Internet-Draft draft-moskowitz-hip-new-crypto-02, October 2019. |
| [RFC7401] | Moskowitz, R., Heer, T., Jokela, P. and T. Henderson, "Host Identity Protocol Version 2 (HIPv2)", RFC 7401, DOI 10.17487/RFC7401, April 2015. |