| DNSOP Working Group | J. Woodworth |
| Internet-Draft | D. Ballew |
| Obsoletes: 222 (if approved) | CenturyLink, Inc. |
| Updates: 2308, 4033, 4034, 4035 (if | S. Bindinganaveli Raghavan |
| approved) | Hughes Network Systems |
| Intended status: Standards Track | D. Lawrence |
| Expires: January 4, 2018 | Akamai Technologies |
| July 3, 2017 |
BULK DNS Resource Records
draft-woodworth-bulk-rr-06
The BULK DNS resource record type defines a method of pattern-based creation of DNS resource records based on numeric substrings of query names. The intent of BULK is to simplify generic assignments in a memory-efficient way that can be easily shared between the primary and secondary nameservers for a zone.
Text inside square brackets ([]) is additional background information, answers to frequently asked questions, general musings, etc. They will be removed before publication. This document is being collaborated on in GitHub at <https://github.com/vttale/bulk-rr>. The most recent version of the document, open issues, etc should all be available here. The authors gratefully accept pull requests.
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The BULK DNS resource record defines a pattern-based method for on-the-fly resource record generation. It is essentially an enhanced wildcard mechanism, constraining generated resource record owner names to those that match a pattern of variable numeric substrings. It is also akin to the $GENERATE master file directive [bind-arm] without being limited to numeric values and without creating all possible records in the zone data.
For example, consider the following record:
example.com. 86400 IN BULK A (
pool-A-[0-255]-[0-255].example.com.
10.55.${1}.${2}
)
It will answer requests for pool-A-0-0.example.com through pool-A-255-255.example.com with the IPv4 addresses 10.55.0.0 through 10.55.255.255.
Much larger record sets can be defined while minimizing the associated requirements for server memory and zone transfer network bandwidth.
DNSSEC support is also described. The Numeric Pattern Normalization (NPN) resource record provides a way of generating pattern-based DNSSEC signatures, and securely performing DNSSEC validation on such signatures.
The reader is assumed to be familiar with the basic DNS and DNSSEC concepts described in [RFC1034], [RFC1035], [RFC4033], [RFC4034], and [RFC4035]; subsequent RFCs that update them in [RFC2181] and [RFC2308]; and DNS terms in [RFC7719].
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
The BULK resource record enables an authoritative nameserver to generate RRs for other types based upon the query received.
The Type value for the BULK RR type is TBD.
The BULK RR is class-independent.
The RDATA for a BULK RR is as follows:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Match Type | /
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Domain Name Pattern /
/ /
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
/ /
/ Replacement Pattern /
/ /
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Match Type identifies the type of the RRset to be generated by this BULK record. It is two octets corresponding to an RR TYPE code as specified in [RFC1035], Section 3.2.1.
Domain Name Pattern consists of a pattern encoded as a wire-format fully qualified domain name. The full name is used so that numeric substrings above the zone cut can be captured in addition to those in the zone. It needs no length indicator for the entire field because the root label marks its end.
Special characters are interpreted as per the following Augmented Backus-Naur Form (ABNF) notation from [RFC5234].
match = 1*(range / string)
range = "[" decnum "-" decnum "]" /
"<" hexnum "-" hexnum ">"
; create references for substitution
; limit of 32 references
string = 1*(ctext / quoted-char)
decnum = 1*decdigit
; constrained to 65535 maximum.
hexnum = 1*hexdigit
; constrained to ffff maximum.
octet = %x00-FF
decdigit = %x30-39
; 0-9
hexdigit = decdigit / 0x41-0x46 / 0x61-66
; 0-9, A-F, a-f
ctext = <any octet excepting "\">
quoted-char = "\" octet
; to allow special characters as literals
[ Should [] and <> be allowed as short for [0-255] and <00-ff>? ]
Interpretation of the Domain Name Pattern is described in detail in the "BULK Replacement" section.
The limit of 32 references is meant to simplify implementation details. It is largely but not entirely arbitrary, as it could capture every individual character of the text representation of a full IPv6 address.
Replacement Pattern describes how the answer RRset MUST be generated for the matching query. It needs no length indicator because its end can be derived from the RDATA length minus Match Type and Domain Name Pattern lengths. It uses the following additional ABNF elements:
replace = 1*(reference / string)
reference = "$" "{" (positions / "*") [options] "}"
positions = (position / posrange) 0*("," (position / posrange))
posrange = position "-" position
position = 1*decnum
options = delimiter [interval [padding]]
delimiter = "|" 0*(ctext | quoted-char)
; "\|" to use "|" as delimiter
; "\\" to use "\" as delimiter
interval = "|" *2decdigit
padding = "|" *2decdigit
[ Is this complexity beyond simple ${1}, ${2}, etc, really worth it? I definitely see how it could make for shorter replacement patterns, but does it enhance their clarity and usability? ]
The Replacement Pattern MUST end in a period if it is intended to represent a fully qualified domain name.
Match Type is represented as an RR type mnemonic or with [RFC3597]'s generic TYPE mechanism.
Domain Name Pattern is represented as a fully qualified domain name as per [RFC1035] Section 5.1 rules for encoding whitespace and other special characters.
Replacement Pattern is represented by the standard <character-string> text rules for master files as per [RFC1035] section 5.1.
It is suggested that lines longer than 80 characters be wrapped with parenthetical line continuation, per [RFC1035] Section 5.1, starting after Match Type and ending after Replacement Pattern.
When an authoritative nameserver receives a query for which it does not have a matching name or a covering wildcard, it MUST then look for BULK RRs at the zone apex, selecting all BULK RRs with a Match Type that matches the query type and a Domain Name Pattern that matches the query name. Note that query type ANY will select all Match Types, and all query types match a CNAME Match Type [ and DNAME? ]. One or more answer RRs will be generated per the replacement rules below. Examples are provided in an appendix.
By only triggering the BULK algorithm when the query name does not exist, administrators are given the flexibility to explicitly override the behaviour of specific names that would otherwise match the BULK record's Domain Name Pattern. This is unlike BIND's $GENERATE directive, which adds the generated RRs to any existing names.
A query name matches the Domain Name Pattern if the characters that appear outside the numeric ranges match exactly and those within numeric ranges have values that fall within the range. Numeric matches MUST be of the appropriate decimal or hexadecimal type as specified by the delimiters in the pattern. For example, if a range is given as [0-255], then FF does not match even though its value as a hexadecimal number is within the range.
When a query name matches a Domain Name Pattern, the value in each numeric range is stored for use by the Replacement Pattern, with reference numbers starting at 1 and counting from the left. For example, matching the query name host-24-156 against host-[0-255]-[0-255] assigns 24 to ${1} and 156 to ${2}.
The Replacement Pattern generates the record data by replacing the ${…} references with data captured from the query name, and copying all other characters literally.
The simplest form of reference uses only the reference number between the braces, "{" and "}". The value of the reference is simply copied directly from the matching position of the query name.
The next form of reference notation uses the asterisk, "*". With ${*}, all captured values in order of ascending position, delimited by its default delimiter (described below), are placed in the answer.
Numeric range references, such as ${1-4}, replaces all values captured by those references, in order, delimited by the default delimiter described below. To reverse the order in which they are copied, reverse the upper and lower values, such as ${4-1}. This is useful for generating PTR records from query names in which the address is encoded in network order.
Similar to range references, separating positions by commas creates sets for replacement. For example, ${1,4} would be replaced by the first and fourth captured values, delimited its default delimiter. This notation may be combined with the numeric range form, such as ${3,2,1,8-4}.
A reference can specify a delimiter to use by following a vertical bar, "|", with zero or more characters. Zero characters, such as in ${1-3|}, means no delimiter is used, while other characters up to an unescaped vertical bar or closing brace are copied between position values in the replacement. The default delimiter is the hyphen, "-".
A second vertical bar in the reference options introduces a delimiter interval. The default behavior of a multi-position reference is to combine each captured value specified with a delimiter between each. With a delimiter interval the delimiters are only added between every Nth value. For example, ${*|-|4} adds a hyphen between every group of four captured positions. This can be a handy feature in the IPv6 reverse namespace where every nibble is captured as a separate value and generated hostnames include sets of 4 nibbles. An empty or 0 value for the delimiter interval MUST be interpreted as the default value of 1.
The fourth and final reference option determines the field width of the copied value. Shorter values MUST be padded with leading zeroes ("0") and longer values MUST be truncated to the width.
The default behavior, and that of an explicit empty padding length, is that the captured query name substring is copied exactly. A width of zero "0" is a signal to "unpad", and any leading zeros MUST be removed. [ Unnecessary complexity? ]
If a delimiter interval greater than 1 is used, captured values between the intervals will be concatenated and the padding or unpadding applied as a unit and not individually. An example of this would be ${*||4|4} which would combine each range of 4 captured values and pad or truncate them to a width of 4 characters.
[ If this is kept, the element/feature should probably be renamed from "padding" since it is just as likely to truncate. ]
The string that results from all replacements is converted to the appropriate RDATA format for the record type. If the conversion fails, the SERVFAIL rcode MUST be set on the response.
The TTL of each RR generated by a BULK RR is the TTL of the corresponding BULK record itself. [ BULK should probably have its own TTL field because using that of the record itself feels like bad design. On the other hand, if BULK is never meant to be queried for directly and only appears in authoritative data, its own TTL is pretty useless normally. ]
If the generated record type is one that uses domain names in its resource record data, such as CNAME, a relative domain names MUST be fully qualified with the origin domain of the BULK RR.
The Numeric Pattern Normalization (NPN) resource record provides pre-processing information to reduce the number of possible variants that can be generated by a BULK RR into one signable record. By identifying parts of the dynamic resource record which should be ignored or represented as a static value, one exemplar record and signature is used to validate all other records that match the pattern.
For example, a pattern replacement like pool-A-${1}-${2}.example.com that generates PTR records for pool-A-0-0.example.com through pool-A-255-255.example.com would have an NPN record that signals a validating resolver to verify all pool-A-#-#.example.com names against a record for pool-A-9-9.example.com.
Though it is imperfect in that forged records could be validated as legitimate, it is nevertheless an improvement over the security afforded by non-DNSSEC DNS.
The Type value for the NPN RR type is TBD.
The NPN RR is class independent and has no special TTL requirements.
The RDATA for an NPN RR consists of a 2 octet Match Type field, a 1 octet Flags field, a 1 octet Owner Ignore field, a 1 octet Left Ignore field and a 1 octet Right Ignore field.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Match Type | Flags | Owner Ignore |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Left Ignore | Right Ignore |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Match Type indicates the type of the RRset with which this record is associated.
Flags defines additional processing parameters for data normalization. This document defines only the Period-As-Number flag "." (position 5), the Hyphen-As-Number "-" (position 6) and the hexadecimal flag "X" (position 7). All other flags are reserved for future use.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |Reserved |.|-|X| +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Bits 0-4: Reserved for future Bit 5: Period As Number (.) Flag If 0, periods are treated as non-digits. If 1, periods will be processed as digits. Bit 6: Hyphen As Number (-) Flag If 0, hyphens are treated as non-digits. If 1, hyphens will be processed as digits. Bit 7: Hexadecimal (X) Flag If 0, numeric digits include only 0-9. If 1, numeric digits include a-f in addition to 0-9.
Owner Ignore defines the number of octets in the owner name, as counted from the left, which MUST be ignored by the normalization process. This field offers additional security to pattern based signatures which may not be immediately apparent. By restricting the leftmost characters defined by this value, ultimately the length of the generated portion of the accompanying BULK RR will be confined accordingly.
Left Ignore defines the number of octets of the generated RDATA, as counted from the left, which MUST be ignored by the normalization process.
Right Ignore defines the number of octets of the generated RDATA, as counted from the right, which MUST be ignored by the normalization process.
Match Type is represented as an RR type mnemonic or with [RFC3597]'s generic TYPE mechanism.
Flags is a string of characters indicating the status of each bit as per the following table. The characters can appear in any order.
+------------------+-----------+-----------+ | Flag | Unset | Set | +------------------+-----------+-----------+ | Period As Number | | . | +------------------+-----------+-----------+ | Hyphen As Number | | - | +------------------+-----------+-----------+ | Hexadecimal | 9 | f | +------------------+-----------+-----------+
Owner Ignore, Left Ignore, and Right Ignore are displayed as unsigned decimal integers, ranging from 0 through 255.
[ This section needs reworking still, and should perhaps be pulled out into a separate document. Notably one of issues that is not really described well is that, as designed so far, at signing time the NPN record has to be associated with the matching BULK record, which is slightly problematic with regard to the idea that NPNs are suggested to be extended to be used in the future with other patterns-based record generation. Once the appropriate BULK record is selected, the signer would then have to understand its semantics to fake up the exemplar to sign – raising the question as to why it doesn't also know the appropriate values for the Ignore fields, since it will have to understand what the static and variable parts are.
One way around all this is to just sign the BULK record itself and return it in the additional section along with the answer, so that the resolver could validate not only a signature but the resulting record based on the substitution algorithm. It'd still be problematic for older DNSSEC validators that don't grok BULK, but no more so than not grokking NPN. Unfortunately to them in both cases the type-appropriate answer itself will be unsigned and thus fail validation. ]
This document provides a minor yet significant modification to DNSSEC regarding how RRsets will be signed or verified. Specifically the Signature Field of [RFC4034], Section 3.1.8. Prior to processing into canonical form, signed zones may contain associated RRs where; owner, class and type of a non NPN RR directly corresponds with an NPN RR matching owner, class and Match Type. If this condition exists the NPN RR's RDATA defines details for processing the associated RDATA into a "Normalized" format. Normalized data is based on pre-canonical formatting and zero padded for "A" and "AAAA" RR types for acceptable precision during the process. This concept will become clearer in the NPN pseudocode and examples provided in the sections to follow.
The rules for this transformation are simple:
Once the normalization has been performed the signature will continue processing into canonical form using the normalized RRs in the place of original ones.
NPN RRs MAY be included in the "Additional" section to provide a hint of the NPN processing required for the verification path.
It is important to note, properly sizing the Ignore fields is critical to minimizing the risk of spoofed signatures. Never intentionally set all Ignore values to zero in order to make validation easier as it places the validity of zone data at risk. Only accompany RRs which are pattern derived (such as BULK) with NPN records as doing so may unnecessarily reduce the confidence level of generated signatures.
This section provides a simple demonstration of process flow for NPN rdata normalization and DNSSEC signatures.
The pseudocode provided below assumes all associated RRs are valid members of a DNSSEC-compatible RRset, including BULK generated ones.
for rr in rrset
if (has_NPN<rr.owner, rr.class, rr.type>)
rr.rdata_normal = NPN_normalize<rr.rdata>
add_to_sigrrset<NPN.owner, rr.class, rr.type,
rr.rdata_normal>
next
else
add_to_sigrrset<rr.owner, rr.class, rr.type, rr.rdata>
next
process_canonical_form<sigrrset>
dnssec_sign<sigrrset>
Similar logic MUST be used for determining DNSSEC validity of RRsets in validating nameservers for signatures generated based on NPN normalization.
The NPN resource record could be used to support other dynamic RR types which do not currently exist.
This section defines known limitations of the BULK resource type.
Authoritative nameservers that do not understand the semantics of the new record type will not be able to deliver the intended answers even when the type appears in their zone data This significantly affects the interoperability of primary versus secondary authorities that are not all running the same software. Adding new RRs which affect handling by authoritative servers, or being unable to add them, is an issue that needs to be explored more thoroughly within dnsop.
On the resolver side, rolling out a new semantics in DNSSEC has also proven to be difficult in the past. Lacking NPN support effectively means that operators using BULK will have to forego DNSSEC signing of the affected zones, or do online signing of the dynamically generated records.
Two known security considerations exist for the BULK resource record, DNSSEC and DDOS attack vectors.
DNSSEC was designed to provide validation for DNS resource records. In a nutshell this requires each (owner, class, type) tuple to have its own signature. This essentially defeats the purpose of providing large generated blocks of RRs in a single RR as each generated RR would require its own legitimate RRSIG record.
In the following sections several options are discussed to address this issue. Of the options, on-the-fly provides the most secure solution and NPN provides the most flexible.
This solution requires authoritative nameservers to sign generated records as they are created. Not all authoritative nameserver implementations offer on-the-fly signatures, and even with those that do not all operators will want to keep signing keys online, so this solution would either require all implementations to support on-the-fly signing or be ignored by implementations which can not or will not comply.
No changes to validating resolvers is required to support this solution.
This solution provides the most flexible solution as nameservers without on-the-fly signing capabilities can still support signatures for BULK records. The down side to this solution is it requires additional DNSSEC-aware resolver support.
It has been pointed out that due to this limitation, creation of DNSSEC-signed BULK RRs requiring NPN support SHOULD be formally discouraged until such time a respectable percentage (>80%) of validating resolvers in-the-wild possess NPN processing capabilities. Until that time, on-the-fly signing and unsigned records offer the intended capabilities of the BULK specification, while requiring zero new features to support RR resolution. The authors would like to encourage opening this door for pattern based technologies such as NPN records as a solution to BULK RRs as well as other pattern based RRs to come. Given enough time, enough nameservers will be patched and upgraded for unrelated reasons and by means of simple attrition can supply a level of inertia and eventually widespread adoption can be assumed.
NPN records are likely to be a topic of great debate as to their own security limitations. It is, however, the authors' belief that while any logic which limits the input of digital signatures lessens the validity of those signatures, the limitation is minimal and the gain is significant. The main reason for this is as a general rule, RRs used in a generic manner such as conventional $GENERATE RRs or scripted mass pattern generated RRs have a lesser importance than other RRs in managed zones. These therefore inherently pose less risk by means of attack and have a much less reward by defeating security measures.
This being said, care must still be taken to set the Ignore fields appropriately to minimize exposure and only use NPN RRs to secure pattern-based records such as BULK.
As a final option zones which wish to remain entirely without DNSSEC support may serve such zones without either of the above solutions and records generated based on BULK RRs will require zero support from recursive (resolving) nameservers.
Verification of DNSSEC signed BULK generated RRs may be performed against on-the-fly signatures with zero modification to their behavior. However, verification using NPN records would require changes to the logic to incorporate processing RDATA generated by BULK logic as described above so the results will be compatible.
As an additional defense against Distributed Denial Of Service (DDOS) attacks against recursive (resolving) nameservers it is highly recommended shorter TTLs be used for BULK RRs than others. While disabling caching with a zero TTL is not recommended, as this would only result in a shift of the attack target, a balance will need to be found. While this document uses 24 hours (86400 seconds) in its examples, values between 300 to 900 seconds are likely more appropriate and is RECOMMENDED. What is ultimately deemed appropriate may differ from zone to zone and administrator to administrator.
[ I am unclear how this helps DDOS mitigation against anyone at all. ]
The production of such large-scale records in the wild may have some unintended side-effects. These side-effects could be of concern or add unexpected complications to DNS based security offerings or forensic and anti-spam measures. While outside the scope of this document, implementers of technology relying on DNS resource records for critical decision making must take into consideration how the existence of such a volume of records might impact their technology.
Solutions to the magnitude problem for BULK generated RRs are expected be similar if not identical to that of existing wildcard records, the core difference being the resultant RDATA will be unique for each requested Domain Name within its scope.
The authors of this document are confident that by careful consideration, negative_side-effects produced by implementing the features described in this document can be eliminated from any such service or product.
Neither the BULK nor NPN records introduce any new privacy concerns to DNS data.
IANA is requested to assign numbers for two DNS resource record types identified in this document: BULK and NPN.
This document was created as an extension to the DNS infrastructure. As such, many people over the years have contributed to its creation and the authors are appreciative to each of them even if not thanked or identified individually.
A special thanks is extended for the kindness, wisdom and technical advice of Robert Whelton (CenturyLink, Inc.) and Gary O'Brien (Secure64).
| [bind-arm] | Internet Systems Consortium, "BIND 9 Configuration Reference", 2016. |
| [RFC7719] | Hoffman, P., Sullivan, A. and K. Fujiwara, "DNS Terminology", RFC 7719, DOI 10.17487/RFC7719, December 2015. |
$ORIGIN 2.10.in-addr.arpa.
@ 86400 IN BULK PTR (
[0-255].[0-255].[0-255].[0-255].in-addr.arpa.
pool-${4-1}.example.com.
)
A query received for the PTR of 4.3.2.10.in-addr.arpa will create the references ${1} through ${4} with the first four labels of the query name. The ${4-1} reference in the replacement pattern will then substitute them in reverse with the default delimiter of hyphen between every character and no special field width modifications. The TTL of the BULK RR is used for the generated record, making the response:
4.3.2.10.in-addr.arpa 86400 IN PTR pool-10-2-3-4.example.com.
$ORIGIN 2.10.in-addr.arpa.
@ 86400 IN BULK PTR (
[0-255].[0-255].[0-255].[0-255].in-addr.arpa.
pool-${2,1|||3}.example.com.
)
Example 2 is similar to Example 1, except that it modifies the replacement pattern. The empty option after the first vertical bar causes no delimiters to be inserted, while the second empty option that would keep the delimiter interval as 1. The latter is relevant because the final value, padding of 3, is applied over each delimiter interval even when no delimiter is used. Not all captures from the substring are required to be used in the response.
The result is that a query for the PTR of 4.3.2.10.in-addr.arpa generates this response:
4.3.2.10.in-addr.arpa 86400 IN PTR pool-003004.example.com.
[ Admittedly you can't do this very effectively without the field width complexity. Is this sort of name common? Does it need support? Admittedly $GENERATE had the feature, but is that reason enough? ]
[ Change this to a hex matching example? ]
This example contains a classless IPv4 delegation on the /22 CIDR boundary as defined by [RFC2317]. The network for this example is "10.2.0/22" delegated to a nameserver "ns1.sub.example.com.". RRs for this example are defined as:
$ORIGIN 2.10.in-addr.arpa.
@ 7200 IN BULK CNAME [0-255].[0-3] ${*|.}.0-3
0-3 86400 IN NS ns1.sub.example.com.
A query for the PTR of 25.2.2.10.in-addr.arpa is received and the BULK record with the CNAME Match Type matches all query types. 25 and 2 are captured as references, and joined in the answer by the period (".") character as a delimiter, with ".0-3" then appended literally and fully qualified by the origin domain. The final synthesized record is:
25.2.2.10.in-addr.arpa 7200 IN CNAME 25.2.0-3.2.10.in-addr.arpa.
[ Without $* and options complexity, the pattern to get the same result is just ${1}.{$2}.0-3 which is not really significantly onerous to enter, and slightly less arcane looking to comprehend. ]
2.10.in-addr.arpa. 86400 IN BULK PTR (
[0-255].[0-10].2.10.in-addr.arpa.
pool-A-${1}-${2}.example.com.
)
2.10.in-addr.arpa. 86400 IN NPN PTR 9 0 7 13
A query for the PTR of address 10.2.3.44 would match As shown previously in BULK RR examples the query would match the BULK record for the query name 44.3.2.10.in-addr.arpa, generating a PTR to pool-A-3-44.example.com as the answer.
By protecting the "Ignore" characters from the generated RR's RDATA the focus for normalization becomes "3-44" as illustrated below.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
v---------
p o o l - A - 3 - 4 4 . e x a m p l e . c o m .
---------^
1 1 1 1
3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Everything to the left of "3-44" will remain intact, as will everything to its right. The remaining characters will be processed for digits between 0 and 9 as indicated by the NPN record's hexadecimal flag 9, and each run of digits replaced by the single character "9". The final Normalized RDATA for *.2.10.in-addr.arpa would therefore become pool-A-9-9.example.com., and its signature would be based on this value to cover all possible permutations of the pool-A-${1}-${2}.example.com replacement pattern.
Since the validating nameserver would use the identical NPN record for processing and comparison, all RRs generated by the BULK record can now be verified with a single signature.
This example contains a classless IPv4 delegation on the /22 CIDR boundary as defined by [RFC2317]. The network for this example is "10.2.0/22" delegated to a nameserver "ns1.sub.example.com.". RRs for this example are defined as:
$ORIGIN 2.10.in-addr.arpa.
0-3 86400 IN NS ns1.sub.example.com.
86400 IN BULK CNAME [0-255].[0-3] ${*|.}.0-3
86400 IN NPN CNAME 9 0 0 23
For this example, a query of "10.2.2.65" would enter the nameserver as "65.2.2.10.in-addr.arpa." and a "CNAME" RR with the RDATA of "65.2.0-3.2.10.in-addr.arpa." would be generated.
By protecting the "Ignore" characters from the generated RR's RDATA the focus for normalization becomes "65.2" as illustrated below.
0
v---------
6 5 . 2 . 0 - 3 . 2 . 1 0 . i n - a d d r . a r p a .
---------^
2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Everything to the left of "65.2" will remain intact as will everything to its right. The remaining characters will be processed for digits from 0 through 9 as indicated by the NPN record's hexadecimal flag "9", with each run replaced by the single character "9". The final normalized RDATA would therefore become 9.9.0-3.2.10.in-addr.arpa and its signature would be based on this normalized RDATA field. This new normalized string would be used as an RDATA for the wildcard label of 2.10.in-addr.arpa now encompassing all possible permutations of the ${*|.}.0-3.2.10.in-addr.arpa. pattern.
As in example 1, the validatating resolver would use the same NPN record for comparison.
This example provides reverse logic for example 1 by providing an IPv4 address record for a requested hostname. For this example the query is defined as an A record for pool-A-3-44.example.com, with an origin of example.com. RRs for this example are defined as:
example.com. 86400 IN BULK A (
pool-A-[0-10]-[0-255]
10.2.${*}
)
example.com. 86400 IN NPN A 9 0 8 0
By protecting the "Ignore" characters from the generated RR's RDATA the focus for normalization becomes "003.044" as illustrated below.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
v--------------
0 1 0 . 0 0 2 . 0 0 3 . 0 4 4
---------------^
0
This example illustrates a key point about NPN records; since they are pre-canonical they MUST operate on a strict subset of WIRE formatted data. For A and AAAA records this means the "Ignore" fields are based on zero padded data. In this example our generated record MUST be converted into "010.002.003.044" (shown above) prior to processing. After processing, wire format would become "0x0A02032C" (shown in hexadecimal). This format would be too imprecise for normalization so padded decimal is used.
Everything to the left of "003.044" will remain intact as will everything to its right. The remaining characters will be processed for digits between 0 and 9 as indicated by the NPN record's hexadecimal flag "9" and each run replaced by the single character "9". The final Normalized RDATA would therefore become 10.2.9.9 and its signature would be based on this normalized RDATA field. This new normalized A RR would be used as an RDATA for the wildcard label of "*.example.com." now encompassing all possible permutations of the 10.2.${*} pattern.
This example provides similar logic for an IPv6 AAAA record. For this example the query is defined as an AAAA record for pool-A-ff-aa.example.com with an origin of example.com.. RRs for this example are defined as:
example.com. 86400 IN BULK AAAA (
pool-A-[0-ffff]-[0-ffff]
fc00::${1}:${2}
)
example.com. 86400 IN NPN AAAA X 0 30 0
By protecting the "Ignore" characters from the generated RR's RDATA the focus for normalization becomes "00ff:00aa" as illustrated below.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
f c 0 0 : 0 0 0 0 : 0 0 0 0 : 0 0 0 0 : -/-/
4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9
/-/-/- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -/-/-/
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
v------------------
/-/- 0 0 0 0 : 0 0 0 0 : 0 0 f f : 0 0 a a
-------------------^
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
This example reinforces the point on pre-canonical processing of NPN records; they MUST operate on a strict subset of WIRE formatted data. For A and AAAA records this means the "Ignore" fields are based on zero padded data. In this example our generated record MUST be converted into "fc00:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:00ff:00aa" (shown above) prior to processing. After processing, wire format would become "0xFC000000000000000000000000FF00AA" (shown in hexadecimal). This format is slightly misleading as it is truly only 16 bytes of WIRE data and would be too imprecise for normalization so padded hexadecimal is used.
Everything to the left of "00ff:00aa" will remain intact as will everything to its right. The remaining characters will be processed for numbers between "0" and "f" as indicated by the NPN record's hexadecimal flag "X" and each run replaced by the single character "f". The final Normalized RDATA would therefore become "fc00::f:f" and its signature would be based on this "normalized" RDATA field. This new "normalized" "AAAA" RR would be used as an RDATA for the wildcard label of *.example.com now encompassing all possible permutations of the "fc00::${1}:${2}" pattern.