Using DANE to Associate OpenPGP public keys with email addresses
draft-wouters-dane-openpgp-01

Abstract

OpenPGP is a message format for email (and file) encryption, that lacks a standarized lookup mechanism to obtain OpenPGP public keys. This document specifies a standarized method for securely publishing and locating OpenPGP public keys in DNS using a new OPENPGPKEY DNS Resource Record.

Status of This Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

This Internet-Draft will expire on April 24, 2014.

Copyright Notice

Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.

This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

• 1. Introduction
• 1.1. Terminology
• 2. The OPENPGPKEY record presence
• 3. The OPENPGPKEY Resource Record
• 3.1. Location of the OpenPGPKEY record
• 3.2. The OPENPGPKEY RDATA Format
• 4. OpenPGP public key considerations
• 4.1. Public Key UIDs and email addresses
• 4.2. Public Key UIDs and IDNA
• 4.3. Public Key UIDs and synthesized DNS records
• 4.4. Public Key size and DNS record size
• 5. Security Considerations
• 5.1. Email address information leak
• 5.2. OpenPGP security and DNSSEC
• 5.3. MTA behaviour
• 5.4. MUA behaviour
• 5.5. Email client behaviour
• 6. IANA Considerations
• 6.1. OPENPGPKEY RRtype
• 7. Generating OPENPGPKEY RRdata
• 8. Acknowledgements
• 9. References
• 9.1. Normative References
• 9.2. Informative References
• Author's Address

1. Introduction

To encrypt a message to a target recipient using OpenPGP [RFC4880], possession of the recipient's OpenPGP public key is required. To obtain that public key, two problems need to be solved by the sender's email client, MUA or MTA. Where does one find the recipient's public key and how does one trust that the found key actually belongs to the intended recipient.

Obtaining a public key is not a straightforward process as there are no trusted standarized locations for publishing OpenPGP public keys indexed by email address. Instead, OpenPGP clients rely on "well-known key servers" that are accessed using the web based HKP protocol or manually by users using a variety of differently formatted front-end web pages.

Currently deployed key servers have no method of validating any uploaded OpenPGP public key. The key servers simply store and publish. Anyone can add public keys with any identities and anyone can add signatures to any other public key using forged malicious identities. Furthermore, once uploaded, public keys cannot be deleted. People who did not pre-sign a key revocation can never remove their public key from these key servers.

The lack of association of email address and public key lookup is also preventing email clients, MTAs and MUAs from encrypting a received message to the target receipient forcing the software to send the message unencryped. Currently deployed MTA's only support encrypting the transport of the email, not the email contents itself.

This document describes a mechanism to associate a user's OpenPGP public key with their email address, using a new DNS RRtype. This is similar to the SSHFP [RFC4255] RRType, except that this method associates keys with users, not hosts.

The proposed new DNS Resource Record type is secured using DNSSEC. This trust model is not meant to replace the "web of trust" model. However, it can be used to encrypt a message that would otherwise have to be sent out unencrypted, where it could be intercepted by a third party in transit or located in plaintext on a storage or email server.

1.1. Terminology

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

This document also makes use of standard DNSSEC and DANE terminology. See DNSSEC [RFC4033], [RFC4034], [RFC4035], and DANE [RFC6698] for these terms.

2. The OPENPGPKEY record presence

A user who publishes an OPENPGPKEY record in DNS explicitly favours receiving encrypted email instead of unencrypted email.

A user who publishes an OPENPGPKEY record in DNS still expects senders to perform their due diligence by additional verification of their public key via other out-of-band methods before sending any confidential or sensitive information

In other words, the OPENPGPKEY record in DNS, without any additional verification, should be used only as an alternative to sending plaintext email. It SHOULD NOT be used to change one's opinion on whether it is safe or appropriate to sent the content via email in the first place.

3. The OPENPGPKEY Resource Record

The OPENPGPKEY DNS resource record (RR) is used to associate an end entity OpenPGP public key with an email address, thus forming a "OpenPGP public key association".

The type value allocated for the OPENPGPKEY RR type is [TBD]. The OPENPGPKEY RR is class independent. The OPENPGPKEY RR has no special TTL requirements. If an an OPENPGPKEY RR contains an expired OpenPGP public key, it MUST NOT be used for encryption.

3.1. Location of the OpenPGPKEY record

Email addresses are mapped into DNS using the following method:

1. The user name (the "left-hand side" of the email address, called the "local-part" in the mail message format definition [RFC2822] and the "local part" in the specification for internationalized email [RFC6530]), is encoded with Base32 [RFC4648], to become the left-most label in the prepared domain name. This does not include the at symbol ("@") that separates the left and right sides of the email address but does include any trailing equal signs ("=") of base64 padding.
2. The string "_openpgpkey" becomes the second left-most label in the prepared domain name.
3. The domain name (the "right-hand side" of the email address, called the "domain" in RFC 2822) is appended to the result of step 2 to complete the prepared domain name.

nb2wo2a=._openpgpkey.example.com. IN OPENPGPKEY <encoded public key>

For example, to request an OPENPGPKEY resource record for a user whose address is "hugh@example.com", you would use "nb2wo2a=._openpgpkey.example.com" in the request. The corresponding RR in the example.com zone might look like:

Design note: Encoding the user name with Base32 allows local parts that have characters that would prevent their use in domain names. For example, a period (".") is a valid character in a local part, but would wreak havoc in a domain name. Similarly, RFC 6530 allows non-ASCII characters in local parts, and encoding a local part with non-ASCII characters with Base32 renders the name usable in the DNS. The equal sign ("=") is a valid character for a DNS label, even though it is not a valid character for a DNS hostname.

3.2. The OPENPGPKEY RDATA Format

The RDATA (or RHS) of an OPENPGPKEY Resource Record contains a single value consisting of a [RFC4880] formatted OpenPGP public keyring encoded in base64 as specified in [RFC4648]. This is not equivalent to an "ascii armor export" which adds a header, a footer, and sometimes additional items, to the exported data.

4. OpenPGP public key considerations

Once an OPENPGPKEY resource record has been found and the OpenPGP public keyring has been decoded, the right public key must be located inside the keyring. For a public key in the keyring to be usable, the public key has to have a key uid as specified in [RFC4648] that matches the email address for which the OPENPGPKEY RR lookup was performed.

4.1. Public Key UIDs and email addresses

An OpenPGP public key can be associated with multiple email addresses by specifying multiple key uids. The OpenPGP public key obtained from a OPENPGPKEY RR can be used as long as the target recipient's email address appears as one of the OpenPGP public key uids. The name part (left of the @) should appear in the native format, not its base32 encoding that was used to lookup the OPENPGPKEY RR.

4.2. Public Key UIDs and IDNA

Internationalized domains that use non-ascii characters (U-label) are encoded in DNS using IDNA [RFC5891] - also referred to as punycode or A-label. When matching OpenPGP public key uids, both the email address specified using U-label and A-label should be considered as valid public key uids.

4.3. Public Key UIDs and synthesized DNS records

CNAME's (see [RFC2181]) and DNAME's (see [RFC6672]) can be followed to obtain an OPENPGPKEY RR, as long as the original recipient's email address appears as one of the OpenPGP public key uids. For example, if the OPENPGPKEY RR query for hugh@example.com (b2wo2a=._openpgpkey.example.com) yields a CNAME to b2wo2a=._openpgpkey.example.net, and an OPENPGPKEY RR for b2wo2a=._openpgpkey.example.net exists, then this OpenPGP public key can be used, provided one of the key uids contains "hugh@example.com". This public key cannot be used if it would only contain the key uid "hugh@example.net".

If one of the OpenPGP key uids contains only a single wildcard as the LHS of the email address, such as "*@example.com", the OpenPGP public key may be used for any email address within that domain. Wildcards at other locations (eg hugh@*.com) or regular expressions in key uids are not allowed, and any OPENPGPKEY RR containing these should be ignored.

4.4. Public Key size and DNS record size

Although the reliability of the transport of large DNS Resoruce Records has improved in the last few years, it is still recommended to keep the DNS records as small as possible without sacrificing the security properties of the public key. The algorithm type and key size of the OpenPGP keypair should not be modified to accomodate this section.

[Should a statement be made on the number of signatures left on the key? Should there be _any_ signatures other than the self-signed one?]

OpenPGP supports various attributes that do not contribute to the security of a key, such as an embedded image file. It is recommended that these properties are not exported to OpenPGP public keyrings that are used to create OPENPGPKEY Resource Records.

5. Security Considerations

The main goal of the OPENPGPKEY resource record is to stop passive attacks against plaintext emails. While it can also twart some active attacks (such as people uploading rogue keys to keyservers in the hopes that others will encrypt to these rogue keys), this resource record is not a replacement for verifying OpenPGP public keys via the web of trust signatures, or manually via a fingerprint verification.

Various components could be responsible for encrypting an email message to a target recipient. It could be done by the sender's email client or software plugin, the sender's Mail User Agent (MUA) or the sender's Mail Transfer Agent (MTA). Each of these have their own characteristics. An email client can direct the human to make a decision before continuing. The MUA can either accept or refuse a message. The MTA must deliver the message as-is, or encrypt the message before delivering. Each of these programs should ensure that the security of an email message is never downgraded, and that an unencrypted received message will be encrypted whenever possible.

Organisations that require to be able to read everyone's encrypted email should publish the escrow key as the OPENPGPKEY record. Upon receipt, such mail servers can optionally re-encrypt the message to the individual's OpenPGP key.

5.1. Email address information leak

DNS zones that are signed with DNSSEC using NSEC for denial of existence are susceptible to zone-walking, a mechanism that allow someone to enumerate all the names in the zone. Someone who wanted to collect email addresses from a zone that uses OPENPGPKEY might use such a mechanism. DNSSEC-signed zones using NSEC3 for denial of existence are significantly less susceptible to zone-walking. Someone could still attempt a dictionary attack on the zone to find OPENPGPKEY records, just as they can use dictionary attacks on an SMTP server or grab the entire contents of existing PGP key servers to see which addresses are valid.

5.2. OpenPGP security and DNSSEC

DNSSEC key sizes are chosen based on the fact that these keys can be rolled with next to no requirement for security in the future. If one doubts the strength or security of the DNSSEC key for whatever reason, one simply rolls to a new DNSSEC key with a stronger algorithm or larger key size.

This effectively means that anyone who can obtain a DNSSEC private key of a domain name via coercion, theft or brute force calculations, can replace any OPENPGPKEY record in that zone and all of the delegated child zones, irrespective of the key length strength of the OpenPGP keypair.

Therefor, DNSSEC is not an alternative for the "web of trust" or for manual fingerprint verification by humans. It is a solution aimed to ease obtaining someone's public key, and without manual verification should be treated as "better then plaintext" only. While this twarts all passive attacks that simply capture and log all plaintext email content, it is not a security measure against active attacks.

5.3. MTA behaviour

An MTA could be operating in a stand-alone mode, without access to the sender's OpenPGP public keyring, or in a way where it can access the user's OpenPGP public keyring. Regardless, the MTA MUST NOT modify the user's OpenPGP keyring.

An MTA sending an email MUST NOT add the public key obtained from an OPENPGPKEY resource record to a permanent public keyring for future use beyond the TTL.

If the obtained public key is revoked, the MTA MUST NOT use the key for encryption, even if that would result in sending the message in plaintext.

If a message is already encrypted, the MTA SHOULD NOT re-encrypt the message, even if different encryption schemes or different encryption keys were used.

If an OPENPGPKEY resource record is received without DNSSEC protection, it MAY still be used for encryption.

If the DNS request for an OPENPGPKEY returned an "indeterminate" or "bogus" answer, the MTA MUST NOT sent the message and queue the plaintext message for delivery at a later time. If the problem persists, the email should be returned via the regular bounce methods.

If multiple non-revoked OPENPGPKEY resource records are found, the MTA SHOULD pick the most secure RR based on its local policy. [or should it encrypt to both?]

5.4. MUA behaviour

If the public key for a recipient obtained from the locally stored sender's public keyring differs from the recipient's OPENPGPKEY RR, the MUA MUST NOT accept the message for delivery.

If the public key for a recipient obtained from the locally stored sender's public keyring contains contradicting properties for the same key obtained from an OPENPGPKEY RR, the MUA SHOULD NOT accept the message for delivery.

If multiple non-revoked OPENPGPKEY resource records are found, the MUA SHOULD pick the most secure OpenPGP public key based on its local policy.

5.5. Email client behaviour

Email clients should adhere to the above listed MUA behaviour. Additionally, an email client MAY interact with the user to resolve any conflicts between locally stored keyrings and OPENPGPKEY RRdata.

An email client that is encrypting a message SHOULD clearly indicate to the user the difference between encrypting to a locally stored and humanly verified public key and encrypting to an unverified (by the human sender) public key obtained via an OPENPGPKEY resource record.

6. IANA Considerations

6.1. OPENPGPKEY RRtype

This document uses a new DNS RR type, OPENPGPKEY, whose value [TBD] has been allocated by IANA from the Resource Record (RR) TYPEs subregistry of the Domain Name System (DNS) Parameters registry.

7. Generating OPENPGPKEY RRdata

gpg --export --export-options export-minimal \
    your@email.com | base64

The commonly available GnuPG software can be used to generate the RRdata portion of an OPENPGPKEY record:

8. Acknowledgements

This document is based on RFC-4255 and draft-ietf-dane-smime whose authors are Paul Hoffman, Jacob Schlyter and W. Griffin.

9. References

9.1. Normative References

9.2. Informative References

Author's Address