Framework for Real-time Media Congestion Avoidance Techniques
draft-zhu-rmcat-framework-00

Abstract

Congestion control is an essential element in ensuring fair bandwidth usage and preventing congestion collapse for traffic sharing the Internet. For interactive real-time media traffic such as video conferencing, design of congestion control solution also needs to account for many other factors such as the requirement for low latency packet delivery and interactions with live video encoder. This document describes a common framework with the core functional building blocks for a real-time media congestion solutions.

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This Internet-Draft will expire on January 8, 2017.

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Table of Contents

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Key Words for Requirements
• 3. Functional Modules
• 4. Example Configurations
• 4.1. Example Configurations for a Single Stream
• 4.2. Example Configurations for Multiple Streams
• 5. Acknowledgements
• 6. IANA Considerations
• 7. Security Considerations
• 8. References
• 8.1. Normative References
• 8.2. Informative References
• Authors' Addresses

1. Introduction

Given increasing amount of interactive real-time media traffic over the Internet, such as video conferencing, it is important that these applications employ proper congestion control mechanisms to avoid congestion collapse. [I-D.ietf-rmcat-cc-requirements] specifies the list of requirements of a viable solution.

This document outlines a common framework for designing a congestion control mechanism for real-time interactive communication, so that individual drafts on specific solutions follow a consistent set of terminologies in describing their respective components. The next section [sec-functional-modules] describes common functional modules in this framework, whereas Section 4 provides examples on how these modules build together to support single and multiple media streams.

[ Editor's note : This document does not describe the interaction between application, codec and congestion control system. The interaction among application, codec and congestion control system are defined in other documents. There is a possibility to merge all the documents into one single document. ]

2. Key Words for Requirements

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

3. Functional Modules

A viable solution for real-time media congestion control needs to comprise of several common modules. This section provides a brief description of them and their respective functionalities. A congestion control solution for real-time media should comprise of the described functional modules. This should help understanding different congestion control solutions.

• Network Congestion Controller : this is the core module for estimating available bandwidth over the network based on periodic RTCP feedback reports [RFC3550] from the receiver. This module contains key functions and calculations required to detect congestion and estimate available bandwidth on the transmission path based on the reception quality of the media traffic. Different congestion control solutions employ different algorithms in detecting congestion and estimating available bandwidth for its media flow. It also possible that multiple media streams are multiplexed over a single transport, hence share a common congestion control module in aggregation.
• Transmission Queue : this module is needed to absorb the instantaneous mismatch between output from a live video encoder and regulated outgoing media flow. The transmission queue schedules outgoing traffic according to sending rate recommended by the rate controller module. It reports back its occupancy level to the rate controller module to assist future rate control decisions on target video rate, sending rate, and probing rate.
• Rate Controller : this module takes the estimated available bandwidth from the network congestion controller, shared states of other flows, as well as occupancy level of the transmission queue as input. It makes holistic decisions on: a) target video rate for the live video encoder; b) sending rate for regulating outgoing media flow(s) for the transmission queue; and c) rate of probing packets when needed. In the case where multiple media streams share a single transport and a common network congestion controller (for estimating available bandwidth in aggregation), the rate controller is also responsible for distributing available bandwidth amongst different media streams according to their relative priorities as well as share state information. When losses occur over the network and some previous media packets need to be retransmitted, the rate controller should also account for the bandwidth needed for retransmission.
• Network Probe Generator: A congestion control solution can actively probe to estimate the available bandwidth on the media transmission path by sending more than what the live video encoder produces. Such an approach can be especially effective during the ramp up period of media and transmission rates, when no congestion has been observed over the network yet. The network probe generator is responsible for generating probing packets according to the probing rate specified by the rate controller. It can employ different techniques in doing so -- for example by generating simple dummy packets with unknown payload type or by generating Forward Error Correction (FEC) packets. While this document does not specify what probing technique to use or how those packets should be generated, a complete congestion control solution needs should specify total rate of the probe packets via the rate controller module.
• Live Video Encoder : the sender typically also contains a live video encoder, which adjusts the its encoding parameters according to the target video rate set by the rate controller. The output rate from the video encoder may deviate from this target due to uncertainty in the captured video content characteristics and the encoder rate control process. The output encoded media packets are fed to the transmission queue. Note that internal operations of the live video encoder (i.e., how video encoder rate control works) is out of scope for this document.
• Shared State: In the case of multiple media streams sharing a common sender hence a common network congestion controller, the sender should also contain a shared state module for storage and exchange of congestion control states [Editor's Note from Xiaoqing: examples of congestion control states??] amongst the multiple flows.

4. Example Configurations

4.1. Example Configurations for a Single Stream

                                                   RTCP Feedback
+---------+                       +-------------+   Reports
|  Live   |                       |   Network   |<---------------- 
|  Video  |<----------------+     |  Congestion |
| Encoder |                 |     |  Controller |
+---------+                 |     +-------------+        
    ||                      |            |(1)             
    ||                      |            |                
    ||                      |           \|/               
    ||    +--------------+  |  (4) +-------------+        
    ||    |   Network    |  +------|    Rate     | 
    ||    |    Probe     |<--------| Controller  | 
    ||    |  Generator   |    (5)  +-------------+
    ||    +--------------+          (3)|   /|\ 
    ||           ||                    |    |
    ||           || Probing           \|/   |(2)         
    ||           || Packets       +---------------+   
    ||           \\=============> |  Transmission | 
    \\==========================> |      Queue    |==============>
        Encoded Video Packets     +---------------+   Outgoing  
                                                       Packets     
                

  

                                                   RTCP Feedback
+---------+                       +-------------+   Reports
|  Live   |                       |   Network   |<---------------- 
|  Video  |<----------------+     |  Congestion |
| Encoder |                 |     |  Controller |
+---------+                 |     +-------------+      
    ||                      |            |(1)           
    ||                      |            |              
    ||                      |           \|/             
    ||                      |  (4) +-------------+      +--------+
    ||      +---------+     +------|    Rate     |<-----| Shared |  
    ||      |  Live   |     |      | Controller  |      | States |
    ||      |  Video  |<----+      +-------------+      +--------+
    ||      | Encoder |             (3)|   /|\ 
    ||      +---------+                |    |
    ||          ||                    \|/   |(2)         
    ||          ||                +---------------+   
    ||          ||                |  Transmission | 
    \\==========================> |      Queue    |==============>
        Encoded Video Packets     +---------------+   Outgoing  
                                                       Packets