Internet DRAFT - draft-arkko-dual-stack-extra-lite
draft-arkko-dual-stack-extra-lite
Network Working Group J. Arkko
Internet-Draft Ericsson
Intended status: Standards Track L. Eggert
Expires: August 8, 2011 Nokia
M. Townsley
Cisco
February 4, 2011
Scalable Operation of Address Translators with Per-Interface Bindings
draft-arkko-dual-stack-extra-lite-05
Abstract
This document explains how to employ address translation in networks
that serve a large number of individual customers without requiring a
correspondingly large amount of private IPv4 address space.
Status of this Memo
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This Internet-Draft will expire on August 8, 2011.
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described in the Simplified BSD License.
1. Introduction
This document explains how to employ address translation without
consuming a large amount of private address space. This is important
in networks that serve a large number of individual customers.
Networks that serve more than 2^24 (16 million) users cannot assign a
unique private IPv4 address to each user, because the largest
reserved private address block reserved is 10/8 [RFC1918]. Many
networks are already hitting these limits today, for instance, in the
consumer Internet service market. Even some individual devices may
approach these limits, for instance, cellular network gateways or
mobile IP home agents.
If ample IPv4 address space was available, this would be a non-issue,
because the current practice of assigning public IPv4 addresses to
each user would remain viable, and the complications associated with
using the more limited private address space could be avoided.
However, as the IPv4 address pool is becoming depleted, this practice
is becoming increasingly difficult to sustain.
It has been suggested that more of the unassigned IPv4 space should
be converted for private use, in order to allow the provisioning of
larger networks with private IPv4 address space. At the time of
writing, the IANA "free pool" contained only 12 unallocated unicast
IPv4 /8 prefixes. Although reserving a few of those for private use
would create some breathing room for such deployments, it would not
result in a solution with long-term viability, would result in
significant operational and management overheads, and would further
reduce the number of available IPv4 addresses.
Segmenting a network into areas of overlapping private address space
is another possible technique, but it severely complicates the design
and operation of a network.
Finally, the transition to IPv6 will eventually eliminate these
addressing limitations. However, during the migration period when
IPv4 and IPv6 have to co-exist, there will be the need to reach IPv4
destinations, which involves the use of address or protocol
translation.
The rest of this document is organized as follows. Section 2 gives
an outline of the solution, Section 3 introduces some terms,
Section 4 specifies the required behavior for managing NAT bindings
and Section 5 discusses the use of this technique with IPv6.
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2. Solution Outline
The need for address or protocol translation during the migration
period to IPv6 creates the opportunity to deploy these mechanisms in
a way that allows the support of a large user base without the need
for a correspondingly large IPv4 address block.
A Network Address Translator (NAT) is typically configured to connect
a network domain that uses private IPv4 addresses to the public
Internet. The NAT device - which is configured with a public IPv4
address - creates and maintains a mapping for each communication
session from a device inside the domain it serves to devices in the
public Internet. It does that by translating the packet flow of each
session such that the externally visible traffic uses only public
addresses.
In many NAT deployments, the network domain connected by the NAT to
the public Internet is a broadcast network sharing the same media,
where each individual device must have a private IPv4 address that is
unique within this network. In such deployments it is natural to
also implement the NAT functionality such that it uses the private
IPv4 address when looking up which mapping should be used to
translate a given communication session.
It is important to note, however, that this is not an inherent
requirement. When other methods of identifying the correct mapping
are available, and the NAT is not connecting a shared-media broadcast
network to the Internet, there is no need to assign each device in
the domain a unique IPv4 address.
This is the case, for example, when the NAT connects devices to the
Internet that connect to it with individual point-to-point links. In
this case, it becomes possible to use the same private addresses many
times, making it possible to support any number of devices behind a
NAT using very few IPv4 addresses.
There are tunneling-based techniques to reach the same benefits, by
establishing new tunnels over any IP network
[I-D.ietf-softwire-dual-stack-lite]. However, where the point-to-
point links already exists, creating an additional layer of tunneling
is unnecessary (and even potentially harmful due to effects to the
Maximum Transfer Unit) MTU settings). The approach described in this
document can be implemented and deployed within a single device and
has no effect to hosts behind it. In addition, as no additional
layers of tunneling are introduced, there is no effect to the MTU.
It is also unnecessary to implement tunnel endpoint discovery,
security mechanisms or other aspects of a tunneling solution. In
fact, there are no changes to the devices behind the NAT.
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Note, however, that existing tunnels are a common special case of
point-to-point links. For instance, cellular network gateways
terminate a large number of tunnels that are already needed for
mobility management reasons. Implementing the approach described in
this document is particularly attractive in such environments, given
that no additional tunneling mechanisms, negotiation, or host changes
are required. In addition, since there is no additional tunneling,
packets continue to take the same path as they would normally take.
Other commonly appearing network technology that may be of interest
include Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) [RFC1661] links, PPP over
Ethernet (PPPoE) [RFC2516] encapsulation, Asynchronous Transfer Mode
(ATM) Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs), and per-subscriber virtual
LAN (VLAN) allocation in consumer broadband networks.
The approach described here also results overlapping private address
space, like the segmentation of the network to different areas.
However, this overlap is applied only at the network edges, and does
not impact routing or reachability of servers in a negative way.
3. Terms
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
"NAT" in this document includes both "Basic NAT" and "Network
Address/Port Translator (NAPT)" as defined by [RFC2663]. The term
"NAT Session" is adapted from [RFC5382] and is defined as follows.
NAT Session - A NAT session is an association between a transport
layer session as seen in the internal realm and a session as seen in
the external realm, by virtue of NAT translation. The NAT session
will provide the translation glue between the two session
representations.
This document uses the term mapping as defined in [RFC4787] to refer
to state at the NAT necessary for network address and port
translation of sessions.
4. Per-Interface Bindings
To support a mode of operation that uses a fixed number of IPv4
addresses to serve an arbitrary number of devices, a NAT MUST manage
its mappings on a per-interface basis, by associating a particular
NAT session not only with the five tuples used for the transport
connection on both sides of the NAT, but also with the internal
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interface on which the user device is connected to the NAT. This
approach allows each internal interface to use the same private IPv4
address range. Note that the interface need not be physical, it may
also correspond to a tunnel, VLAN, or other identifiable
communications channel.
For deployments where exactly one user device is connected with a
separate tunnel interface and all tunnels use the same IPv4 address
for the user devices, it is redundant to store this address in the
mapping in addition to the internal interface identifier. When the
internal interface identifier is shorter than a 32-bit IPv4 address,
this may decrease the storage requirements of a mapping entry by a
small measure, which may aid NAT scalability. For other deployments,
it is likely necessary to store both the user device IPv4 address and
the internal interface identifier, which slightly increases the size
of the mapping entry.
This mode of operation is only suitable in deployments where user
devices connect to the NAT over point-to-point links. If supported,
this mode of operation SHOULD be configurable, and it should be
disabled by default in general-purpose NAT devices.
All address translators make it hard to address devices behind them.
The same is true of the particular NAT variant described in this
document. An additional constraint is caused by the use of the same
address space for different devices behind the NAT, which prevents
the use of unique private addresses for communication between devices
behind the same NAT.
5. IPv6 Considerations
Private address space conservation is important even during the
migration to IPv6, because it will be necessary to communicate with
the IPv4 Internet for a long time. This document specifies two
recommended deployment models for IPv6. In the first deployment
model the mechanisms specified in this document are useful. In the
second deployment model no additional mechanisms are needed, because
IPv6 addresses are already sufficient to distinguish mappings from
each other.
The first deployment model employs dual stack [RFC4213]. The IPv6
side of dual stack operates based on global addresses and direct end-
to-end communication. However, on the IPv4 side private addressing
and NATs are a necessity. The use of per-interface NAT mappings is
RECOMMENDED for the IPv4 side under these circumstances. Per-
interface mappings help the NAT scale, while dual stack operation
helps reduce the pressure on the NAT device by moving key types of
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traffic to IPv6, eliminating the need for NAT processing.
The second deployment model involves the use of address and protocol
translation, such as the one defined in
[I-D.ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate-stateful]. In this deployment model
there is no IPv4 in the internal network at all. This model is
applicable only in situations where all relevant devices and
applications are IPv6-capable. In this situation, per-interface
mappings could be employed as specified above, but they are generally
unnecessary as the IPv6 address space is large enough to provide a
sufficient number of mappings.
6. Security Considerations
The practices outlined in this document do not affect the security
properties of address translation. The binding method specified in
this document is not observable to a device that is on the outside of
the NAT; i.e., a regular NAT and a NAT specified here cannot be
distinguished. However, the use of point-to-point links implies
naturally that the devices behind the NAT cannot communicate with
each other directly without going through the NAT (or a router). The
use of same address space for different devices implies in addition
that a NAT operation must occur between two devices in order for them
to communicate.
The security implications of address translation in general have been
discussed in many previous documents, including [RFC2663] [RFC2993]
[RFC4787], and [RFC5382].
7. IANA Considerations
This document has no IANA implications.
8. References
8.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
8.2. Informative References
[RFC1661] Simpson, W., "The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)", STD 51,
RFC 1661, July 1994.
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[RFC1918] Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, R., Karrenberg, D., Groot, G., and
E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets",
BCP 5, RFC 1918, February 1996.
[RFC2516] Mamakos, L., Lidl, K., Evarts, J., Carrel, D., Simone, D.,
and R. Wheeler, "A Method for Transmitting PPP Over
Ethernet (PPPoE)", RFC 2516, February 1999.
[RFC2663] Srisuresh, P. and M. Holdrege, "IP Network Address
Translator (NAT) Terminology and Considerations",
RFC 2663, August 1999.
[RFC2993] Hain, T., "Architectural Implications of NAT", RFC 2993,
November 2000.
[RFC4213] Nordmark, E. and R. Gilligan, "Basic Transition Mechanisms
for IPv6 Hosts and Routers", RFC 4213, October 2005.
[RFC4787] Audet, F. and C. Jennings, "Network Address Translation
(NAT) Behavioral Requirements for Unicast UDP", BCP 127,
RFC 4787, January 2007.
[RFC5382] Guha, S., Biswas, K., Ford, B., Sivakumar, S., and P.
Srisuresh, "NAT Behavioral Requirements for TCP", BCP 142,
RFC 5382, October 2008.
[I-D.ietf-softwire-dual-stack-lite]
Durand, A., Droms, R., Woodyatt, J., and Y. Lee, "Dual-
Stack Lite Broadband Deployments Following IPv4
Exhaustion", draft-ietf-softwire-dual-stack-lite-06 (work
in progress), August 2010.
[I-D.arkko-townsley-coexistence]
Arkko, J. and M. Townsley, "IPv4 Run-Out and IPv4-IPv6 Co-
Existence Scenarios", draft-arkko-townsley-coexistence-06
(work in progress), October 2010.
[I-D.ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate-stateful]
Bagnulo, M., Matthews, P., and I. Beijnum, "Stateful
NAT64: Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6
Clients to IPv4 Servers",
draft-ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate-stateful-12 (work in
progress), July 2010.
[I-D.miles-behave-l2nat]
Miles, D. and M. Townsley, "Layer2-Aware NAT",
draft-miles-behave-l2nat-00 (work in progress),
March 2009.
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[TRILOGY] "Trilogy Project", http://www.trilogy-project.org/.
Appendix A. Contributors
The ideas in this draft were first presented in
[I-D.ietf-softwire-dual-stack-lite]. This document also in debt to
[I-D.arkko-townsley-coexistence] and [I-D.miles-behave-l2nat].
However, all of these documents focused on additional components,
such as tunneling protocols or the allocation of special IP address
ranges. We wanted to publish a specification that just focuses on
the core functionality of a per-interface NAT mappings. However,
David Miles, and Alain Durand should be credited with coming up with
the ideas discussed in this memo.
Appendix B. Acknowledgments
The authors would also like to thank Randy Bush, Fredrik Garneij, Dan
Wing, Christian Vogt, Marcelo Braun, Joel Halpern, Wassim Haddad,
Alan Kavanaugh and others for interesting discussions in this problem
space.
Lars Eggert is partly funded by the Trilogy Project [TRILOGY], a
research project supported by the European Commission under its
Seventh Framework Program.
Authors' Addresses
Jari Arkko
Ericsson
Jorvas 02420
Finland
Email: jari.arkko@piuha.net
Lars Eggert
Nokia Research Center
P.O. Box 407
Nokia Group 00045
Finland
Phone: +358 50 48 24461
Email: lars.eggert@nokia.com
URI: http://research.nokia.com/people/lars_eggert/
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Mark Townsley
Cisco
Paris 75006
France
Email: townsley@cisco.com
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