Internet DRAFT - draft-boucadair-dnsop-prefix64
draft-boucadair-dnsop-prefix64
Network Working Group M. Boucadair
Internet-Draft Orange
Updates: 6147 (if approved) 5 January 2022
Intended status: Standards Track
Expires: 9 July 2022
An EDNS0 Option for Sharing Pref64::/n
draft-boucadair-dnsop-prefix64-02
Abstract
This document specifies an Extension Mechanisms for DNS (EDNS0)
option to convey the IPv6 prefix used to build IPv4-converted IPv6
addresses. When conveyed in a DNS query, the option communicates the
IPv6 prefix used in the network from which the query was originated.
Such a network is assumed to enable a Network Address and Protocol
Translation from IPv6 clients to IPv4 servers (NAT64) function.
DNS64-capable servers will use that prefix to build synthesized AAAA
records, rather than relying on a preconfigured prefix. When
conveyed in a DNS reply, the option conveys the IPv6 prefix that is
used by a DNS64-capable server to synthesized AAAA records. Such
information helps to automatically detect mismatches between the
local NAT64 configuration and the one enforced at the DNS64 server.
Also, security-aware and validating hosts may use the new EDNS0
option to signal the presence of a NAT64 function. That signal is
used by the DNS server to fill the additional section of the AAAA
reply in order to supply A RRs of the target. Dual queries and
delays are thus avoided.
This document updates RFC 6147.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
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material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on 9 July 2022.
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Option Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4. Protocol Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1. Introduction
Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6 clients to IPv4
servers (NAT64) function [RFC6146] is widely deployed, especially in
cellular networks. Such a function is solicited when an IPv6-only
host communicates with an IPv4-only server. For that communication
to take place, IPv4-only servers are represented in the IPv6 domain
by synthesizing IPv6 addresses based on IPv4 addresses (called,
IPv4-converted IPv6 addresses). The address translation algorithm is
specified in [RFC6052]. In addition to an IPv4 address, this
algorithm uses a dedicated IPv6 prefix as input. Such a prefix can
be the Well-Known Prefix (i.e., 64:ff9b::/96) or a Network-Specific
Prefix (NSP).
DNS64 [RFC6147] specifies a companion mechanism to represent
IPv4-only servers in the IPv6 domains. Such a mechanism relies upon
the same address translation algorithm as the one used by the NAT64
function. When both DNS64 and NAT64 are deployed in the same
network, the same IPv6 prefix must be used to feed the address
translation algorithm (Section 2 of [RFC6147]). A sample deployment
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scenario is depicted in Figure 1. Note that no mechanism is
supported to synchronize the prefix configured in both functions. In
particular, there is no communication between the DNS64 and NAT64
functions.
+---------------------+ +---------------+
|IPv6 network | | IPv4 |
| | +-------------+ | network |
| |--| Name server |--| |
| | | with DNS64 | | +----+ |
| +----+ | +-------------+ | | H2 | |
| | H1 |---| | | +----+ |
| +----+ | +-------+ | 192.0.2.1 |
|2001:db8::1|------| NAT64 |----| |
| | +-------+ | |
| | | | |
+---------------------+ +---------------+
Figure 1: Sample Deployment (RFC6146)
In networks where DNS64 is enabled, some deployments use distinct IP
addresses to reach the "normal" DNS server and the DNS64 server.
This is used to demux queries issues by IPv6-only hosts from those
from dual-stack hosts. The mechanism defined in this document allows
to use the same DNS configuration for both IPv6-only and dual-stack
hosts.
NAT64 does not require a DNS64 server to be enabled and, even if it
is used, it does not mandate that it is enabled in the same network.
As such, several public DNS64 servers are currently available for use
over the Internet. However, these servers are restricted to the
Well-Known Prefix. Users who decides to bypass their network-
provisioned DNS64 server (e.g., including both trusted (access
network, typically) and untrusted networks such as Airports) may
experience connectivity issues if an NSP is used in their local
networks (Section 4.4 of [RFC8683]). This document solves that
issues by specifying a mechanism that allows to use any DNS64 server,
not only the one hosted in the network that enables the NAT64.
If the IPv4 address of a remote IPv4-only server is known to an
IPv6-only host (e.g., IPv4 literals, legacy DNS), the IPv6-only host
can proceed with local address synthesis. For example, the stub
resolver on the IPv6-only host tries to obtain (native) AAAA records,
and if they are not found, the DNS64 function on the host will send a
query for A records and then synthesize AAAA records. This behavior
requires the host's stub-resolver to learn the prefix used for IPv6/
IPv4 translation and synthesize AAAA records accordingly. Many
mechanisms were specified to discover such prefix, e.g.:
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* [RFC7225] defines a new Port Control Protocol (PCP) option
[RFC6887] to inform hosts about the Pref64::/n and suffix used by
a NAT64 function.
* [RFC8781] specifies a Neighbor Discovery option used in Router
Advertisements (RAs) to communicate NAT64 prefixes to hosts.
The reader may refer to [RFC7050][RFC7051] for an analysis on the
issues related to the discovery of the Pref64::/n.
In some environments two DNS queries are issued even if the host is
serviced using an IPv6-only connectivity (typically, AAAA followed by
A). These two queries are sent sequentially, which introduces an
extra delay when the target resource is IPv4-only. Such delay can be
prevented owing to the mechanism specified in this document. As a
side effect, the mechanism optimizes the load on DNS64 servers as
only one query will be used instead of two.
This document updates [RFC6146] as it extends the DNS64 processing to
also consider the supplied Pref64::/n in an EDNS0 option to
synthesize AAA records. In particular statements such as "locally
configured Pref64::/n" are updated to "locally configured Pref64::/n
or Pref64::/n supplied in an EDNS0 PREFIX64 option". To that aim,
this document leverages the aforementioned discovery mechanism to
detect the presence of a NAT64 function.
In summary, the mechanism defined in this document is meant to:
* Provide a signal to indicate the support of NAT64 in a network.
* Allow a DNS64 server to service clients with distinct NAT64
prefixes.
* Avoid delays when both A and AAA queries are required.
* Optimize load on DNS server as only one query is generated rather
that duplicating load when both AAA and A queries are required.
2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
14 [RFC2119][RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
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The reader should be familiar with terms and concepts defined in
[RFC6052], [RFC6146], and [RFC6147]. Also, the document makes use of
terms defined in [RFC8499].
"IPv6-only host" refers to a host with an IPv6-only connectivity.
3. Option Format
The format of the PREFIX64 EDNS0 option is shown in Figure 2. This
format adheres to the guidelines specified in Section 6.1.2 of
[RFC6891].
+0 (MSB) +1 (LSB)
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
0: | OPTION-CODE |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
2: | OPTION-LENGTH |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
4: | |
/ PREFIX64 /
/ /
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
Figure 2: PREFIX64 EDNS0 Option Format
The description of the fields is as follows:
OPTION-CODE: MUST be set to TBA (Section 6).
OPTION-LENGTH: Size (in octets) of the enclosed Pref64::/n. Allowed
values are: 0, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.
The receiver MUST ignore the option if the OPTION-LENGTH is not
set to one of those values.
When the value is set to 0, this indicates the presence of a NAT64
function in the network from which the query is generated.
PREFIX64: This field identifies the IPv6 unicast prefix to be used
for constructing an IPv4-converted IPv6 address from an IPv4
address as specified in Section 2.2 of [RFC6052]. In such case,
the prefix length MUST be 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, and 96 bits (i.e.,
OPTION-LENGTH must be set to 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9) as specified in
[RFC6052].
This prefix can be the Well-Known Prefix (i.e., 64:ff9b::/96) or a
Network-Specific Prefix.
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The address synthesis MUST follow the guidelines documented in
[RFC6052].
4. Protocol Description
A stub-resolver on an IPv6-only host that discovers the presence of
NAT64 inserts the PREFIX64 EDNS0 option in its AAAA queries. If the
stub-resolver is on a multi-interfaced device, the Pref64::/n
conveyed in the PREFIX64 EDNS0 option MUST be the one that is
associated with the interface over which the DNS query is sent.
A stub-resolver that is prepared to handle A RRs enclosed in the
additional section (e.g., security-aware and validating hosts) MAY
insert a PREFIX64 EDNS0 option with an OPTION-LENGTH set to zero in
its AAAA DNS queries. Such option is used by intermediate/
authoritative servers as a signal to include A RR in the additional
section.
If a DNS server enables a DNS64 function, then the AAAA query is
treated as in [RFC6147] with the exception that supplied valid
Pref64::/n are used for synthesizing AAAA records. The reply MAY
echo the PREFIX64 EDNS0 option.
A DNS forwarder MAY be configured to forward AAAA queries that carry
an PREFIX64 EDNS0 option with non-null prefixes to a DNS64 server.
Such queries are thus relayed to that DNS64 server. Upon receipt of
such queries, the AAAA query is treated as in [RFC6147] with the
exception that supplied valid Pref64::/n are used for synthesizing
AAAA records. This prevents from exposing distinct IP addresses of
DNS servers for "normal" DNS and DNS64 operations.
A DNS64 MAY be instructed to return the Pref64::/n that it uses when
synthesizing AAAA records. If so, the DNS64 MUST include the
PREFIX64 option in its replies that carry synthesized AAAA records.
This is superior to the current situation where users have to check
the documentation (when available) to determine the prefix used by a
DNS64 server for address synthesis. Absent such checks, errors can
be encountered to service IPv6-only hosts. The use of PREFIX64
option allows to automatically detect mismatches between the prefix
used in the network (that is, the NAT64 function) and the one that is
used by a DNS64 function.
A stub-resolver SHOULD determine whether the returned AAAA includes a
native or IPv4-converted IPv6 by comparing the first bits of the IPv6
address with the local Pref64::/n. This check is also meant to
determine that an on-path attacker has modified the PREFIX64 option.
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5. Security Considerations
Generic EDNS0 security considerations are discussed in Section 8 of
[RFC6891].
As discussed in Section 5.5 of [RFC6147], a security-aware and
validating host has to perform the DNS64 function locally. This
specification does not prevent that. The only enhancement is the
receipt of A RRs in the additional section of AAAA replies.
6. IANA Considerations
This document requests IANA to assign the following new code from the
"DNS EDNS0 Option Codes (OPT)" registry available at [DNS-OPT]:
Value Name Status Reference
----- -------- -------- -------------
TBA PREFIX64 Standard [ThisDocument]
7. Acknowledgements
Thanks to Tiru Reddy for the comments.
8. References
8.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC6052] Bao, C., Huitema, C., Bagnulo, M., Boucadair, M., and X.
Li, "IPv6 Addressing of IPv4/IPv6 Translators", RFC 6052,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6052, October 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6052>.
[RFC6146] Bagnulo, M., Matthews, P., and I. van Beijnum, "Stateful
NAT64: Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6
Clients to IPv4 Servers", RFC 6146, DOI 10.17487/RFC6146,
April 2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6146>.
[RFC6147] Bagnulo, M., Sullivan, A., Matthews, P., and I. van
Beijnum, "DNS64: DNS Extensions for Network Address
Translation from IPv6 Clients to IPv4 Servers", RFC 6147,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6147, April 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6147>.
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[RFC6891] Damas, J., Graff, M., and P. Vixie, "Extension Mechanisms
for DNS (EDNS(0))", STD 75, RFC 6891,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6891, April 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6891>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
8.2. Informative References
[DNS-OPT] IANA, "DNS EDNS0 Option Codes (OPT)",
<http://www.iana.org/assignments/dns-parameters/dns-
parameters.xhtml#dns-parameters-11>.
[RFC6887] Wing, D., Ed., Cheshire, S., Boucadair, M., Penno, R., and
P. Selkirk, "Port Control Protocol (PCP)", RFC 6887,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6887, April 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6887>.
[RFC7050] Savolainen, T., Korhonen, J., and D. Wing, "Discovery of
the IPv6 Prefix Used for IPv6 Address Synthesis",
RFC 7050, DOI 10.17487/RFC7050, November 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7050>.
[RFC7051] Korhonen, J., Ed. and T. Savolainen, Ed., "Analysis of
Solution Proposals for Hosts to Learn NAT64 Prefix",
RFC 7051, DOI 10.17487/RFC7051, November 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7051>.
[RFC7225] Boucadair, M., "Discovering NAT64 IPv6 Prefixes Using the
Port Control Protocol (PCP)", RFC 7225,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7225, May 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7225>.
[RFC8499] Hoffman, P., Sullivan, A., and K. Fujiwara, "DNS
Terminology", BCP 219, RFC 8499, DOI 10.17487/RFC8499,
January 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8499>.
[RFC8683] Palet Martinez, J., "Additional Deployment Guidelines for
NAT64/464XLAT in Operator and Enterprise Networks",
RFC 8683, DOI 10.17487/RFC8683, November 2019,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8683>.
[RFC8781] Colitti, L. and J. Linkova, "Discovering PREF64 in Router
Advertisements", RFC 8781, DOI 10.17487/RFC8781, April
2020, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8781>.
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Author's Address
Mohamed Boucadair
Orange
35000 Rennes
France
Email: mohamed.boucadair@orange.com
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