Internet DRAFT - draft-dykim-6man-sid6
draft-dykim-6man-sid6
Network Working Group DY Kim
Internet-Draft Independent
Intended status: Experimental March 3, 2019
Expires: September 4, 2019
Subnet ID Deprecation for IPv6
draft-dykim-6man-sid6-01
Abstract
Deprecation of the subnet ID in IPv6 networking is proposed; the
subnet ID is set to zero so that all nodes in a site carry the same
prefix. While the procedures for neighbor discovery and duplicate
address detection have to be changed, possible simplification gains
in IPv6 networking including that of intra-site host- and subnet-
mobility might be worth the modification. Site-external behaviors
don't change through this modification, enabling incremental
deployment of the proposal. Sites of manageable sizes for which
scalability is not much a critical issue might consider the mode of
operation proposed in this document.
Status of This Memo
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provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
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This Internet-Draft will expire on September 4, 2019.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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publication of this document. Please review these documents
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. SID6 Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.1. IPv6 Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2. Neighbor Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.3. Duplicate Address Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.4. Interior Gateway Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.5. Other Address-Related Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.6. Generalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4. Consequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.1. No Locator/ID Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2. Inherent Interior Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.3. Faster Interior Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.4. Legacy Exterior Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.5. Legacy Migration and Multihoming . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.6. Incremental Deployability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.7. Prefix Aggregation and Scalability . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.8. Incentives for Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8.2. Informartive References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1. Introduction
The idea of IPv4 subnet has been imported intact into IPv6 networking
so that each subnet (link) in an IPv6 site is assigned a separate
subnet ID (SID). As a result, the IPv6 host has to change the link
prefix every time it moves from one link to another even within the
same site or routing domain; you have to install MIPv6 agents [MIPv6]
on every intra-site router and a MIP6 client on every mobile node in
order to provide intra-site node mobility. It might be challenged
whether this legacy way of IPv6 operation should continue to be the
best way in networking environments ever evolving to a form vastly
different from that of the past.
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For one thing, scalability, one of the main reasons for subnetting,
might bear different implications from the past. Moor's Law has
continued to be relevant for decades since the time IPv6 was first
conceived, and cost or performance concerns for memories and
processors have been dramatically relaxed. There might be many
potential network administrators who would consider to weigh the
burden of managing SIDs and the associated MIPv6 infrastructure
against that of inherent mobility support by link-state routing.
This document proposes to change the operation of IPv6 networking by
deprecating the SID. That is, the value of SID shall be set to zero.
This results in all intra-site nodes carrying the same prefix and the
mobile nodes keeping the same address as long as the mobility is
confined within a given site.
A number of operational efficiency might result from this change.
The price to pay might be some changes in the procedures for neighbor
discovery (ND) and duplicate address detection (DAD). This document
presents how this new operational paradigm, to be abbreviated as
SID6, could be constructed and discusses possible impacts from this
change.
It is to be noted that this document limits its SID6 discussions to
the case of a site consisting of a single routing area; there are no
Level 2 routers in the site under discussion. The multi-area case is
left for further study.
2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [KEYWORDS].
This document introduces the following terminology.
DA: Duplicate Advertisement. A unicast message, back to the source
address of the previous DS message received, to report the duplicity
of the target address in the DS message.
DS: Duplicate Solicitation. A site-wide multicast message to solicit
the response from a node in possession of the same address as the
target address in this message.
3. SID6 Construction
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3.1. IPv6 Address
The IPv6 address type of interest is the Global Unicast address (GUA)
which contains the SID and interface ID (IID) [v6ADDR]:
IPv6 GUA
= (interface address)
= (subnet prefix, IID)
= (global routing prefix, SID, IID)
Now, we reset the SID, and the IPv6 GUA will no longer depend on the
SID; it doesn't change as a node moves across subnets (links) within
a site:
IPv6 GUA
= (interface address)
= (subnet prefix, IID)
= (global routing prefix, null, IID)
Furthermore, we change the use of the IID as the node ID (NID). That
is, each node is associated with an NID unique within a site. When a
node has multiple interfaces, there would be multiple IIDs
associated. In that case, we enforce all IIDs to be the same, thus
ensuring a unique NID per node. The result is:
IPv6 GUA
= (node address)
= (subnet prefix, NID)
= (global routing prefix, null, NID)
This unique NID is invariant within a site or routing domain. The
address is now a node address, not an interface address.
When a site is multihomed on multiple upstream networks, it would be
associated with multiple site prefixes and hence every intra-site
node would be associated with multiple addresses. For seamless site-
multihoming in such an instance, a node should be able to receive
inbound packets destined to any of its multiple addresses, and also
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be able to source outbound packets with one of such multiple
addresses as appropriate [DASv6].
Remember all we do here is to reset the SID. And that, it is not any
change in the definition of the IPv6 address format, but is just an
operational choice. All other effects are natural corollaries
thereof; the basic IPv6 mechanisms remain the same. We will
subsequently see how other parts of the IPv6 networking continue to
work correctly as usual, with minimal modifications where necessary.
3.2. Neighbor Discovery
Addresses involved in ICMPv6-derived [ICMPv6] ND messages [NDv6] are
either All-Nodes multicast addresses (FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1) or All-
Routers multicast addresses (FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:2), both of which being
agnostic to SID. Otherwise, the involved addresses are unicast or
anycast addresses which are not anymore dependent on SID as
prescribed by SID6. The resulting link prefixes (global routing
prefix + null) advertised by all routers within a site are the same,
except for the inter-router point-to-point links [p2p127]. Although
substantially simplifying router configuration in regard to prefix
loading, this SID deprecation necessitates a change in on-link
determination. The original ND [NDv6] specifies that an address is
considered to be on-link if:
1. it is covered by one of the link's prefixes (e.g., as indicated
by the on-link flag in the Prefix Information option), or
2. a neighboring router specifies the address as the target of a
Redirect message.
3. a (solicited) Neighbor Advertisement message is received for the
(target) address, or
4. any ND message is received from the address.
The latter two, however, have been deprecated by [v6SUBNET].
Criterion 2 should continue to be valid in SID6. However, Criterion
1 is of no more use since all links share the same prefix(es)
throughout the site, except for the inter-router point-to-point links
[p2p127]. Hence, a prefix with the on-link flag set is not a
guarantee that a neighbor address with the very prefix is on-link.
Since on-link determination cannot be done through prefixes provided
by a pair procedure of Router Solicitation (RS) and Router
Advertisement (RA), some other means has to be secured. We propose
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to use the Reachability test for the purpose and thus to accommodate
the following procedure to the ND protocol for on-link determination:
o When a node is first injected into a site and attaches to a link,
it might acquire the prefix information through a pair of RS and
RA, and auto-configure itself with a node address sanitary-checked
through DAD described in Section 3.3. If the node comes from a
different link in the same site, these steps should be skipped.
o It then multicasts an unsolicited Neighbor Advertisement (NA) to
the link-local All-Nodes address, FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1, to
explicitly notify all other nodes on the same link of its
emergence. The source address of this NA SHALL be the node
address of the new node, and its link-layer address SHALL also be
included as an option. In addition, a new option SHALL be
incorporated to indicate that every recipient of this unsolicited
NA SHOULD return a unicast NS back to the sender. Since NA
transmission is unreliable, it can be repeated
MAX_NEIGHBOR_ADVERTISEMENT times [NDv6] . The first NA SHOULD be
issued after a random delay between 0 and
MAX_RTR_SOLICITATION_DELAY [NDv6] to avoid race condition among
multiple newly emerging nodes.
o On receipt of this unsolicited NA, other nodes on the link SHOULD
return Neighbor Solicitation (NS) back to the new node. In this
action, issuing of each NS SHOULD be random delayed to avoid race
condition. Also, the link-layer address of the responding node
SHALL be included in each NS. Duplicate NAs received through
retransmission SHALL be silently ignored.
o Successful receipt of such a returning NS confirms the forward
reachability from the new node's perspective; the responding
address is declared to be on-link. The new node creates an entry
for the responding address in Neighbor Cache, with the on-link
flag set. This is done for each responding address.
o For each of such returning NSs, the new node unicasts an NA to the
responding address. Successful receipt of this NA by each
responding node confirms reachability from the responding node's
perspective; the address of the new node is on-link. The
responding node then creates an on-link entry for the new node's
address in its own Neighbor Cache.
o Addresses in Neighbor Cache of a node acquired only through this
procedure SHOULD be considered and flagged as on-link.
This new procedure differs from the existing ND procedure in that on-
link determination is made not through Prefix List (for prefixes with
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on-link flag set) but through Reachability tests between neighbors.
The role of Prefix List reduces simply to providing the common
prefix(es) for the given site. Another difference is in regard to
the semantics of the source address for NA and NS; whereas it is the
sender's interface address in the original ND, it is its node address
in SID6.
With the introduction of this revised procedure for on-link
determination, it follows that Criterion 3 of the original on-link
determination SHOULD be revived:
When a solicited NA message is received for the target address,
the address is confirmed to be on-link.
Criterion 4 remains deprecated.
3.3. Duplicate Address Detection
DAD per IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) is done for
all unicast addresses by use of a pair of link-local ND messages,
namely, NS and NA [SLAAC]. NSs are musticast to link-local
Solicited-Node address [v6ADDR]:
link-local Solicited-Node address: FF02:0:0:0:0:1:FFXX:XXXX
In SID6, however, DAD should be done site-wide, and hence new site-
local messages should be introduced to do the job.
We name the new pair of ICMPv6 messages as Duplicate Solicitation
(DS) and Duplicate Advertisement (DA). Also, we introduce a new type
of multicast address named site-local Solicited-Node address defined
in a way similar to the (link-local) Solicited-Node multicast address
[v6ADDR]:
site-local Solicited-Node address: FF05:0:0:0:0:1:FFXX:XXXX
A site-local Solicited-Node address is formed by taking the low-order
24 bits of an (unicast or anycast) address and appending those bits
to the prefix FF05:0:0:0:0:1:FF00::/104 resulting in a multicast
address in the range
FF05:0:0:0:0:1:FF00:0000 ~ FF05:0:0:0:0:1:FFFF:FFFF
A DS is multicast to a site-local Solicited-Node address formed with
the unicast or anycast address of the target node. If the target
address of the returning DA is tentative, it is an indication that
the address is a duplicate. Both nodes SHOULD then refresh their
addresses and repeat DAD until no duplicates are observed. An
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address is considered site-unique if none of the tests equivalent to
the ones in Sec. 5.4 of [SLAAC] indicate the presence of a duplicate
address within RetransTimer milliseconds after having sent
DupAddrDetectTransmits DSs. A natural corollary of this site-wide
DAD is that uniqueness of the NID(s) is confirmed site-wide.
3.4. Interior Gateway Protocols
A link-state Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP) is to be used in SID6;
OSPFv3 [OSPFv3] or IS-IS for IPv6 [ISISv6][ISISv4]. The most
important impact of SID6 on these link-state routing protocols is the
way routers locate the hosts; they are not anymore locatable by link
prefixes.
In SID6 operation of OSPFv3, host routes are to be included in intra-
area-prefix-LSAs. For each of these host routes, the PrefixOptions
LA-bit SHOULD be set and the PrefixLength SHOULD be set to a host
PrefixLength; see Sec. 4.4.3.9 of [OSPFv3]. In SID6 operation of IS-
IS for IPv6, host routes are to be included in the IPv6 Reachability
entries, and will be handled in the same way as other IPv6
Reachability entries [ISISv6][ISISv4].
It is to be noted that SID6 of this document focuses on a single-area
operation in a site. The multi-area case is left for further study.
3.5. Other Address-Related Protocols
DHCPv6 [DHCPv6] is not affected since most addresses involved there
are link-local. The site-local All_DHCP_Servers multicast address in
the case of Relay Agent is also intact for correct operation.
Default Address Selection [DASv6] is not affected, either. One thing
to note is in regard to the scope comparison in selecting a source
address for a multicast destination address; see Sec. 3.1 of [DASv6].
The scope of the node address as defined in SID6 is global as well as
site. Hence, the same source node address would be selected for a
multicast destination address of site scope as well as of global
scope as appropriate.
No other IPv6-address related protocols are affected, to the best
knowledge of the author.
3.6. Generalization
The description of SID6 so far has been based on nullifying the SID.
Alternatively, the same field can be used in a way similar to Unique
IPv6 Prefix Per Host [Uv6pH]. The field originally occupied by SID
can be populated by random numbers to render intra-site local
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prefixes. Each node in the site is then assigned a unique (global ||
local) prefix:
IPv6 GUA
= (node address)
= (prefix, NID)
= (global prefix, local prefix, NID)
How to use this local prefix is up to the discretion of each node.
If a node is a host, it can generate a 128-bit address by use of the
combined (global || local) prefix and SLAAC as described in [Uv6pH].
If a node is a router, it is in fact the border router of a child
site wherein all internal nodes share the same specific unique
(global || local) prefix given to the router.
It is to be noted that, although SID is not there anymore, subnets do
exist. The only difference is that, with SID6, a subnet is not
identified by its SID but by the NID of the Default Router (DR). DR
keeps, in its Neighbor Cache, the list of intra-subnet (on-link)
hosts for relaying packets in and out across the subnet boundary.
There may, of course, be multiple routers associated with the same
subnet, and one of them would act as DR as usual.
As a result of the described generalization, the architecture of SID6
could be summarized as follows:
o A site is a collection of (virtual) nodes wherein all nodes share
the same prefix.
o A subset of directly connected intra-site nodes bordered by one or
more router(s) is called a subnet. Thus, a site can also be
defined as a collection of subnets. Each subnet is identified by
the NID of DR.
o Intra-site mobility is provided by a link-state routing protocol,
whereas inter-site mobility is by MIPv6 agents installed on one or
more site border router(s).
4. Consequencies
4.1. No Locator/ID Separation
SID6 does not introduce a separate number space extra to that already
existing IPv6 address space; no locator/ID separation (LIS) is
pursued. Within a site, the NID identifies a node whose locality is
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determined through an interior link-state routing protocol. Between
sites, the site prefix both identifies and locates a site.
4.2. Inherent Interior Mobility
The most important consequence of SID6 is that the node address is
invariant across links as long as the node resides within a given
site. Since the node address is used for transport connections, the
latter do not break while nodes move around within a site. That is,
intra-site node mobility is inherently provided. Locating a given
node is done through a normal link-state routing protocol like OSPFv3
or IS-IS for IPv6. No extra locators are incorporated in SID6.
When a given node is a router, node mobility essentially means subnet
mobility. A whole subnet, along with the router(s) and attached
hosts, can move around within a site without losing reachability and
transport connections. Instantaneous event-driven link-state updates
will keep tight track of the moving subnet and its associated nodes.
A following consequence is that no Mobile IP protocol like MIPv6
[MIPv6] is necessary for intra-site mobile nodes. A MIPv6 client
would be enabled only when a node visits a foreign site, and MIPv6
agents need be installed only on site border routers, not on every
intra-site routers. This simplification may stand for a substantial
resource saving in providing intra-site mobility.
4.3. Faster Interior Mobility
Now a valid question might be whether the intra-site mobility
provided by link-state routing protocols should be faster or slower
than that provided by MIPv6-installed intra-site routers. First of
all, movement detection by a mobile node should be the same for both
cases; any of link-layer indication, DR not reachable, or a new
prefix heard from RA, etc.; see Sec. 11.5.1 of [MIPv6]. Differences,
if any, should be with the actions taken thereafter. Typical actions
by a mobile node after movement detection, in accordance with MIPv6,
should be:
1. Send RS (if no RA heard)
2. Receive RA
3. Create addresses including care-of-address
4. DAD for all unicast addresses
5. Register care-of-address with Home Agent (HA)
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Since the prefix acquired in Step 2 should be the same as the one
already installed on the SID6 mobile node, Step 3 is to be skipped in
SID6. Step 4 is not necessary, either, since uniqueness of the
NID(s) has already been guaranteed by a previous site-wide DAD before
the move, in accordance with the new DAD procedure introduced in
Section 3.3. Saving a DAD could be substantial since it would
involve a number of message exchanges appended by possible
retransmissions.
As for the last step, registering with a MIPv6 HA may consume several
Binding message exchanges. In the case of SID6, the modified ND
procedure described in Section 3.2 would be executed, which would
then be immediately followed by DR flooding an event-driven link-
state update to inform all other intra-site routers of the successful
arrival of the visiting mobile node. Time lapses caused by the two
schemes could be considered approximately equal.
As a result, the time saving in SID6 should be what the address
creation and a DAD would consume. Thus, the intra-site mobility
provided by SID6 should be faster by as much than that by MIPv6.
This faster mobility would be an advantage in many disruptive
applications wherein nodes might experience frequent changes in link
attachment.
4.4. Legacy Exterior Mobility
Exterior mobility would be done through MIPv6 as usual. MIPv6 agents
need be installed only on site border routers.
4.5. Legacy Migration and Multihoming
Renumbering at migration can be done seamlessly as usual. The site
would first be multihomed on the old as well as the new upstream
networks. Once all nodes are successfully renumbered and
corresponding DNS records are updated, the old addresses would be
removed and the site would be single-homed on the new upstream
network.
If a host is multihomed on different links within a single-homed
site, the node would be associated with only one node address since
the prefixes would be the same for all different links. The node can
be reached through any of these links. With the usual IPv6 or some
LIS protocols [HIP][ILNP], each interface of the node would be given
a distinct locator so that the peer node should choose between
multiple locators to reach the same node, which task being either
arbitrary or complicated. With SID6, however, the node is associated
with a single node address so that there'd be no confusion or extra
work burden on the part of the peer node.
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If a host is multihomed on different sites, the node would possess
multiple node addresses each derived from different site prefixes.
Each of such node addresses is used to reach the node via the
corresponding site network.
If a subnet is multihomed on different sites, only the nodes within
the very subnet would be given multiple node addresses each derived
from prefixes of the different sites. Nodes in other subnets would
not be affected.
If a site is multihomed on different upstream networks, all internal
nodes, either hosts or routers, would be given multiple node
addresses derived from different site prefixes assigned by different
upstream networks.
4.6. Incremental Deployability
SID6 can be deployed incrementally. A site can adopt SID6, yet the
external behaviors exposed to DFZ remain the same as with a legacy
IPv6 site and so cause no disturbance to DFZ.
4.7. Prefix Aggregation and Scalability
Prefix aggregation in DFZ is done as usual. That is, DFZ routing
scalability of SID6 is as good as the legacy IPv6 networking.
4.8. Incentives for Deployment
An apparent incentive to deploy SID6 should be that transport
connection resilience for intra-site mobile nodes can be provided
with no extra infrastructure like mapping servers found in most LIS
protocols [HIP][ILNP][LISP], resulting in a significant resource
saving. An equivalent incentive in comparison with the legacy IPv6
networking would be that intra-site mobility, and that faster, can be
provided inherently by any interior link-state protocols, with no
hassle of installing MIPv6 functionalities on every router in a site.
Considering that a site can be arbitrarily large, this can be a
considerable additional resource saving in terms of network
operation.
5. Conclusions
A new IPv6 networking paradigm called SID6 is introduced, wherein the
IPv6 SID is deprecated, that is, set to zero or replaced by a local
prefix tuple. As a result, a node is associated with a site-local
NID, instead of one or more link-local IIDs as with the legacy IPv6
networking.
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With SID6, the task of simultaneous identification and location of a
node, wrestled with by other LIS solutions through separate (ID and
locator) number spaces, is accomplished without introducing a number
space extra to that already available for node addresses.
Furthermore, the job is done stepwise across two adjacent tiers;
intra-site and inter-site:
o Within a site (intra-site), identification is provided through the
NID or the local prefix while location is through an intra-domain
link-state routing protocol.
o Across sites (inter-site), identification is provided through
(global) node addresses while location is by the site prefix.
With SID6, there's no need for deployment and management of the
mapping servers (IDs versus locators), which should be a substantial
resource saving over usual LIS solutions.
An additional advantage of SID6 is that intra-site mobility is
provided inherently by a link-state protocol, and that faster and
more efficiently than with MIPv6. Moreover, MIPv6 agents need be
installed only on site border routers, not on every intra-site
router, thus resulting in another notable resource saving.
Behaviors of a SID6 site externally exposed to DFZ remain the same as
with usual legacy IPv6 sites, enabling incremental deployment.
This document has presented SID6 only for the case of a single-area
routing domain. The case of a multi-area domain is for further
study. Application of the equivalent idea to IPv4 networking is also
left for further study.
6. Security Considerations
SID6 should be as secure or insecure as the legacy IPv6 networking.
As for privacy, there are documents for hiding node locality within a
site [SLAACPRIV][IIDSv6][IIDOPAQUE]. Randomizing IIDs works fine
with SID6 since randomizing takes place only at node
(re-)initialization once or not frequently enough [SLAACPRIV].
IID hashing is a function of not only the global routing prefix but
also SID [IIDSv6][IIDOPAQUE]; when a node moves to a foreign link, a
new IID would be generated to hide the locality of the node from
other hosts. In SID6, the hashed NID would not change at such an
intra-site move, and hence its locality would be exposed. However,
this exposure is only to the routers which keep locality information
of nodes in their routing tables which are opaque to hosts. Hosts
have no clues which link other nodes reside in or have moved to,
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except for on-link nodes in Neighbor Cache. Hosts would simply rely
on DRs for packet deliveries to off-link nodes. Therefore, the
privacy offered by [IIDSv6][IIDOPAQUE] would be scarcely affected.
7. IANA Considerations
There are no requests to IANA at the current stage of the document.
8. References
8.1. Normative References
[DASv6] Thaler, D., Ed., Draves, R., Matsumoto, A., and T. Chown,
"Default Address Selection for Internet Protocol Version 6
(IPv6)", RFC 6724, DOI 10.17487/rfc6724, Sep. 2012,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6724>.
[DHCPv6] Droms, R., Ed., Bound, J., Volz, B., Lemon, T., Perkins,
C., and M. Carney, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
for IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3315, DOI 10.17487/rfc3315, Jul.
2003, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3315>.
[ICMPv6] Conta, A., Deering, S., and M. Gupta, Ed., "Internet
Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet
Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", RFC 4443,
DOI 10.17487/rfc4443, Mar. 2006,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4443>.
[IIDOPAQUE]
Gont, F., "A Method for Generating Semantically Opaque
Interface Identifiers with IPv6 Stateless Address
Autoconfiguration (SLAAC)", RFC 7217,
DOI 10.17487/rfc7217, Apr. 2014,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7217>.
[IIDSv6] Gont, F., Cooper, A., Thaler, D., and W. Liu,
"Recommendation on Stable IPv6 Interface Identifiers",
RFC 8064, DOI 10.17487/rfc8064, Feb. 2017,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8064>.
[ISISv4] Callon, R., "Use of OSI IS-IS for Routing in TCP/IP and
Dual Environments", RFC 1195, DOI 10.17487/rfc1195, Dec.
1990, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1195>.
[ISISv6] Hopps, C., "Routing IPv6 with IS-IS", RFC 5308,
DOI 10.17487/rfc5308, Oct. 2008,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5308>.
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[KEYWORDS]
Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/rfc2119, March 1997,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[MIPv6] Perkins, C., Ed., Johnson, D., and J. Arkko, "Mobility
Support in IPv6", RFC 6275, DOI 10.17487/rfc6275, Jul.
2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6275>.
[NDv6] Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
"Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,
DOI 10.17487/rfc4861, Sep. 2007,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4861>.
[OSPFv3] Coltun, R., Ferguson, D., Moy, J., and A. Lindem, Ed.,
"OSPF for IPv6", RFC 5340, DOI 10.17487/rfc5340, Jul.
2008, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5340>.
[p2p127] Kohno, M., Nitzan, B., Bush, R., Matsuzaki, Y., Colitti,
L., and T. Narten, "Using 127-Bit IPv6 Prefixes on Inter-
Router Links", RFC 6164, DOI 10.17487/rfc6164, Apr. 2011,
<https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6164>.
[SLAAC] Thomson, S., Narten, T., and T. Jinmei, "IPv6 Stateless
Address Autoconfiguration", RFC 4862,
DOI 10.17487/rfc4862, Sep. 2007,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4862>.
[SLAACPRIV]
Narten, T., Draves, R., and S. Krishnan, "Privacy
Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in
IPv6", RFC 4941, DOI 10.17487/rfc4941, Sep. 2007,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4941>.
[Uv6pH] Brzozowski, J. and G. Van De Velde, "Unique IPv6 Prefix
per Host", RFC 8273, DOI 10.17487/rfc8273, December 2017,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8273>.
[v6ADDR] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
Architecture", RFC 4291, DOI 10.17487/rfc1149, Feb. 2006,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4291>.
[v6SUBNET]
Singh, H. and W. Nordmark, "IPv6 Subnet Model: The
Relationship between Links and Subnet Prefixes", RFC 5942,
DOI 10.17487/rfc5942, Jul. 2010,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5942>.
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8.2. Informartive References
[HIP] Moskowitz, R. and P. Nikander, "Host Identity Protocol
(HIP) Architecture", RFC 4423, DOI 10.17487/rfc4423, May
2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4423>.
[ILNP] Atkinson , R., Bhatti, S., and U. Andrews, "ILNP
Architectural Description", RFC 6740,
DOI 10.17487/rfc6740, Nov. 2012,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6740>.
[LISP] Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Meyer, D., and D. Lewis,
"Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP)", RFC 6830,
DOI 10.17487/rfc6830, Jan. 2013,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6830>.
[SID6P] Kim, YH., Kim, DY., and JW. Park, "IPv6 Networking with
Subnet ID Deprecated", Journal of Computing Science and
Engineering , vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 49-57, June 2017,
<http://dx.doi.org/10.5626/JCSE.2017.11.2.49>.
Author's Address
DY Kim
Independent
Gangwon
South KOREA
Email: dykim6@gmail.com
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