Internet DRAFT - draft-guerra-feminism
draft-guerra-feminism
Human Rights Protocol Considerations Research Group J. Guerra
Internet-Draft Derechos Digitales
Intended status: Informational M. Knodel
Expires: January 9, 2020 ARTICLE 19
July 08, 2019
Feminism and protocols
draft-guerra-feminism-01
Abstract
This document aims to describe how internet standards, protocols and
its implementations may impact diverse groups and communities. The
research on how some protocol can be enabler for specific human
rights while possibly restricting others has been documented in
[RFC8280]. Similar to how RFC 8280 has taken a human rights lens
through which to view engineering and design choices by internet
standardisation, this document addresgses the opportunities and
vulnerabilities embedded within internet protocols for specific,
traditionally maginalised groups.
Status of This Memo
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1. An intersectional perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.1. Internet as a matrix of domination . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2. Brief history of feminism and the internet . . . . . . . 5
2. Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. Feminist Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1. Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1.1. Internet access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1.2. Access to information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1.3. Usage of technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2. Networked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2.1. Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2.2. Movement building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2.3. Internet governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3. Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3.1. Business models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3.2. Open source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.4. Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.4.1. Amplify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.4.2. Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.4.3. Pornography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4. Embodiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.1. Consent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.1.1. Privacy and data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.1.2. Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.1.3. Anonymity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.1.4. Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.2. Online violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5. References not yet referenced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
8. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1. Introduction
This document aims to use a feminist framework to analyse the impacts
of internet protocols on society. It is based on a document called
The The Feminist Principles of the Internet [FPI], a series of 17
statements with a "gender and sexual rights lens on critical
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internet-related rights" for the purpose of enabling women's rights
movements to explore issues related to internet technology.
These Principles, as well as most of the experiences and learnings of
the feminist movement in the digital age, have focused on invisioning
a more just internet as a necessary action in building a more just
society, namely one that recognizes differences across a variety of
lived experience and identity.
This document must not be understood as a set of rules or
recommendations, but as an articulation of key issues with feminist
policies and approaches, in order to begin to investigate. That is
why this document has two main goals: to identify terminology, both
in technical and feminist communities, that can be shared in order to
start a dialogue; and to analyze the Feminist Principles based on
some of the technical discussions that have been taken into account
in the development of protocols.
In what follows, this document first describes the feminist
theoretical framework from which it proposes to analyze the impacts
of the protocols on marginalized and discriminated communities. In
the second part, describes the methodology used to connect the
framework mentioned above with the Feminist Principles of the
internet. In the third part, characteristics of each principle, as
well as the harms on which they are based, the possible points where
they connect with IETF work and related rights, are described.
This is still a work in progress so many sections are yet to be done.
Coming soon will be added use cases as examples of how protocols and
standards can restrict the use of the internet by certain communities
and individuals.
1.1. An intersectional perspective
Imagine a highway that connects two big cities, one capable of
withstanding heavy traffic at high speeds. Driving there takes
experience and expertise, and just a few streets intersect it so as
not to hinder traffic. Imagine this highway as a robust body of
rights and those who travel along it as people who have traditionally
enjoyed these rights.
If someone without enough experience is driving down a road that
intersects the highway and wants to get there, that person will be at
greater risk of crashing or having an accident. In addition, without
a valid license the person will also run the risk of being fined by
the traffic authorities. In terms of rights, those intersecting
roads are not robust and the risks of accident are forms of
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discrimination experienced by those who drive on them. What if many
small streets intersect at the same point on the highway?
Arised in black feminist theory, the concept of intersectionality
serves to understand how multiple forms of discrimination overlap
[Collins]. As first pointed by [Crenshaw] in the United States,
"Black women can experience discrimination in ways that are both
similar to and different from those experienced by white women and
Black men", so an intersectional approach should be able to recognize
this type of discrimination by transcending the one-way perspective
with which the justice system, as well as feminist and anti-racist
movements, had traditionally operated.
From this proposal, the concept has meant a paradigm shift both in
feminist thinking [Collins] and movements [Lorde][Davis], and more
recently in the design and implementation of public policies
[Mason][Hankivsky]. The intersectional approach is not focused on
the problem of equality but on difference; discrimination is not
analyzed in terms of effective access to rights, but the conditions
and capacities that people have to access those rights.
Therefore, an intersectional feminist perspective focuses on social
location, the multiple layered identities people live, derived from
social relations, history and structures of power through which
people can experience both oppression and privilege. These
oppressions can be structural and dynamic, determined by gender, race
or skin color, class, sexuality, ethnicity, age, language, geographic
location, abilities or health conditions, among other factors
[Symington].
The concept _matrix of domination_, introduced by [Collins] as
complementary to _intersectionality_, refers to the way in which the
powers that produce and reproduce intersecting oppression are
organized. In summary, the concept _intersectionality_ has served to
recognize people's different experiences and social locations and
with this, the need of a bottom up understanding of discrimination
and oppression; in addition, the concept _matrix of domination_ turns
the gaze on the context of power -institutional, political, economic
and symbolic- in which intersecting oppressions operate.
1.1.1. Internet as a matrix of domination
The gender and sexual rights lens on critical internet-related rights
contained in the Feminist Principles of the Internet has been built
bottom up by the feminist movement [FPI], which treats most
prominently people who are negatively discriminated against on the
basis of their gender and sexuality, but not exclusively. Because
the threats to women and queer people, whose bodies and
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manifestations are already under strong, albeit sometimes invisible,
social, cultural and political surveillance, an intersectional
feminist analysis makes it possible to recognize how multiple
oppressions affect the ways people access, use and participate on the
internet.
From now on, some of these experiences will be used to identify how
the Internet can enable or restrict the possibility of justice and
equity among its users. For this purpose, it is useful to understand
the internet as a _matrix of domination_ in the sense pointed by
[Collins]: as an institutional, political, symbolic and cultural
context where different intersecting oppressions are shaped and
reinforced.
This document addresses the opportunities and vulnerabilities
incorporated into Internet protocols for specific, traditionally
discriminated groups, on the assumption that these values are
inherent in technological design. Through the proposed
intersectional perspective, a multilevel description of the factors,
processes and social structures that affect different experiences on
the Internet is presented below and, based on specific cases, an
analysis will be made of how the different protocols intervene in the
shaping and reinforcement of intersecting oppressions faced by users
on different social locations.
1.2. Brief history of feminism and the internet
The ways in which feminists have understood, used and mobilised on
the internet is significant for a baseline understanding of how
internet protocols and feminism intersect. Intersectional feminist
action and analysis can be collected into two strategies: addressing
the status quo and creating alternatives. Feminists on the early
internet embodied both.
It is important to note here that there has always existed a gender
gap in access to the internet, which is exacerbated by global wealth
inequality.
Since the 1980s, feminist movements have used the internet to
challenge power. Globalisation. Development. Cyberfeminism.
Internet governance. There is a deeper connection to the internet
and social justice struggles in which communication becomes the
primary strategy to address inequality. Indeed, in "A History of
Feminist Engagement with Development and Digital Technologies" Anita
Gurumurthy writes, "the history of the right to communicate reveals
the contestation between powerful status quoist forces and those who
seek transformative, global change for justice and equality."
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At the same time, feminists were using the internet to create
feminist space.
Author Feminista Jones argues in "Reclaiming Our Space: How Black
Feminists Are Changing the World from the Tweets to the Streets" that
the feminist alternative spaces have become mainstream and are
leading analysis and critique of the status quo, a merging and
strengthening of the two strategies that emerge from this particular
historical framing.
Given these myriad expressions of feminism online and feminist
movement building online, one thread is perhaps most instructive to
this exercise, which we use as the basis for this document: Feminist
Principles of the Internet. More about the nature of the complex
community that created the Feminist Principles of the Internet can be
found at feministinternet.org. The principles, drafted and revised
by hundreds of feminists mostly in the global south, highlight
historical feminist themes for the digital age in its main
categories: access, movements, economy, expression and embodiment.
2. Methodology
- Research: Archive review, HRPC-RG documents, Use cases (bottom-up,
participative process within feministinternet community (TODO))
- Presentation: principle, harm identified, related protocols and
rights.
TODO
3. Feminist Principles
3.1. Access
Internet access is recognized as a human right [UNGA], but its
effective guarantee depends on different and unequal social,
cultural, economic and political conditions. In 2018, barely half of
the world's population has access to the internet and in 88% of
countries, men have more access than women [ITU]. Geographical
location, age, educational and income level, as well as gender,
significantly determine how people access to the internet
[WebFoundation].
The Feminist Principles of the Internet [FPI] explore a broad
understanding of the term beyond technicalities. It seeks to connect
the technical fact to gendered and socio-economic realities.
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3.1.1. Internet access
Access must be to a universal, acceptable, affordable, unconditional,
open, meaningful and equal internet, which guarantees rights rather
than restricts them [FPI]. As some bodies have always been subject
to social and cultural surveillance and violence because of their
gender and sexuallity, their access to internet will not be satisfied
with connected devices, but with safety and useful digital
enviroments [SmKee].
Harms: Restricted connectivity. i.e. Middleboxes (which can be
Content Delivery Networks, Firewalls, NATs or other intermediary
nodes that provide 'services'besides routing). TODO
Related protocols: The end-to-end principle is important for the
robustness of the network and innovation (RFC1958); Content
agnosticism: Treating network traffic identically regardless of
content.
Related rights: Freedom of expression, freedom of association.
3.1.2. Access to information
Women and queer people have traditionally had restricted their
reproductive and sexual rights. Today their rights are resticted in
different levels and qualities in differents countries and regions.
It is necessary to guarantee access to relevant information related
to sexual and reproductive health and rights, pleasure, safe
abortion, access to justice, and LGBTIQ+ issues.
Harms: Some goverments and ISPs block pages with this content or
monitor online activity by sexual and gender related terminology.
Therefore the considerations for anticensorship internet
infrastructure technologies also consider, and can possibly
alleviate, a gendered component to using the internet.
TODO. Blocked sites, Monitoring by content, identify users by IP or
type of traffic.
Related protocols: Information in one's own language is the first
condition, as pointed out with the cencept of 'Localization'
[RFC8280], referred to the act of tailoring an application for a
different language, script, or culture, and involves not only
changing the language interaction but also other relevant changes,
such as display of numbers, dates, currency, and so on.
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TODO. Content agnosticism: Treating network traffic identically
regardless of content (but it refers to header content). Censorship
resistance.
Related rights: FoE, FoA, Right to political participation, Right to
participate in cultural life, arts and science.
3.1.3. Usage of technology
Beyond content, access implies the possibility to use, which means
code, design, adapt and critically and sustainably use ICTs. Even
though almost 75% of connected individuals are placed in the Global
South [WhoseKnowledge], technology is developped mainly in rich
countries where student quotas and jobs are filled mainly by men.
However, there is still a long way to go in terms of inclusion of
more diverse populations in the spaces of technology development and
definition of protocoles and standards for the internet
infrastructure [RFC7704]. Building and engineering critical internet
technology is a component of 'usage' [Knodel], one which chllenges
challenge the cultures of sexism and discrimination.
Harms: Gender and race bian in algorithms, digital gender gap.
Necessary to know the charset, gap. The presence of gendered
subjects in the IETF RFCs and drafts archive demonstrates stereotyped
male and feminine roles.
Related protocols: The concept of 'Internationalization' [RFC6365]
refers to the practice of making protocols, standards, and
implementations usable in different languages. This is a first step
to democratize the development of technology, allowing its
implementation in non-English-speaking countries.
TODO. [RFC5646] descentralization, reliability. Adaptability
(permissionless innovation).
Related rights: Right to participate in cultural life, arts and
science
3.2. Networked
In contexts where women do not have their rights fully guaranteed, or
where sexual and gender diversity are socially condemned, the Web has
served to meet, organize and resist. With the popularization of the
internet, the freedom of expression of both women and other gender
identities traditionally marginalized from public life and social
acceptance (whom we refer to as queer) has been greatly enhanced.
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By adding content in formats like text, audio and video, these groups
have been able to connect with each other, as well as open spaces for
discussion and visibility of topics that previously seemed vetoed.
The web has become a space for activism, reclamation and protest
against injustice and gender inequality. It has allowed the
construction of international networks of solidarity, support and
mobilization, and with this, the strengthening of feminism and other
movements that fight for equal rights and for a fair recognition of
difference.
3.2.1. Resistance
The internet is a space where social norms are negotiated, performed
and imposed. For users it increasingly functions as an extension of
offline spaces shaped by patriarchy and heteronormativity. Disident
content as well as widely accepted norms and values should have the
same possibilities to be added, flow and stay on the net.
Harms: content blocking, content monitoring and identification,
traffic monitoring
Related to protocols: Integrity
Related rights: Freedom of expression, Freedom of association.
3.2.2. Movement building
Given the shrinking of civic space offline, the internet provides a
global public space, albeit one that relies on private infrastructure
[tenOever]. For social causes that push for equality, it is
therefore critical that the internet be maintained as a space for
alignment, protest, dissent and escape. In the scope of this
document, this is a call to maintain and enable the creation of
spaces for sustained feminist movement building. Ihe internet
provides new and novel ways for communities to come together across
borders and without limits of geolocation.
Harms: However this positive aspect of internet communications is
threatened by centralised systems of control and cooptation,
specifically surveillance and other online repression.
Related protocols: Association of system architectures is a concept
that overlaps neatly with the ideals of real-world associations of
organisations and communities. "The ultimate model of P2P is a
completely decentralized system, which is more resistant to speech
regulation, immune to single points of failure and have a higher
performance and scalability [tenOever]." It can be descussed in
terms of intersectionailty and what we mentioned about 'different
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dimensions of freedom'. Maybe the 'solution' is not only P2P because
it doesn't take into account different distances from and capacities
related to this technology, maybe mixed with another feature?.
Integrity.
Related rights: Elements of freedom of assocation as explained in the
UDHR include individual and collective rights to privacy and
anonymity, as discussed in more detail below.
3.2.3. Internet governance
It is critical for groups who represent civil society interests,
social change and the larger public interest to challenge processes
and institutions that govern the internet. This requires the
inclusion of more feminists and queers at the decision-making table,
which can be achieved through democratic policy making. Greater
effect will be possible through diffuse ownership of and power in
global and local networks.
Harms: Gender gap
Related to protocols: While there is no agreement regarding the
ability of the internet to negatively or positively impact on social
behaviors, or shape desirable practices [RFC8280], more women and
diverse populations' participation in technical development and
decision-making spaces will lead to greater possibilities for ICTs to
reflect greater inclusiveness and enable less risky and harmful
interactions [RFC7704].
Related rights: Right to participate in cultural life, arts and
science
3.3. Economy
From a feminist perspective, it is necessary to achieve the promise
of an internet that facilitates economic cooperation and
collaboration. One internet that can challenge models of economic
inequality and transcend into other forms where women and queer
people are not relegated or in economic dependence.
3.3.1. Business models
Interrogating the capitalist logic that drives technology towards
further privatisation, profit and corporate control implies open
discussions on centralisation of services and the logic of vertical
integration while holding nuance for the tensions between trust,
reliability and diversity.
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Alternative forms of economic power can be grounded in principles of
cooperation, solidarity, commons, environmental sustainability and
openness.
Harms: TODO
Related protocols: Centralisation of services is a current discussion
in the IETF that should be informed by feminist critique of
capitalist structures [Arkko]. End user centered; W3C,
descentralization.
Related rights: TODO
3.3.2. Open source
The digital gender gap has relegated women and other marginalized
groups to be internet users, adding content for the benefit of the
platforms themselves but without a deep understanding of how these
platforms work. This requires shared terminology upon which
technology is created to enable experimentation and values exchange.
Not only that, but documenting, promoting, disseminating, and sharing
knowledge about technology is at the heart of the long-standing free
software community's ethos. This aligns with a feminist approach to
technology.
Given the established community of "free software", it is important
to note that freedom is not freedom for everyone, always. It is
important to identify different dimensions of freedom and how it is
expressed in different contexts.
Harms: TODO
Related protocols: Promoting transparency [RFC8280] and simplifying
technical terminology is necessary to bridge this gap.
Interoperabiliy, Open standards are important as they allow for
permissionless innovation. Freedom and ability to freely create and
deploy new protocols on top of the communications constructs that
currently exist. Open standards.
Related rights: Right to participate in cultural life, arts and
science
3.4. Expression
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3.4.1. Amplify
The state, the religious right and other extremist forces who
monopolise discourses of morality have traditionally silence women's
voices and continue to silence feminist voices and persecute women's
human rights defenders.
Harms: Blocking and monitoring content, identifiyng site owners,
manipulating indexed content on search engines, Trolling, coordinated
attackes (DoS and DDoS).
Related protocols: Content agnosticism: Treating network traffic
identically regardless of content, anti censorship.
Related rights: Freedom of expression, Freedom of association, Access
to information
3.4.2. Expression
The political expression of gender has not been limited to voices,
but has made use of the body and its representation. However, the
use of body as a form of political expression on the internet implies
a series of risks and vulnerabilities for the people involved in
these movements, especially if they do not understand how internet
technology works.
Harms: Surveillance, content regulations or restrictions, content
blocking.
Related protocols: Confidentiality, keeping data secret from
unintended listeners [BCP72]. Data protection [RFC1984]. Encryption
Related rights: Freedom of expression
3.4.3. Pornography
Women's sexual expression online is socially condemned and punushed
with online gender based violence. On the other hand, queer people
online sexuality is usually labeld as "harmful content". These
practices evidence how overcontrolled are gendered bodies and tend to
confuse the differences between sexual expression and pornography.
Users build their own public digital identities while using private
communications to disseminate information, explore their sexuality in
text, image and video, share their initmity with others. Pornography
online, on the other hand, has to do with agency, consent, power and
labour.
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Harms: In internet-connected devices, it has become much easier to
mix leisure and work, which implies different risks for users.
Related protocols: [RFC3675]
Related rights: Freedom of expression
4. Embodiment
Most of the threats women and queer people face on line, occur on the
user levels of application and content. Most adversaries are other
users, but also include institutions, platforms and governments.
For a long time, perhaps since the internet became popular, its use
ceased to be a functional matter and became emotional. The access to
chat rooms to connect with people at huge distances, the possibility
of having personal e-mails, the appearance of social networks to
share music, photos and then video, determined not only the social
use of a new tool but also the configuration of digital
sensitivities, understood by some as sensory extensions of the body.
The internet connections embedded have also meant a radical
transformation in the way people access the internet. Much more,
considering that today most internet connections, especially in the
global south, are mobile connections.
Sharing personal information, and often sensitive data, through
platforms that are synchronized with email accounts and other
platforms where information considered non-sensitive is published,
implies losing control over such information. Much more, considering
that each platform hosts the information of its users according to
their own terms and conditions in the treatment of data. For women
and other groups marginalized by race or gender, these risks are
greater.
Just as the internet connection can be considered an extension of the
body, social problems such as discrimination and exclusion have been
projected into the digital environment- sometimes intensified,
sometimes reconfigured. And once again, women, queers, racialized
people are the most vulnerable. Most of the threats they face on
line, occur in the user level. Most of their "adversaries" are other
users, who also act at the user level, with technical or social
skills that threaten participation and expressions. Institutions,
platforms and governments who are adversarial have great advantage.
At this point, what level of autonomy do these people have as
internet users?
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4.1. Consent
Some elements of consent online include but are not limited to the
following list of issues, which should be elaborated on:
- Data protection * Exposure of personal data
- Culture, design, policies and terms of service of internet
platforms
- Agency lies in informed decisions * Real name policies
- Public versus private information * Dissemination of personal or
intimate information * Exposure of intimacy * Unauthorized use of
photos
Harms: TODO
Related protocols: TODO
Related rights: TODO
4.1.1. Privacy and data
While mentioned at the intersection of previous issues outlined
above, this section is particularly critical for women, queers and
marginalised populations who are already at greater risk of control
and surveillance:
- Right to privacy
- Data protection
- Profit models
- Surveillance and patriarchy by states, individuals, private
sector, etc. Those that enable surveillance, eg spouseware.
Harms: TODO
Related protocols: TODO
Related rights: TODO
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4.1.2. Memory
One's consent and control of the information that is available to
them and about them online is a key aspect of being a fully empowered
individual and community in the digital age. There are several
considerations that deserve deeper inspection, such as:
- Right to be forgotten
- Control over personal history and memory on the internet
- Access all our personal data and information online
- Delete forever
Harms: TODO
Related protocols: TODO
Related rights: TODO
4.1.3. Anonymity
While anonymity is never just about technical issues but users
protection activities, it becomes more necessary to strenghten the
design and functionality of networks, by default. There are several
considerations for internet infrastructure related to enabling
anonymity for online users. This is particularly important for
marginalised groups and can be ennumerated, and expanded upon,
thusly:
- Right to anonymity
- Enables other rights like freedom of expression * Censorship *
Defamation, descredit * Affectations to expression channels
- Breaking social taboos and heteronormativity * Hate Speech,
discriminatory expressions
- Discrimination and safety from discrimination
Harms: TODO
Related protocols: TODO
Related rights: TODO
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4.1.4. Children
TODO
Harms: TODO
Related protocols: TODO
Related rights: TODO
4.2. Online violence
Where women and queer people have traditionally been marginalized,
their participation in the internet is rejected through different
forms of violence by other users, as well as institutions, platforms
and governments. But the effects of these violences, which are
nothing more than extensions of the traditional violence that these
groups and individuals face in social life, increase to the extent
that there is not enough technical knowledge to neutralize them, and
this is the case of most people who struggle for the recognition of
their gender difference.
The security considerations to counter online violence are critical.
There is opportunity in a connected world for those who would
perpetuate violence against women and other marginalised groups
through the use of internet-enabled technologies, from the home to
the prison.
Privacy is a critical component of security for populations at risk.
The control of information is linked to privacy. Where some would
like privacy in order to live privately, others need privacy in order
to access information and circumvent censorship and surveillance.
The protection of privacy is critical for those at risk to prevent
vicimisation through extortion, doxxing, and myriad other threats.
Lack of privacy leads to risks such as stalking, monitoring and
persistent harrassment.
While making public otherwise private details about a person can
consitute a form of abuse, the converse is also a risk: Being erased
from society or having one's online identity controlled by another is
a form of control and manipulation. Censorship, misinformation and
coersion may consitute violence online. Other forms of non-
consensual manipulation of online content includes platform "real
name policies", sharing of intimate images and sexual abuse,
spreading false accusations, flamming and other tactics.
Key to mitigating these threats is the element of consent.
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Harms: TODO
Related protocols: TODO
Related rights: TODO
5. References not yet referenced
In plain sight, on sexuality, rights and the internet in India, Nepal
and Sri Lanka https://www.genderit.org/articles/plain-sight-
sexuality-rights-and-internet-india-nepal-and-sri-lanka
Human Rights and Internet Protocols: Comparing Processes and
Principles https://www.apc.org/sites/default/files/
ISSUE_human_rights_2.pdf
Principles of Unity for Infraestructuras Feministas
https://pad.kefir.red/p/infraestucturas-feministas Feminist
Principles of the Internet https://feministinternet.org The UX Guide
to Getting Consent https://iapp.org/resources/article/the-ux-guide-
to-getting-consent
From steel to skin https://fermentos.kefir.red/english/aco-pele
Responsible Data https://responsibledata.io
Impact for what and for whom? Digital technologies and feminist
movement building internet https://www.genderit.org/feminist-talk/
impact-what-and-whom-digital-technologies-and-feminist-movement-
building
Design Justice https://docs.google.com/presentation/
d/1J3ZWBgxe0QFQ8OmUr-QzE6Be8k_sI7XF0VWu4wfMIVM/
edit#slide=id.gcad8d6cb9_0_198
Design Action Collective Points of Unity
https://designaction.org/about/points-of-unity
CODING RIGHTS; INTERNETLAB. Violencias de genero na internet:
diagnostico, solucoes e desafios. Contribuicao conjunta do Brasil
para a relatora especial da ONU sobre violencia contra a mulher. Sao
Paulo, 2017. https://www.codingrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/
Relatorio_ViolenciaGenero_v061.pdf
Barrera, L. y Rodriguez, C. La violencia en linea contra las mujeres
en Mexico. Informe para la Relatora sobre Violencia contra las
Mujeres Ms. Dubravka Šimonović. 2017.
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https://luchadoras.mx/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/
Informe_ViolenciaEnLineaMexico_InternetEsNuestra.pdf
Sephard, N. Big Data and Sexual Surveillance. APC issue papers.
2016. https://www.apc.org/sites/default/files/
BigDataSexualSurveillance_0_0.pdf
6. Security Considerations
As this document concerns a research document, there are no security
considerations.
7. IANA Considerations
This document has no actions for IANA.
Crenshaw, K. (2018). Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and
Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine,
Feminist Theory, and Antiracist Politics [1989]. In K. T. Bartlett
& R. Kennedy (Eds.), Feminist Legal Theory (1st ed., pp. 57-80; By
K. Bartlett). https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429500480-5
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Considerations", 2003,
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consciousness and the politics of empowerment.", 2000.
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Alex Comninos, ., "A cyber security Agenda for civil
society: What is at stake?", 2013,
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Crenshaw, K., "Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race
and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination
Doctrine, Feminist Theory, and Antiracist Politics.",
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[Knodel] Knodel, M. and N. ten Oever, "Terminology, Power and
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[Lorde] Lorde, ., "unknown.", n.d..
[Mason] Mason, C., "Leading at the Intersections: An Introduction
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[RFC1244] Holbrook, J. and J. Reynolds, "Site Security Handbook",
RFC 1244, DOI 10.17487/RFC1244, July 1991,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1244>.
[RFC1746] Manning, B. and D. Perkins, "Ways to Define User
Expectations", RFC 1746, DOI 10.17487/RFC1746, December
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[RFC1941] Sellers, J. and J. Robichaux, "Frequently Asked Questions
for Schools", FYI 22, RFC 1941, DOI 10.17487/RFC1941, May
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Technology and the Internet", BCP 200, RFC 1984,
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[RFC2122] Mavrakis, D., Layec, H., and K. Kartmann, "VEMMI URL
Specification", RFC 2122, DOI 10.17487/RFC2122, March
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DOI 10.17487/RFC2310, April 1998,
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[RFC3675] Eastlake 3rd, D., ".sex Considered Dangerous", RFC 3675,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3675, February 2004,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3675>.
[RFC3694] Danley, M., Mulligan, D., Morris, J., and J. Peterson,
"Threat Analysis of the Geopriv Protocol", RFC 3694,
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<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3694>.
[RFC4949] Shirey, R., "Internet Security Glossary, Version 2",
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[RFC5646] Phillips, A., Ed. and M. Davis, Ed., "Tags for Identifying
Languages", BCP 47, RFC 5646, DOI 10.17487/RFC5646,
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[RFC6365] Hoffman, P. and J. Klensin, "Terminology Used in
Internationalization in the IETF", BCP 166, RFC 6365,
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<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6365>.
[RFC7704] Crocker, D. and N. Clark, "An IETF with Much Diversity and
Professional Conduct", RFC 7704, DOI 10.17487/RFC7704,
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[RFC8280] ten Oever, N. and C. Cath, "Research into Human Rights
Protocol Considerations", RFC 8280, DOI 10.17487/RFC8280,
October 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8280>.
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G1214710.pdf?OpenElement>.
[WebFoundation]
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[WhoseKnowledge]
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Authors' Addresses
Juliana Guerra
Derechos Digitales
EMail: juliana@derechosdigitales.org
Mallory Knodel
ARTICLE 19
EMail: mallory@article19.org
Guerra & Knodel Expires January 9, 2020 [Page 21]
