Internet DRAFT - draft-haase-cpace
draft-haase-cpace
Network Working Group B. Haase
Internet-Draft Endress + Hauser Liquid Analysis
Intended status: Informational February 7, 2020
Expires: August 10, 2020
CPace, a balanced composable PAKE
draft-haase-cpace-01
Abstract
This document describes CPace which is a protocol for two parties
that share a low-entropy secret (password) to derive a strong shared
key without disclosing the secret to offline dictionary attacks.
This method was tailored for constrained devices, is compatible with
any group of both prime- and non-prime order, and comes with a
security proof providing composability guarantees.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
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This Internet-Draft will expire on August 10, 2020.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2020 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
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include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
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the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Requirements Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Definition CPace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.1. Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.2. Protocol Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.3. CPace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4. Ciphersuites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1. CPACE-X25519-ELLIGATOR2_SHA512-SHA512 . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2. CPACE-P256-SSWU_SHA256-SHA256 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Appendix A. CPace25519 Test Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
A.1. X25519 test vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
A.2. Elligator2 test vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
A.3. Test vectors for the secret generator G . . . . . . . . . 19
A.4. Test vectors for CPace DH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
A.5. Test vectors for intermediate session key generation . . 21
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1. Introduction
This document describes CPace which is a protocol for two parties
that share a low-entropy secret (password) to derive a to derive a
strong shared key without disclosing the secret to offline dictionary
attacks. The CPace method was tailored for constrained devices and
specifically considers efficiency and hardware side-channel attack
mitigations at the protocol level. CPace is designed to be
compatible with any group of both prime- and non-prime order and
explicitly handles the complexity of cofactor clearing on the protcol
level. CPace comes with a security proof providing composability
guarantees. As a protocol, CPace is designed to be compatible with
so-called "x-coordinate-only" Diffie-Hellman implementations on
elliptic curve groups.
CPace is designed to be suitable as both, a building block within a
larger protocol construction using CPace as substep, and as a
standalone protocol.
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It is considered, that for composed larger protocol constructions,
the CPace subprotocol might be best executed in a separate
cryptographic hardware, such as secure element chipsets. The CPace
protocol design aims at considering the resulting constraints.
2. Requirements Notation
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
3. Definition CPace
3.1. Setup
Let C be a group in which there exists a subgroup of prime order p
where the computational simultaneous Diffie-Hellman (SDH) problem
[VTBPEKE] is hard. C has order p*c where p is a large prime; c will
be called the cofactor. Let I be the unit element in C, e.g., the
point at infinity in if C is an elliptic curve group. We denote the
operations in the group using addition and multiplication operators,
e.g. P + (P + P) = P + 2 * P = 3 * P. We refer to a sequence of n
additions of an element in P as scalar multiplication by n and use
the notation scalar_multiply(P,n).
With F we denote a field that may be associated with C, e.g. the
prime base field used for representing the coordinates of points on
an elliptic curve.
We assume that for any element P in C there is a representation
modulo negation, encode_group_element_mod_neg(P) as a byte string
such that for any Q in C with Q != P and Q != -P,
encode_group_element_mod_neg(P) != encode_group_element_mod_neg(Q).
It is recommended that encodings of the elements P and -P share the
same result string. Common choices would be a fixed (per-group)
length encoding of the x-coordinate of points on an elliptic curve C
or its twist C' in Weierstrass form, e.g. according to [IEEE1363] in
case of short Weierstrass form curves. For curves in Montgomery form
correspondingly the u-coordinate would be encoded, as specified,
e.g., by the encodeUCoordinate function from [RFC7748].
With J we denote the group modulo negation associated to C. Note
that in J the scalar multiplication operation scalar_multiply is well
defined since scalar_multiply(P,s) == -scalar_multiply(-P,s) while
arbitrary additions of group elements are no longer available.
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With J' be denote a second group modulo negation that might share the
byte-string encoding function encode_group_element_mod_neg with J
such for a given byte string either an element in J or J' is encoded.
If the x-coordinate of an elliptic curve point group is used for the
encoding, J' would commonly be corresponding to the group of points
on the elliptic curve's quadratic twist. Correspondingly, with p' we
denote the largest prime factor of the order of J' and its cofactor
with c'.
Let scalar_cofactor_clearing(s) be a cofactor clearing function
taking an integer input argument and returning an integer as result.
For any s, scalar_cofactor_clearing(s) is REQUIRED to be of the form
c * s1. I.e. it MUST return a multiple of the cofactor. An example
of such a function may be the cofactor clearing and clamping
functions decodeScalar25519 and decodeScalar448 as used in the X25519
and X448 protocols definitions of [RFC7748]. In case of prime-order
groups with c == 1, it is RECOMMENDED to use the identity function
with scalar_cofactor_clearing(s) = s.
Let scalar_mult_cc(P,s) be a joint "scalar multiplication and
cofactor clearing" function of an integer s and an string-encoded
value P, where P could represent an element either on J or J'. If P
is an element in J or J', the scalar_mult_cc function returns a
string encoding of an element in J or J' respectively, such that the
result of scalar_mult_cc(P,s) encodes (scalar_cofactor_clearing(s) *
P).
Let scalar_mult_ccv(P,s) be a "scalar multiplication cofactor
clearing and verify" function of an integer s and an encoding of a
group element P. Unlike scalar_mult_cc, scalar_mult_ccv additionally
carries out a verification that checks that the computational
simultaneous Diffie-Hellman problem (SDH) is hard in the subgroup (in
J or J') generated by the encoded element SP = scalar_mult_cc(P,s).
In case that the verification fails (SP might be of low order or on
the wrong curve), scalar_mult_ccv is REQUIRED to return the encoding
of the identity element I. Otherwise scalar_mult_ccv(P,S) is
REQUIRED to return the result of scalar_mult_cc(P,s). A common
choice for scalar_mult_ccv for Montgomery curves with twist security
would be the X25519 and X448 Diffie-Hellman functions as specified in
[RFC7748]. For curves in short Weierstrass form, scalar_mult_ccv
could be implemented by the combination of a point verification of
the input point with a scalar multiplication. Here scalar_mult_ccv
SHALL return the encoding of the neutral element I if the input point
P was not on the curve C.
Let P=map_to_group_mod_neg(r) be a mapping operation that maps a
string r to an encoding of an element P in J. Common choices would
be the combination of map_to_base and map_to_curve methods as defined
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in the hash2curve draft [HASH2CURVE]. Note that we don't require and
RECOMMEND cofactor clearing here since this complexity is already
included in the definition of the scalar multiplication operation
calar_mult_cc above. Additionally requiring cofactor clearing also
in map_to_group_mod_neg() would result in efficiency loss.
|| denotes concatenation of strings. We also let len(S) denote the
length of a string in bytes. Finally, let nil represent an empty
string, i.e., len(nil) = 0.
Let H(m) be a hash function from arbitrary strings m to bit strings
of a fixed length. Common choices for H are SHA256 or SHA512
[RFC6234]. H is assumed to segment messages m into blocks m_i of
byte length H_block. E.g. the blocks used in SHA512 have a size of
128 bytes.
Let strip_sign_information(P) be function that takes a string
encoding of an element P in J and strips any information regarding
the sign of P, such that strip_sign_information(P) =
strip_sign_information(-P). For short Weierstrass (Montgomery)
curves this function will return a string encoding the x-coordinate
(u-coordinate). The purpose of defining this function is for
allowing for x-coordinate only scalar multiplication algorithms. The
sign is to be stripped before generating the intermediate session key
ISK.
With ISK we denote the intermediate session key output string
provided by CPace that is generated by a hash operation on the
Diffie-Hellman result. It is RECOMMENDED to apply ISK to a KDF
function prior to using the key in a higher-level protocol.
KDF(Q) is a key-derivation function that takes an string and derives
key of length L. A common choice for a KDF would be HMAC-SHA512.
With DSI we denote domain-separation identifier strings that may be
prepended to the inputs of Hash and KDF functions.
Let IHF(salt, username, pw, sigma) be an iterated hash function that
take a salt value, a user name and a password as input. IHF is
designed to slow down brute-force attackers as controlled by a
workload parameter set sigma. State of the art iterated hash
functions are designed for requiring a large amount of memory for its
operation and will be referred to as memory-hard hash functions
(MHF). Scrypt [RFC7914] or Argon2 are common examples of a MHF
primitive.
Let A and B be two parties. A and B may also have digital
representations of the parties' identities such as Media Access
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Control addresses or other names (hostnames, usernames, etc). We
denote the parties' representation and the parties themselves both by
using the identifiers A and B.
With CI we denote a string that SHALL be formed by the concatenation
of the identifiers A and B and an an OPTIONAL associated data string.
AD includes information which A and B might want to authenticate in
the protocol execution. CI = A || B || AD; . One first example of
CI data is an encoding of the concatenation of IP addresses and port
numbers of both parties. AD might include a list of supported
protocol versions if CPace were used in a higher-level protocol which
negotiates use of a particular version. Including this list would
ensure that both parties agree upon the same set of supported
protocols and therefore prevent downgrade attacks.
We also assume that A and B share a common encoding of a password
related string PRS. Typically PRS is a low-entropy secret such as a
user-supplied password (pw) or a personal identification number.
Note that CPace is NOT RECOMMENDED to be used in conjunction with
user datbases that include more than one user account. CPace does
not provide mechanisms for agreeing on user names, deriving salt
values and agreeing on workload parameters, as required by the MHF
functions that should be used for such databases. In such settings
it is RECOMMENDED to use CPace as a subcomponent of the higher-level
AuCPace protocol.
Let sid be a session id byte string chosen for each protocol session
before protocol execution; The length len(sid) SHOULD be larger or
equal to 16 bytes.
With ZPAD we denote a zero-padding string that is appended to PRS
such that DSI||PRS has a length of at least H_block. CPace aims at
mixing in entropy of PRS into the full internal state of the hash
function before any adversary-known variable information (ADVI)
enters the hashing algorithm. ADVI such as party identities or
session IDs might be partially controlled by an adversary.
Correlations of ADVI with the bare PRS string are considered to be
easier exploitable by side-channel methods in comparison to a pre-
hashed representation of PRS.
3.2. Protocol Flow
CPace is a one round protocol to establish an intermediate shared
secret ISK with implicit mutual authentication. Prior to invocation,
A and B are provisioned with public (CI) and secret information (PRS)
as prerequisite for running the protocol. During the first round, A
sends a public share Ya to B, and B responds with its own public
share Yb. Both A and B then derive a shared secret ISK. ISK is
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meant to be used for producing encryption and authentication keys by
a KDF function outside of the scope of CPace. Prior to entering the
protocol, A and B agree on a sid string. sid is typically pre-
established by a higher-level protocol invocing CPace. If no such
sid is available from a higher-level protocol, a suitable approach is
to let A choose a fresh random sid string and send it to B together
with Ya. This method is shown in the setup protocol section below.
This sample trace is shown below.
A B
| (setup protocol |
(sample sid) | and sid) |
|----------------->|
---------------------------------------
| |
(compute Ya) | Ya |
|----------------->|
| Yb | (compute Yb)
|<-----------------|
| (verify data) |
| (derive ISK) |
3.3. CPace
Both parties start with agreed values on the sid string, the channel
identifier CI and the password-related string PRS.
The channel identifier, CI, SHOULD include an encoding of the
communication channel used by both parties A and B, such as, e.g., IP
and port numbers of both parties.
To begin, A calculates a generator G = map_to_group_mod_neg(DSI1 ||
PRS || ZPAD || sid || CI).
A picks ya randomly and uniformly according to the requirement of the
group J and calculates Ya=scalar_mult_cc (G,ya). A then transmits Ya
to B.
B picks yb randomly and uniformly. B then calculates G =
map_to_group_mod_neg(DSI1 || PRS || ZPAD || sid || CI) and Yb =
scalar_mult_cc(G,yb). B then calculates K = scalar_mult_ccv(Ya,yb).
B MUST abort if K is the encoding of the neutral element I.
Otherwise B sends Yb to A and proceeds as follows. B strips the sign
information from K, Ya and Yb to obtain the strings Ks, Yas and Ybs
by using the strip_sign_information() function. B returns ISK =
H(DSI2 || sid || Ks || Yas || Ybs).
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Upon reception of Yb, A calculates K = scalar_mult_ccv(Yb,ya). A
MUST abort if K is the neutral element I. If K is different from I,
A strips the sign information from K, Ya and Yb and returns ISK =
H(DSI2 || sid || Ks || Yas || Ybs).
K and Ks are shared values, though they MUST NOT be used as a shared
secret key. Note that calculation of ISK from Ks includes the
protocol transcript and prevents key malleability with respect to
man-in-the-middle attacks from active adversaries.
Upon completion of this protocol, the session key ISK returned by A
and B will be identical by both parties if and only if the supplied
input parameters sid, PRS and CI match on both sides and the
information on the public elements in J were not modified by an
adversary.
4. Ciphersuites
This section documents CPACE ciphersuite configurations. A
ciphersuite is REQUIRED to specify all of,
o a group modulo negation J with an associated
encode_group_element_mod_neg function
o scalar_mult_cc(P,s) and scalar_mult_ccv(P,s) functions operating
on encodings of elements P in J
o a mapping function map_to_group_mod_neg(r) converting byte strings
r into elements in J
o a strip_sign_information(Q) function operating on string
representations of elements Q
o a hash function H
o and domain separation strings DSI1, DSI2
Currently, detailed specifications are available for CPACE-
X25519-ELLIGATOR2_SHA512-SHA512 and CPACE-P256-SSWU_SHA256-SHA256.
These cipher suites are specifically designed for suitability also
with constrained hardware. It is recommended that cipher suites for
short Weierstrass curves are specified in line with the corresponding
definitions for NIST-P256. Cipher suites for modern Montgomery or
Edwards curves are recommended to be specified in line with the
definitions for Curve25519.
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+------------+--------------------------+------------------+
| J | map_to_group_mod_neg | KDF |
+------------+--------------------------+------------------+
| X25519 | ELLIGATOR2_SHA512 | SHA512 [RFC6234] |
| | | |
| NIST P-256 | SSWU_SHA256 [HASH2CURVE] | SHA256 [RFC6234] |
+------------+--------------------------+------------------+
Table 1: CPace Ciphersuites
4.1. CPACE-X25519-ELLIGATOR2_SHA512-SHA512
This cipher suite targets particularly constrained targets and
implements specific optimizations. It uses the group of points on
the Montgomery curve Curve25519 for constructing J. The base field F
is the prime field built upon the prime 2^255 - 19. The Diffie-
Hellmann protocol X25519 and the group are specified in [RFC7748].
The encode_group_element_mod_neg(P) is implemented by the
encodeUCoordinate(P) function defined in [RFC7748]. The neutral
element I is encoded as a 32 byte zero-filled string.
The domain separation strings are defined as DSI1 = "CPace25519-1",
DSI2 = "CPace25519-2" (twelve-byte ASCII encoding without ANSI-C
style trailing zeros).
Both, scalar_mult_cc and scalar_mult_ccv, are implemented by the
X25519 function specified in [RFC7748].
The secret scalars ya and yb used for X25519 shall be sampled as
uniformly distributed 32 byte strings.
The map_to_group_mod_neg function is implemented as follows. First
the byte length of the ZPAD zero-padding string is determined such
that len(ZPAD) = max(0, H_block_SHA512 - len(DSI1 || PRS)), with
H_block_SHA512 = 128 bytes. Then a byte string u is calculated by
use of u = SHA512(DSI1||PRS||ZPAD||sid||CI). The resulting string is
interpreted as 512-bit integer in little-endian format according to
the definition of decodeLittleEndian() from [RFC7748]. The resulting
integer is then reduced to the base field as input to the Elligator2
map specified in [HASH2CURVE] to yield the secret generator G =
Elligator2(u).
CPace25519 returns a session key ISK of 64 bytes length by a single
invocation of SHA512(DSI2||sid||K||Ya||Yb). Since the encoding does
not incorporate the sign from the very beginning Qs =
strip_sign_information(Q) == Q for this cipher suite.
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The following sage code could be used as reference implementation for
the mapping and key derivation functions.
<CODE BEGINS>
def littleEndianStringToInteger(k):
bytes = [ord(b) for b in k]
return sum((bytes[i] << (8 * i)) for i in range(len(bytes)))
def map_to_group_mod_neg_CPace25519(sid, PRS, CI):
m = hashlib.sha512()
p = 2^255 - 19
H_block_SHA512 = 128
DSI1 = b"CPace25519-1"
ZPAD_len = max(0,H_block_SHA512 - len(CI) - len(PRS))
ZPAD = ZPAD_len * "\0"
m.update(DSI1)
m.update(PRS)
m.update(ZPAD)
m.update(sid)
m.update(CI)
u = littleEndianStringToInteger(m.digest())
return map_to_curve_elligator2_curve25519(u % p)
def generate_ISK_CPace25519(sid,K,Ya,Yb):
m = hashlib.sha512(b"CPace25519-2")
m.update(sid)
m.update(K)
m.update(Ya)
m.update(Yb)
return m.digest()
<CODE ENDS>
The definitions above aim at making the protocol suitable for
outsourcing CPace to secure elements (SE) where nested hash function
constructions such as defined in [RFC5869] have to be considered to
be particularly costly. As a result, the task of generating session
keys by a strong KDF function is left out of the scope of the CPace
protocol. This fact is expressed by the naming of the intermediate
shared Key ISK. The definitions above regarding the mapping deviate
from the definition in the encode_to_curve function from [HASH2CURVE]
by significantly reducing the amount of hash invocations. Moreover,
the CPace protocol specification, unlike the hash-to-curve draft
specification also considers the risk of side-channel leakage during
the hashing of PRS by introducing the ZPAD padding. Mitigating
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attacks of an adversary that analyzes correlations between publicly
known information with the low-entropy PRS strings was considered
relevant in important settings. We also avoid the overhead of
redundant cofactor clearing, by making the Diffie-Hellman protocol
responsible for this task (and not the mapping algorithm). Due to
its use in Ed25519 [RFC8032], SHA512 is considered to be the natural
hash choice for Curve25519. The 512 bit output of SHA512 moreover
allows for removing any statistical bias stemming from the non-
canonical base field representations, such that the overhead of the
HKDF_extract/HKDF_expand sequences from [HASH2CURVE] are considered
not necessary (in line with the assessments regarding Curve25519 in
[HASH2CURVE]).
4.2. CPACE-P256-SSWU_SHA256-SHA256
This cipher suite targets applications that do not as agressively
focus on efficiency, bandwidth and code size as the Curve25519
implementation. Instead it aims at reusing existing encoding and
curve standards wherever possible.
It uses the group of points on the NIST P-256 curve which is defined
in short Weierstrass form for constructing J [RFC5480]. The base
field F is the prime field built upon the Solinas prime p =
2^256-2^224+2^192+2^96-1. Encoding of full group elements requires
both, x and y coordinates. In order to facilitate point validation
and in order to be in line with recent TLS 1.3 requirements,
implementations MUST encode both, x and y coordinates. It is
RECOMMENDED to use the uncompressed format from [SEC1] using the 0x04
octet prefix. The strip_sign_information() function returns the
substring from the SEC1 representation encoding the x-coordinate of
the curve point.
NIST P-256 is of prime order and does not require cofactor clearing.
The scalar_cofactor_clearing function is the identity function with
scalar_cofactor_clearing(s) == s
The domain separation strings are defined as DSI1 = "CPace-P256-1",
DSI2 = "CPace-P256-2".
For the scalar_mult_cc function operating on the internally generated
points, a conventional scalar multiplication on P-256 is used, i.e.
without the need of further verification checks. The scalar_mult_ccv
function that operates on remotely generated points includes the
mandatory verification as follows. First from the encoded point the
x and y coordinates are decoded. These points are used for verifying
the curve equation. If the point is not on the curve,
scalar_mult_ccv returns the neutral element I. If the point is on
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the curve, scalar_mult_ccv calls scalar_mult_cc and returns the
result of the scalar multiplication.
For P-256, the map_to_group_mod_neg function is implemented as
follows. The zero-padding string length is calculated as len(ZPAD) =
max(0, H_block_SHA256 - len(DSI1 || PRS)) with H_block_SHA256 = 64.
For the mapping to the curve, a 32 byte string U1 = SHA256(DSI1 ||
PRS || ZPAD || sid || CI) is calculated. From U1 a second 32 byte
value is calculated as U2 = SHA256(U1). The concatenation of U1 and
U2 is interpreted as a 512 bit integer u by use of the u =
OS2IP(U1 || U2) function from [HASH2CURVE]. This value is reduced to
a 32 byte representation of a field element fu = u % p. The
coordinates (x,y) in F of the secret generator G are calculated as
(x,y) = map_to_curve_simple_swu_3mod4(fu) function from [HASH2CURVE].
As hash function H SHA256 is chosen, returning a session key ISK of
32 bytes length with ISK=SHA256(DSI2 || sid || Ks || Yas || Ybs).
The following sage code could be used as reference implementation for
the mapping and key derivation functions.
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<CODE BEGINS>
def map_to_group_mod_neg_CPace_P256(sid, PRS, CI):
m = hashlib.sha256()
H_block_SHA256 = 64
DSI1 = b"CPace-P256-1"
ZPAD_len = max(0,H_block_SHA256 - len(CI) - len(PRS))
ZPAD = ZPAD_len * "\0"
m.update(DSI1)
m.update(PRS)
m.update(ZPAD)
m.update(sid)
m.update(CI)
U1 = m.digest()
U2 = hashlib.sha256(U1).digest()
u = OS2I(U1 + U2)
return map_to_curve_simple_swu_3mod4(u)
def generate_ISK_CPace_P256(sid,K,Ya,Yb):
m = hashlib.sha256(b"CPace-P256-2")
m.update(sid)
m.update(strip_sign_information(K))
m.update(strip_sign_information(Ya))
m.update(strip_sign_information(Yb))
return m.digest()
<CODE ENDS>
Similarly to the Curve25519 implementation, the definitions above aim
at making the protocol suitable for outsourcing to secure elements
where hash function invocations have to be considered to be
particularly costly. As a result, the task of generating session
keys by a strong KDF function is left out of the scope of the CPace
protocol. The naming of ISK as intermediate shared key reflects this
fact. Also the method for calculating the generator has been
optimized for reducing the number of hash calculations in comparison
to the suggestions [HASH2CURVE].
5. Security Considerations
A security proof of CPace is found in [cpace_paper].
Elements received from a peer MUST be checked by a proper
implementation of the scalar_mult_ccv method. Failure to properly
validate group elements can lead to attacks. The Curve25519-based
cipher suite employs the twist security feature of the curve for
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point validation. As such, it is mandatory to check that all low-
order points on both the curve and the twist are mapped on the
neutral element by the X25519 function. Corresponding test vectors
are provided in the appendix.
The choices of random numbers MUST be uniform. Randomly generated
values (e.g., ya and yb) MUST NOT be reused.
CPace is NOT RECOMMENDED to be used in conjunction with applications
supporting different username/password pairs. In this case it is
RECOMMENDED to use CPace as building block of the augmented AuCPace
protocol.
If CPace is used as a building block of higher-level protocols, it is
RECOMMENDED that sid is generated by the higher-level protocol and
passed to CPace. It is RECOMMENDED sid, is generated by sampling
ephemeral random strings.
Since CPace is designed to be used as a building block in higher-
level protocols and for compatibility with constrained hardware, it
does not by itself include a strong KDF construction. CPace uses a
simple hash operation for generating its intermediate key ISK. It is
RECOMMENDED that the ISK is post-processed by a KDF according the
needs of the higher-level protocol. In case that the CPace protocol
is delegated to a secure element hardware, it is RECOMMENDED that the
main processing unit applies a KDF to the externally generated ISK.
In case that side-channel attacks are to be considered practical for
a given application, it is RECOMMENDED to focus side-channel
protections such as masking and redundant execution (faults) on the
process of calculating the secret generator G. The most critical
aspect to consider is the processing of the first block of the hash
that includes the PRS string. The CPace protocol construction
considers the fact that side-channel protections of hash functions
might be particularly resource hungry. For this reason, CPace aims
at minimizing the number of hash functions invocations in the
specified mapping method.
CPace is proven secure under the hardness of the computational
Simultaneous Diffie-Hellmann (SDH) assumption in the group J (as
defined in [VTBPEKE]). Still, even for the event that large-scale
quantum computers (LSQC) will become available, CPace forces an
active adversary to solve one CDH per password guess. Using the
wording suggested by S. Tobtu on the CFRG mailing list, CPace is
"quantum-annoying". For the event that LSQC become ubiquitous, it is
suggested to consider the replacement of the group operations used in
CPace with a corresponding commutative group actions on isogenies,
such as suggested in [IsogenyPAKE]. CPace does not require arbitrary
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group operations but only the operation set available in a group
modulo negation. This is considered to be a significant advantage
when using commutative isogeny-based group action cryptography as a
replacement for elliptic-curve Diffie-Hellmann.
6. IANA Considerations
No IANA action is required.
7. Acknowledgments
Thanks to the members of the CFRG for comments and advice. Any
comment and advice is appreciated.
Comments are specifically invited regarding the following aspect.
The CPace mapping function design is based on the following
assessments. 1.) Masked, hardware-side-channel-protected hash
function implementations should be considered highly desirable for
the calculation of the generators G if an implementation might be
exposed to physical attacks. 2.) The complexity of such protected
hash implementations (possibly with lots of boolean-arithmetic
masking conversions) was assessed critical for constrained hardware.
Hash operation complexity was also assessed to be critical for secure
element chipsets that often were assessed to run hash operations in
software without hardware accellerator support.
This assessment is not in line with the assumptions for the hash-to-
curve-05 draft. As a consequence, this draft aimed at more
aggressively reducing the number of nested hash function invocations
in comparison to the suggestions of the hash-to-curve-05 draft.
8. References
8.1. Normative References
[HASH2CURVE]
Faz-Hernandez, A., Scott, S., Sullivan, N., Wahby, R., and
C. Wood, "draft-irtf-cfrg-hash-to-curve-05", 2019.
IRTF draft standard
[IEEE1363]
IEEE, ""Standard Specifications for Public Key
Cryptography", IEEE 1363", 2000.
IEEE 1363
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[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC5480] Turner, S., Brown, D., Yiu, K., Housley, R., and T. Polk,
"Elliptic Curve Cryptography Subject Public Key
Information", RFC 5480, DOI 10.17487/RFC5480, March 2009,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5480>.
[RFC5869] Krawczyk, H. and P. Eronen, "HMAC-based Extract-and-Expand
Key Derivation Function (HKDF)", RFC 5869,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5869, May 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5869>.
[RFC6234] Eastlake 3rd, D. and T. Hansen, "US Secure Hash Algorithms
(SHA and SHA-based HMAC and HKDF)", RFC 6234,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6234, May 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6234>.
[RFC7748] Langley, A., Hamburg, M., and S. Turner, "Elliptic Curves
for Security", RFC 7748, DOI 10.17487/RFC7748, January
2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7748>.
[RFC7914] Percival, C. and S. Josefsson, "The scrypt Password-Based
Key Derivation Function", RFC 7914, DOI 10.17487/RFC7914,
August 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7914>.
[RFC8032] Josefsson, S. and I. Liusvaara, "Edwards-Curve Digital
Signature Algorithm (EdDSA)", RFC 8032,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8032, January 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8032>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[SEC1] SEC, "STANDARDS FOR EFFICIENT CRYPTOGRAPHY, "SEC 1:
Elliptic Curve Cryptography", version 2.0", May 2009.
8.2. Informative References
[cpace_paper]
Haase, B. and B. Labrique, "AuCPace. PAKE protocol
tailored for the use in the internet of things.", Feb
2018.
eprint.iacr.org/2018/286
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[IsogenyPAKE]
Taraskin, O., Soukharev, V., Jao, D., and J. LeGrow, "An
Isogeny-Based Password-Authenticated Key Establishment
Protocol.", Sep. 2018.
eprint.iacr.org/2018/886
[VTBPEKE] Pointcheval, D. and G. Wang, "VTBPEKE: Verifier-based Two-
Basis Password ExponentialKey Exchange", 2017.
Proceedings of the 2017 {ACM} on Asia Conference on
Computer and Communications Security, AsiaCCS 2017
Appendix A. CPace25519 Test Vectors
The test vectors for CPace25519 consist of three blocks.
First test vectors for X25519 are provided which is used as combined
scalar multiplication, cofactor clearing and verification function.
Specifically, test vectors for the small order points are provided
for checking that all small order points are mapped to the neutral
element
Then test vectors for the Elligator2 primitive are provided.
Then test vectors for the encoding of the secret generator are
provided combining the hash operation and the encoding of the
generator.
Finally test vectors for a honest party protocol execution are
provided, including derivation of the session key ISK.
A.1. X25519 test vectors
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########################### /X25519 ###############################
Test vectors for X25519 include three values:
- The scalar encoding prior to co-factor clearing and clamping, s
- The little-endian byte string encoding of the input point, u
- The expected little-endian byte string encoding of the result, r
Test vector for X25519 with a coordinate on J:
s: a546e36bf0527c9d3b16154b82465edd62144c0ac1fc5a18506a2244ba449ac4
u: e6db6867583030db3594c1a424b15f7c726624ec26b3353b10a903a6d0ab1c4c
r: c3da55379de9c6908e94ea4df28d084f32eccf03491c71f754b4075577a28552
Test vector for X25519 with a coordinate on the twist J':
s: 4b66e9d4d1b4673c5ad22691957d6af5c11b6421e0ea01d42ca4169e7918ba0d
u: e5210f12786811d3f4b7959d0538ae2c31dbe7106fc03c3efc4cd549c715a413
r: 95cbde9476e8907d7aade45cb4b873f88b595a68799fa152e6f8f7647aac7957
Test vectors for X25519 with coordinates on J and J' that MUST all
yield the neutral element (0) independent of s:
s: a546e36bf0527c9d3b16154b82465edd62144c0ac1fc5a18506a2244ba449ac4
u: 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
u: 0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
u: e0eb7a7c3b41b8ae1656e3faf19fc46ada098deb9c32b1fd866205165f49b800
u: 5f9c95bca3508c24b1d0b1559c83ef5b04445cc4581c8e86d8224eddd09f1157
u: ecffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff7f
u: edffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff7f
u: eeffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff7f
u: cdeb7a7c3b41b8ae1656e3faf19fc46ada098deb9c32b1fd866205165f49b880
u: 4c9c95bca3508c24b1d0b1559c83ef5b04445cc4581c8e86d8224eddd09f11d7
u: d9ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
u: daffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
u: dbffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
r: 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
########################### X25519/ ###############################
A.2. Elligator2 test vectors
Two test vectors are provided
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#################### /Elligator 2 ##################################
Vector set 1 as little endian byte strings:
in: bc149a46d293b0aeea34581349d72f8a5a96cd531102d67379cd9bfadd4ec800
out:66b68f7575cd282403fc2bd323ff04601203c1ec5516ce247f7c0adbef05d367
Vector set 1 as base 10 numbers:
in: 35391373371110637358764021258915994089392966
2186061014226937583985831318716
out: 46961069109971370193035504450677895166687682
601074157241352710439876254742118
####################################################################
Vector set 2 as little endian byte strings:
in: 89cf55d4b5d3f84b1634957ac503a32b84ba11471a96b227bca70a0c3bf26375
out:1db163c86ceca7621903c9412d6dc71b4ed263b687eed092b194b5e540bba308
Vector set 2 as base 10 numbers:
in: 530971929581761349677698694411105058011053992421528586742712709
85522606362505
out: 390779123641965710057372702362153599533842156764537839663973068
2305857171741
#################### Elligator 2/ ##################################
A.3. Test vectors for the secret generator G
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###################### /Secret generator G #########################
Inputs:
DSI1 = 'CPace25519-1'
PRS = 'password'
sid = SHA512('sid'), bytes 0 to 15
A = 'Ainitiator'
B = 'Bresponder'
AD = 'AD'
####################################################################
Outputs and intermediate results:
DSI1 = 435061636532353531392d31 string ('CPace25519-1') of len(12)
PRS = 70617373776f7264 ('password') string of len(8)
ZPAD = 98 zero bytes (before mixing in variable data)
sid = 7e4b4791d6a8ef019b936c79fb7f2c57 string of len(16)
CI = 41696e69746961746f7242726573706f6e6465724144
('AinitiatorBresponderAD') string of len(22)
u = SHA512(DSI1||PRS||ZPAD||sid||CI) as 512 bit little-endian int:
(0xced4bf3254970eaec9f304ed422d8fde59e8c4abb0a27c675b4820a0c2c8fd92
<< 256)
+ 0x6dd2899f728ed1620e01e3d7fb9f5cd86e06ee4b5d552bde1524e0cb1e9344e0
u as reduced base field element coordinate:
0x2166eb1800faff5408149f0fce62b7d9c6941fc79573a335a1d9b8a80868ed26
u encoded as little endian byte string:
26ed6808a8b8d9a135a37395c71f94c6d9b762ce0f9f140854fffa0018eb6621
Elligator2 output G as base field element coordinate:
0x307760941be97d7c68b037cb9d22d69838b60e194c50ded8b85873f9e1395126
Elligator2 output G encoded as little endian byte string:
265139e1f97358b8d8de504c190eb63898d6229dcb37b0687c7de91b94607730
###################### Secret generator G/ #########################
A.4. Test vectors for CPace DH
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##################### /CPace Diffie-Hellman ########################
Inputs:
Elligator2 output G as base field element coordinate:
0x307760941be97d7c68b037cb9d22d69838b60e194c50ded8b85873f9e1395126
Elligator2 output G encoded as little endian byte string:
265139e1f97358b8d8de504c190eb63898d6229dcb37b0687c7de91b94607730
Secret scalar ya=SHA512('ya'), bytes 0...31, as integer:
0xbfec93334144994275a3eba9eb0adf3fe40d54e400d105d59724bee398b722d1
ya encoded as little endian byte string:
d122b798e3be2497d505d100e4540de43fdf0aeba9eba375429944413393ecbf
Secret scalar yb=SHA512('yb'), bytes 0...31, as integer:
0xb16a6ff3fcaf874cb59058493cb1f28b3e20084ad6d46fcd3c053284d60cecc0
yb encoded as little endian byte string:
c0ec0cd68432053ccd6fd4d64a08203e8bf2b13c495890b54c87affcf36f6ab1
####################################################################
Outputs:
Public point Ya as integer:
0x79f9f2c1245fd8c4ab38bc75082f2daf6f47ca53fd5f0de7af72fee9c7ddd993
Ya encoded as little endian byte string:
93d9ddc7e9fe72afe70d5ffd53ca476faf2d2f0875bc38abc4d85f24c1f2f979
Public point Yb as integer:
0x18ac9063b4419695db48028d2eda7b2b2e649d22f56a5987eba9f05941de1c74
Yb encoded as little endian byte string:
741cde4159f0a9eb87596af5229d642e2b7bda2e8d0248db959641b46390ac18
DH point K as integer:
0x276896a227a09f389a04b9656099aa05ef8ec2b394cf32cc50cca9ae56334215
K encoded as little endian byte string:
15423356aea9cc50cc32cf94b3c28eef05aa996065b9049a389fa027a2966827
##################### CPace Diffie-Hellman/ ########################
A.5. Test vectors for intermediate session key generation
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#################### /Session Key derivation #######################
Inputs:
DSI2 = 435061636532353531392d32 string ('CPace25519-2') of len(12)
sid = 7e4b4791d6a8ef019b936c79fb7f2c57 string of len(16)
strings of length 32:
K = 15423356aea9cc50cc32cf94b3c28eef05aa996065b9049a389fa027a2966827
Ya= 93d9ddc7e9fe72afe70d5ffd53ca476faf2d2f0875bc38abc4d85f24c1f2f979
Yb= 741cde4159f0a9eb87596af5229d642e2b7bda2e8d0248db959641b46390ac18
####################################################################
string of length 64:
ISK = SHA512(DSI2 || sid || K || Ya || Yb)
= de0be1eeb7e6453d8c961353cd333694866f5432f24b0d4ed393cb6473e835df
265ce72613effa3368a907031d897c733d300dfdb364ff66d270b404cdfbcb0a
#################### Session Key derivation/ #######################
Author's Address
Bjoern Haase
Endress + Hauser Liquid Analysis
Email: bjoern.m.haase@web.de
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