Internet DRAFT - draft-hayashi-dots-dms-offload-usecase
draft-hayashi-dots-dms-offload-usecase
DOTS Y. Hayashi
Internet-Draft NTT
Intended status: Informational K. Nishizuka
Expires: January 6, 2020 NTT Communications
M. Boucadair
Orange
July 5, 2019
DDoS Mitigation Offload Use Case and DOTS Deployment Considerations
draft-hayashi-dots-dms-offload-usecase-01
Abstract
This document describes a DDoS mitigation offload use case and DOTS
deployment consideration of the use case. This use case assumes that
a DMS (DDoS Mitigation System) whose utilization rate is high sends
its blocked traffic information to an orchestrator using DOTS
protocols, then the orchestrator requests forwarding nodes such as
routers to filter the traffic. Doing so enables service providers to
mitigate DDoS attack traffic automatically while ensuring
interoperability and distributed filter enforcement.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
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This Internet-Draft will expire on January 6, 2020.
Copyright Notice
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document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. The Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4. DDoS Mitigation Offload Use Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
5. DOTS Deployment Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5.1. DOTS Signaling via Out-of-band Link . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.1.1. Example of using Data Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.2. DOTS Signaling via In-band Link . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.2.1. Example of using Signal Channel . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.2.2. Example of using Signal Channel Call Home . . . . . . 11
5.2.3. Data Channel and Signal Channel Controlling Filtering 13
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8. Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1. Introduction
Volume-based distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks such as DNS
amplification attacks are critical threats to be handled by service
providers. When such attacks occur, service providers have to
mitigate them immediately to protect or recover their services.
Therefore, for the service providers to immediately protect their
network services from DDoS attacks, DDoS mitigation needs to be
automated. To automate DDoS attack mitigation, it is desirable that
multi-vendor elements involved in DDoS attack detection and
mitigation collaborate and support standard interfaces to
communicate.
DDoS Open Threat Signaling (DOTS) is a set of protocols for real-time
signaling, threat-handling requests, and data between the multi-
vendor elements [I-D.ietf-dots-signal-channel]
[I-D.ietf-dots-signal-call-home]
[I-D.ietf-dots-signal-filter-control] [I-D.ietf-dots-data-channel].
This document describes an automated DDoS Mitigation offload use case
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inherited from the DDoS orchestration use case
[I-D.ietf-dots-use-cases], which ambitions to enable cost-effective
DDoS Mitigation. Furthermore, this document describes deployment
consideration for network operators who carry out this use-case using
DOTS protocols in their network.
2. Terminology
The readers should be familiar with the terms defined in
[I-D.ietf-dots-requirements] [I-D.ietf-dots-use-cases]
In addition, this document uses the terms defined below:
Mitigation offload: Getting rid of a DMS's mitigation action and
assigning the action to another entity when the utilization rate
of the DMS reaches a given threshold. How such threshold is set
is deployment-specific.
Utilization rate: A scale to measure load of an entity such as link
utilization rate or CPU utilization rate.
3. The Problem
In general, DDoS countermeasures are divided into detection and
filtering, and detection is technically difficult. DDoS Mitigation
System (DMS) can detect attack traffic based on the technology of
their vendors, so service providers can increase DDoS countermeasure
level by deploying the DMS in their network.
However, the number/capacity of DMS instances that can be deployed in
a service providers network is limited due to equipment cost and
dimensioning matters. Thus, DMS's utilization rate can reach its
maximum capacity faster when the volume of DDoS attacks is enormous.
When the rate reaches maximum capacity, the mitigation strategy needs
to offload mitigation actions from the DMS to cost-effective
forwarding nodes such as routers.
4. DDoS Mitigation Offload Use Case
This section describes offloading mitigation action from DMS whose
utilization rate is high to cost-effective forwarding node using DOTS
protocols. This section does not consider deployments where the
network orchestrator and DMS are co-located.
Figures 1 and 2 show a component diagram and a sequence diagram of
the use case, respectively.
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+--------------+ +-----------+
| | | DDoS |+
| Orchestrator |<-------| mitigation||
| |S DOTS C| systems ||
+--------------+ +-----------+|
| +----------+
| e.g., BGP, BGP Flowspec
|
| +------------------+
+->| Forwarding nodes |+
+------------------+|
+-----------------+
* C is for DOTS Client function
* S is for DOTS Server function
Figure 1: Component Diagram of DDoS Mitigation Offload Use Case
The component diagram shown in Figure 1 differs from that of DDoS
Orchestration use case in [I-D.ietf-dots-use-cases] in some respects.
First, the DMS embeds a DOTS client to send DOTS requests to the
orchestrator. Second, the orchestrator sends a request to underlying
forwarding nodes to filter the attack traffic.
+------------+ +----------+ +------------+
| | |DDoS |+ | Forwarding |+
|Orchestrator| |Mitigation|| | Nodes ||
| | |Systems || | ||
+------------+ +----------+| +------------+|
| +----------+ +------------+
| | |
| DOTS Request | |
|S<----------------------C| |
| | |
| e.g., BGP, BGP Flowspec | |
| Filter Attack Traffic | |
|-------------------------|------------->|
| | |
* C is for DOTS Client function
* S is for DOTS Server function
Figure 2: Sequence Diagram of DDoS Mitigation Offload Use Case
In this use case, it is assumed that volume based attack already hits
a network and attack traffic is detected and blocked by a DMS in the
network. When the volume-based attack becomes intense, DMS's
utilization rate can reach a certain threshold (e.g., maximum
capacity). Then, the DMS sends a DOTS request as offload request to
the orchestrator with the actions to enforce on the traffic. After
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that, the orchestrator requests the forwarding nodes to filter attack
traffic by dissemination of flow specification rules protocols such
as BGP Flowspec [RFC5575] on the basis of the blocked traffic
information.
This use case is divided into two cases based on type of link between
the DMS and the orchestrator: "out-of-band case" and "in-band case".
"Out-of-band case" is that the DMS sends a DOTS request to the
orchestrator with blocked traffic information by the DMS via out-of-
band link. The link is not congested when it is under volume attack-
time, so the link can convey a lot of information.
On the other hand, "in-band case" is that the DMS sends a mitigation
request to the orchestrator with blocked traffic information by the
DMS via in-band channel. The link can be congested when it is under
volume attack-time, so the link can convey limited information.
5. DOTS Deployment Considerations
This section describes deployment considerations: what type of DOTS
protocol can be used and what type of information can be conveyed by
DOTS protocol in this use case. Figure 3 shows overview of the DOTS
signaling method and conveyed information for the out-of-band case
and in-band case.
The volume of information should be considered carefully when DOTS
protocol is used in in-band-case. What type of information can be
conveyed by DMS relys on attack type detected by the DMS: reflection
attack or non-reflection attack. When it is under non-reflection
attack, src_ip and src_port information cannot be conveyed because
attackers usually randomize the parameters so number of its become
enormous. On the other hand, when it is under reflection attack,
dst_port information cannot be conveyed because attackers usually
randomize src_port so the number of dst_port of attack packets
reached to victim become enormous. Furthermore, when it is under
reflection attack, src_ip information cannot be conveyed when number
of reflector is enormous.
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+-------------+-----------------------------------+------------------+
| | Reflection Attack | Non-Reflection |
| | | Attack |
+-------------+-----------------------------------+------------------+
| Out-of-band | Attack Time |
| case | Method : Data Channel |
| | Info : src_ip, src_port, dst_ip, dst_port, protocol |
+-------------+-----------------------------------+------------------+
| In-band | Attack Time | Attack Time |
| case | (Number of reflector is small) | Method : Signal |
| | Method : Signal Channel Call Home | Channel |
| | Info : src_ip, src_port, | Info : dst_ip, |
| | dst_ip, protocol | dst_port, |
| +-----------------------------------+ protocol |
| | Attack Time | |
| | (Number of reflector is enormous) | |
| | Method : Signal Channel Call Home | |
| | Info : src_port, dst_ip, protocol | |
| +-----------------------------------+------------------+
| | Peace Time | Peace Time |
| | Method : Data Channel | Method : Data |
| | Info : src_port, | Channel |
| | dst_ip, protocol | Info : dst_ip, |
| | | dst_port, |
| | | protocol |
| | | |
| | Attack Time | Attack Time |
| | Method : Signal Channel | Method : Signal |
| | Control Filtering | Channel |
| | Info : ACL name | Control Filtering|
| | | Info : ACL name |
|-------------+------------------------------------------------------+
Figure 3: Signaling Method and Conveyed Information
About offloading DMS against reflection attack, the current signal
channel [I-D.ietf-dots-signal-channel] is insufficient in terms of
conveying src information. On the other hand, both call home
expansion [I-D.ietf-dots-signal-call-home] and Filtering control
expansion [I-D.ietf-dots-signal-filter-control] can convey src
information.
Signal channel expansion of call home defines source-* clauses so it
can convey src_ip information and src_port information in attack
time. On the other hand, filtering control expansion can activate
filtering rule configured in peacetime. Filtering rule for well-
known port numbers abused for reflection attack can be configured to
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DOTS server in peacetime. However, filtering rule for reflector's ip
address in attack time can't be known in peace time. So filtering
control expansion can convey src_port information but can't send
src_ip information against reflection attack. About sending src
information in the DMS offload use case, the capability of the call
home extension encompasses the capabilities of the filtering control
extension.
Hereafter, this document describes example of use DOTS protocol in
each case.
5.1. DOTS Signaling via Out-of-band Link
In this case, the link is not congested when it is under volume
attack-time, so DOTS data channel [I-D.ietf-dots-data-channel] is
suitable because DOTS data channel has capability of conveying the
drop-listed filtering rules including (src_ip, src_port, dst_ip,
dst_port, protocol) information (and other actions such as 'rate-
limit').
5.1.1. Example of using Data Channel
The procedure to use DOTS Data Channel in such case is as follows:
o The DMS generates a list of flow (src_ip, src_port, dst_ip,
dst_port, protocol) information which the DMS is blocking/rate-
limiting and wants to offload.
o The DMS creates data-channel ACL such as shown figure 4.
o The DMS sends the data-channel ACL to the orchestrator.
{
"ietf-dots-data-channel:acls": {
"acl": [
{
"name": "DMS_Offload_use_case_ACL",
"type": "ipv4-acl-type",
"activation-type": "immediate",
"aces": {
"ace": [
{
"name": "DMS_Offload_use_case_ACE_00",
"matches": {
"ipv4": {
"destination-ipv4-network": "192.0.2.2/32",
"source-ipv4-network": "203.0.113.2/32",
"protocol":17
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},
"udp": {
"source-port": {
"operator": "eq",
"port": 53
}
}
},
"actions": {
"forwarding": "drop"
}
},
{
"name": "DMS_Offload_use_case_ACE_01",
"matches": {
"ipv4": {
"destination-ipv4-network": "192.0.2.2/32",
"source-ipv4-network": "203.0.113.3/32",
"protocol":17
},
"udp": {
"source-port": {
"operator": "eq",
"port": 53
}
}
},
"actions": {
"forwarding": "drop"
}
}
]
}
}
]
}
}
Figure 4: JSON Example of ACL including (src_ip, src_port, dst_ip,
dst_port, protocol) information conveyed by DOTS data channel
5.2. DOTS Signaling via In-band Link
In this case, the link can be congested when it is under volume
attack-time, so DOTS data channel can't be used to convey the drop-
listed filtering rules as blocked traffic information [Interop]. On
the other hand, DOTS signal channel [I-D.ietf-dots-signal-channel],
the source-* clauses defined in [I-D.ietf-dots-signal-call-home] and
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flitering control [I-D.ietf-dots-signal-filter-control] can be used
to communicate the policies to the orchestrator.
5.2.1. Example of using Signal Channel
DOTS signal channel has capability to send (dst_ip, dst_port,
protocol) information. The procedure to use DOTS Signal Channel in
this case is as follows:
o The DMS generates a list of (dst_ip, dst_port, protocol)
information which the DMS is blocking/rate-limiting and wants to
offload.
o The DMS creates mitigation request such as shown figure 5.
o The DMS sends the mitigation requests to the orchestrator.
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{
"ietf-dots-signal-channel:mitigation-scope": {
"scope": [
{
"target-prefix": [
"192.0.2.2/32"
],
"target-port-range": [
{
"lower-port": 80
},
{
"lower-port": 443
}
],
"target-protocol": [
6
],
"lifetime": 3600
},
{
"target-prefix": [
"192.0.2.2/32"
],
"target-port-range": [
{
"lower-port": 53
},
{
"lower-port": 123
}
],
"target-protocol": [
17
],
"lifetime": 3600
}
]
}
}
Figure 5: JSON Example of offload request including (dst_ip,
dst_port, protocol) information conveyed by DOTS signal channel
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5.2.2. Example of using Signal Channel Call Home
DOTS signal channel call home [I-D.ietf-dots-signal-call-home] has
capability to send (dst_ip, dst_port, src_ip, src_port, protocol)
information. The channel can convey src_ip information when number
of reflector detected by DMS is small. The procedure to use DOTS
call home in the situation is as follows:
o The DMS generates a list of (dst_ip, src_ip, src_port, protocol)
information which the DMS is blocking/rate-limiting and wants to
offload.
o The DMS creates mitigation request such as shown figure 6.
o The DMS sends the mitigation requests to the orchestrator.
{
"ietf-dots-signal-channel:mitigation-scope": {
"scope": [
{
"target-prefix": [
"192.0.2.2/32"
],
"target-protocol": [
6
],
"source-prefix": [
"203.0.113.2/32"
],
"source-port-range" : [
{
"lower-port": 53
},
{
"lower-port": 123
}
],
"lifetime": 3600
},
{
"target-prefix": [
"192.0.2.2/32"
],
"target-protocol": [
6
],
"source-prefix": [
"203.0.113.3/32"
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],
"source-port-range" : [
{
"lower-port": 19
},
{
"lower-port": 11211
}
],
"lifetime": 3600
}
]
}
}
Figure 6: JSON Example of offload request including (dst_ip, src_ip,
src_port, protocol) information conveyed by DOTS signal channel
On the other hand, signal channel call home cannot convey src_ip
information when number of reflector detected by DMS is enormous.
The procedure to use DOTS call home in the situation is as follows:
o The DMS generates a list of (dst_ip, src_port, protocol)
information which the DMS is blocking/rate-limiting and wants to
offload.
o The DMS creates mitigation request such as shown figure 7.
o The DMS sends the mitigation requests to the orchestrator.
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{
"ietf-dots-signal-channel:mitigation-scope": {
"scope": [
{
"target-prefix": [
"192.0.2.2/32"
],
"target-protocol": [
6
],
"source-port-range" : [
{
"lower-port": 53
},
{
"lower-port": 123
},
{
"lower-port": 19
},
{
"lower-port": 11211
}
],
"lifetime": 3600
}
]
}
}
Figure 7: JSON Example of offload request including (dst_ip,
src_port, protocol) information conveyed by DOTS signal channel
5.2.3. Data Channel and Signal Channel Controlling Filtering
DOTS signal channel controlling filtering
[I-D.ietf-dots-signal-filter-control] has capability to activate or
deactivate ACL configured by Data Channel. Against reflection
attack, DOTS client configures ACL including (dst_ip, src_port,
protocol) information in peace time by Data Channel, and DOTS client
activate the ACL in attack time by Signal Channel controlling
filtering. Note that the src_port is well known port abused to carry
out reclection attack by attacker. The procedure to use DOTS data
channel and signal channel controlling filtering is as follows:
o In peace time, the DMS sends the ACL including (dst_ip, src_port,
protocol) information such as figure 8.
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o In attack time, the DMS generates a list of (dst_ip, src_port,
protocol) which the DMS is blocking/rate-limiting and wants to
offload. After that, the DMS sends the mitigation requests to
activate corresponding ACL configured to the orchestrator such as
figure 9.
{
"ietf-dots-data-channel:acls": {
"acl": [
{
"name": "DMS_Offload_use_case_ACL",
"type": "ipv4-acl-type",
"activation-type": "activate-when-mitigating",
"aces": {
"ace": [
{
"name": "DMS_Offload_use_case_ACL_DNS_amp",
"matches": {
"ipv4": {
"destination-ipv4-network": "192.0.2.2/32",
"protocol":17
},
"udp": {
"source-port": {
"operator": "eq",
"port": 53
}
}
},
"actions": {
"forwarding": "drop"
}
},
{
"name": "DMS_Offload_use_case_ACL_NTP_amp",
"matches": {
"ipv4": {
"destination-ipv4-network": "192.0.2.2/32",
"protocol":17
},
"udp": {
"source-port": {
"operator": "eq",
"port": 123
}
}
},
"actions": {
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"forwarding": "drop"
}
}
]
}
}
]
}
}
Figure 8: JSON Example of ACL including (dst_ip, src_port, protocol)
information conveyed by DOTS data channel
{
"ietf-dots-signal-channel:mitigation-scope": {
"scope": [
{
"target-prefix": [
"192.0.2.2/32"
],
"target-protocol": [
17
],
"acl-list": [
{
"acl-name": "DMS_Offload_use_case_ACL_DNS_amp",
"activation-type": "immediate"
}
"lifetime": 3600
}
]
}
}
Figure 9: JSON Example of including acl name conveyed by DOTS signal
channel
Against non-reflection attack, DOTS client configures ACL including
(dst_ip, dst_port, protocol) information in peace time by Data
Channel, and DOTS client activate the acl in attack time by Signal
Channel. Note that the dst_port is well known port abused to carry
out non-reclection attack by attacker. The procedure to use DOTS
data channel and signal channel controlling filtering is as follows:
o In peace time, the DMS sends the ACL including (dst_ip, dst_port,
protocol) information such as figure 10.
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o In attack time, the DMS generates a list of (dst_ip, dst_port,
protocol) which the DMS is blocking/rate-limiting and wants to
offload. After that, the DMS sends the mitigation requests to
activate corresponding ACL configured to the orchestrator such as
figure 11.
{
"ietf-dots-data-channel:acls": {
"acl": [
{
"name": "DMS_Offload_use_case_ACL",
"type": "ipv4-acl-type",
"activation-type": "activate-when-mitigating",
"aces": {
"ace": [
{
"name": "DMS_Offload_use_case_HTTP_GET_Flooding",
"matches": {
"ipv4": {
"destination-ipv4-network": "192.0.2.2/32",
"protocol":6
},
"tcp": {
"destination-port": {
"operator": "eq",
"port": 80
}
}
},
"actions": {
"forwarding": "drop"
}
},
{
"name": "DMS_Offload_use_case_SYN_Flooding_FTP",
"matches": {
"ipv4": {
"destination-ipv4-network": "192.0.2.2/32",
"protocol":6
},
"tcp": {
"destination-port": {
"operator": "eq",
"port": 20
}
}
},
"actions": {
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"forwarding": "drop"
}
}
]
}
}
]
}
}
Figure 10: JSON Example of ACL including (dst_ip, dst_port, protocol)
information conveyed by DOTS data channel
{
"ietf-dots-signal-channel:mitigation-scope": {
"scope": [
{
"target-prefix": [
"192.0.2.2/32"
],
"target-protocol": [
6
],
"acl-list": [
{
"acl-name": "DMS_Offload_use_case_HTTP_GET_Flooding",
"activation-type": "immediate"
}
"lifetime": 3600
}
]
}
}
Figure 11: JSON Example of including ACL name conveyed by DOTS signal
channel
6. Security Considerations
Security considerations discussed in [I-D.ietf-dots-data-channel] and
[I-D.ietf-dots-signal-channel] are to be taken into account.
7. IANA Considerations
This document does not require any action from IANA.
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8. Acknowledgement
Thanks to Tirumaleswar Reddy, Shunsuke Homma for the comments.
Thanks to Koichi Sakurada for demonstrating proof of concepts of this
.
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[I-D.ietf-dots-data-channel]
Boucadair, M. and R. K, "Distributed Denial-of-Service
Open Threat Signaling (DOTS) Data Channel Specification",
draft-ietf-dots-data-channel-29 (work in progress), May
2019.
[I-D.ietf-dots-requirements]
Mortensen, A., K, R., and R. Moskowitz, "Distributed
Denial of Service (DDoS) Open Threat Signaling
Requirements", draft-ietf-dots-requirements-22 (work in
progress), March 2019.
[I-D.ietf-dots-signal-call-home]
K, R., Boucadair, M., and J. Shallow, "Distributed Denial-
of-Service Open Threat Signaling (DOTS) Signal Channel
Call Home", draft-ietf-dots-signal-call-home-02 (work in
progress), May 2019.
[I-D.ietf-dots-signal-channel]
K, R., Boucadair, M., Patil, P., Mortensen, A., and N.
Teague, "Distributed Denial-of-Service Open Threat
Signaling (DOTS) Signal Channel Specification", draft-
ietf-dots-signal-channel-34 (work in progress), May 2019.
[I-D.ietf-dots-signal-filter-control]
Nishizuka, K., Boucadair, M., K, R., and T. Nagata,
"Controlling Filtering Rules Using Distributed Denial-of-
Service Open Threat Signaling (DOTS) Signal Channel",
draft-ietf-dots-signal-filter-control-01 (work in
progress), May 2019.
[I-D.ietf-dots-use-cases]
Dobbins, R., Migault, D., Fouant, S., Moskowitz, R.,
Teague, N., Xia, L., and K. Nishizuka, "Use cases for DDoS
Open Threat Signaling", draft-ietf-dots-use-cases-17 (work
in progress), January 2019.
Hayashi, et al. Expires January 6, 2020 [Page 18]
Internet-Draft Mitigation Offload July 2019
9.2. Informative References
[Interop] Nishizuka, K., Shallow, J., and L. Xia , "DOTS Interop
test report, IETF 103 Hackathon", November 2018,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/meeting/103/materials/
slides-103-dots-interop-report-from-ietf-103-hackathon-
00>.
[RFC4271] Rekhter, Y., Ed., Li, T., Ed., and S. Hares, Ed., "A
Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)", RFC 4271,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4271, January 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4271>.
[RFC5575] Marques, P., Sheth, N., Raszuk, R., Greene, B., Mauch, J.,
and D. McPherson, "Dissemination of Flow Specification
Rules", RFC 5575, DOI 10.17487/RFC5575, August 2009,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5575>.
Authors' Addresses
Yuhei Hayashi
NTT
3-9-11, Midori-cho
Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8585
Japan
Email: yuuhei.hayashi@gmail.com
Kaname Nishizuka
NTT Communications
GranPark 16F 3-4-1 Shibaura, Minato-ku
Tokyo 108-8118
Japan
Email: kaname@nttv6.jp
Mohamed Boucadair
Orange
Rennes 35000
France
Email: mohamed.boucadair@orange.com
Hayashi, et al. Expires January 6, 2020 [Page 19]
