Internet DRAFT - draft-ietf-bmwg-protection-meth
draft-ietf-bmwg-protection-meth
Network Working Group R. Papneja
Internet-Draft Huawei Technologies
Intended status: Informational S. Vapiwala
Expires: May 28, 2013 J. Karthik
Cisco Systems
S. Poretsky
Allot Communications
S. Rao
Qwest Communications
JL. Le Roux
France Telecom
November 29, 2012
Methodology for Benchmarking MPLS-TE Fast Reroute Protection
draft-ietf-bmwg-protection-meth-14.txt
Abstract
This draft describes the methodology for benchmarking MPLS Fast
Reroute (FRR) protection mechanisms for link and node protection.
This document provides test methodologies and testbed setup for
measuring failover times of Fast Reroute techniques while considering
factors (such as underlying links) that might impact
recovery times for real-time applications bound to MPLS traffic
engineered (MPLS-TE) tunnels.
Status of this Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
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This Internet-Draft will expire on May 9, 2013.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. Document Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. Existing Definitions and Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4. General Reference Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5. Test Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.1. Failover Events [RFC 6414] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.2. Failure Detection [RFC 6414] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.3. Use of Data Traffic for MPLS Protection benchmarking . . . 10
5.4. LSP and Route Scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.5. Selection of IGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.6. Restoration and Reversion [RFC 6414] . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.7. Offered Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.8. Tester Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.9. Failover Time Measurement Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6. Reference Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.1. Link Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.1.1. Link Protection - 1 hop primary (from PLR) and 1
hop backup TE tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.1.2. Link Protection - 1 hop primary (from PLR) and 2
hop backup TE tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.1.3. Link Protection - 2+ hop (from PLR) primary and 1
hop backup TE tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.1.4. Link Protection - 2+ hop (from PLR) primary and 2
hop backup TE tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.2. Node Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6.2.1. Node Protection - 2 hop primary (from PLR) and 1
hop backup TE tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6.2.2. Node Protection - 2 hop primary (from PLR) and 2
hop backup TE tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.2.3. Node Protection - 3+ hop primary (from PLR) and 1
hop backup TE tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.2.4. Node Protection - 3+ hop primary (from PLR) and 2
hop backup TE tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
7. Test Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
7.1. MPLS FRR Forwarding Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
7.1.1. Headend PLR Forwarding Performance . . . . . . . . . . 20
7.1.2. Mid-Point PLR Forwarding Performance . . . . . . . . . 21
7.2. Headend PLR with Link Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
7.3. Mid-Point PLR with Link Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7.4. Headend PLR with Node Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.5. Mid-Point PLR with Node Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
8. Reporting Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
9. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
11. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
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12.1. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
12.2. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Appendix A. Fast Reroute Scalability Table . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Appendix B. Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
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1. Introduction
This document describes the methodology for benchmarking MPLS Fast
Reroute (FRR) protection mechanisms. This document uses much of the
terminology defined in [RFC 6414].
Protection mechanisms provide recovery of client services from a
planned or an unplanned link or node failures. MPLS FRR protection
mechanisms are generally deployed in a network infrastructure where
MPLS is used for provisioning of point-to-point traffic engineered
tunnels (tunnel). MPLS FRR protection mechanisms aim to reduce
service disruption period by minimizing recovery time from most
common failures.
Network elements from different manufacturers behave differently to
network failures, which impacts the network's ability and performance
for failure recovery. It therefore becomes imperative for service
providers to have a common benchmark to understand the performance
behaviors of network elements.
There are two factors impacting service availability: frequency of
failures and duration for which the failures persist. Failures can
be classified further into two types: correlated and uncorrelated.
Correlated and uncorrelated failures may be planned or unplanned.
Planned failures are generally predictable. Network implementations
should be able to handle both planned and unplanned failures and
recover gracefully within a time frame to maintain service assurance.
Hence, failover recovery time is one of the most important benchmark
that a service provider considers in choosing the building blocks
for their network infrastructure.
A correlated failure is a result of the occurrence of two or more
failures. A typical example is failure of a logical resource (e.g.
layer-2 links) due to a dependency on a common physical resource
(e.g. common conduit) that fails. Within the context of MPLS
protection mechanisms, failures that arise due to Shared Risk Link
Groups (SRLG) [RFC 4202] can be considered as correlated failures.
MPLS FRR [RFC 4090] allows for the possibility that the Label
Switched Paths can be re-optimized in the minutes following Failover.
IP Traffic would be re-routed according to the preferred path for the
post-failure topology. Thus, MPLS-FRR may include additional steps
following the occurrence of the failure detection [RFC 6414] and
failover event [RFC 6414].
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(1) Failover Event - Primary Path (Working Path) fails
(2) Failure Detection- Failover Event is detected
(3)
a. Failover - Working Path switched to Backup path
b. Re-Optimization of Working Path (possible change from
Backup Path)
(4) Restoration [RFC 6414]
(5) Reversion [RFC 6414]
2. Document Scope
This document provides detailed test cases along with different
topologies and scenarios that should be considered to effectively
benchmark MPLS FRR protection mechanisms and failover times on the
Data Plane. Different Failover Events and scaling considerations are
also provided in this document.
All benchmarking test-cases defined in this document apply to
Facility backup [RFC 4090]. The test cases cover set of interesting
failure scenarios and the associated procedures benchmark the
performance of the Device Under Test (DUT) to recover from failures.
Data plane traffic is used to benchmark failover times. Testing
scenarios related to MPLS-TE protection mechanisms when applied
to MPLS Transport Profile and IP fast reroute applied to MPLS
networks were not considered and are out of scope of this document.
However, the test setups considered for MPLS based Layer 3 and
Layer 2 services consider LDP over MPLS RSVP-TE configurations.
Benchmarking of correlated failures is out of scope of this document.
Detection using Bi-directional Forwarding Detection (BFD) is outside
the scope of this document, but mentioned in discussion sections.
The Performance of control plane is outside the scope of this
benchmarking.
As described above, MPLS-FRR may include a Re-optimization of the
Working Path, with possible packet transfer impairments.
Characterization of Re-optimization is beyond the scope of this memo.
3. Existing Definitions and Requirements
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
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document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, [RFC 2119].
While [RFC 2119] defines the use of these key words primarily for
Standards Track documents however, this Informational track document
may use some of uses these keywords.
The reader is assumed to be familiar with the commonly used MPLS
terminology, some of which is defined in [RFC 4090].
This document uses much of the terminology defined in [RFC 6414].
This document also uses existing terminology defined in other BMWG
Work [RFC 1242], [RFC 2285], [RFC 4689]. Appendix B provide
abbreviations used in the document
4. General Reference Topology
Figure 1 illustrates the basic reference testbed and is applicable to
all the test cases defined in this document. The Tester is comprised
of a Traffic Generator (TG) & Test Analyzer (TA) and Emulator. A
Tester is connected to the test network and depending upon the test
case, the DUT could vary. The Tester sends and receives IP traffic
to the tunnel ingress and performs signaling protocol emulation to
simulate real network scenarios in a lab environment. The Tester may
also support MPLS-TE signaling to act as the ingress node to the MPLS
tunnel. The lines in figures represent physical connections.
+---------------------------+
| +------------|---------------+
| | | |
| | | |
+--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+
TG--| R1 |-----| R2 |----| R3 | | R4 | | R5 |
| |-----| |----| |----| |---| |
+--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+
| | | | |
| | | | |
| +--------+ | | TA
+---------| R6 |---------+ |
| |----------------------+
+--------+
Fig. 1 Fast Reroute Topology
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The tester MUST record the number of lost, duplicate, and out-of-order
packets. It should further record arrival and departure times so
that Failover Time, Additive Latency, and Reversion Time can be
measured. The tester may be a single device or a test system
emulating all the different roles along a primary or backup path.
The label stack is dependent of the following 3 entities:
(1) Type of protection (Link Vs Node)
(2) # of remaining hops of the primary tunnel from the PLR[RFC
6414]
(3) # of remaining hops of the backup tunnel from the PLR
Due to this dependency, it is RECOMMENDED that the benchmarking of
failover times be performed on all the topologies provided in section
6.
5. Test Considerations
This section discusses the fundamentals of MPLS Protection testing:
(1) The types of network events that causes failover (section 5.1)
(2) Indications for failover (section 5.2)
(3) the use of data traffic (section 5.3)
(4) LSP Scaling (Section 5.4)
(5) IGP Selection (Section 5.5)
(6) Reversion of LSP (Section 5.6)
(7) Traffic generation (section 5.7)
5.1. Failover Events [RFC 6414]
The failover to the backup tunnel is primarily triggered by either
link or node failures observed downstream of the Point of Local
repair (PLR). The failure events are listed below.
Link Failure Events
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- Interface Shutdown on PLR side with physical/link Alarm
- Interface Shutdown on remote side with physical/link Alarm
- Interface Shutdown on PLR side with RSVP hello enabled
- Interface Shutdown on remote side with RSVP hello enabled
- Interface Shutdown on PLR side with BFD
- Interface Shutdown on remote side with BFD
- Fiber Pull on the PLR side (Both TX & RX or just the TX)
- Fiber Pull on the remote side (Both TX & RX or just the RX)
- Online insertion and removal (OIR) on PLR side
- OIR on remote side
- Sub-interface failure on PLR side (e.g. shutting down of a VLAN)
- Sub-interface failure on remote side
- Parent interface shutdown on PLR side (an interface bearing multiple
sub-interfaces)
- Parent interface shutdown on remote side
Node Failure Events
- A System reload initiated either by a graceful shutdown
or by a power failure.
- A system crash due to a software failure or an assert.
5.2. Failure Detection [RFC 6414]
Link failure detection time depends on the link type and failure
detection protocols running. For SONET/SDH, the alarm type (such as
LOS, AIS, or RDI) can be used. Other link types have layer-two
alarms, but they may not provide a short enough failure detection
time. Ethernet based links enabled with MPLS/IP do not have layer 2
failure indicators, and therefore relies on layer 3 signaling for
failure detection. However for directly connected devices, remote
fault indication in the ethernet auto-negotiation scheme could be
considered as a type of layer 2 link failure indicator.
MPLS has different failure detection techniques such as BFD, or use
of RSVP hellos. These methods can be used for the layer 3 failure
indicators required by Ethernet based links, or for some other non-
Ethernet based links to help improve failure detection time.
However, these fast failure detection mechanisms are out of scope.
The test procedures in this document can be used for a local failure
or remote failure scenarios for comprehensive benchmarking and to
evaluate failover performance independent of the failure detection
techniques.
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5.3. Use of Data Traffic for MPLS Protection benchmarking
Currently end customers use packet loss as a key metric for Failover
Time [RFC 6414]. Failover Packet Loss [RFC 6414] is an externally
observable event and has direct impact on application performance.
MPLS protection is expected to minimize the packet loss in the event
of a failure. For this reason it is important to develop a standard
router benchmarking methodology for measuring MPLS protection that
uses packet loss as a metric. At a known rate of forwarding, packet
loss can be measured and the failover time can be determined.
Measurement of control plane signaling to establish backup paths is
not enough to verify failover. Failover is best determined when
packets are actually traversing the backup path.
An additional benefit of using packet loss for calculation of
failover time is that it allows use of a black-box test environment.
Data traffic is offered at line-rate to the device under test (DUT)
an emulated network failure event is forced to occur, and packet loss
is externally measured to calculate the convergence time. This setup
is independent of the DUT architecture.
In addition, this methodology considers the packets in error and
duplicate packets [RFC 4689] that could have been generated during
the failover process. The methodologies consider lost, out-of-order
[RFC 4689] and duplicate packets to be impaired packets that
contribute to the Failover Time.
5.4. LSP and Route Scaling
Failover time performance may vary with the number of established
primary and backup tunnel label switched paths (LSP) and installed
routes. However the procedure outlined here should be used for any
number of LSPs (L) and number of routes protected by PLR(R). The
amount of L and R must be recorded.
5.5. Selection of IGP
The underlying IGP could be ISIS-TE or OSPF-TE for the methodology
proposed here. See [RFC 6412] for IGP options to consider and
report.
5.6. Restoration and Reversion [RFC 6414]
Path restoration provides a method to restore an alternate primary
LSP upon failure and to switch traffic from the Backup Path to the
restored Primary Path (Reversion). In MPLS-FRR, Reversion can be
implemented as Global Reversion or Local Reversion. It is important
to include Restoration and Reversion as a step in each test case to
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measure the amount of packet loss, out of order packets, or duplicate
packets that is produced.
Note: In addition to restoration and reversion, re-optimization can
take place while the failure is still not recovered but it depends on
the user configuration, and re-optimization timers.
5.7. Offered Load
It is suggested that there be three or more traffic streams as long
as there is a steady and constant rate of flow for all the streams.
In order to monitor the DUT performance for recovery times, a set of
route prefixes should be advertised before traffic is sent. The
traffic should be configured towards these routes.
Prefix-dependency behaviors are key in IP and tests with route-specific
flows spread across the routing table will reveal this dependency.
Generating traffic to all of the prefixes reachable by the protected
tunnel (probably in a Round-Robin fashion, where the traffic is
destined to all the prefixes but one prefix at a time in a cyclic
manner) is not recommended. Round-Robin traffic generation
is not recommended to all prefixes, as time to hit all the prefixes
may be higher than the failover time. This phenomenon will reduce
the granularity of the measured results and the results observed
may not be accurate.
5.8. Tester Capabilities
It is RECOMMENDED that the Tester used to execute each test case have
the following capabilities:
1.Ability to establish MPLS-TE tunnels and push/pop labels.
2.Ability to produce Failover Event [RFC 6414].
3.Ability to insert a timestamp in each data packet's IP
payload.
4.An internal time clock to control timestamping, time
measurements, and time calculations.
5.Ability to disable or tune specific Layer-2 and Layer-3
protocol functions on any interface(s).
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6.Ability to react upon the receipt of path error from the PLR
The Tester MAY be capable to make non-data plane convergence
observations and use those observations for measurements.
5.9. Failover Time Measurement Methods
Failover Time is calculated using one of the following three methods
1. Packet-Loss Based method (PLBM): (Number of packets dropped/
packets per second * 1000) milliseconds. This method could also
be referred as Loss-Derived method.
2. Time-Based Loss Method (TBLM): This method relies on the ability
of the Traffic generators to provide statistics which reveal the
duration of failure in milliseconds based on when the packet loss
occurred (interval between non-zero packet loss and zero loss).
3. Timestamp Based Method (TBM): This method of failover calculation
is based on the timestamp that gets transmitted as payload in the
packets originated by the generator. The Traffic Analyzer
records the timestamp of the last packet received before the
failover event and the first packet after the failover and
derives the time based on the difference between these 2
timestamps. Note: The payload could also contain sequence
numbers for out-of-order packet calculation and duplicate
packets.
The timestamp based method method would be able to detect Reversion
impairments beyond loss, thus it is RECOMMENDED method as a Failover
Time method.
6. Reference Test Setup
In addition to the general reference topology shown in figure 1, this
section provides detailed insight into various proposed test setups
that should be considered for comprehensively benchmarking the
failover time in different roles along the primary tunnel
This section proposes a set of topologies that covers all the
scenarios for local protection. All of these topologies can be
mapped to the reference topology shown in Figure 1. Topologies
provided in this section refer to the testbed required to benchmark
failover time when the DUT is configured as a PLR in either Headend
or midpoint role. Provided with each topology below is the label
stack at the PLR. Penultimate Hop Popping (PHP) MAY be used and must
be reported when used.
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Figures 2 thru 9 use the following convention and are subset of
figure 1:
a) HE is Headend
b) TE is Tail-End
c) MID is Mid point
d) MP is Merge Point
e) PLR is Point of Local Repair
f) PRI is Primary Path
g) BKP denotes Backup Path and Nodes
h) UR is Upstream Router
6.1. Link Protection
6.1.1. Link Protection - 1 hop primary (from PLR) and 1 hop backup TE
tunnels
+-------+ +--------+ +--------+
| R1 | | R2 | PRI| R3 |
| UR/HE |--| HE/MID |----| MP/TE |
| | | PLR |----| |
+-------+ +--------+ BKP+--------+
Figure 2.
Traffic Num of Labels Num of labels
before failure after failure
IP TRAFFIC (P-P) 0 0
Layer3 VPN (PE-PE) 1 1
Layer3 VPN (PE-P) 2 2
Layer2 VC (PE-PE) 1 1
Layer2 VC (PE-P) 2 2
Mid-point LSPs 0 0
Note: Please note the following:
a) For P-P case, R2 and R3 acts as P routers
b) For PE-PE case,R2 acts as PE and R3 acts as a remote PE
c) For PE-P case,R2 acts as a PE router, R3 acts as a P router and R5 acts as remote
PE router (Please refer to figure 1 for complete setup)
d) For Mid-point case, R1, R2 and R3 act as shown in above figure HE, Midpoint/PLR and
TE respectively
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6.1.2. Link Protection - 1 hop primary (from PLR) and 2 hop backup TE
tunnels
+-------+ +--------+ +--------+
| R1 | | R2 | | R3 |
| UR/HE | | HE/MID |PRI | MP/TE |
| |----| PLR |----| |
+-------+ +--------+ +--------+
|BKP |
| +--------+ |
| | R6 | |
|----| BKP |----|
| MID |
+--------+
Figure 3.
Traffic Num of Labels Num of labels
before failure after failure
IP TRAFFIC (P-P) 0 1
Layer3 VPN (PE-PE) 1 2
Layer3 VPN (PE-P) 2 3
Layer2 VC (PE-PE) 1 2
Layer2 VC (PE-P) 2 3
Mid-point LSPs 0 1
Note: Please note the following:
a) For P-P case, R2 and R3 acts as P routers
b) For PE-PE case,R2 acts as PE and R3 acts as a remote PE
c) For PE-P case,R2 acts as a PE router, R3 acts as a P router and R5 acts as remote
PE router (Please refer to figure 1 for complete setup)
d) For Mid-point case, R1, R2 and R3 act as shown in above figure HE, Midpoint/PLR
and TE respectively
6.1.3. Link Protection - 2+ hop (from PLR) primary and 1 hop backup TE
tunnels
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+--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+
| R1 | | R2 |PRI | R3 |PRI | R4 |
| UR/HE |----| HE/MID |----| MP/MID |------| TE |
| | | PLR |----| | | |
+--------+ +--------+ BKP+--------+ +--------+
Figure 4.
Traffic Num of Labels Num of labels
before failure after failure
IP TRAFFIC (P-P) 1 1
Layer3 VPN (PE-PE) 2 2
Layer3 VPN (PE-P) 3 3
Layer2 VC (PE-PE) 2 2
Layer2 VC (PE-P) 3 3
Mid-point LSPs 1 1
Note: Please note the following:
a) For P-P case, R2, R3 and R4 acts as P routers
b) For PE-PE case,R2 acts as PE and R4 acts as a remote PE
c) For PE-P case,R2 acts as a PE router, R3 acts as a P router and R5 acts as remote
PE router (Please refer to figure 1 for complete setup)
d) For Mid-point case, R1, R2, R3 and R4 act as shown in above figure HE, Midpoint/PLR
and TE respectively
6.1.4. Link Protection - 2+ hop (from PLR) primary and 2 hop backup TE
tunnels
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+--------+ +--------+PRI +--------+ PRI +--------+
| R1 | | R2 | | R3 | | R4 |
| UR/HE |----| HE/MID |----| MP/MID|------| TE |
| | | PLR | | | | |
+--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+
BKP| |
| +--------+ |
| | R6 | |
+---| BKP |-
| MID |
+--------+
Figure 5.
Traffic Num of Labels Num of labels
before failure after failure
IP TRAFFIC (P-P) 1 2
Layer3 VPN (PE-PE) 2 3
Layer3 VPN (PE-P) 3 4
Layer2 VC (PE-PE) 2 3
Layer2 VC (PE-P) 3 4
Mid-point LSPs 1 2
Note: Please note the following:
a) For P-P case, R2, R3 and R4 acts as P routers
b) For PE-PE case,R2 acts as PE and R4 acts as a remote PE
c) For PE-P case,R2 acts as a PE router, R3 acts as a P router and R5 acts as remote
PE router (Please refer to figure 1 for complete setup)
d) For Mid-point case, R1, R2, R3 and R4 act as shown in above figure HE, Midpoint/PLR
and TE respectively
6.2. Node Protection
6.2.1. Node Protection - 2 hop primary (from PLR) and 1 hop backup TE
tunnels
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+--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+
| R1 | | R2 |PRI | R3 | PRI | R4 |
| UR/HE |----| HE/MID |----| MID |------| MP/TE |
| | | PLR | | | | |
+--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+
|BKP |
-----------------------------
Figure 6.
Traffic Num of Labels Num of labels
before failure after failure
IP TRAFFIC (P-P) 1 0
Layer3 VPN (PE-PE) 2 1
Layer3 VPN (PE-P) 3 2
Layer2 VC (PE-PE) 2 1
Layer2 VC (PE-P) 3 2
Mid-point LSPs 1 0
Note: Please note the following:
a) For P-P case, R2, R3 and R3 acts as P routers
b) For PE-PE case,R2 acts as PE and R4 acts as a remote PE
c) For PE-P case,R2 acts as a PE router, R4 acts as a P router and R5 acts as remote
PE router (Please refer to figure 1 for complete setup)
d) For Mid-point case, R1, R2, R3 and R4 act as shown in above figure HE, Midpoint/PLR
and TE respectively
6.2.2. Node Protection - 2 hop primary (from PLR) and 2 hop backup TE
tunnels
+--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+
| R1 | | R2 | | R3 | | R4 |
| UR/HE | | HE/MID |PRI | MID |PRI | MP/TE |
| |----| PLR |----| |----| |
+--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+
| |
BKP| +--------+ |
| | R6 | |
---------| BKP |---------
| MID |
+--------+
Figure 7.
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Traffic Num of Labels Num of labels
before failure after failure
IP TRAFFIC (P-P) 1 1
Layer3 VPN (PE-PE) 2 2
Layer3 VPN (PE-P) 3 3
Layer2 VC (PE-PE) 2 2
Layer2 VC (PE-P) 3 3
Mid-point LSPs 1 1
Note: Please note the following:
a) For P-P case, R2, R3 and R4 acts as P routers
b) For PE-PE case,R2 acts as PE and R4 acts as a remote PE
c) For PE-P case,R2 acts as a PE router, R4 acts as a P router and R5 acts as remote
PE router (Please refer to figure 1 for complete setup)
d) For Mid-point case, R1, R2, R3 and R4 act as shown in above figure HE, Midpoint/PLR
and TE respectively
6.2.3. Node Protection - 3+ hop primary (from PLR) and 1 hop backup TE
tunnels
+--------+ +--------+PRI+--------+PRI+--------+PRI+--------+
| R1 | | R2 | | R3 | | R4 | | R5 |
| UR/HE |--| HE/MID |---| MID |---| MP |---| TE |
| | | PLR | | | | | | |
+--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+
BKP| |
--------------------------
Figure 8.
Traffic Num of Labels Num of labels
before failure after failure
IP TRAFFIC (P-P) 1 1
Layer3 VPN (PE-PE) 2 2
Layer3 VPN (PE-P) 3 3
Layer2 VC (PE-PE) 2 2
Layer2 VC (PE-P) 3 3
Mid-point LSPs 1 1
Note: Please note the following:
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a) For P-P case, R2, R3, R4 and R5 acts as P routers
b) For PE-PE case,R2 acts as PE and R5 acts as a remote PE
c) For PE-P case,R2 acts as a PE router, R4 acts as a P router and R5 acts as remote
PE router (Please refer to figure 1 for complete setup)
d) For Mid-point case, R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 act as shown in above figure HE,
Midpoint/PLR and TE respectively
6.2.4. Node Protection - 3+ hop primary (from PLR) and 2 hop backup TE
tunnels
+--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+
| R1 | | R2 | | R3 | | R4 | | R5 |
| UR/HE | | HE/MID |PRI| MID |PRI| MP |PRI| TE |
| |-- | PLR |---| |---| |---| |
+--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+
BKP| |
| +--------+ |
| | R6 | |
---------| BKP |-------
| MID |
+--------+
Figure 9.
Traffic Num of Labels Num of labels
before failure after failure
IP TRAFFIC (P-P) 1 2
Layer3 VPN (PE-PE) 2 3
Layer3 VPN (PE-P) 3 4
Layer2 VC (PE-PE) 2 3
Layer2 VC (PE-P) 3 4
Mid-point LSPs 1 2
Note: Please note the following:
a) For P-P case, R2, R3, R4 and R5 acts as P routers
b) For PE-PE case,R2 acts as PE and R5 acts as a remote PE
c) For PE-P case,R2 acts as a PE router, R4 acts as a P router and R5 acts as remote
PE router (Please refer to figure 1 for complete setup)
d) For Mid-point case, R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 act as shown in above figure HE,
Midpoint/PLR and TE respectively
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7. Test Methodology
The procedure described in this section can be applied to all the 8
base test cases and the associated topologies. The backup as well as
the primary tunnels are configured to be alike in terms of bandwidth
usage. In order to benchmark failover with all possible label stack
depth applicable as seen with current deployments, it is RECOMMENDED
to perform all of the test cases provided in this section. The
forwarding performance test cases in section 7.1 MUST be performed
prior to performing the failover test cases.
The considerations of Section 4 of [RFC 2544] are applicable when
evaluating the results obtained using these methodologies as well.
7.1. MPLS FRR Forwarding Performance
Benchmarking Failover Time [RFC 6414] for MPLS protection first
requires baseline measurement of the forwarding performance of the
test topology including the DUT. Forwarding performance is
benchmarked by the Throughput as defined in [RFC 5695] and measured
in units pps. This section provides two test cases to benchmark
forwarding performance. These are with the DUT configured as a
Headend PLR, Mid-Point PLR, and Egress PLR.
7.1.1. Headend PLR Forwarding Performance
Objective:
To benchmark the maximum rate (pps) on the PLR (as headend) over
primary LSP and backup LSP.
Test Setup:
A. Select any one topology out of the 8 from section 6.
B. Select or enable IP, Layer 3 VPN or Layer 2 VPN services with
DUT as Headend PLR.
C. The DUT will also have 2 interfaces connected to the traffic
Generator/analyzer. (If the node downstream of the PLR is not
a simulated node, then the Ingress of the tunnel should have
one link connected to the traffic generator and the node
downstream to the PLR or the egress of the tunnel should have
a link connected to the traffic analyzer).
Procedure:
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1. Establish the primary LSP on R2 required by the topology
selected.
2. Establish the backup LSP on R2 required by the selected
topology.
3. Verify primary and backup LSPs are up and that primary is
protected.
4. Verify Fast Reroute protection is enabled and ready.
5. Setup traffic streams as described in section 5.7.
6. Send MPLS traffic over the primary LSP at the Throughput
supported by the DUT (section 6, RFC 2544).
7. Record the Throughput over the primary LSP.
8. Trigger a link failure as described in section 5.1.
9. Verify that the offered load gets mapped to the backup tunnel
and measure the Additive Backup Delay (RFC 6414).
10. 30 seconds after Failover, stop the offered load and measure
the Throughput, Packet Loss, Out-of-Order Packets, and
Duplicate Packets over the Backup LSP.
11. Adjust the offered load and repeat steps 6 through 10 until
the Throughput values for the primary and backup LSPs are
equal.
12. Record the final Throughput, which corresponds to the offered
load that will be used for the Headend PLR failover test
cases.
7.1.2. Mid-Point PLR Forwarding Performance
Objective:
To benchmark the maximum rate (pps) on the PLR (as mid-point) over
primary LSP and backup LSP.
Test Setup:
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A. Select any one topology out of the 8 from section 6.
B. The DUT will also have 2 interfaces connected to the traffic
generator.
Procedure:
1. Establish the primary LSP on R1 required by the topology
selected.
2. Establish the backup LSP on R2 required by the selected
topology.
3. Verify primary and backup LSPs are up and that primary is
protected.
4. Verify Fast Reroute protection is enabled and ready.
5. Setup traffic streams as described in section 5.7.
6. Send MPLS traffic over the primary LSP at the Throughput
supported by the DUT (section 6, RFC 2544).
7. Record the Throughput over the primary LSP.
8. Trigger a link failure as described in section 5.1.
9. Verify that the offered load gets mapped to the backup tunnel
and measure the Additive Backup Delay (RFC 6414).
10. 30 seconds after Failover, stop the offered load and measure
the Throughput, Packet Loss, Out-of-Order Packets, and
Duplicate Packets over the Backup LSP.
11. Adjust the offered load and repeat steps 6 through 10 until
the Throughput values for the primary and backup LSPs are
equal.
12. Record the final Throughput which corresponds to the offered
load that will be used for the Mid-Point PLR failover test
cases.
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7.2. Headend PLR with Link Failure
Objective:
To benchmark the MPLS failover time due to link failure events
described in section 5.1 experienced by the DUT which is the
Headend PLR.
Test Setup:
A. Select any one topology out of the 8 from section 6.
B. Select or enable IP, Layer 3 VPN or Layer 2 VPN services with
DUT as Headend PLR.
C. The DUT will also have 2 interfaces connected to the traffic
Generator/analyzer. (If the node downstream of the PLR is not
a simulated node, then the Ingress of the tunnel should have
one link connected to the traffic generator and the node
downstream to the PLR or the egress of the tunnel should have
a link connected to the traffic analyzer).
Test Configuration:
1. Configure the number of primaries on R2 and the backups on R2
as required by the topology selected.
2. Configure the test setup to support Reversion.
3. Advertise prefixes (as per FRR Scalability Table described in
Appendix A) by the tail end.
Procedure:
Test Case "7.1.1. Headend PLR Forwarding Performance" MUST be
completed first to obtain the Throughput to use as the offered
load.
1. Establish the primary LSP on R2 required by the topology
selected.
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2. Establish the backup LSP on R2 required by the selected
topology.
3. Verify primary and backup LSPs are up and that primary is
protected.
4. Verify Fast Reroute protection is enabled and ready.
5. Setup traffic streams for the offered load as described in
section 5.7.
6. Provide the offered load from the tester at the Throughput
[RFC 1242] level obtained from test case 7.1.1.
7. Verify traffic is switched over Primary LSP without packet
loss.
8. Trigger a link failure as described in section 5.1.
9. Verify that the offered load gets mapped to the backup tunnel
and measure the Additive Backup Delay.
10. 30 seconds after Failover [RFC 6414], stop the offered load
and measure the total Failover Packet Loss [RFC 6414].
11. Calculate the Failover Time [RFC 6414] benchmark using the
selected Failover Time Calculation Method (TBLM, PLBM, or
TBM) [RFC 6414].
12. Restart the offered load and restore the primary LSP to
verify Reversion [RFC 6414] occurs and measure the Reversion
Packet Loss [RFC 6414].
13. Calculate the Reversion Time [RFC 6414] benchmark using the
selected Failover Time Calculation Method (TBLM, PLBM, or
TBM) [RFC 6414].
14. Verify Headend signals new LSP and protection should be in
place again.
IT is RECOMMENDED that this procedure be repeated for each of the
link failure triggers defined in section 5.1.
7.3. Mid-Point PLR with Link Failure
Objective:
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To benchmark the MPLS failover time due to link failure events
described in section 5.1 experienced by the DUT which is the Mid-
Point PLR.
Test Setup:
A. Select any one topology out of the 8 from section 6.
B. The DUT will also have 2 interfaces connected to the traffic
generator.
Test Configuration:
1. Configure the number of primaries on R1 and the backups on R2
as required by the topology selected.
2. Configure the test setup to support Reversion.
3. Advertise prefixes (as per FRR Scalability Table described in
Appendix A) by the tail end.
Procedure:
Test Case "7.1.2. Mid-Point PLR Forwarding Performance" MUST be
completed first to obtain the Throughput to use as the offered
load.
1. Establish the primary LSP on R1 required by the topology
selected.
2. Establish the backup LSP on R2 required by the selected
topology.
3. Perform steps 3 through 14 from section 7.2 Headend PLR with
Link Failure.
IT is RECOMMENDED that this procedure be repeated for each of the
link failure triggers defined in section 5.1.
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7.4. Headend PLR with Node Failure
Objective:
To benchmark the MPLS failover time due to Node failure events
described in section 5.1 experienced by the DUT which is the
Headend PLR.
Test Setup:
A. Select any one topology out of the 8 from section 6.
B. Select or enable IP, Layer 3 VPN or Layer 2 VPN services with
DUT as Headend PLR.
C. The DUT will also have 2 interfaces connected to the traffic
generator/analyzer.
Test Configuration:
1. Configure the number of primaries on R2 and the backups on R2
as required by the topology selected.
2. Configure the test setup to support Reversion.
3. Advertise prefixes (as per FRR Scalability Table described in
Appendix A) by the tail end.
Procedure:
Test Case "7.1.1. Headend PLR Forwarding Performance" MUST be
completed first to obtain the Throughput to use as the offered
load.
1. Establish the primary LSP on R2 required by the topology
selected.
2. Establish the backup LSP on R2 required by the selected
topology.
3. Verify primary and backup LSPs are up and that primary is
protected.
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4. Verify Fast Reroute protection is enabled and ready.
5. Setup traffic streams for the offered load as described in
section 5.7.
6. Provide the offered load from the tester at the Throughput
[RFC 1242] level obtained from test case 7.1.1.
7. Verify traffic is switched over Primary LSP without packet
loss.
8. Trigger a node failure as described in section 5.1.
9. Perform steps 9 through 14 in 7.2 Headend PLR with Link
Failure.
IT is RECOMMENDED that this procedure be repeated for each of the
node failure triggers defined in section 5.1.
7.5. Mid-Point PLR with Node Failure
Objective:
To benchmark the MPLS failover time due to Node failure events
described in section 5.1 experienced by the DUT which is the Mid-
Point PLR.
Test Setup:
A. Select any one topology from section 6.1 to 6.2.
B. The DUT will also have 2 interfaces connected to the traffic
generator.
Test Configuration:
1. Configure the number of primaries on R1 and the backups on R2
as required by the topology selected.
2. Configure the test setup to support Reversion.
3. Advertise prefixes (as per FRR Scalability Table described in
Appendix A) by the tail end.
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Procedure:
Test Case "7.1.1. Mid-Point PLR Forwarding Performance" MUST be
completed first to obtain the Throughput to use as the offered
load.
1. Establish the primary LSP on R1 required by the topology
selected.
2. Establish the backup LSP on R2 required by the selected
topology.
3. Verify primary and backup LSPs are up and that primary is
protected.
4. Verify Fast Reroute protection is enabled and ready.
5. Setup traffic streams for the offered load as described in
section 5.7.
6. Provide the offered load from the tester at the Throughput
[RFC 1242] level obtained from test case 7.1.1.
7. Verify traffic is switched over Primary LSP without packet
loss.
8. Trigger a node failure as described in section 5.1.
9. Perform steps 9 through 14 in 7.2 Headend PLR with Link
Failure.
IT is RECOMMENDED that this procedure be repeated for each of the
node failure triggers defined in section 5.1.
8. Reporting Format
For each test, it is RECOMMENDED that the results be reported in the
following format.
Parameter Units
IGP used for the test ISIS-TE/ OSPF-TE
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Interface types Gige,POS,ATM,VLAN etc.
Packet Sizes offered to the DUT Bytes (at layer 3)
Offered Load (Throughput) packets per second
IGP routes advertised Number of IGP routes
Penultimate Hop Popping Used/Not Used
RSVP hello timers Milliseconds
Number of Protected tunnels Number of tunnels
Number of VPN routes installed Number of VPN routes
on the Headend
Number of VC tunnels Number of VC tunnels
Number of mid-point tunnels Number of tunnels
Number of Prefixes protected by Number of LSPs
Primary
Topology being used Section number, and
figure reference
Failover Event Event type
Re-optimization Yes/No
Benchmarks (to be recorded for each test case):
Failover-
Failover Time seconds
Failover Packet Loss packets
Additive Backup Delay seconds
Out-of-Order Packets packets
Duplicate Packets packets
Failover Time Calculation Method Method Used
Reversion-
Reversion Time seconds
Reversion Packet Loss packets
Additive Backup Delay seconds
Out-of-Order Packets packets
Duplicate Packets packets
Failover Time Calculation Method Method Used
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9. Security Considerations
Benchmarking activities as described in this memo are limited to
technology characterization using controlled stimuli in a laboratory
environment, with dedicated address space and the constraints
specified in the sections above.
The benchmarking network topology will be an independent test setup
and MUST NOT be connected to devices that may forward the test
traffic into a production network, or misroute traffic to the test
management network.
Further, benchmarking is performed on a "black-box" basis, relying
solely on measurements observable external to the DUT/SUT.
Special capabilities SHOULD NOT exist in the DUT/SUT specifically for
benchmarking purposes. Any implications for network security arising
from the DUT/SUT SHOULD be identical in the lab and in production
networks.
10. IANA Considerations
This draft does not require any new allocations by IANA.
11. Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Jean Philip Vasseur for his invaluable input
to the document, Curtis Villamizar for his contribution in suggesting
text on definition and need for benchmarking Correlated failures and
Bhavani Parise for his textual input and review. Additionally we
would like to thank Al Morton, Arun Gandhi, Amrit Hanspal, Karu
Ratnam, Raveesh Janardan, Andrey Kiselev, and Mohan Nanduri for their
formal reviews of this document.
12. References
12.1. Informative References
[RFC 2285] Mandeville, R., "Benchmarking Terminology for LAN
Switching Devices", RFC 2285, February 1998.
[RFC 4689] Poretsky, S., Perser, J., Erramilli, S., and S. Khurana,
"Terminology for Benchmarking Network-layer Traffic
Control Mechanisms", RFC 4689, October 2006.
[RFC 4202] Kompella, K., Rekhter, Y., "Routing Extensions in Support
of Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS)",
RFC 4202, October 2005.
12.2. Normative References
[RFC 1242] Bradner, S., "Benchmarking terminology for network
interconnection devices", RFC 1242, July 1991.
[RFC 2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
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[RFC 4090] Pan, P., Swallow, G., and A. Atlas, "Fast Reroute
Extensions to RSVP-TE for LSP Tunnels", RFC 4090,
May 2005.
[RFC 5695] Akhter, A., Asati, R., and C. Pignataro, "MPLS Forwarding
Benchmarking Methodology for IP Flows", RFC 5695,
November 2009.
[RFC 6414] Poretsky, S., Papneja, R., Karthik, J., and S. Vapiwala,
"Benchmarking Terminology for Protection Performance",
RFC 6414, November 2011.
[RFC 2544] Bradner, S. and J. McQuaid, "Benchmarking Methodology for
Network Interconnect Devices", RFC 2544, March 1999.
[RFC 6412] Poretsky, S., Imhoff, B., and K. Michielsen, "Terminology
for Benchmarking Link-State IGP Data-Plane Route
Convergence", RFC 6412, November 2011.
Appendix A. Fast Reroute Scalability Table
This section provides the recommended numbers for evaluating the
scalability of fast reroute implementations. It also recommends the
typical numbers for IGP/VPNv4 Prefixes, LSP Tunnels and VC entries.
Based on the features supported by the device under test (DUT),
appropriate scaling limits can be used for the test bed.
A1. FRR IGP Table
No. of Headend TE Tunnels IGP Prefixes
1 100
1 500
1 1000
1 2000
1 5000
2 (Load Balance) 100
2 (Load Balance) 500
2 (Load Balance) 1000
2 (Load Balance) 2000
2 (Load Balance) 5000
100 100
500 500
1000 1000
2000 2000
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A2. FRR VPN Table
No. of Headend TE Tunnels VPNv4 Prefixes
1 100
1 500
1 1000
1 2000
1 5000
1 10000
1 20000
1 Max
2 (Load Balance) 100
2 (Load Balance) 500
2 (Load Balance) 1000
2 (Load Balance) 2000
2 (Load Balance) 5000
2 (Load Balance) 10000
2 (Load Balance) 20000
2 (Load Balance) Max
A3. FRR Mid-Point LSP Table
No of Mid-point TE LSPs could be configured at recommended levels -
100, 500, 1000, 2000, or max supported number.
A2. FRR VC Table
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No. of Headend TE Tunnels VC entries
1 100
1 500
1 1000
1 2000
1 Max
100 100
500 500
1000 1000
2000 2000
Appendix B. Abbreviations
AIS - Alarm Indication Signal
BFD - Bidirectional Fault Detection
BGP - Border Gateway protocol
CE - Customer Edge
DUT - Device Under Test
FRR - Fast Reroute
IGP - Interior Gateway Protocol
IP - Internet Protocol
LOS - Loss of Signal
LSP - Label Switched Path
MP - Merge Point
MPLS - Multi Protocol Label Switching
N-Nhop - Next - Next Hop
Nhop - Next Hop
OIR - Online Insertion and Removal
P - Provider
PE - Provider Edge
PHP - Penultimate Hop Popping
PLR - Point of Local Repair
RSVP - Resource reSerVation Protocol
SRLG - Shared Risk Link Group
TA - Traffic Analyzer
TE - Traffic Engineering
TG - Traffic Generator
VC - Virtual Circuit
VPN - Virtual Private Network
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Authors' Addresses
Rajiv Papneja
Huawei Technologies
2330 Central Expressway
Santa Clara, CA 95050
USA
Email: rajiv.papneja@huawei.com
Samir Vapiwala
Cisco Systems
300 Beaver Brook Road
Boxborough, MA 01719
USA
Email: svapiwal@cisco.com
Jay Karthik
Cisco Systems
300 Beaver Brook Road
Boxborough, MA 01719
USA
Email: jkarthik@cisco.com
Scott Poretsky
Allot Communications
USA
Email: sporetsky@allot.com
Shankar Rao
Qwest Communications
950 17th Street
Suite 1900
Denver, CO 80210
USA
Email: shankar.rao@du.edu
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JL. Le Roux
France Telecom
2 av Pierre Marzin
22300 Lannion
France
Email: jeanlouis.leroux@orange.com
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