Internet DRAFT - draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-signaling-g709v3
draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-signaling-g709v3
Network Working Group Fatai Zhang, Ed.
Internet Draft Huawei
Updates: 4328 Guoying Zhang
Category: Standards Track CATR
Sergio Belotti
Alcatel-Lucent
D. Ceccarelli
Ericsson
Khuzema Pithewan
Infinera
Expires: March 13, 2014 September 13, 2013
Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling
Extensions for the evolving G.709 Optical Transport Networks Control
draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-signaling-g709v3-12.txt
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Abstract
ITU-T Recommendation G.709 [G709-2012] has introduced new Optical
channel Data Unit (ODU) containers (ODU0, ODU4, ODU2e and ODUflex)
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and enhanced Optical Transport Networking (OTN) flexibility.
This document updates the ODU-related portions of RFC4328 to provide
the extensions to the Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching
(GMPLS) signaling to control the full set of OTN features including
ODU0, ODU4, ODU2e and ODUflex.
Conventions used in this document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ................................................. 3
2. Terminology .................................................. 3
3. GMPLS Extensions for the Evolving G.709 - Overview ........... 3
4. Generalized Label Request .................................... 4
5. Extensions for Traffic Parameters for the Evolving G.709 ..... 6
5.1. Usage of ODUflex(CBR) Traffic Parameters ................ 8
5.2. Usage of ODUflex(GFP) Traffic Parameters ................ 10
5.3. Notification on Errors of OTN-TDM Traffic Parameters .... 10
6. Generalized Label ............................................ 11
6.1. OTN-TDM Switching Type Generalized Label ................ 11
6.2. Procedures .............................................. 14
6.2.1. Notification on Label Error ........................ 15
6.3. Supporting Virtual Concatenation and Multiplication ..... 16
6.4. Examples ................................................ 17
7. Supporting Hitless Adjustment of ODUflex (GFP) ............... 18
8. Operations, Administration and Maintenance (OAM) Considerations19
9. Control Plane Backward Compatibility Considerations........... 20
10. Security Considerations .................................... 20
11. IANA Considerations.......................................... 20
12. References .................................................. 22
12.1. Normative References ................................... 22
12.2. Informative References ................. ............... 23
13. Contributors ................................................ 24
14. Authors' Addresses .......................................... 26
15. Acknowledgment .............................................. 27
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1. Introduction
With the evolution and deployment of Optical Transport Network (OTN)
technology, it is necessary that appropriate enhanced control
technology support be provided for [G709-2012].
[OTN-FWK] provides a framework to allow the development of protocol
extensions to support GMPLS and Path Computation Element (PCE)
control of OTN as specified in [G709-2012]. Based on this framework,
[OTN-INFO] evaluates the information needed by the routing and
signaling process in OTNs to support GMPLS control of OTN.
[RFC4328] describes the control technology details that are specific
to the 2001 revision of the G.709 specification. This document
updates the ODU-related portions of [RFC4328] to provide Resource
ReserVation Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) extensions to
support of control for [G709-2012].
2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
3. GMPLS Extensions for the Evolving G.709 - Overview
New features for the evolving OTN, for example, new ODU0, ODU2e, ODU4
and ODUflex containers are specified in [G709-2012]. The
corresponding new Signal Types are summarized below:
- Optical Channel Transport Unit (OTUk):
. OTU4
- Optical Channel Data Unit (ODUk):
. ODU0
. ODU2e
. ODU4
. ODUflex
A new Tributary Slot granularity (i.e., 1.25Gbps) is also described
in [G709-2012]. Thus, there are now two Tributary Slot (TS)
granularities for the foundation OTN ODU1, ODU2 and ODU3 containers.
The TS granularity at 2.5Gbps is used on the legacy interfaces while
the new 1.25Gbps is used on the new interfaces.
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In addition to the support of ODUk mapping into OTUk (k = 1, 2, 3,
4), [G709-2012] encompasses the multiplexing of ODUj (j = 0, 1, 2,
2e, 3, flex) into an ODUk (k > j), as described in Section 3.1.2 of
[OTN-FWK].
Virtual Concatenation (VCAT) of Optical channel Payload Unit-k (OPUk)
(OPUk-Xv, k = 1/2/3, X = 1...256) is also supported by [G709-2012].
Note that VCAT of OPU0 / OPU2e / OPU4 / OPUflex is not supported per
[G709-2012].
[RFC4328] describes GMPLS signaling extensions to support the control
for the 2001 revision of the G.709 specification. However, [RFC4328]
does not provide the means to signal all the new Signal Types and
related mapping and multiplexing functionalities. Moreover, it
supports only the deprecated auto- Multiframe Structure Identifier
(MSI) mode which assumes that the Tributary Port Number (TPN) is
automatically assigned in the transmit direction and not checked in
the receive direction.
This document extends the G.709 Traffic Parameters described in
[RFC4328] and presents a new flexible and scalable OTN-TDM
Generalized Label format. Additionally, procedures about Tributary
Port Number assignment through control plane are also provided in
this document.
4. Generalized Label Request
The GENERALIZED_LABEL_REQUEST object, as described in [RFC3471],
carries the Label Switched Path (LSP) Encoding Type, the Switching
Type and the Generalized Protocol Identifier (G-PID).
[RFC4328] extends the GENERALIZED_LABEL_REQUEST object, introducing
two new code-points for the LSP Encoding Type (i.e., G.709 ODUk
(Digital Path) and G.709 Optical Channel) and adding a list of G-PID
values in order to accommodate the 2001 revision of the G.709
specification.
This document follows these extensions and a new Switching Type is
introduced to indicate the ODUk switching capability [G709-2012] in
order to support backward compatibility with [RFC4328], as described
in [OTN-FWK]. The new Switching Type (OTN-TDM Switching Type) is
defined in [OTN-OSPF].
This document also updates the G-PID values defined in [RFC4328]:
Value G-PID Type
----- ----------
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47 Type field updated from "G.709 ODUj" to "ODU-2.5G" to
indicate transport of Digital Paths (e.g., at 2.5, 10 and
40Gbps) via 2.5Gbps TS granularity.
56 Type field updated from "ESCON" to "SBCON/ESCON" to align
with [G709-2012] payload type 0x1A.
Note: Value 47 includes mapping of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
(SDH).
In the case of ODU multiplexing, the Lower Order ODU (LO ODU) (i.e.,
the client signal) may be multiplexed into Higher Order ODU (HO ODU)
via 1.25G TS granularity, 2.5G TS granularity or ODU-any defined
below. Since the G-PID type "ODUk" defined in [RFC4328] is only used
for 2.5Gbps TS granularity, two new G-PID types are defined as
follows:
- ODU-1.25G: Transport of Digital Paths at 1.25, 2.5, 10, 40 and 100
Gbps via 1.25Gbps TS granularity.
- ODU-any: Transport of Digital Paths at 1.25, 2.5, 10, 40 and 100
Gbps via 1.25 or 2.5Gbps TS granularity (i.e., the
fallback procedure is enabled and the default value of
1.25Gbps TS granularity can be fallen back to 2.5Gbps
if needed).
The full list of payload types defined in [G709-2012] and their
mapping to existing and new G-PID types are as follows:
G.709
Payload
Type G-PID Type/Comment LSP Encoding
==== ===== ===================== ===================
0x01 No standard value
0x02 49 CBRa G.709 ODUk
0x03 50 CBRb G.709 ODUk
0x04 32 ATM G.709 ODUk
0x05 59(TBA) Framed GFP G.709 ODUk
54 Ethernet MAC (framed GFP) G.709 ODUk
70(TBA) 64B/66B GFP-F Ethernet G.709 ODUk (k=2)
0x06 Not signaled
0x07 55 Ethernet PHY G.709 ODUk (k=0,3,4)
(transparent GFP)
0x08 58 Fiber Channel G.709 ODUk (k=2e)
0x09 59(TBA) Framed GFP G.709 ODUk (k=2)
70(TBA) 64B/66B GFP-F Ethernet G.709 ODUk (k=2)
0x0A 60(TBA) STM-1 G.709 ODUk (k=0)
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0x0B 61(TBA) STM-4 G.709 ODUk (k=0)
0x0C 58 Fiber Channel G.709 ODUk (k=0)
0x0D 58 Fiber Channel G.709 ODUk (k=1)
0x0E 58 Fiber Channel G.709 ODUflex
0x0F 58 Fiber Channel G.709 ODUflex
0x10 51 BSOT G.709 ODUk
0x11 52 BSNT G.709 ODUk
0x12 62(TBA) InfiniBand G.709 ODUflex
0x13 62(TBA) InfiniBand G.709 ODUflex
0x14 62(TBA) InfiniBand G.709 ODUflex
0x15 63(TBA) Serial Digital Interface G.709 ODUk (k=0)
0x16 64(TBA) Serial Digital G.709 ODUk (k=1)
Interface/1.001
0x17 63(TBA) Serial Digital Interface G.709 ODUk (k=1)
0x18 64(TBA) Serial Digital G.709 ODUflex
Interface/1.001
0x19 63(TBA) Serial Digital Interface G.709 ODUflex
0x1A 56 SBCON/ESCON G.709 ODUk (k=0)
(IANA to update Type field)
0x1B 65(TBA) DVB_ASI G.709 ODUk (k=0)
0x1C 58 Fiber Channel G.709 ODUk
0x20 47 G.709 ODU-2.5G G.709 ODUk (k=2,3)
(IANA to update Type field)
66(TBA) G.709 ODU-1.25G G.709 ODUk (k=1)
0x21 66(TBA) G.709 ODU-1.25G G.709 ODUk (k=2,3,4)
67(TBA) G.709 ODU-Any G.709 ODUk (k=2,3)
0x55 No standard value
0x66 No standard value
0x80-0x8F No standard value
0xFD 68(TBA) Null Test G.709 ODUk
0xFE 69(TBA) Random Test G.709 ODUk
0xFF No standard value
Note: Values 59 and 70 include mapping of SDH.
Note that the mapping types for ODUj into OPUk are unambiguously per
Table 7-10 of [G709-2012], so it does not need to carry mapping type
information in the signaling.
Note also that additional information on G.709 client mapping can be
found in [G7041].
5. Extensions for Traffic Parameters for the Evolving G.709
The Traffic Parameters for OTN-TDM capable Switching Type are carried
in the OTN-TDM SENDER_TSPEC object in the Path message and the OTN-
TDM FLOWSPEC object in the Resv message. The objects have the
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following class and type:
- OTN-TDM SENDER_TSPEC object: Class = 12, C-Type = 7 (TBA)
- OTN-TDM FLOWSPEC object: Class = 9, C-Type = 7 (TBA)
The format of Traffic Parameters in these two objects is defined as
follows:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Signal Type | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| NVC | Multiplier (MT) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Bit_Rate |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Signal Type: 8 bits
As defined in [RFC4328] Section 3.2.1, with the following
additional values:
Value Type
----- ----
4 ODU4 (i.e., 100Gbps)
9 OCh at 100Gbps
10 ODU0 (i.e., 1.25Gbps)
11 ODU2e (i.e., 10Gbps for FC1200 and GE LAN)
12~19 Reserved (for future use)
20 ODUflex(CBR) (i.e., 1.25*N Gbps)
21 ODUflex(Generic Framing Procedure-Framed (GFP-F)),
resizable (i.e., 1.25*N Gbps)
22 ODUflex(GFP-F), non resizable (i.e., 1.25*N Gbps)
23~255 Reserved (for future use)
NVC (Number of Virtual Components): 16 bits
As defined in [RFC4328] Section 3.2.3. This field MUST be set to
0 for ODUflex Signal Types.
Multiplier (MT): 16 bits
As defined in [RFC4328] Section 3.2.4. This field MUST be set to
1 for ODUflex Signal Types.
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Bit_Rate: 32 bits
In case of ODUflex including ODUflex(CBR) and ODUflex(GFP) Signal
Types, this field indicates the nominal bit rate of ODUflex
expressed in bytes per second, encoded as a 32-bit IEEE single-
precision floating-point number (referring to [RFC4506] and
[IEEE]). For other Signal Types, this field MUST be set to zero
on transmission and MUST be ignored on receipt and SHOULD be
passed unmodified by transit nodes.
5.1. Usage of ODUflex(CBR) Traffic Parameters
In case of ODUflex(CBR), the information of Bit_Rate carried in the
ODUflex Traffic Parameters MUST be used to determine the actual
bandwidth of ODUflex(CBR) (i.e., Bit_Rate * (1 +/- Tolerance)).
Therefore the total number of tributary slots N in the HO ODUk link
can be reserved correctly. Where:
N = Ceiling of
ODUflex(CBR) nominal bit rate * (1 + ODUflex(CBR) bit rate tolerance)
---------------------------------------------------------------------
ODTUk.ts nominal bit rate * (1 - HO OPUk bit rate tolerance)
In this formula, the ODUflex(CBR) nominal bit rate is the bit rate of
the ODUflex(CBR) on the line side, i.e., the client signal bit rate
after applying the 239/238 factor (according to Clause 7.3, Table 7-2
of [G709-2012]) and the transcoding factor T (if needed) on the CBR
client. According to clauses 17.7.3, 17.7.4 and 17.7.5 of [G709-
2012]:
ODUflex(CBR) nominal bit rate = CBR client bit rate * (239/238) / T
The ODTUk.ts (Optical channel Data Tributary Unit k with ts tributary
slots) nominal bit rate is the nominal bit rate of the tributary slot
of ODUk, as shown in Table 1 (referring to Table 7-7 of [G709-2012]).
Table 1 - Actual TS bit rate of ODUk (in Kbps)
ODUk.ts Minimum Nominal Maximum
-----------------------------------------------------------
ODU2.ts 1,249,384.632 1,249,409.620 1,249,434.608
ODU3.ts 1,254,678.635 1,254,703.729 1,254,728.823
ODU4.ts 1,301,683.217 1,301,709.251 1,301,735.285
Note that:
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Minimum bit rate of ODUTk.ts =
ODTUk.ts nominal bit rate * (1 - HO OPUk bit rate tolerance)
Maximum bit rate of ODTUk.ts =
ODTUk.ts nominal bit rate * (1 + HO OPUk bit rate tolerance)
Where: HO OPUk bit rate tolerance = 20ppm (parts per million)
Note that the bit rate tolerance is implicit in Signal Type and the
ODUflex(CBR) bit rate tolerance is fixed and it is equal to 100ppm as
described in Table 7-2 of [G709-2012].
Therefore, a node receiving a Path message containing ODUflex(CBR)
nominal bit rate can allocate precise number of tributary slots and
set up the cross-connection for the ODUflex service.
Note that for different ODUk, the bit rates of the tributary slots
are different, and so the total number of tributary slots to be
reserved for the ODUflex(CBR) may not be the same on different HO
ODUk links.
An example is given below to illustrate the usage of ODUflex(CBR)
Traffic Parameters.
+-----+ +---------+ +-----+
| +-------------+ +-----+ +-------------+ |
| +=============+\| ODU |/+=============+ |
| +=============+/| flex+-+=============+ |
| +-------------+ | |\+=============+ |
| +-------------+ +-----+ +-------------+ |
| | | | | |
| | ....... | | ....... | |
| A +-------------+ B +-------------+ C |
+-----+ HO ODU4 +---------+ HO ODU2 +-----+
=========: TSs occupied by ODUflex
---------: available TSs
Figure 1 - Example of ODUflex(CBR) Traffic Parameters
As shown in Figure 1, assume there is an ODUflex(CBR) service
requesting a bandwidth of 2.5Gbps from node A to node C.
In other words, the ODUflex Traffic Parameters indicate that Signal
Type is 20 (ODUflex(CBR)), Bit_Rate is 2.5Gbps (Note that the
tolerance is not signaled as explained above).
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- On the HO ODU4 link between node A and B:
The maximum bit rate of the ODUflex(CBR) equals 2.5Gbps * (1 +
100ppm), and the minimum bit rate of the tributary slot of ODU4
equals 1,301,683.217 Kbps, so the total number of tributary slots
N1 to be reserved on this link is:
N1 = ceiling (2.5Gbps * (1 + 100ppm) / 1,301,683.217 Kbps) = 2
- On the HO ODU2 link between node B and C:
The maximum bit rate of the ODUflex equals 2.5Gbps * (1 +
100ppm), and the minimum bit rate of the tributary slot of ODU2
equals 1,249,384.632 Kbps, so the total number of tributary slots
N2 to be reserved on this link is:
N2 = ceiling (2.5Gbps * (1 + 100ppm) / 1,249,384.632 Kbps) = 3
5.2. Usage of ODUflex(GFP) Traffic Parameters
[G709-2012] recommends that the ODUflex(GFP) will fill an integral
number of tributary slots of the smallest HO ODUk path over which the
ODUflex(GFP) may be carried, as shown in Table 2.
Table 2 - Recommended ODUflex(GFP) bit rates and tolerance
ODU type | Nominal bit-rate | Tolerance
---------------------------------+------------------+-----------
ODUflex(GFP) of n TSs, 1<=n<=8 | n * ODU2.ts | +/-100 ppm
ODUflex(GFP) of n TSs, 9<=n<=32 | n * ODU3.ts | +/-100 ppm
ODUflex(GFP) of n TSs, 33<=n<=80 | n * ODU4.ts | +/-100 ppm
According to this table, the Bit_Rate field for ODUflex(GFP) MUST be
equal to one of the 80 values listed below:
1 * ODU2.ts; 2 * ODU2.ts; ...; 8 * ODU2.ts;
9 * ODU3.ts; 10 * ODU3.ts, ...; 32 * ODU3.ts;
33 * ODU4.ts; 34 * ODU4.ts; ...; 80 * ODU4.ts.
In this way, the number of required tributary slots for the
ODUflex(GFP) (i.e., the value of "n" in Table 2) can be deduced from
the Bit_Rate field.
5.3. Notification on Errors of OTN-TDM Traffic Parameters
There is no Adspec associated with the OTN-TDM SENDER_TSPEC object.
Either the Adspec is omitted or an Int-serv Adspec with the Default
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General Characterization Parameters and Guaranteed Service fragment
is used, see [RFC2210].
For a particular sender in a session, the contents of the OTN-TDM
FLOWSPEC object received in a Resv message SHOULD be identical to the
contents of the OTN-TDM SENDER_TSPEC object received in the
corresponding Path message. If the objects do not match, a ResvErr
message with a "Traffic Control Error/Bad Flowspec value" error MUST
be generated.
Intermediate and egress nodes MUST verify that the node itself, and
the interfaces on which the LSP will be established, can support the
requested Signal Type, NVC and Bit_Rate values. If the requested
value(s) cannot be supported, the receiver node MUST generate a
PathErr message with a "Traffic Control Error/Service unsupported"
indication (see [RFC2205]).
In addition, if the MT field is received with a zero value, the node
MUST generate a PathErr message with a "Traffic Control Error/Bad
Tspec value" indication (see [RFC2205]).
Further, if the Signal Type is not ODU1, ODU2 or ODU3, and the NVC
field is not 0, the node MUST generate a PathErr message with a
"Traffic Control Error/Bad Tspec value" indication (see [RFC2205]).
6. Generalized Label
This section defines the format of the OTN-TDM Generalized Label.
6.1. OTN-TDM Switching Type Generalized Label
The following is the GENERALIZED_LABEL object format for that MUST be
used with the OTN-TDM Switching Type:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| TPN | Reserved | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
~ Bit Map ...... ~
~ ...... | Padding Bits ~
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The OTN-TDM GENERALIZED_LABEL object is used to indicate how the LO
ODUj signal is multiplexed into the HO ODUk link. Note that the LO
OUDj signal type is indicated by Traffic Parameters, while the type
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of HO ODUk link is identified by the selected interface carried in
the IF_ID RSVP_HOP object.
TPN (12 bits): indicates the TPN for the assigned Tributary Slot(s).
- In case of LO ODUj multiplexed into HO ODU1/ODU2/ODU3, only the
lower 6 bits of TPN field are significant and the other bits of
TPN MUST be set to 0.
- In case of LO ODUj multiplexed into HO ODU4, only the lower 7
bits of TPN field are significant and the other bits of TPN
MUST be set to 0.
- In case of ODUj mapped into OTUk (j=k), the TPN is not needed
and this field MUST be set to 0.
Per [G709-2012], The TPN is used to allow for correct demultiplexing
in the data plane. When an LO ODUj is multiplexed into HO ODUk
occupying one or more TSs, a new TPN value is configured at the two
ends of the HO ODUk link and is put into the related MSI byte(s) in
the OPUk overhead at the (traffic) ingress end of the link, so that
the other end of the link can learn which TS(s) is/are used by the LO
ODUj in the data plane.
According to [G709-2012], the TPN field MUST be set as according to
the following tables:
Table 3 - TPN Assignment Rules (2.5Gbps TS granularity)
+-------+-------+----+----------------------------------------------+
|HO ODUk|LO ODUj|TPN | TPN Assignment Rules |
+-------+-------+----+----------------------------------------------+
| ODU2 | ODU1 |1~4 |Fixed, = TS# occupied by ODU1 |
+-------+-------+----+----------------------------------------------+
| | ODU1 |1~16|Fixed, = TS# occupied by ODU1 |
| ODU3 +-------+----+----------------------------------------------+
| | ODU2 |1~4 |Flexible, != other existing LO ODU2s' TPNs |
+-------+-------+----+----------------------------------------------+
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Table 4 - TPN Assignment Rules (1.25Gbps TS granularity)
+-------+-------+----+----------------------------------------------+
|HO ODUk|LO ODUj|TPN | TPN Assignment Rules |
+-------+-------+----+----------------------------------------------+
| ODU1 | ODU0 |1~2 |Fixed, = TS# occupied by ODU0 |
+-------+-------+----+----------------------------------------------+
| | ODU1 |1~4 |Flexible, != other existing LO ODU1s' TPNs |
| ODU2 +-------+----+----------------------------------------------+
| |ODU0 & |1~8 |Flexible, != other existing LO ODU0s and |
| |ODUflex| |ODUflexes' TPNs |
+-------+-------+----+----------------------------------------------+
| | ODU1 |1~16|Flexible, != other existing LO ODU1s' TPNs |
| +-------+----+----------------------------------------------+
| | ODU2 |1~4 |Flexible, != other existing LO ODU2s' TPNs |
| ODU3 +-------+----+----------------------------------------------+
| |ODU0 & | |Flexible, != other existing LO ODU0s and |
| |ODU2e &|1~32|ODU2es and ODUflexes' TPNs |
| |ODUflex| | |
+-------+-------+----+----------------------------------------------+
| ODU4 |Any ODU|1~80|Flexible, != ANY other existing LO ODUs' TPNs |
+-------+-------+----+----------------------------------------------+
Note that in the case of "Flexible", the value of TPN MAY not be
corresponding to the TS number as per [G709-2012].
Length (12 bits): indicates the number of bits of the Bit Map field,
i.e., the total number of TS in the HO ODUk link. The TS granularity,
1.25Gbps or 2.5Gbps, may be derived by dividing the HO ODUk link's
rate by the value of the Length field. In the context of [G709-2012],
the values of 4 and 16 indicate a TS granularity of 2.5Gbps, and the
values 2, 8, 32 and 80 indicate a TS granularity of 1.25Gbps.
In case of an ODUk mapped into OTUk, there is no need to indicate
which tributary slots will be used, so the length field MUST be set
to 0.
Bit Map (variable): indicates which tributary slots in HO ODUk that
the LO ODUj will be multiplexed into. The sequence of the Bit Map is
consistent with the sequence of the tributary slots in HO ODUk. Each
bit in the bit map represents the corresponding tributary slot in HO
ODUk with a value of 1 or 0 indicating whether the tributary slot
will be used by LO ODUj or not.
Padding bits are added after the Bit Map to make the whole label a
multiple of four bytes if necessary. Padding bits MUST be set to 0
and MUST be ignored on receipt.
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6.2. Procedures
The ingress node MUST generate a Path message and specify the OTN-TDM
Switching Type and corresponding G-PID in the
GENERALIZED_LABEL_REQUEST object, which MUST be processed as defined
in [RFC3473].
The ingress node of an LSP MAY include Label ERO (Explicit Route
Object) subobject to indicate the label in each hops along the path.
Note that the TPN in the Label ERO subobject need not be assigned by
the ingress node. When the TPN is assigned by a node, the node MUST
assign a valid TPN value and then put this value into TPN field of
the GENERALIZED_LABEL object when receiving a Path message.
In order to create bidirectional LSP, the ingress node and upstream
node MUST generate an UPSTREAM_LABEL Object on the outgoing interface
to indicate the reserved TSs of ODUk and the assigned TPN value in
the upstream direction. This UPSTREAM_LABEL object is sent to the
downstream node via Path massage for upstream resource reservation.
The ingress node or upstream node MAY generate LABEL_SET object to
indicate which labels on the outgoing interface in the downstream
direction are acceptable. The downstream node will restrict its
choice of labels, i.e., TS resource and TPN value, to one which is in
the LABEL_SET object.
The ingress node or upstream node MAY also generate SUGGESTED_LABEL
object to indicate the preference of TS resource and TPN value on the
outgoing interface in the downstream direction. The downstream node
is not required to use the suggested labels and may use another label
based on local decision and send it to the upstream node, as
described in [RFC3473].
When an upstream node receives a Resv message containing a
GENERALIZED_LABEL object with an OTN-TDM label, it MUST firstly
identify which ODU Signal Type is multiplexed or mapped into which
ODU Signal Type according to the Traffic Parameters and the IF_ID
RSVP_HOP object in the received message.
- In case of ODUj to ODUk multiplexing, the node MUST retrieve the
reserved tributary slots in the ODUk by its downstream neighbor
node according to the position of the bits that are set to 1 in
the Bit Map field. The node determines the TS granularity
(according to the total TS number of the ODUk, or pre-configured
TS granularity), so that the node can multiplex the ODUj into the
ODUk based on the TS granularity. The node MUST also retrieve the
TPN value assigned by its downstream neighbor node from the label,
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and fill the TPN into the related MSI byte(s) in the OPUk overhead
in the data plane, so that the downstream neighbor node can check
whether the TPN received from the data plane is consistent with
the ExMSI and determine whether there is any mismatch defect.
- In case of ODUk to OTUk mapping, the size of Bit Map field MUST be
0 and no additional procedure is needed.
When a downstream node or egress node receives a Path message
containing GENERALIZED_LABEL_REQUEST object for setting up an ODUj
LSP from its upstream neighbor node, the node MUST generate an OTN-
TDM label according to the Signal Type of the requested LSP and the
available resources (i.e., available tributary slots of ODUk) that
will be reserved for the LSP, and send the label to its upstream
neighbor node.
- In case of ODUj to ODUk multiplexing, the node MUST firstly
determine the size of the Bit Map field according to the Signal
Type and the tributary slot type of ODUk, and then set the bits to
1 in the Bit Map field corresponding to the reserved tributary
slots. The node MUST also assign a valid TPN, which MUST NOT
collide with other TPN value used by existing LO ODU connections
in the selected HO ODU link, and configure the Expected MSI
(ExMSI) using this TPN. Then, the assigned TPN MUST be filled into
the label.
- In case of ODUk to OTUk mapping, TPN field MUST be set to 0. Bit
Map information is not REQUIRED and MUST NOT be included, so
Length field MUST be set to 0 as well.
6.2.1. Notification on Label Error
When an upstream node receives a Resv message containing a
GENERALIZED_LABEL object with an OTN-TDM label, the node MUST verify
if the label is acceptable. If the label is not acceptable, the node
MUST generate a ResvErr message with a "Routing problem/Unacceptable
label value" indication. Per [RFC3473], the generated ResvErr
message MAY include an ACCEPTABLE_LABEL_SET object. With the
exception of label semantics, downstream node processing a received
ResvErr message and of ACCEPTABLE_LABEL_SET object is not modified by
this document.
Similarly, when a downstream node receives a Path message containing
an UPSTREAM_LABEL object with an OTN-TDM label, the node MUST verify
if the label is acceptable. If the label is not acceptable, the node
MUST generate a PathErr message with a "Routing problem/Unacceptable
label value" indication. Per [RFC3473], the generated PathErr message
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MAY include an ACCEPTABLE_LABEL_SET object. With the exception of
label semantics, the upstream nodes processing received a PathErr
message and of ACCEPTABLE_LABEL_SET object is not modified by this
document.
A received label SHALL be considered unacceptable when one of the
following cases occurs:
- The received label doesn't conform to local policy;
- Invalid value in the length field;
- The selected link only supports 2.5Gbps TS granularity while the
Length field in the label along with ODUk Signal Type indicates
the 1.25Gbps TS granularity;
- The label includes an invalid TPN value that breaks the TPN
assignment rules;
- The indicated resources (i.e., the number of "1" in the Bit Map
field) are inconsistent with the Traffic Parameters.
6.3. Supporting Virtual Concatenation and Multiplication
Per [RFC6344], the Virtual Concatenation Groups (VCGs) can be created
using Co-Signaled style or Multiple LSPs style.
In case of Co-Signaled style, the explicit ordered list of all labels
MUST reflect the order of VCG members, which is similar to [RFC4328].
In case of multiplexed virtually concatenated signals (NVC > 1), the
first label MUST indicate the components of the first virtually
concatenated signal; the second label MUST indicate the components of
the second virtually concatenated signal; and so on. In case of
multiplication of multiplexed virtually concatenated signals (MT >
1), the first label MUST indicate the components of the first
multiplexed virtually concatenated signal; the second label MUST
indicate components of the second multiplexed virtually concatenated
signal; and so on.
Support for Virtual Concatenation of ODU1, ODU2 and ODU3 Signal
Types, as defined by [RFC6344], is not modified by this document.
Virtual Concatenation of other Signal Types is not supported by
[G709-2012].
Multiplier (MT) usage is as defined in [RFC6344] and [RFC4328].
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6.4. Examples
The following examples are given in order to illustrate the label
format described in Section 6.1 of this document.
(1) ODUk into OTUk mapping:
In such conditions, the downstream node along an LSP returns a label
indicating that the ODUk (k=1, 2, 3, 4) is directly mapped into the
corresponding OTUk. The following example label indicates an ODU1
mapped into OTU1.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| TPN = 0 | Reserved | Length = 0 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
(2) ODUj into ODUk multiplexing:
In such conditions, this label indicates that an ODUj is multiplexed
into several tributary slots of OPUk and then mapped into OTUk. Some
instances are shown as follow:
- ODU0 into ODU2 Multiplexing:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| TPN = 2 | Reserved | Length = 8 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0| Padding Bits (0) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
This above label indicates an ODU0 multiplexed into the second
tributary slot of ODU2, wherein there are 8 TSs in ODU2 (i.e., the
type of the tributary slot is 1.25Gbps), and the TPN value is 2.
- ODU1 into ODU2 Multiplexing with 1.25Gbps TS granularity:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| TPN = 1 | Reserved | Length = 8 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0| Padding Bits (0) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
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This above label indicates an ODU1 multiplexed into the 2nd and the
4th tributary slot of ODU2, wherein there are 8 TSs in ODU2 (i.e.,
the type of the tributary slot is 1.25Gbps), and the TPN value is 1.
- ODU2 into ODU3 Multiplexing with 2.5Gbps TS granularity:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| TPN = 1 | Reserved | Length = 16 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0| Padding Bits (0) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
This above label indicates an ODU2 multiplexed into the 2nd, 3rd, 5th
and 7th tributary slot of ODU3, wherein there are 16 TSs in ODU3
(i.e., the type of the tributary slot is 2.5Gbps), and the TPN value
is 1.
7. Supporting Hitless Adjustment of ODUflex (GFP)
[G7044] describes the procedure of ODUflex (GFP) hitless resizing
using Link Connection Resize (LCR) and Bandwidth Resize (BWR)
protocols in OTN data plane.
For the control plane, signaling messages are REQUIRED to initiate
the adjustment procedure. Section 2.5 and Section 4.6.4 of [RFC3209]
describe how the Shared Explicit (SE) style is used in Traffic
Engineering (TE) network for bandwidth increasing and decreasing,
which is still applicable for triggering the ODUflex (GFP) adjustment
procedure in data plane.
Note that the SE style MUST be used at the beginning when creating a
resizable ODUflex connection (Signal Type = 21). Otherwise an error
with Error Code "Conflicting reservation style" MUST be generated
when performing bandwidth adjustment.
- Bandwidth increasing
For the ingress node, in order to increase the bandwidth of an
ODUflex (GFP) connection, a Path message with SE style (keeping
Tunnel ID unchanged and assigning a new LSP ID) MUST be sent
along the path.
The ingress node will trigger the BWR protocol when successful
completion of LCR protocols on every hop after Resv message is
processed. On success of BWR, the ingress node SHOULD send a
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PathTear message to delete the old control state (i.e., the
control state of the ODUflex (GFP) before resizing) on the
control plane.
A downstream node receiving Path message with SE style compares
the old Traffic Parameters (stored locally) with the new one
carried in the Path message, to determine the number of TS to be
added. After choosing and reserving new available TS(s), the
downstream node MUST send back a Resv message carrying both the
old and new GENERALIZED_LABEL objects in the SE flow descriptor.
An upstream neighbor receiving Resv message with SE flow
descriptor MUST determine which TS(s) is/are added and trigger
the LCR protocol between itself and its downstream neighbor node.
- Bandwidth decreasing
For the ingress node, a Path message with SE style SHOULD also be
sent for ODUflex bandwidth decreasing.
The ingress node will trigger the BWR protocol when successful
completion of LCR handshake on every hop after Resv message is
processed. On success of BWR, the second step of LCR, i.e., link
connection decrease procedure will be started on every hop of the
connection. After completion of bandwidth decreasing, the ingress
node SHOULD send a ResvErr message to tear down the old control
state.
A downstream node receiving Path message with SE style compares
the old Traffic Parameters with the new one carried in the Path
message to determine the number of TS to be decreased. After
choosing TSs to be decreased, the downstream node MUST send back
a Resv message carrying both the old and new GENERALIZED_LABEL
objects in the SE flow descriptor.
An upstream neighbor receiving Resv message with SE flow
descriptor MUST determine which TS(s) is/are decreased and
trigger the first step of LCR protocol (i.e., LCR handshake)
between itself and its downstream neighbor node.
8. Operations, Administration and Maintenance (OAM) Considerations
Regarding OTN OAM configuration, it could be done through either
Network Management Systems (NMS) or GMPLS control plane as defined in
[TDM-OAM]. [RFC4783] SHOULD be used for communication of alarm
information in GMPLS based OTN.
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Management Information Base (MIB) may need be extended to read new
information (e.g, OTN-TDM Generalized Label, OTN-TDM SENDER_TSPEC/
FLOWSPEC) from the OTN devices. This is out of scope of this
document.
More information about the management aspects for GMPLS based OTN
refer to Section 5.7 of [OTN-FWK].
9. Control Plane Backward Compatibility Considerations
As described in [OTN-FWK], since the [RFC4328] has been deployed in
the network for the nodes that support the 2001 revision of the G.709
specification, control plane backward compatibility SHOULD be taken
into consideration. More specifically:
o Nodes supporting this document SHOULD support [OTN-OSPF].
o Nodes supporting this document MAY support [RFC4328] signaling.
o A node supporting both sets of procedures (i.e., [RFC4328] and
this document) is not REQUIRED to signal an LSP using both
procedures, i.e., to act as a signaling version translator.
o Ingress nodes that support both sets of procedures MAY select
which set of procedures to follow based on routing information or
local policy.
o Per [RFC3473], nodes that do not support this document will
generate a PathErr message, with a "Routing problem/Switching
Type" indication.
10. Security Considerations
This document is a modification to [RFC3473] and [RFC4328], and only
differs in specific information communicated. As such, this document
introduces no new security considerations to the existing GMPLS
signaling protocols. Referring to [RFC3473] and [RFC4328], further
details of the specific security measures are provided. Additionally,
[RFC5920] provides an overview of security vulnerabilities and
protection mechanisms for the GMPLS control plane.
11. IANA Considerations
Upon approval of this document, IANA will make the following
assignments in the "Class Types or C-Types 9 FLOWSPEC" and "Class
Types or C-Types 12 SENDER_TSPEC" section of the "RSVP Parameters"
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registry located at http://www.iana.org/assignments/rsvp-
parameters/rsvp-parameters.xml.
Value Description Reference
7(*) OTN-TDM [This.I-D]
(*) Suggested value
IANA maintains the "Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching
(GMPLS) Signaling Parameters" registry (see
http://www.iana.org/assignments/gmpls-sig-parameters). "Generalized
PIDs (G-PID)" subregistry is included in this registry, which will be
extended and updated by this document as below.
The new G-PIDs should be shown in the TC MIB managed by IANA at
https://www.iana.org/assignments/ianagmplstc-mib/ianagmplstc-
mib.xhtml.
Value Type Technology Reference
===== ====================== ==========
47 G.709 ODU-2.5G G.709 ODUk [RFC4328]
(IANA to update Type field) [This.I-D]
56 SBCON/ESCON G.709 ODUk, [RFC4328]
(IANA to update Type field) Lambda, Fiber [This.I-D]
59* Framed GFP G.709 ODUk [This.I-D]
60* STM-1 G.709 ODUk [This.I-D]
61* STM-4 G.709 ODUk [This.I-D]
62* InfiniBand G.709 ODUflex [This.I-D]
63* SDI (Serial Digital Interface) G.709 ODUk [This.I-D]
64* SDI/1.001 G.709 ODUk [This.I-D]
65* DVB_ASI G.709 ODUk [This.I-D]
66* G.709 ODU-1.25G G.709 ODUk [This.I-D]
67* G.709 ODU-Any G.709 ODUk [This.I-D]
68* Null Test G.709 ODUk [This.I-D]
69* Random Test G.709 ODUk [This.I-D]
70* 64B/66B GFP-F Ethernet G.709 ODUk [This.I-D]
(*) Suggested value
Upon approval of this document, IANA will define an "OTN Signal Type"
subregistry to the "Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching
(GMPLS) Signaling Parameters":
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Value Signal Type Reference
----- ----------- ---------
0 Not significant [RFC4328]
1 ODU1 (i.e., 2.5Gbps) [RFC4328]
2 ODU2 (i.e., 10Gbps) [RFC4328]
3 ODU3 (i.e., 40Gbps) [RFC4328]
4 ODU4 (i.e., 100Gbps) [this document]
5 Reserved (for future use) [RFC4328]
6 Och at 2.5Gbps [RFC4328]
7 OCh at 10Gbps [RFC4328]
8 OCh at 40Gbps [RFC4328]
9 OCh at 100Gbps [this document]
10 ODU0 (i.e., 1.25Gbps) [this document]
11 ODU2e (i.e., 10Gbps for FC1200 [this document]
and GE LAN)
12~19 Reserved (for future use) [this document]
20 ODUflex(CBR) (i.e., 1.25*N Gbps) [this document]
21 ODUflex(GFP-F), resizable [this document]
(i.e., 1.25*N Gbps)
22 ODUflex(GFP-F), non resizable [this document]
(i.e., 1.25*N Gbps)
23~255 Reserved (for future use) [this document]
New values are to be assigned via Standards Action as defined in
[RFC5226].
12. References
12.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2205] Braden, R., Zhang, L., Berson, S., Herzog, S., and S.
Jamin, "Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) -- Version 1
Functional Specification", RFC 2205, September 1997.
[RFC2210] Wroclawski, J., "The Use of RSVP with IETF Integrated
Services", RFC 2210, September 1997.
[RFC3209] D. Awduche et al, "RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP
Tunnels", RFC3209, December 2001.
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[RFC3471] Berger, L., Editor, "Generalized Multi-Protocol Label
Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Functional Description", RFC
3471, January 2003.
[RFC3473] L. Berger, Ed., "Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching
(GMPLS) Signaling Resource ReserVation Protocol-Traffic
Engineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions", RFC 3473, January 2003.
[RFC4328] D. Papadimitriou, Ed. "Generalized Multi-Protocol Label
Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Extensions for G.709 Optical
Transport Networks Control", RFC 4328, Jan 2006.
[RFC4506] M. Eisler, Ed., "XDR: External Data Representation
Standard", RFC 4506, May 2006.
[RFC4783] L. Berger, Ed., "GMPLS - Communication of Alarm
Information", RFC 4783, December 2006.
[RFC6344] G. Bernstein et al, "Operating Virtual Concatenation (VCAT)
and the Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS) with
Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS)",
RFC6344, August 2011.
[OTN-OSPF] D. Ceccarelli et al, "Traffic Engineering Extensions to
OSPF for Generalized MPLS (GMPLS) Control of Evolving G.709
OTN Networks", Work in Progress: draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-
ospf-g709v3, July 2013.
[G709-2012] ITU-T, "Interfaces for the Optical Transport Network
(OTN)", G.709/Y.1331 Recommendation, February 2012.
[G7044] ITU-T, "Hitless adjustment of ODUflex", G.7044/Y.1347,
October 2011.
[G7041] ITU-T, "Generic framing procedure", G.7041/Y.1303, April
2011.
[IEEE] "IEEE Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic",
ANSI/IEEE Standard 754-1985, Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers, August 1985.
12.2. Informative References
[RFC5226] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226, May
2008.
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[RFC5920] Fang, L., Ed., "Security Framework for MPLS and GMPLS
Networks", RFC 5920, July 2010.
[OTN-FWK] Fatai Zhang et al, "Framework for GMPLS and PCE Control of
G.709 Optical Transport Networks", Work in Progress: draft-
ietf-ccamp-gmpls-g709-framework, August 2013.
[OTN-INFO] S. Belotti et al, "Information model for G.709 Optical
Transport Networks (OTN)", Work in Progress: draft-ietf-
ccamp-otn-g709-info-model, July 2013.
[TDM-OAM] A. Kern, A. Takacs, "GMPLS RSVP-TE Extensions for
SONET/SDH and OTN OAM Configuration", draft-ietf-ccamp-
rsvp-te-sdh-otn-oam-ext, Work in Progress.
13. Contributors
Yi Lin
Huawei Technologies
F3-5-B R&D Center, Huawei Base
Bantian, Longgang District
Shenzhen 518129 P.R.China
Phone: +86-755-28972914
Email: yi.lin@huawei.com
Yunbin Xu
China Academy of Telecommunication Research of MII
11 Yue Tan Nan Jie Beijing, P.R.China
Phone: +86-10-68094134
Email: xuyunbin@mail.ritt.com.cn
Pietro Grandi
Alcatel-Lucent
Optics CTO
Via Trento 30 20059 Vimercate (Milano) Italy
+39 039 6864930
Email: pietro_vittorio.grandi@alcatel-lucent.it
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Diego Caviglia
Ericsson
Via A. Negrone 1/A
Genova - Sestri Ponente
Italy
Email: diego.caviglia@ericsson.com
Rajan Rao
Infinera Corporation
169, Java Drive
Sunnyvale, CA-94089
USA
Email: rrao@infinera.com
John E Drake
Juniper
Email: jdrake@juniper.net
Igor Bryskin
Adva Optical
EMail: IBryskin@advaoptical.com
Jonathan Sadler, Tellabs
Email: jonathan.sadler@tellabs.com
Kam LAM, Alcatel-Lucent
Email: kam.lam@alcatel-lucent.com
Francesco Fondelli, Ericsson
Email: francesco.fondelli@ericsson.com
Lyndon Ong, Ciena
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Email: lyong@ciena.com
Biao Lu, infinera
Email: blu@infinera.com
14. Authors' Addresses
Fatai Zhang (editor)
Huawei Technologies
F3-5-B R&D Center, Huawei Base
Bantian, Longgang District
Shenzhen 518129 P.R.China
Phone: +86-755-28972912
Email: zhangfatai@huawei.com
Guoying Zhang
China Academy of Telecommunication Research of MII
11 Yue Tan Nan Jie Beijing, P.R.China
Phone: +86-10-68094272
Email: zhangguoying@mail.ritt.com.cn
Sergio Belotti
Alcatel-Lucent
Optics CTO
Via Trento 30 20059 Vimercate (Milano) Italy
+39 039 6863033
Email: sergio.belotti@alcatel-lucent.it
Daniele Ceccarelli
Ericsson
Via A. Negrone 1/A
Genova - Sestri Ponente
Italy
Email: daniele.ceccarelli@ericsson.com
Khuzema Pithewan
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Infinera Corporation
169, Java Drive
Sunnyvale, CA-94089, USA
Email: kpithewan@infinera.com
15. Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank Lou Berger, Deborah Brungard and
Xiaobing Zi for their useful comments to the document.
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Zhang Expires March 2014 [Page 28]
