Internet DRAFT - draft-ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-struct
draft-ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-struct
COSE Working Group J. Schaad
Internet-Draft August Cellars
Obsoletes: 8152 (if approved) 1 February 2021
Intended status: Standards Track
Expires: 5 August 2021
CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE): Structures and Process
draft-ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-struct-15
Abstract
Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) is a data format designed
for small code size and small message size. There is a need for the
ability to have basic security services defined for this data format.
This document defines the CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE)
protocol. This specification describes how to create and process
signatures, message authentication codes, and encryption using CBOR
for serialization. This specification additionally describes how to
represent cryptographic keys using CBOR.
This document along with [I-D.ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-algs] obsoletes
RFC8152.
Contributing to this document
This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.
The source for this draft is being maintained in GitHub. Suggested
changes should be submitted as pull requests at https://github.com/
cose-wg/cose-rfc8152bis. Instructions are on that page as well.
Editorial changes can be managed in GitHub, but any substantial
issues need to be discussed on the COSE mailing list.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
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time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
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This Internet-Draft will expire on 5 August 2021.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2021 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1. Requirements Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2. Changes from RFC8152 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3. Design Changes from JOSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4. CBOR Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.5. CBOR-Related Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.6. Document Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2. Basic COSE Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3. Header Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.1. Common COSE Header Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4. Signing Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.1. Signing with One or More Signers . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.2. Signing with One Signer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.3. Externally Supplied Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.4. Signing and Verification Process . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5. Encryption Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.1. Enveloped COSE Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.1.1. Content Key Distribution Methods . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.2. Single Recipient Encrypted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.3. How to Encrypt and Decrypt for AEAD Algorithms . . . . . 27
5.4. How to Encrypt and Decrypt for AE Algorithms . . . . . . 29
6. MAC Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.1. MACed Message with Recipients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
6.2. MACed Messages with Implicit Key . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.3. How to Compute and Verify a MAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
7. Key Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
7.1. COSE Key Common Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
8. Taxonomy of Algorithms used by COSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
8.1. Signature Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
8.2. Message Authentication Code (MAC) Algorithms . . . . . . 40
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8.3. Content Encryption Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
8.4. Key Derivation Functions (KDFs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
8.5. Content Key Distribution Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
8.5.1. Direct Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
8.5.2. Key Wrap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
8.5.3. Key Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
8.5.4. Direct Key Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
8.5.5. Key Agreement with Key Wrap . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
9. CBOR Encoding Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
10. Application Profiling Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
11. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
11.1. COSE Header Parameters Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
11.2. COSE Key Common Parameters Registry . . . . . . . . . . 47
11.3. Media Type Registrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
11.3.1. COSE Security Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
11.3.2. COSE Key Media Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
11.4. CoAP Content-Formats Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
11.5. CBOR Tags Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
11.6. Expert Review Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
12. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
13. Implementation Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
13.1. Author's Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
13.2. JavaScript Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
13.3. Python Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
13.4. COSE Testing Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
14. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
14.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
14.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Appendix A. Guidelines for External Data Authentication of
Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Appendix B. Two Layers of Recipient Information . . . . . . . . 63
Appendix C. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
C.1. Examples of Signed Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
C.1.1. Single Signature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
C.1.2. Multiple Signers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
C.1.3. Signature with Criticality . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
C.2. Single Signer Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
C.2.1. Single ECDSA Signature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
C.3. Examples of Enveloped Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
C.3.1. Direct ECDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
C.3.2. Direct Plus Key Derivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
C.3.3. Encrypted Content with External Data . . . . . . . . 72
C.4. Examples of Encrypted Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
C.4.1. Simple Encrypted Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
C.4.2. Encrypted Message with a Partial IV . . . . . . . . . 74
C.5. Examples of MACed Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
C.5.1. Shared Secret Direct MAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
C.5.2. ECDH Direct MAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
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C.5.3. Wrapped MAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
C.5.4. Multi-Recipient MACed Message . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
C.6. Examples of MAC0 Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
C.6.1. Shared Secret Direct MAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
C.7. COSE Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
C.7.1. Public Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
C.7.2. Private Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
1. Introduction
There has been an increased focus on small, constrained devices that
make up the Internet of Things (IoT). One of the standards that has
come out of this process is "Concise Binary Object Representation
(CBOR)" [I-D.ietf-cbor-7049bis]. CBOR extended the data model of the
JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) [STD90] by allowing for binary
data, among other changes. CBOR has been adopted by several of the
IETF working groups dealing with the IoT world as their encoding of
data structures. CBOR was designed specifically both to be small in
terms of messages transported and implementation size and to be a
schema-free decoder. A need exists to provide message security
services for IoT, and using CBOR as the message-encoding format makes
sense.
The JOSE working group produced a set of documents [RFC7515]
[RFC7516] [RFC7517] [RFC7518] that specified how to process
encryption, signatures, and Message Authentication Code (MAC)
operations and how to encode keys using JSON. This document defines
the CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) standard, which does
the same thing for the CBOR encoding format. This document is
combined with [I-D.ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-algs] which provides an
initial set of algorithms. While there is a strong attempt to keep
the flavor of the original JSON Object Signing and Encryption (JOSE)
documents, two considerations are taken into account:
* CBOR has capabilities that are not present in JSON and are
appropriate to use. One example of this is the fact that CBOR has
a method of encoding binary directly without first converting it
into a base64-encoded text string.
* COSE is not a direct copy of the JOSE specification. In the
process of creating COSE, decisions that were made for JOSE were
re-examined. In many cases, different results were decided on as
the criteria were not always the same.
This document contains:
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* The description of the structure for the CBOR objects which are
transmitted over the wire. Two objects are defined for each of
encryption, signing and message authentication. One object is
defined for transporting keys and one for transporting groups of
keys.
* The procedures used to build the inputs to the cryptographic
functions required for each of the structures.
* A set of attributes that apply to the different security objects.
This document does not contain the rules and procedures for using
specific cryptographic algorithms. Details on specific algorithms
can be found in [I-D.ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-algs] and [RFC8230].
Details for additional algorithms are expected to be defined in
future documents.
COSE was initially designed as part of a solution to provide security
to Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE), and this is done using
[RFC8613] and [I-D.ietf-core-groupcomm-bis]. However, COSE is not
restricted to just these cases and can be used in any place where one
would consider either JOSE or CMS [RFC5652] for the purpose of
providing security services. COSE, like JOSE and CMS, is only for
use in store and forward or offline protocols. The use of COSE in
online protocols needing encryption, require that an online key
establishment process be done before sending objects back and forth.
Any application which uses COSE for security services first needs to
determine what security services are required and then select the
appropriate COSE structures and cryptographic algorithms based on
those needs. Section 10 provides additional information on what
applications need to specify when using COSE.
One feature that is present in CMS that is not present in this
standard is a digest structure. This omission is deliberate. It is
better for the structure to be defined in each protocol as different
protocols will want to include a different set of fields as part of
the structure. While an algorithm identifier and the digest value
are going to be common to all applications, the two values may not
always be adjacent as the algorithm could be defined once with
multiple values. Applications may additionally want to define
additional data fields as part of the structure. One such
application-specific element would be to include a URI or other
pointer to where the data that is being hashed can be obtained.
[I-D.ietf-cose-hash-algs] contains one such possible structure along
with defining a set of digest algorithms.
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During the process of advancing COSE to Internet Standard, it was
noticed the description of the security properties of
countersignatures was incorrect for the COSE_Sign1 structure. Since
the security properties that were described, those of a true
countersignature, were those that the working group desired, the
decision was made to remove all of the countersignature text from
this document and create a new document [I-D.ietf-cose-countersign]
to both deprecate the old countersignature algorithm and header
parameters and to define a new algorithm and header parameters with
the desired security properties.
1.1. Requirements Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
1.2. Changes from RFC8152
* Split the original document into this document and
[I-D.ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-algs].
* Add some text describing why there is no digest structure defined
by COSE.
* Text clarifications and changes in terminology.
* All of the details relating to countersignatures have been removed
and placed in [I-D.ietf-cose-countersign].
1.3. Design Changes from JOSE
* Define a single overall message structure so that encrypted,
signed, and MACed messages can easily be identified and still have
a consistent view.
* Signed messages distinguish between the protected and unprotected
header parameters that relate to the content and those that relate
to the signature.
* MACed messages are separated from signed messages.
* MACed messages have the ability to use the same set of recipient
algorithms as enveloped messages for obtaining the MAC
authentication key.
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* Use binary encodings, rather than base64url encodings, to encode
binary data.
* Combine the authentication tag for encryption algorithms with the
ciphertext.
* The set of cryptographic algorithms has been expanded in some
directions and trimmed in others.
1.4. CBOR Grammar
There was not a standard CBOR grammar available when COSE was
originally written. For that reason the CBOR data objects defined
here are described in prose. Since that time CBOR Data Definition
Language (CDDL) [RFC8610] has been published as an RFC. The CBOR
grammar presented in this document is compatible with CDDL.
The document was developed by first working on the grammar and then
developing the prose to go with it. An artifact of this is that the
prose was written using the primitive type strings defined by CBOR
Data Definition Language (CDDL) [RFC8610]. In this specification,
the following primitive types are used:
any -- non-specific value that permits all CBOR values to be
placed here.
bool -- a boolean value (true: major type 7, value 21; false:
major type 7, value 20).
bstr -- byte string (major type 2).
int -- an unsigned integer or a negative integer.
nil -- a null value (major type 7, value 22).
nint -- a negative integer (major type 1).
tstr -- a UTF-8 text string (major type 3).
uint -- an unsigned integer (major type 0).
Two syntaxes from CDDL appear in this document as shorthand. These
are:
FOO / BAR -- indicates that either FOO or BAR can appear here.
[+ FOO] -- indicates that the type FOO appears one or more times
in an array.
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* FOO -- indicates that the type FOO appears zero or more times.
Two of the constraints defined by CDDL are also used in this
document. These are:
type1 .cbor type2 -- indicates that the contents of type1, usually
bstr, contains a value of type2.
type1 .size integer -- indicates that the contents of type1 is
integer bytes long
As well as the prose description, a version of a CBOR grammar is
presented in CDDL. The CDDL grammar is informational; the prose
description is normative.
The collected CDDL can be extracted from the XML version of this
document via the following XPath expression below. (Depending on the
XPath evaluator one is using, it may be necessary to deal with >
as an entity.)
//sourcecode[@type='CDDL']/text()
CDDL expects the initial non-terminal symbol to be the first symbol
in the file. For this reason, the first fragment of CDDL is
presented here.
start = COSE_Messages / COSE_Key / COSE_KeySet / Internal_Types
; This is defined to make the tool quieter:
Internal_Types = Sig_structure / Enc_structure / MAC_structure
The non-terminal Internal_Types is defined for dealing with the
automated validation tools used during the writing of this document.
It references those non-terminals that are used for security
computations but are not emitted for transport.
1.5. CBOR-Related Terminology
In JSON, maps are called objects and only have one kind of map key: a
text string. In COSE, we use text strings, negative integers, and
unsigned integers as map keys. The integers are used for compactness
of encoding and easy comparison. The inclusion of text strings
allows for an additional range of short encoded values to be used as
well. Since the word "key" is mainly used in its other meaning, as a
cryptographic key, we use the term "label" for this usage as a map
key.
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The presence a label that is neither a text string or an integer, in
a CBOR map, is an error. Applications can either fail processing or
process messages by ignoring incorrect labels; however, they MUST NOT
create messages with incorrect labels.
A CDDL grammar fragment defines the non-terminal 'label', as in the
previous paragraph, and 'values', which permits any value to be used.
label = int / tstr
values = any
1.6. Document Terminology
In this document, we use the following terminology:
Byte is a synonym for octet.
Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a specialized web transfer
protocol for use in constrained systems. It is defined in [RFC7252].
Authenticated Encryption (AE) [RFC5116] algorithms are encryption
algorithms that provide an authentication check of the contents with
the encryption service. An example of an AE algorithm used in COSE
is AES Key Wrap [RFC3394]. These algorithms are used for key
encryption algorithms, but AEAD algorithms would be preferred.
Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD) [RFC5116]
algorithms provide the same authentication service of the content as
AE algorithms do. They also allow for associated data to be included
in the authentication service, but which is not part of the encrypted
body. An example of an AEAD algorithm used in COSE is AES-GCM
[RFC5116]. These algorithms are used for content encryption and can
be used for key encryption as well.
Context is used throughout the document to represent information that
is not part of the COSE message. Information which is part of the
context can come from several different sources including: Protocol
interactions, associated key structures, and program configuration.
The context to use can be implicit, identified using the 'kid
context' header parameter defined in [RFC8613], or identified by a
protocol-specific identifier. Context should generally be included
in the cryptographic construction; for more details see Section 4.3.
The term 'byte string' is used for sequences of bytes, while the term
'text string' is used for sequences of characters.
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2. Basic COSE Structure
The COSE object structure is designed so that there can be a large
amount of common code when parsing and processing the different types
of security messages. All of the message structures are built on the
CBOR array type. The first three elements of the array always
contain the same information:
1. The protected header parameters, encoded and wrapped in a bstr.
2. The unprotected header parameters as a map.
3. The content of the message. The content is either the plaintext
or the ciphertext as appropriate. The content may be detached
(i.e. transported separately from the COSE structure), but the
location is still used. The content is wrapped in a bstr when
present and is a nil value when detached.
Elements after this point are dependent on the specific message type.
COSE messages are built using the concept of layers to separate
different types of cryptographic concepts. As an example of how this
works, consider the COSE_Encrypt message (Section 5.1). This message
type is broken into two layers: the content layer and the recipient
layer. The content layer contains the encrypted plaintext and
information about the encrypted message. The recipient layer
contains the encrypted content encryption key (CEK) and information
about how it is encrypted for each recipient. A single layer version
of the encryption message COSE_Encrypt0 (Section 5.2) is provided for
cases where the CEK is pre-shared.
Identification of which type of message has been presented is done by
the following methods:
1. The specific message type is known from the context. This may be
defined by a marker in the containing structure or by
restrictions specified by the application protocol.
2. The message type is identified by a CBOR tag. Messages with a
CBOR tag are known in this specification as tagged messages,
while those without the CBOR tag are known as untagged messages.
This document defines a CBOR tag for each of the message
structures. These tags can be found in Table 1.
3. When a COSE object is carried in a media type of 'application/
cose', the optional parameter 'cose-type' can be used to identify
the embedded object. The parameter is OPTIONAL if the tagged
version of the structure is used. The parameter is REQUIRED if
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the untagged version of the structure is used. The value to use
with the parameter for each of the structures can be found in
Table 1.
4. When a COSE object is carried as a CoAP payload, the CoAP
Content-Format Option can be used to identify the message
content. The CoAP Content-Format values can be found in Table 2.
The CBOR tag for the message structure is not required as each
security message is uniquely identified.
+==========+===============+===============+=======================+
| CBOR Tag | cose-type | Data Item | Semantics |
+==========+===============+===============+=======================+
| 98 | cose-sign | COSE_Sign | COSE Signed Data |
| | | | Object |
+----------+---------------+---------------+-----------------------+
| 18 | cose-sign1 | COSE_Sign1 | COSE Single Signer |
| | | | Data Object |
+----------+---------------+---------------+-----------------------+
| 96 | cose-encrypt | COSE_Encrypt | COSE Encrypted Data |
| | | | Object |
+----------+---------------+---------------+-----------------------+
| 16 | cose-encrypt0 | COSE_Encrypt0 | COSE Single Recipient |
| | | | Encrypted Data Object |
+----------+---------------+---------------+-----------------------+
| 97 | cose-mac | COSE_Mac | COSE MACed Data |
| | | | Object |
+----------+---------------+---------------+-----------------------+
| 17 | cose-mac0 | COSE_Mac0 | COSE Mac w/o |
| | | | Recipients Object |
+----------+---------------+---------------+-----------------------+
Table 1: COSE Message Identification
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+===========================+==========+=====+============+
| Media Type | Encoding | ID | Reference |
+===========================+==========+=====+============+
| application/cose; cose- | | 98 | [[THIS |
| type="cose-sign" | | | DOCUMENT]] |
+---------------------------+----------+-----+------------+
| application/cose; cose- | | 18 | [[THIS |
| type="cose-sign1" | | | DOCUMENT]] |
+---------------------------+----------+-----+------------+
| application/cose; cose- | | 96 | [[THIS |
| type="cose-encrypt" | | | DOCUMENT]] |
+---------------------------+----------+-----+------------+
| application/cose; cose- | | 16 | [[THIS |
| type="cose-encrypt0" | | | DOCUMENT]] |
+---------------------------+----------+-----+------------+
| application/cose; cose- | | 97 | [[THIS |
| type="cose-mac" | | | DOCUMENT]] |
+---------------------------+----------+-----+------------+
| application/cose; cose- | | 17 | [[THIS |
| type="cose-mac0" | | | DOCUMENT]] |
+---------------------------+----------+-----+------------+
| application/cose-key | | 101 | [[THIS |
| | | | DOCUMENT]] |
+---------------------------+----------+-----+------------+
| application/cose-key-set | | 102 | [[THIS |
| | | | DOCUMENT]] |
+---------------------------+----------+-----+------------+
Table 2: CoAP Content-Formats for COSE
The following CDDL fragment identifies all of the top messages
defined in this document. Separate non-terminals are defined for the
tagged and the untagged versions of the messages.
COSE_Messages = COSE_Untagged_Message / COSE_Tagged_Message
COSE_Untagged_Message = COSE_Sign / COSE_Sign1 /
COSE_Encrypt / COSE_Encrypt0 /
COSE_Mac / COSE_Mac0
COSE_Tagged_Message = COSE_Sign_Tagged / COSE_Sign1_Tagged /
COSE_Encrypt_Tagged / COSE_Encrypt0_Tagged /
COSE_Mac_Tagged / COSE_Mac0_Tagged
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3. Header Parameters
The structure of COSE has been designed to have two buckets of
information that are not considered to be part of the payload itself,
but are used for holding information about content, algorithms, keys,
or evaluation hints for the processing of the layer. These two
buckets are available for use in all of the structures except for
keys. While these buckets are present, they may not always be usable
in all instances. For example, while the protected bucket is defined
as part of the recipient structure, some of the algorithms used for
recipient structures do not provide for authenticated data. If this
is the case, the protected bucket is left empty.
Both buckets are implemented as CBOR maps. The map key is a 'label'
(Section 1.5). The value portion is dependent on the definition for
the label. Both maps use the same set of label/value pairs. The
integer and text string values for labels have been divided into
several sections including a standard range, a private range, and a
range that is dependent on the algorithm selected. The defined
labels can be found in the "COSE Header Parameters" IANA registry
(Section 11.1).
The two buckets are:
protected: Contains parameters about the current layer that are
cryptographically protected. This bucket MUST be empty if it is
not going to be included in a cryptographic computation. This
bucket is encoded in the message as a binary object. This value
is obtained by CBOR encoding the protected map and wrapping it in
a bstr object. Senders SHOULD encode a zero-length map as a zero-
length byte string rather than as a zero-length map (encoded as
h'a0'). The zero-length binary encoding is preferred because it
is both shorter and the version used in the serialization
structures for cryptographic computation. Recipients MUST accept
both a zero-length byte string and a zero-length map encoded in a
byte string.
Wrapping the encoding with a byte string allows for the protected
map to be transported with a greater chance that it will not be
altered accidentally in transit. (Badly behaved intermediates
could decode and re-encode, but this will result in a failure to
verify unless the re-encoded byte string is identical to the
decoded byte string.) This avoids the problem of all parties
needing to be able to do a common canonical encoding of the map
for input to cyprtographic operations.
unprotected: Contains parameters about the current layer that are
not cryptographically protected.
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Only header parameters that deal with the current layer are to be
placed at that layer. As an example of this, the header parameter
'content type' describes the content of the message being carried in
the message. As such, this header parameter is placed only in the
content layer and is not placed in the recipient or signature layers.
In principle, one should be able to process any given layer without
reference to any other layer. With the exception of the COSE_Sign
structure, the only data that needs to cross layers is the
cryptographic key.
The buckets are present in all of the security objects defined in
this document. The fields in order are the 'protected' bucket (as a
CBOR 'bstr' type) and then the 'unprotected' bucket (as a CBOR 'map'
type). The presence of both buckets is required. The header
parameters that go into the buckets come from the IANA "COSE Header
Parameters" registry (Section 11.1). Some header parameters are
defined in the next section.
Labels in each of the maps MUST be unique. When processing messages,
if a label appears multiple times, the message MUST be rejected as
malformed. Applications SHOULD verify that the same label does not
occur in both the protected and unprotected header parameters. If
the message is not rejected as malformed, attributes MUST be obtained
from the protected bucket, and only if not found are attributes
obtained from the unprotected bucket.
The following CDDL fragment represents the two header parameter
buckets. A group "Headers" is defined in CDDL that represents the
two buckets in which attributes are placed. This group is used to
provide these two fields consistently in all locations. A type is
also defined that represents the map of common header parameters.
Headers = (
protected : empty_or_serialized_map,
unprotected : header_map
)
header_map = {
Generic_Headers,
* label => values
}
empty_or_serialized_map = bstr .cbor header_map / bstr .size 0
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3.1. Common COSE Header Parameters
This section defines a set of common header parameters. A summary of
these header parameters can be found in Table 3. This table should
be consulted to determine the value of label and the type of the
value.
The set of header parameters defined in this section are:
alg: This header parameter is used to indicate the algorithm used
for the security processing. This header parameter MUST be
authenticated where the ability to do so exists. This support is
provided by AEAD algorithms or construction (e.g. COSE_Sign and
COSE_Mac0). This authentication can be done either by placing the
header parameter in the protected header parameter bucket or as
part of the externally supplied data Section 4.3). The value is
taken from the "COSE Algorithms" registry (see [COSE.Algorithms]).
crit: This header parameter is used to indicate which protected
header parameters an application that is processing a message is
required to understand. Header parameters defined in this
document do not need to be included as they should be understood
by all implementations. When present, this the 'crit' header
parameter MUST be placed in the protected header parameter bucket.
The array MUST have at least one value in it.
Not all header parameter labels need to be included in the 'crit'
header parameter. The rules for deciding which header parameters
are placed in the array are:
* Integer labels in the range of 0 to 7 SHOULD be omitted.
* Integer labels in the range -1 to -128 can be omitted.
Algorithms can assign labels in this range where the ability to
process the content of the label is considered to be core to
implementing the algorithm. Algorithms can assign labels
outside of this range where the ability to process the content
of the label is not considered to be core, but needs to be
understood to correctly process this instance. Integer labels
in the range -129 to -65536 SHOULD be included as these would
be less common header parameters that might not be generally
supported.
* Labels for header parameters required for an application MAY be
omitted. Applications should have a statement if the label can
be omitted.
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The header parameters indicated by 'crit' can be processed by
either the security library code or an application using a
security library; the only requirement is that the header
parameter is processed. If the 'crit' value list includes a label
for which the header parameter is not in the protected header
parameters bucket, this is a fatal error in processing the
message.
content type: This header parameter is used to indicate the content
type of the data in the payload or ciphertext fields. Integers
are from the "CoAP Content-Formats" IANA registry table
[COAP.Formats]. Text values following the syntax of "<type-
name>/<subtype-name>" where <type-name> and <subtype-name> are
defined in Section 4.2 of [RFC6838]. Leading and trailing
whitespace is also omitted. Textual content values along with
parameters and subparameters can be located using the IANA "Media
Types" registry. Applications SHOULD provide this header
parameter if the content structure is potentially ambiguous.
kid: This header parameter identifies one piece of data that can be
used as input to find the needed cryptographic key. The value of
this header parameter can be matched against the 'kid' member in a
COSE_Key structure. Other methods of key distribution can define
an equivalent field to be matched. Applications MUST NOT assume
that 'kid' values are unique. There may be more than one key with
the same 'kid' value, so all of the keys associated with this
'kid' may need to be checked. The internal structure of 'kid'
values is not defined and cannot be relied on by applications.
Key identifier values are hints about which key to use. This is
not a security-critical field. For this reason, it can be placed
in the unprotected header parameters bucket.
IV: This header parameter holds the Initialization Vector (IV)
value. For some symmetric encryption algorithms, this may be
referred to as a nonce. The IV can be placed in the unprotected
bucket as modifying the IV will cause the decryption to yield
plaintext that is readily detectable as garbled.
Partial IV: This header parameter holds a part of the IV value.
When using the COSE_Encrypt0 structure, a portion of the IV can be
part of the context associated with the key (Context IV) while a
portion can be changed with each message (Partial IV). This field
is used to carry a value that causes the IV to be changed for each
message. The Partial IV can be placed in the unprotected bucket
as modifying the value will cause the decryption to yield
plaintext that is readily detectable as garbled. The
'Initialization Vector' and 'Partial Initialization Vector' header
parameters MUST NOT both be present in the same security layer.
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The message IV is generated by the following steps:
1. Left-pad the Partial IV with zeros to the length of IV
(determined by the algorithm).
2. XOR the padded Partial IV with the context IV.
+=========+=======+========+=====================+==================+
| Name | Label | Value | Value Registry | Description |
| | | Type | | |
+=========+=======+========+=====================+==================+
| alg | 1 | int / | COSE Algorithms | Cryptographic |
| | | tstr | registry | algorithm to use |
+---------+-------+--------+---------------------+------------------+
| crit | 2 | [+ | COSE Header | Critical header |
| | | label] | Parameters | parameters to be |
| | | | registry | understood |
+---------+-------+--------+---------------------+------------------+
| content | 3 | tstr / | CoAP Content- | Content type of |
| type | | uint | Formats or Media | the payload |
| | | | Types registries | |
+---------+-------+--------+---------------------+------------------+
| kid | 4 | bstr | | Key identifier |
+---------+-------+--------+---------------------+------------------+
| IV | 5 | bstr | | Full |
| | | | | Initialization |
| | | | | Vector |
+---------+-------+--------+---------------------+------------------+
| Partial | 6 | bstr | | Partial |
| IV | | | | Initialization |
| | | | | Vector |
+---------+-------+--------+---------------------+------------------+
Table 3: Common Header Parameters
The CDDL fragment that represents the set of header parameters
defined in this section is given below. Each of the header
parameters is tagged as optional because they do not need to be in
every map; header parameters required in specific maps are discussed
above.
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Generic_Headers = (
? 1 => int / tstr, ; algorithm identifier
? 2 => [+label], ; criticality
? 3 => tstr / int, ; content type
? 4 => bstr, ; key identifier
? 5 => bstr, ; IV
? 6 => bstr ; Partial IV
)
4. Signing Objects
COSE supports two different signature structures. COSE_Sign allows
for one or more signatures to be applied to the same content.
COSE_Sign1 is restricted to a single signer. The structures cannot
be converted between each other; as the signature computation
includes a parameter identifying which structure is being used, the
converted structure will fail signature validation.
4.1. Signing with One or More Signers
The COSE_Sign structure allows for one or more signatures to be
applied to a message payload. Header parameters relating to the
content and header parameters relating to the signature are carried
along with the signature itself. These header parameters may be
authenticated by the signature, or just present. An example of a
header parameter about the content is the content type header
parameter. An example of a header parameter about the signature
would be the algorithm and key used to create the signature.
RFC 5652 indicates that:
| When more than one signature is present, the successful validation
| of one signature associated with a given signer is usually treated
| as a successful signature by that signer. However, there are some
| application environments where other rules are needed. An
| application that employs a rule other than one valid signature for
| each signer must specify those rules. Also, where simple matching
| of the signer identifier is not sufficient to determine whether
| the signatures were generated by the same signer, the application
| specification must describe how to determine which signatures were
| generated by the same signer. Support for different communities
| of recipients is the primary reason that signers choose to include
| more than one signature.
For example, the COSE_Sign structure might include signatures
generated with the Edwards-curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA)
[RFC8032] and with the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm
(ECDSA) [DSS]. This allows recipients to verify the signature
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associated with one algorithm or the other. More-detailed
information on multiple signature evaluations can be found in
[RFC5752].
The signature structure can be encoded as either tagged or untagged
depending on the context it will be used in. A tagged COSE_Sign
structure is identified by the CBOR tag 98. The CDDL fragment that
represents this is:
COSE_Sign_Tagged = #6.98(COSE_Sign)
A COSE Signed Message is defined in two parts. The CBOR object that
carries the body and information about the body is called the
COSE_Sign structure. The CBOR object that carries the signature and
information about the signature is called the COSE_Signature
structure. Examples of COSE Signed Messages can be found in
Appendix C.1.
The COSE_Sign structure is a CBOR array. The fields of the array in
order are:
protected: This is as described in Section 3.
unprotected: This is as described in Section 3.
payload: This field contains the serialized content to be signed.
If the payload is not present in the message, the application is
required to supply the payload separately. The payload is wrapped
in a bstr to ensure that it is transported without changes. If
the payload is transported separately ("detached content"), then a
nil CBOR object is placed in this location, and it is the
responsibility of the application to ensure that it will be
transported without changes.
Note: When a signature with a message recovery algorithm is used
(Section 8.1), the maximum number of bytes that can be recovered
is the length of the original payload. The size of the encoded
payload is reduced by the number of bytes that will be recovered.
If all of the bytes of the original payload are consumed, then the
transmitted payload is encoded as a zero-length byte string rather
than as being absent.
signatures: This field is an array of signatures. Each signature is
represented as a COSE_Signature structure.
The CDDL fragment that represents the above text for COSE_Sign
follows.
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COSE_Sign = [
Headers,
payload : bstr / nil,
signatures : [+ COSE_Signature]
]
The COSE_Signature structure is a CBOR array. The fields of the
array in order are:
protected: This is as described in Section 3.
unprotected: This is as described in Section 3.
signature: This field contains the computed signature value. The
type of the field is a bstr. Algorithms MUST specify padding if
the signature value is not a multiple of 8 bits.
The CDDL fragment that represents the above text for COSE_Signature
follows.
COSE_Signature = [
Headers,
signature : bstr
]
4.2. Signing with One Signer
The COSE_Sign1 signature structure is used when only one signature is
going to be placed on a message. The header parameters dealing with
the content and the signature are placed in the same pair of buckets
rather than having the separation of COSE_Sign.
The structure can be encoded as either tagged or untagged depending
on the context it will be used in. A tagged COSE_Sign1 structure is
identified by the CBOR tag 18. The CDDL fragment that represents
this is:
COSE_Sign1_Tagged = #6.18(COSE_Sign1)
The CBOR object that carries the body, the signature, and the
information about the body and signature is called the COSE_Sign1
structure. Examples of COSE_Sign1 messages can be found in
Appendix C.2.
The COSE_Sign1 structure is a CBOR array. The fields of the array in
order are:
protected: This is as described in Section 3.
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unprotected: This is as described in Section 3.
payload: This is as described in Section 4.1.
signature: This field contains the computed signature value. The
type of the field is a bstr.
The CDDL fragment that represents the above text for COSE_Sign1
follows.
COSE_Sign1 = [
Headers,
payload : bstr / nil,
signature : bstr
]
4.3. Externally Supplied Data
One of the features offered in the COSE document is the ability for
applications to provide additional data to be authenticated, but that
is not carried as part of the COSE object. The primary reason for
supporting this can be seen by looking at the CoAP message structure
[RFC7252], where the facility exists for options to be carried before
the payload. Examples of data that can be placed in this location
would be the CoAP code or CoAP options. If the data is in the
headers of the CoAP message, then it is available for proxies to help
in performing its operations. For example, the Accept Option can be
used by a proxy to determine if an appropriate value is in the
proxy's cache. But the sender can cause a failure at the server if a
proxy, or an attacker, changes the set of accept values by including
the field in the externally supplied data.
This document describes the process for using a byte array of
externally supplied authenticated data; the method of constructing
the byte array is a function of the application. Applications that
use this feature need to define how the externally supplied
authenticated data is to be constructed. Such a construction needs
to take into account the following issues:
* If multiple items are included, applications need to ensure that
the same byte string cannot be produced if there are different
inputs. This would occur by concatenating the text strings 'AB'
and 'CDE' or by concatenating the text strings 'ABC' and 'DE'.
This is usually addressed by making fields a fixed width and/or
encoding the length of the field as part of the output. Using
options from CoAP [RFC7252] as an example, these fields use a TLV
structure so they can be concatenated without any problems.
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* If multiple items are included, an order for the items needs to be
defined. Using options from CoAP as an example, an application
could state that the fields are to be ordered by the option
number.
* Applications need to ensure that the byte string is going to be
the same on both sides. Using options from CoAP might give a
problem if the same relative numbering is kept. An intermediate
node could insert or remove an option, changing how the relative
number is done. An application would need to specify that the
relative number must be re-encoded to be relative only to the
options that are in the external data.
4.4. Signing and Verification Process
In order to create a signature, a well-defined byte string is needed.
The Sig_structure is used to create the canonical form. This signing
and verification process takes in the body information (COSE_Sign or
COSE_Sign1), the signer information (COSE_Signature), and the
application data (external source). A Sig_structure is a CBOR array.
The fields of the Sig_structure in order are:
1. A context text string identifying the context of the signature.
The context text string is:
"Signature" for signatures using the COSE_Signature structure.
"Signature1" for signatures using the COSE_Sign1 structure.
2. The protected attributes from the body structure encoded in a
bstr type. If there are no protected attributes, a zero-length
byte string is used.
3. The protected attributes from the signer structure encoded in a
bstr type. If there are no protected attributes, a zero-length
byte string is used. This field is omitted for the COSE_Sign1
signature structure.
4. The externally supplied data from the application encoded in a
bstr type. If this field is not supplied, it defaults to a zero-
length byte string. (See Section 4.3 for application guidance on
constructing this field.)
5. The payload to be signed encoded in a bstr type. The payload is
placed here independent of how it is transported.
The CDDL fragment that describes the above text is:
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Sig_structure = [
context : "Signature" / "Signature1",
body_protected : empty_or_serialized_map,
? sign_protected : empty_or_serialized_map,
external_aad : bstr,
payload : bstr
]
How to compute a signature:
1. Create a Sig_structure and populate it with the appropriate
fields.
2. Create the value ToBeSigned by encoding the Sig_structure to a
byte string, using the encoding described in Section 9.
3. Call the signature creation algorithm passing in K (the key to
sign with), alg (the algorithm to sign with), and ToBeSigned (the
value to sign).
4. Place the resulting signature value in the correct location.
This is the 'signature' field of the COSE_Signature or COSE_Sign1
structure.
The steps for verifying a signature are:
1. Create a Sig_structure and populate it with the appropriate
fields.
2. Create the value ToBeSigned by encoding the Sig_structure to a
byte string, using the encoding described in Section 9.
3. Call the signature verification algorithm passing in K (the key
to verify with), alg (the algorithm used sign with), ToBeSigned
(the value to sign), and sig (the signature to be verified).
In addition to performing the signature verification, the application
performs the appropriate checks to ensure that the key is correctly
paired with the signing identity and that the signing identity is
authorized before performing actions.
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5. Encryption Objects
COSE supports two different encryption structures. COSE_Encrypt0 is
used when a recipient structure is not needed because the key to be
used is known implicitly. COSE_Encrypt is used the rest of the time.
This includes cases where there are multiple recipients or a
recipient algorithm other than direct (i.e. pre-shared secret) is
used.
5.1. Enveloped COSE Structure
The enveloped structure allows for one or more recipients of a
message. There are provisions for header parameters about the
content and header parameters about the recipient information to be
carried in the message. The protected header parameters associated
with the content are authenticated by the content encryption
algorithm. The protected header parameters associated with the
recipient are authenticated by the recipient algorithm (when the
algorithm supports it). Examples of header parameters about the
content are the type of the content and the content encryption
algorithm. Examples of header parameters about the recipient are the
recipient's key identifier and the recipient's encryption algorithm.
The same techniques and nearly the same structure are used for
encrypting both the plaintext and the keys. This is different from
the approach used by both "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)"
[RFC5652] and "JSON Web Encryption (JWE)" [RFC7516] where different
structures are used for the content layer and for the recipient
layer. Two structures are defined: COSE_Encrypt to hold the
encrypted content and COSE_recipient to hold the encrypted keys for
recipients. Examples of encrypted messages can be found in
Appendix C.3.
The COSE_Encrypt structure can be encoded as either tagged or
untagged depending on the context it will be used in. A tagged
COSE_Encrypt structure is identified by the CBOR tag 96. The CDDL
fragment that represents this is:
COSE_Encrypt_Tagged = #6.96(COSE_Encrypt)
The COSE_Encrypt structure is a CBOR array. The fields of the array
in order are:
protected: This is as described in Section 3.
unprotected: This is as described in Section 3.
ciphertext: This field contains the ciphertext encoded as a bstr.
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If the ciphertext is to be transported independently of the
control information about the encryption process (i.e., detached
content), then the field is encoded as a nil value.
recipients: This field contains an array of recipient information
structures. The type for the recipient information structure is a
COSE_recipient.
The CDDL fragment that corresponds to the above text is:
COSE_Encrypt = [
Headers,
ciphertext : bstr / nil,
recipients : [+COSE_recipient]
]
The COSE_recipient structure is a CBOR array. The fields of the
array in order are:
protected: This is as described in Section 3.
unprotected: This is as described in Section 3.
ciphertext: This field contains the encrypted key encoded as a bstr.
All encoded keys are symmetric keys; the binary value of the key
is the content. If there is not an encrypted key, then this field
is encoded as a nil value.
recipients: This field contains an array of recipient information
structures. The type for the recipient information structure is a
COSE_recipient (an example of this can be found in Appendix B).
If there are no recipient information structures, this element is
absent.
The CDDL fragment that corresponds to the above text for
COSE_recipient is:
COSE_recipient = [
Headers,
ciphertext : bstr / nil,
? recipients : [+COSE_recipient]
]
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5.1.1. Content Key Distribution Methods
An encrypted message consists of an encrypted content and an
encrypted CEK for one or more recipients. The CEK is encrypted for
each recipient, using a key specific to that recipient. The details
of this encryption depend on which class the recipient algorithm
falls into. Specific details on each of the classes can be found in
Section 8.5. A short summary of the five content key distribution
methods is:
direct: The CEK is the same as the identified previously distributed
symmetric key or is derived from a previously distributed secret.
No CEK is transported in the message.
symmetric key-encryption keys (KEK): The CEK is encrypted using a
previously distributed symmetric KEK. Also known as key wrap.
key agreement: The recipient's public key and a sender's private key
are used to generate a pairwise secret, a Key Derivation Function
(KDF) is applied to derive a key, and then the CEK is either the
derived key or encrypted by the derived key.
key transport: The CEK is encrypted with the recipient's public key.
passwords: The CEK is encrypted in a KEK that is derived from a
password. As of when this document was published, no password
algorithms have been defined.
5.2. Single Recipient Encrypted
The COSE_Encrypt0 encrypted structure does not have the ability to
specify recipients of the message. The structure assumes that the
recipient of the object will already know the identity of the key to
be used in order to decrypt the message. If a key needs to be
identified to the recipient, the enveloped structure ought to be
used.
Examples of encrypted messages can be found in Appendix C.3.
The COSE_Encrypt0 structure can be encoded as either tagged or
untagged depending on the context it will be used in. A tagged
COSE_Encrypt0 structure is identified by the CBOR tag 16. The CDDL
fragment that represents this is:
COSE_Encrypt0_Tagged = #6.16(COSE_Encrypt0)
The COSE_Encrypt0 structure is a CBOR array. The fields of the array
in order are:
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protected: This is as described in Section 3.
unprotected: This is as described in Section 3.
ciphertext: This is as described in Section 5.1.
The CDDL fragment for COSE_Encrypt0 that corresponds to the above
text is:
COSE_Encrypt0 = [
Headers,
ciphertext : bstr / nil,
]
5.3. How to Encrypt and Decrypt for AEAD Algorithms
The encryption algorithm for AEAD algorithms is fairly simple. The
first step is to create a consistent byte string for the
authenticated data structure. For this purpose, we use an
Enc_structure. The Enc_structure is a CBOR array. The fields of the
Enc_structure in order are:
1. A context text string identifying the context of the
authenticated data structure. The context text string is:
"Encrypt0" for the content encryption of a COSE_Encrypt0 data
structure.
"Encrypt" for the first layer of a COSE_Encrypt data structure
(i.e., for content encryption).
"Enc_Recipient" for a recipient encoding to be placed in an
COSE_Encrypt data structure.
"Mac_Recipient" for a recipient encoding to be placed in a
MACed message structure.
"Rec_Recipient" for a recipient encoding to be placed in a
recipient structure.
2. The protected attributes from the body structure encoded in a
bstr type. If there are no protected attributes, a zero-length
byte string is used.
3. The externally supplied data from the application encoded in a
bstr type. If this field is not supplied, it defaults to a zero-
length byte string. (See Section 4.3 for application guidance on
constructing this field.)
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The CDDL fragment that describes the above text is:
Enc_structure = [
context : "Encrypt" / "Encrypt0" / "Enc_Recipient" /
"Mac_Recipient" / "Rec_Recipient",
protected : empty_or_serialized_map,
external_aad : bstr
]
How to encrypt a message:
1. Create an Enc_structure and populate it with the appropriate
fields.
2. Encode the Enc_structure to a byte string (Additional
Authenticated Data (AAD)), using the encoding described in
Section 9.
3. Determine the encryption key (K). This step is dependent on the
class of recipient algorithm being used. For:
No Recipients: The key to be used is determined by the algorithm
and key at the current layer. Examples are key transport keys
(Section 8.5.3), key wrap keys (Section 8.5.2), or pre-shared
secrets.
Direct Encryption and Direct Key Agreement: The key is
determined by the key and algorithm in the recipient
structure. The encryption algorithm and size of the key to be
used are inputs into the KDF used for the recipient. (For
direct, the KDF can be thought of as the identity operation.)
Examples of these algorithms are found in Sections 6.1.2 and
6.3 of [I-D.ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-algs].
Other: The key is randomly or pseudo-randomly generated.
4. Call the encryption algorithm with K (the encryption key), P (the
plaintext), and AAD. Place the returned ciphertext into the
'ciphertext' field of the structure.
5. For recipients of the message, recursively perform the encryption
algorithm for that recipient, using K (the encryption key) as the
plaintext.
How to decrypt a message:
1. Create an Enc_structure and populate it with the appropriate
fields.
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2. Encode the Enc_structure to a byte string (AAD), using the
encoding described in Section 9.
3. Determine the decryption key. This step is dependent on the
class of recipient algorithm being used. For:
No Recipients: The key to be used is determined by the algorithm
and key at the current layer. Examples are key transport keys
(Section 8.5.3), key wrap keys (Section 8.5.2), or pre-shared
secrets.
Direct Encryption and Direct Key Agreement: The key is
determined by the key and algorithm in the recipient
structure. The encryption algorithm and size of the key to be
used are inputs into the KDF used for the recipient. (For
direct, the KDF can be thought of as the identity operation.)
Other: The key is determined by decoding and decrypting one of
the recipient structures.
4. Call the decryption algorithm with K (the decryption key to use),
C (the ciphertext), and AAD.
5.4. How to Encrypt and Decrypt for AE Algorithms
How to encrypt a message:
1. Verify that the 'protected' field is empty.
2. Verify that there was no external additional authenticated data
supplied for this operation.
3. Determine the encryption key. This step is dependent on the
class of recipient algorithm being used. For:
No Recipients: The key to be used is determined by the algorithm
and key at the current layer. Examples are key transport keys
(Section 8.5.3), key wrap keys (Section 8.5.2), or pre-shared
secrets.
Direct Encryption and Direct Key Agreement: The key is
determined by the key and algorithm in the recipient
structure. The encryption algorithm and size of the key to be
used are inputs into the KDF used for the recipient. (For
direct, the KDF can be thought of as the identity operation.)
Examples of these algorithms are found in Sections 6.1.2 and
6.3 of [I-D.ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-algs].
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Other: The key is randomly generated.
4. Call the encryption algorithm with K (the encryption key to use)
and P (the plaintext). Place the returned ciphertext into the
'ciphertext' field of the structure.
5. For recipients of the message, recursively perform the encryption
algorithm for that recipient, using K (the encryption key) as the
plaintext.
How to decrypt a message:
1. Verify that the 'protected' field is empty.
2. Verify that there was no external additional authenticated data
supplied for this operation.
3. Determine the decryption key. This step is dependent on the
class of recipient algorithm being used. For:
No Recipients: The key to be used is determined by the algorithm
and key at the current layer. Examples are key transport keys
(Section 8.5.3), key wrap keys (Section 8.5.2), or pre-shared
secrets.
Direct Encryption and Direct Key Agreement: The key is
determined by the key and algorithm in the recipient
structure. The encryption algorithm and size of the key to be
used are inputs into the KDF used for the recipient. (For
direct, the KDF can be thought of as the identity operation.)
Examples of these algorithms are found in Sections 6.1.2 and
6.3 of [I-D.ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-algs].
Other: The key is determined by decoding and decrypting one of
the recipient structures.
4. Call the decryption algorithm with K (the decryption key to use)
and C (the ciphertext).
6. MAC Objects
COSE supports two different MAC structures. COSE_MAC0 is used when a
recipient structure is not needed because the key to be used is
implicitly known. COSE_MAC is used for all other cases. These
include a requirement for multiple recipients, the key being unknown,
or a recipient algorithm of other than direct.
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In this section, we describe the structure and methods to be used
when doing MAC authentication in COSE. This document allows for the
use of all of the same classes of recipient algorithms as are allowed
for encryption.
When using MAC operations, there are two modes in which they can be
used. The first is just a check that the content has not been
changed since the MAC was computed. Any class of recipient algorithm
can be used for this purpose. The second mode is to both check that
the content has not been changed since the MAC was computed and to
use the recipient algorithm to verify who sent it. The classes of
recipient algorithms that support this are those that use a pre-
shared secret or do static-static (SS) key agreement (without the key
wrap step). In both of these cases, the entity that created and sent
the message MAC can be validated. (This knowledge of the sender
assumes that there are only two parties involved and that you did not
send the message to yourself.) The origination property can be
obtained with both of the MAC message structures.
6.1. MACed Message with Recipients
The multiple recipient MACed message uses two structures: the
COSE_Mac structure defined in this section for carrying the body and
the COSE_recipient structure (Section 5.1) to hold the key used for
the MAC computation. Examples of MACed messages can be found in
Appendix C.5.
The MAC structure can be encoded as either tagged or untagged
depending on the context it will be used in. A tagged COSE_Mac
structure is identified by the CBOR tag 97. The CDDL fragment that
represents this is:
COSE_Mac_Tagged = #6.97(COSE_Mac)
The COSE_Mac structure is a CBOR array. The fields of the array in
order are:
protected: This is as described in Section 3.
unprotected: This is as described in Section 3.
payload: This field contains the serialized content to be MACed. If
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the payload is not present in the message, the application is
required to supply the payload separately. The payload is wrapped
in a bstr to ensure that it is transported without changes. If
the payload is transported separately (i.e., detached content),
then a nil CBOR value is placed in this location, and it is the
responsibility of the application to ensure that it will be
transported without changes.
tag: This field contains the MAC value.
recipients: This is as described in Section 5.1.
The CDDL fragment that represents the above text for COSE_Mac
follows.
COSE_Mac = [
Headers,
payload : bstr / nil,
tag : bstr,
recipients :[+COSE_recipient]
]
6.2. MACed Messages with Implicit Key
In this section, we describe the structure and methods to be used
when doing MAC authentication for those cases where the recipient is
implicitly known.
The MACed message uses the COSE_Mac0 structure defined in this
section for carrying the body. Examples of MACed messages with an
implicit key can be found in Appendix C.6.
The MAC structure can be encoded as either tagged or untagged
depending on the context it will be used in. A tagged COSE_Mac0
structure is identified by the CBOR tag 17. The CDDL fragment that
represents this is:
COSE_Mac0_Tagged = #6.17(COSE_Mac0)
The COSE_Mac0 structure is a CBOR array. The fields of the array in
order are:
protected: This is as described in Section 3.
unprotected: This is as described in Section 3.
payload: This is as described in Section 6.1.
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tag: This field contains the MAC value.
The CDDL fragment that corresponds to the above text is:
COSE_Mac0 = [
Headers,
payload : bstr / nil,
tag : bstr,
]
6.3. How to Compute and Verify a MAC
In order to get a consistent encoding of the data to be
authenticated, the MAC_structure is used to have a canonical form.
The MAC_structure is a CBOR array. The fields of the MAC_structure
in order are:
1. A context text string that identifies the structure that is being
encoded. This context text string is "MAC" for the COSE_Mac
structure. This context text string is "MAC0" for the COSE_Mac0
structure.
2. The protected attributes from the COSE_MAC structure. If there
are no protected attributes, a zero-length bstr is used.
3. The externally supplied data from the application encoded as a
bstr type. If this field is not supplied, it defaults to a zero-
length byte string. (See Section 4.3 for application guidance on
constructing this field.)
4. The payload to be MACed encoded in a bstr type. The payload is
placed here independent of how it is transported.
The CDDL fragment that corresponds to the above text is:
MAC_structure = [
context : "MAC" / "MAC0",
protected : empty_or_serialized_map,
external_aad : bstr,
payload : bstr
]
The steps to compute a MAC are:
1. Create a MAC_structure and populate it with the appropriate
fields.
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2. Create the value ToBeMaced by encoding the MAC_structure to a
byte string, using the encoding described in Section 9.
3. Call the MAC creation algorithm passing in K (the key to use),
alg (the algorithm to MAC with), and ToBeMaced (the value to
compute the MAC on).
4. Place the resulting MAC in the 'tag' field of the COSE_Mac or
COSE_Mac0 structure.
5. For COSE_Mac structures, encrypt and encode the MAC key for each
recipient of the message.
The steps to verify a MAC are:
1. Create a MAC_structure and populate it with the appropriate
fields.
2. Create the value ToBeMaced by encoding the MAC_structure to a
byte string, using the encoding described in Section 9.
3. For COSE_Mac structures, obtain the cryptographic key from one of
the recipients of the message.
4. Call the MAC creation algorithm passing in K (the key to use),
alg (the algorithm to MAC with), and ToBeMaced (the value to
compute the MAC on).
5. Compare the MAC value to the 'tag' field of the COSE_Mac or
COSE_Mac0 structure.
7. Key Objects
A COSE Key structure is built on a CBOR map. The set of common
parameters that can appear in a COSE Key can be found in the IANA
"COSE Key Common Parameters" registry (Section 11.2). Additional
parameters defined for specific key types can be found in the IANA
"COSE Key Type Parameters" registry ([COSE.KeyParameters]).
A COSE Key Set uses a CBOR array object as its underlying type. The
values of the array elements are COSE Keys. A COSE Key Set MUST have
at least one element in the array. Examples of COSE Key Sets can be
found in Appendix C.7.
Each element in a COSE Key Set MUST be processed independently. If
one element in a COSE Key Set is either malformed or uses a key that
is not understood by an application, that key is ignored and the
other keys are processed normally.
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The element "kty" is a required element in a COSE_Key map.
The CDDL grammar describing COSE_Key and COSE_KeySet is:
COSE_Key = {
1 => tstr / int, ; kty
? 2 => bstr, ; kid
? 3 => tstr / int, ; alg
? 4 => [+ (tstr / int) ], ; key_ops
? 5 => bstr, ; Base IV
* label => values
}
COSE_KeySet = [+COSE_Key]
7.1. COSE Key Common Parameters
This document defines a set of common parameters for a COSE Key
object. Table 4 provides a summary of the parameters defined in this
section. There are also parameters that are defined for specific key
types. Key-type-specific parameters can be found in
[I-D.ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-algs].
+=========+=======+========+============+====================+
| Name | Label | CBOR | Value | Description |
| | | Type | Registry | |
+=========+=======+========+============+====================+
| kty | 1 | tstr / | COSE Key | Identification of |
| | | int | Types | the key type |
+---------+-------+--------+------------+--------------------+
| kid | 2 | bstr | | Key identification |
| | | | | value -- match to |
| | | | | kid in message |
+---------+-------+--------+------------+--------------------+
| alg | 3 | tstr / | COSE | Key usage |
| | | int | Algorithms | restriction to |
| | | | | this algorithm |
+---------+-------+--------+------------+--------------------+
| key_ops | 4 | [+ | | Restrict set of |
| | | (tstr/ | | permissible |
| | | int)] | | operations |
+---------+-------+--------+------------+--------------------+
| Base IV | 5 | bstr | | Base IV to be xor- |
| | | | | ed with Partial |
| | | | | IVs |
+---------+-------+--------+------------+--------------------+
Table 4: Key Map Labels
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kty: This parameter is used to identify the family of keys for this
structure and, thus, the set of key-type-specific parameters to be
found. The set of values defined in this document can be found in
[COSE.KeyTypes]. This parameter MUST be present in a key object.
Implementations MUST verify that the key type is appropriate for
the algorithm being processed. The key type MUST be included as
part of the trust decision process.
alg: This parameter is used to restrict the algorithm that is used
with the key. If this parameter is present in the key structure,
the application MUST verify that this algorithm matches the
algorithm for which the key is being used. If the algorithms do
not match, then this key object MUST NOT be used to perform the
cryptographic operation. Note that the same key can be in a
different key structure with a different or no algorithm
specified; however, this is considered to be a poor security
practice.
kid: This parameter is used to give an identifier for a key. The
identifier is not structured and can be anything from a user-
provided byte string to a value computed on the public portion of
the key. This field is intended for matching against a 'kid'
parameter in a message in order to filter down the set of keys
that need to be checked. The value of the identifier is not a
unique value and can occur in other key objects, even for
different keys.
key_ops: This parameter is defined to restrict the set of operations
that a key is to be used for. The value of the field is an array
of values from Table 5. Algorithms define the values of key ops
that are permitted to appear and are required for specific
operations. The set of values matches that in [RFC7517] and
[W3C.WebCrypto].
Base IV: This parameter is defined to carry the base portion of an
IV. It is designed to be used with the Partial IV header
parameter defined in Section 3.1. This field provides the ability
to associate a Base IV with a key that is then modified on a per
message basis with the Partial IV.
Extreme care needs to be taken when using a Base IV in an
application. Many encryption algorithms lose security if the same
IV is used twice.
If different keys are derived for each sender, starting at the
same Base IV is likely to satisfy this condition. If the same key
is used for multiple senders, then the application needs to
provide for a method of dividing the IV space up between the
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senders. This could be done by providing a different base point
to start from or a different Partial IV to start with and
restricting the number of messages to be sent before rekeying.
+=========+=======+==============================================+
| Name | Value | Description |
+=========+=======+==============================================+
| sign | 1 | The key is used to create signatures. |
| | | Requires private key fields. |
+---------+-------+----------------------------------------------+
| verify | 2 | The key is used for verification of |
| | | signatures. |
+---------+-------+----------------------------------------------+
| encrypt | 3 | The key is used for key transport |
| | | encryption. |
+---------+-------+----------------------------------------------+
| decrypt | 4 | The key is used for key transport |
| | | decryption. Requires private key fields. |
+---------+-------+----------------------------------------------+
| wrap | 5 | The key is used for key wrap encryption. |
| key | | |
+---------+-------+----------------------------------------------+
| unwrap | 6 | The key is used for key wrap decryption. |
| key | | Requires private key fields. |
+---------+-------+----------------------------------------------+
| derive | 7 | The key is used for deriving keys. Requires |
| key | | private key fields. |
+---------+-------+----------------------------------------------+
| derive | 8 | The key is used for deriving bits not to be |
| bits | | used as a key. Requires private key fields. |
+---------+-------+----------------------------------------------+
| MAC | 9 | The key is used for creating MACs. |
| create | | |
+---------+-------+----------------------------------------------+
| MAC | 10 | The key is used for validating MACs. |
| verify | | |
+---------+-------+----------------------------------------------+
Table 5: Key Operation Values
8. Taxonomy of Algorithms used by COSE
In this section, a taxonomy of the different algorithm types that can
be used in COSE is laid out. This taxonomy should not be considered
to be exhaustive. New algorithms will be created which will not fit
into this taxonomy.
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8.1. Signature Algorithms
Signature algorithms provide data origination and data integrity
services. Data origination provides the ability to infer who
originated the data based on who signed the data. Data integrity
provides the ability to verify that the data has not been modified
since it was signed.
There are two general signature algorithm schemes. The first is
signature with appendix. In this scheme, the message content is
processed and a signature is produced; the signature is called the
appendix. This is the scheme used by algorithms such as ECDSA and
the RSA Probabilistic Signature Scheme (RSASSA-PSS). (In fact, the
SSA in RSASSA-PSS stands for Signature Scheme with Appendix.)
The signature functions for this scheme are:
signature = Sign(message content, key)
valid = Verification(message content, key, signature)
The second scheme is signature with message recovery (an example of
such an algorithm is [PVSig]). In this scheme, the message content
is processed, but part of it is included in the signature. Moving
bytes of the message content into the signature allows for smaller
signatures; the signature size is still potentially large, but the
message content has shrunk. This has implications for systems
implementing these algorithms and for applications that use them.
The first is that the message content is not fully available until
after a signature has been validated. Until that point, the part of
the message contained inside of the signature is unrecoverable. The
second is that the security analysis of the strength of the signature
can be very much dependent on the structure of the message content.
Finally, in the event that multiple signatures are applied to a
message, all of the signature algorithms are going to be required to
consume the same bytes of message content. This means that the
mixing of the signature with message recovery and signature with
appendix schemes in a single message is not supported.
The signature functions for this scheme are:
signature, message sent = Sign(message content, key)
valid, message content = Verification(message sent, key, signature)
No message recovery signature algorithms have been formally defined
for COSE yet, and given the new constraints arising from this
schemes, while some of these issues have already been identified
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there is a high probability that additional issues will arise when
integrating message recovery signature algorithms. The first
algorithm defined is going to need to make decisions about these
issues and those decisions are likely to be binding on any further
algorithms defined.
We use the following terms below:
message content bytes: The byte provided by the application to be
signed.
to-be-signed bytes: The byte string passed into the signature
algorithm.
recovered bytes: The bytes recovered during the signature
verification process.
Some of the issues that have already been identified are:
* The to-be-signed bytes are not the same as the message content
bytes. This is because we build a larger to-be-signed message
during the signature processing. The recovered bytes length may
exceed the message content length, but not the length of the to-
be-signed bytes. This may lead to privacy considerations if, for
example, the externally supplied data contains confidential
information.
* There may be difficulties in determining where the recovered bytes
match up with the to-be-signed bytes, because the recovered bytes
contains data not in the message content bytes. One possible
option would be to create a padding scheme to prevent that.
* Not all message recovery signature algorithms take the recovered
bytes from the end of the to-be-signed bytes. This is a problem
because the message content bytes are at the end of the to-be-
signed bytes. If the bytes to be recovered are taken from the
start of the to-be-signed bytes then, by default, none of the
message content bytes may be included in the recovered bytes. One
possible option to deal with this is to reverse the to-be-signed
data in the event that recovered bytes are taken from the start
rather than end of the to-be-signed bytes.
Signature algorithms are used with the COSE_Signature and COSE_Sign1
structures. At the time of this writing, only signatures with
appendixes are defined for use with COSE; however, considerable
interest has been expressed in using a signature with message
recovery algorithm due to the effective size reduction that is
possible.
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8.2. Message Authentication Code (MAC) Algorithms
Message Authentication Codes (MACs) provide data authentication and
integrity protection. They provide either no or very limited data
origination. A MAC, for example, cannot be used to prove the
identity of the sender to a third party.
MACs use the same scheme as signature with appendix algorithms. The
message content is processed and an authentication code is produced.
The authentication code is frequently called a tag.
The MAC functions are:
tag = MAC_Create(message content, key)
valid = MAC_Verify(message content, key, tag)
MAC algorithms can be based on either a block cipher algorithm (i.e.,
AES-MAC) or a hash algorithm (i.e., a Hash-based Message
Authentication Code (HMAC)). [I-D.ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-algs] defines
a MAC algorithm using each of these constructions.
MAC algorithms are used in the COSE_Mac and COSE_Mac0 structures.
8.3. Content Encryption Algorithms
Content encryption algorithms provide data confidentiality for
potentially large blocks of data using a symmetric key. They provide
integrity on the data that was encrypted; however, they provide
either no or very limited data origination. (One cannot, for
example, be used to prove the identity of the sender to a third
party.) The ability to provide data origination is linked to how the
CEK is obtained.
COSE restricts the set of legal content encryption algorithms to
those that support authentication both of the content and additional
data. The encryption process will generate some type of
authentication value, but that value may be either explicit or
implicit in terms of the algorithm definition. For simplicity's
sake, the authentication code will normally be defined as being
appended to the ciphertext stream. The encryption functions are:
ciphertext = Encrypt(message content, key, additional data)
valid, message content = Decrypt(ciphertext, key, additional data)
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Most AEAD algorithms are logically defined as returning the message
content only if the decryption is valid. Many but not all
implementations will follow this convention. The message content
MUST NOT be used if the decryption does not validate.
These algorithms are used in COSE_Encrypt and COSE_Encrypt0.
8.4. Key Derivation Functions (KDFs)
KDFs are used to take some secret value and generate a different one.
The secret value comes in three flavors:
* Secrets that are uniformly random: This is the type of secret that
is created by a good random number generator.
* Secrets that are not uniformly random: This is type of secret that
is created by operations like key agreement.
* Secrets that are not random: This is the type of secret that
people generate for things like passwords.
General KDFs work well with the first type of secret, can do
reasonably well with the second type of secret, and generally do
poorly with the last type of secret. Functions like Argon2
[I-D.irtf-cfrg-argon2] need to be used for non-random secrets.
The same KDF can be set up to deal with the first two types of
secrets in a different way. The KDF defined in section 5.1 of
[I-D.ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-algs] is such a function. This is
reflected in the set of algorithms defined around the HMAC-based
Extract-and-Expand Key Derivation Function (HKDF).
When using KDFs, one component that is included is context
information. Context information is used to allow for different
keying information to be derived from the same secret. The use of
context-based keying material is considered to be a good security
practice.
8.5. Content Key Distribution Methods
Content key distribution methods (recipient algorithms) can be
defined into a number of different classes. COSE has the ability to
support many classes of recipient algorithms. In this section, a
number of classes are listed. The names of the recipient algorithm
classes used here are the same as those defined in [RFC7516]. Other
specifications use different terms for the recipient algorithm
classes or do not support some of the recipient algorithm classes.
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8.5.1. Direct Encryption
The direct encryption class algorithms share a secret between the
sender and the recipient that is used either directly or after
manipulation as the CEK. When direct encryption mode is used, it
MUST be the only mode used on the message.
The COSE_Recipient structure for the recipient is organized as
follows:
* The 'protected' field MUST be a zero-length byte string unless it
is used in the computation of the content key.
* The 'alg' header parameter MUST be present.
* A header parameter identifying the shared secret SHOULD be
present.
* The 'ciphertext' field MUST be a zero-length byte string.
* The 'recipients' field MUST be absent.
8.5.2. Key Wrap
In key wrap mode, the CEK is randomly generated and that key is then
encrypted by a shared secret between the sender and the recipient.
All of the currently defined key wrap algorithms for COSE are AE
algorithms. Key wrap mode is considered to be superior to direct
encryption if the system has any capability for doing random key
generation. This is because the shared key is used to wrap random
data rather than data that has some degree of organization and may in
fact be repeating the same content. The use of key wrap loses the
weak data origination that is provided by the direct encryption
algorithms.
The COSE_Recipient structure for the recipient is organized as
follows:
* The 'protected' field MUST be absent if the key wrap algorithm is
an AE algorithm.
* The 'recipients' field is normally absent, but can be used.
Applications MUST deal with a recipient field being present that
has an unsupported algorithm. Failing to decrypt that specific
recipient is an acceptable way of dealing with it. Failing to
process the message is not an acceptable way of dealing with it.
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* The plaintext to be encrypted is the key from next layer down
(usually the content layer).
* At a minimum, the 'unprotected' field MUST contain the 'alg'
header parameter and SHOULD contain a header parameter identifying
the shared secret.
8.5.3. Key Transport
Key transport mode is also called key encryption mode in some
standards. Key transport mode differs from key wrap mode in that it
uses an asymmetric encryption algorithm rather than a symmetric
encryption algorithm to protect the key. A set of key transport
algorithms are defined in [RFC8230].
When using a key transport algorithm, the COSE_Recipient structure
for the recipient is organized as follows:
* The 'protected' field MUST be absent.
* The plaintext to be encrypted is the key from the next layer down
(usually the content layer).
* At a minimum, the 'unprotected' field MUST contain the 'alg'
header parameter and SHOULD contain a parameter identifying the
asymmetric key.
8.5.4. Direct Key Agreement
The 'direct key agreement' class of recipient algorithms uses a key
agreement method to create a shared secret. A KDF is then applied to
the shared secret to derive a key to be used in protecting the data.
This key is normally used as a CEK or MAC key, but could be used for
other purposes if more than two layers are in use (see Appendix B).
The most commonly used key agreement algorithm is Diffie-Hellman, but
other variants exist. Since COSE is designed for a store and forward
environment rather than an online environment, many of the DH
variants cannot be used as the receiver of the message cannot provide
any dynamic key material. One side effect of this is that forward
secrecy (see [RFC4949]) is not achievable. A static key will always
be used for the receiver of the COSE object.
Two variants of DH that are supported are:
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Ephemeral-Static (ES) DH: where the sender of the message creates
a one-time DH key and uses a static key for the recipient. The
use of the ephemeral sender key means that no additional random
input is needed as this is randomly generated for each message.
Static-Static (SS) DH: where a static key is used for both the
sender and the recipient. The use of static keys allows for the
recipient to get a weak version of data origination for the
message. When static-static key agreement is used, then some
piece of unique data for the KDF is required to ensure that a
different key is created for each message.
When direct key agreement mode is used, there MUST be only one
recipient in the message. This method creates the key directly, and
that makes it difficult to mix with additional recipients. If
multiple recipients are needed, then the version with key wrap needs
to be used.
The COSE_Recipient structure for the recipient is organized as
follows:
* At a minimum, headers MUST contain the 'alg' header parameter and
SHOULD contain a header parameter identifying the recipient's
asymmetric key.
* The headers SHOULD identify the sender's key for the static-static
versions and MUST contain the sender's ephemeral key for the
ephemeral-static versions.
8.5.5. Key Agreement with Key Wrap
Key Agreement with Key Wrap uses a randomly generated CEK. The CEK
is then encrypted using a key wrap algorithm and a key derived from
the shared secret computed by the key agreement algorithm. The
function for this would be:
encryptedKey = KeyWrap(KDF(DH-Shared, context), CEK)
The COSE_Recipient structure for the recipient is organized as
follows:
* The 'protected' field is fed into the KDF context structure.
* The plaintext to be encrypted is the key from the next layer down
(usually the content layer).
* The 'alg' header parameter MUST be present in the layer.
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* A header parameter identifying the recipient's key SHOULD be
present. A header parameter identifying the sender's key SHOULD
be present.
9. CBOR Encoding Restrictions
This document limits the restrictions it imposes on how the CBOR
Encoder needs to work. It has been narrowed down to the following
restrictions:
* The restriction applies to the encoding of the Sig_structure, the
Enc_structure, and the MAC_structure.
* Encoding MUST be done using definite lengths and the value's
length MUST be the minimum possible length. This means that the
integer 1 is encoded as "0x01" and not "0x1801".
* Applications MUST NOT generate messages with the same label used
twice as a key in a single map. Applications MUST NOT parse and
process messages with the same label used twice as a key in a
single map. Applications can enforce the parse and process
requirement by using parsers that will fail the parse step or by
using parsers that will pass all keys to the application, and the
application can perform the check for duplicate keys.
10. Application Profiling Considerations
This document is designed to provide a set of security services, but
not impose algorithm implementation requirements for specific usage.
The interoperability requirements are provided for how each of the
individual services are used and how the algorithms are to be used
for interoperability. The requirements about which algorithms and
which services are needed are deferred to each application.
An example of a profile can be found in [RFC8613] where one was
developed for carrying content in combination with CoAP headers.
It is intended that a profile of this document be created that
defines the interoperability requirements for that specific
application. This section provides a set of guidelines and topics
that need to be considered when profiling this document.
* Applications need to determine the set of messages defined in this
document that they will be using. The set of messages corresponds
fairly directly to the set of security services that are needed
and to the security levels needed.
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* Applications may define new header parameters for a specific
purpose. Applications will often times select specific header
parameters to use or not to use. For example, an application
would normally state a preference for using either the IV or the
Partial IV header parameter. If the Partial IV header parameter
is specified, then the application also needs to define how the
fixed portion of the IV is determined.
* When applications use externally defined authenticated data, they
need to define how that data is encoded. This document assumes
that the data will be provided as a byte string. More information
can be found in Section 4.3.
* Applications need to determine the set of security algorithms that
are to be used. When selecting the algorithms to be used as the
mandatory-to-implement set, consideration should be given to
choosing different types of algorithms when two are chosen for a
specific purpose. An example of this would be choosing HMAC-
SHA512 and AES-CMAC as different MAC algorithms; the construction
is vastly different between these two algorithms. This means that
a weakening of one algorithm would be unlikely to lead to a
weakening of the other algorithms. Of course, these algorithms do
not provide the same level of security and thus may not be
comparable for the desired security functionality. Additional
guidance can be found in [BCP201].
* Applications may need to provide some type of negotiation or
discovery method if multiple algorithms or message structures are
permitted. The method can be as simple as requiring pre-
configuration of the set of algorithms to providing a discovery
method built into the protocol. S/MIME provided a number of
different ways to approach the problem that applications could
follow:
- Advertising in the message (S/MIME capabilities) [RFC5751].
- Advertising in the certificate (capabilities extension)
[RFC4262].
- Minimum requirements for the S/MIME, which have been updated
over time [RFC2633] [RFC5751] (note that [RFC2633] has been
obsoleted by [RFC5751]).
11. IANA Considerations
The registries and registrations listed below were created during
processing of RFC 8152 [RFC8152]. The majority of the following
actions are to update the references to point to this document.
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Note that while [I-D.ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-algs] also updates the
registries and registrations originally established by [RFC8152], the
requested updates are mutually exclusive. The updates requested in
this document do not conflict or overlap with the updates requested
in [I-D.ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-algs], and vice versa.
11.1. COSE Header Parameters Registry
IANA created a registry titled "COSE Header Parameters" as part of
processing [RFC8152]. IANA is requested to update the reference for
this registry from [RFC8152] to this document. IANA is also
requested to update the reference for all entries, except "counter
signature" and "CounterSignature0", in the table from [RFC8152] to
this document. The reference for "counter signature" and
"CounterSignature0" are to be left as-is.
11.2. COSE Key Common Parameters Registry
IANA created a registry titled "COSE Key Common Parameters" as part
of the processing of [RFC8152]. IANA is requested to update the
reference for this registry from [RFC8152] to this document. IANA is
also requested to update the reference for entries in the table from
[RFC8152] to this document.
11.3. Media Type Registrations
11.3.1. COSE Security Message
This section registers the 'application/cose' media type in the
"Media Types" registry. These media types are used to indicate that
the content is a COSE message.
Type name: application
Subtype name: cose
Required parameters: N/A
Optional parameters: cose-type
Encoding considerations: binary
Security considerations: See the Security Considerations section
of [[This Document]].
Interoperability considerations: N/A
Published specification: [[this document]]
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Applications that use this media type: IoT applications sending
security content over HTTP(S) transports.
Fragment identifier considerations: N/A
Additional information:
- Deprecated alias names for this type: N/A
- Magic number(s): N/A
- File extension(s): cbor
- Macintosh file type code(s): N/A
Person & email address to contact for further information:
iesg@ietf.org
Intended usage: COMMON
Restrictions on usage: N/A
Author: Jim Schaad, ietf@augustcellars.com
Change Controller: IESG
Provisional registration? No
11.3.2. COSE Key Media Type
This section registers the 'application/cose-key' and 'application/
cose-key-set' media types in the "Media Types" registry. These media
types are used to indicate, respectively, that content is a COSE_Key
or COSE_KeySet object.
The template for registering 'application/cose-key' is:
Type name: application
Subtype name: cose-key
Required parameters: N/A
Optional parameters: N/A
Encoding considerations: binary
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Security considerations: See the Security Considerations section
of [[This Document]].
Interoperability considerations: N/A
Published specification: [[this document]]
Applications that use this media type: Distribution of COSE based
keys for IoT applications.
Fragment identifier considerations: N/A
Additional information:
- Deprecated alias names for this type: N/A
- Magic number(s): N/A
- File extension(s): cbor
- Macintosh file type code(s): N/A
Person & email address to contact for further information:
iesg@ietf.org
Intended usage: COMMON
Restrictions on usage: N/A
Author: Jim Schaad, ietf@augustcellars.com
Change Controller: IESG
Provisional registration? No
The template for registering 'application/cose-key-set' is:
Type name: application
Subtype name: cose-key-set
Required parameters: N/A
Optional parameters: N/A
Encoding considerations: binary
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Security considerations: See the Security Considerations section
of [[This Document]].
Interoperability considerations: N/A
Published specification: [[this document]]
Applications that use this media type: Distribution of COSE based
keys for IoT applications.
Fragment identifier considerations: N/A
Additional information:
- Deprecated alias names for this type: N/A
- Magic number(s): N/A
- File extension(s): cbor
- Macintosh file type code(s): N/A
Person & email address to contact for further information:
iesg@ietf.org
Intended usage: COMMON
Restrictions on usage: N/A
Author: Jim Schaad, ietf@augustcellars.com
Change Controller: IESG
Provisional registration? No
11.4. CoAP Content-Formats Registry
IANA added entries to the "CoAP Content-Formats" registry while
processing [RFC8152]. IANA is requested to update the reference
value from [RFC8152] to [[This Document]].
11.5. CBOR Tags Registry
IANA is requested to update the references from [RFC8152] to [[This
Document]].
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11.6. Expert Review Instructions
All of the IANA registries established by [RFC8152] are, at least in
part, defined as expert review. This section gives some general
guidelines for what the experts should be looking for, but they are
being designated as experts for a reason, so they should be given
substantial latitude.
Expert reviewers should take into consideration the following points:
* Point squatting should be discouraged. Reviewers are encouraged
to get sufficient information for registration requests to ensure
that the usage is not going to duplicate one that is already
registered, and that the point is likely to be used in
deployments. The zones tagged as private use are intended for
testing purposes and closed environments; code points in other
ranges should not be assigned for testing.
* Specifications are required for the standards track range of point
assignment. Specifications should exist for specification
required ranges, but early assignment before a specification is
available is considered to be permissible. Specifications are
needed for the first-come, first-serve range if they are expected
to be used outside of closed environments in an interoperable way.
When specifications are not provided, the description provided
needs to have sufficient information to identify what the point is
being used for.
* Experts should take into account the expected usage of fields when
approving point assignment. The fact that there is a range for
standards track documents does not mean that a standards track
document cannot have points assigned outside of that range. The
length of the encoded value should be weighed against how many
code points of that length are left, the size of device it will be
used on, and the number of code points left that encode to that
size.
* When algorithms are registered, vanity registrations should be
discouraged. One way to do this is to require registrations to
provide additional documentation on security analysis of the
algorithm. Another thing that should be considered is requesting
an opinion on the algorithm from the Crypto Forum Research Group
(CFRG). Algorithms that do not meet the security requirements of
the community and the messages structures should not be
registered.
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12. Security Considerations
There are a number of security considerations that need to be taken
into account by implementers of this specification. While some
considerations have been highlighted here, additional considerations
may be found in the documents listed in the references.
Implementations need to protect the private key material for any
individuals. There are some cases that need to be highlighted on
this issue.
* Using the same key for two different algorithms can leak
information about the key. It is therefore recommended that keys
be restricted to a single algorithm.
* Use of 'direct' as a recipient algorithm combined with a second
recipient algorithm exposes the direct key to the second
recipient.
* Several of the algorithms in [I-D.ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-algs] have
limits on the number of times that a key can be used without
leaking information about the key.
The use of ECDH and direct plus KDF (with no key wrap) will not
directly lead to the private key being leaked; the one way function
of the KDF will prevent that. There is, however, a different issue
that needs to be addressed. Having two recipients requires that the
CEK be shared between two recipients. The second recipient therefore
has a CEK that was derived from material that can be used for the
weak proof of origin. The second recipient could create a message
using the same CEK and send it to the first recipient; the first
recipient would, for either static-static ECDH or direct plus KDF,
make an assumption that the CEK could be used for proof of origin
even though it is from the wrong entity. If the key wrap step is
added, then no proof of origin is implied and this is not an issue.
Although it has been mentioned before, the use of a single key for
multiple algorithms has been demonstrated in some cases to leak
information about that key, provide the opportunity for attackers to
forge integrity tags, or gain information about encrypted content.
Binding a key to a single algorithm prevents these problems. Key
creators and key consumers are strongly encouraged not only to create
new keys for each different algorithm, but to include that selection
of algorithm in any distribution of key material and strictly enforce
the matching of algorithms in the key structure to algorithms in the
message structure. In addition to checking that algorithms are
correct, the key form needs to be checked as well. Do not use an
'EC2' key where an 'OKP' key is expected.
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Before using a key for transmission, or before acting on information
received, a trust decision on a key needs to be made. Is the data or
action something that the entity associated with the key has a right
to see or a right to request? A number of factors are associated
with this trust decision. Some of the ones that are highlighted here
are:
* What are the permissions associated with the key owner?
* Is the cryptographic algorithm acceptable in the current context?
* Have the restrictions associated with the key, such as algorithm
or freshness, been checked and are they correct?
* Is the request something that is reasonable, given the current
state of the application?
* Have any security considerations that are part of the message been
enforced (as specified by the application or 'crit' header
parameter)?
One area that has been getting exposure is traffic analysis of
encrypted messages based on the length of the message. This
specification does not provide for a uniform method of providing
padding as part of the message structure. An observer can
distinguish between two different messages (for example, 'YES' and
'NO') based on the length for all of the content encryption
algorithms that are defined in [I-D.ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-algs]
document. This means that it is up to the applications to document
how content padding is to be done in order to prevent or discourage
such analysis. (For example, the text strings could be defined as
'YES' and 'NO '.)
13. Implementation Status
This section is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.
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This section records the status of known implementations of the
protocol defined by this specification at the time of posting of this
Internet-Draft, and is based on a proposal described in [RFC7942].
The description of implementations in this section is intended to
assist the IETF in its decision processes in progressing drafts to
RFCs. Please note that the listing of any individual implementation
here does not imply endorsement by the IETF. Furthermore, no effort
has been spent to verify the information presented here that was
supplied by IETF contributors. This is not intended as, and must not
be construed to be, a catalog of available implementations or their
features. Readers are advised to note that other implementations may
exist.
According to [RFC7942], "this will allow reviewers and working groups
to assign due consideration to documents that have the benefit of
running code, which may serve as evidence of valuable experimentation
and feedback that have made the implemented protocols more mature.
It is up to the individual working groups to use this information as
they see fit".
13.1. Author's Versions
There are three different implementations that have been created by
the author of the document both to create the examples that are
included in the document and to validate the structures and
methodology used in the design of COSE.
* Implementation Location: https://github.com/cose-wg
* Primary Maintainer: Jim Schaad
* Languages: There are three different languages that are currently
supported: Java, C# and C.
* Cryptography: The Java and C# libraries use Bouncy Castle to
provide the required cryptography. The C version uses OPENSSL
Version 1.1 for the cryptography.
* Coverage: All versions have support to allow for implicit
algorithm support as they allow for the application to set
attributes that are not to be sent in the message.
* Testing: All of the examples in the example library are generated
by the C# library and then validated using the Java and C
libraries. All three libraries have tests to allow for the
creating of the same messages that are in the example library
followed by validating them. These are not compared against the
example library. The Java and C# libraries have unit testing
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included. Not all of the MUST statements in the document have
been implemented as part of the libraries. One such statement is
the requirement that unique labels be present.
* Licensing: Revised BSD License
13.2. JavaScript Version
* Implementation Location: https://github.com/erdtman/cose-js
* Primary Maintainer: Samuel Erdtman
* Languages: JavaScript
* Cryptography: TBD
* Coverage: Full Encrypt, Signature and MAC objects are supported.
* Testing: Basic testing against the common example library.
* Licensing: Apache License 2.0
13.3. Python Version
* Implementation Location: https://github.com/TimothyClaeys/COSE-
PYTHON
* Primary Maintainer: Timothy Claeys
* Languages: Python
* Cryptography: pyecdsak, crypto python libraries
* Coverage: TBD
* Testing: Basic testing plus running against the common example
library.
* Licensing: BSD 3-Clause License
13.4. COSE Testing Library
* Implementation Location: https://github.com/cose-wg/Examples
* Primary Maintainer: Jim Schaad
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* Description: A set of tests for the COSE library is provided as
part of the implementation effort. Both success and fail tests
have been provided. All of the examples in this document are part
of this example set.
* Coverage: An attempt has been made to have test cases for every
message type and algorithm in the document. Currently examples
dealing with ECDH with Goldilocks are missing.
* Licensing: Public Domain
14. References
14.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[I-D.ietf-cbor-7049bis]
Bormann, C. and P. Hoffman, "Concise Binary Object
Representation (CBOR)", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
draft-ietf-cbor-7049bis-16, 30 September 2020,
<https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-cbor-7049bis-16>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[I-D.ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-algs]
Schaad, J., "CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE):
Initial Algorithms", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
draft-ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-algs-12, 24 September 2020,
<https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-
algs-12>.
14.2. Informative References
[RFC8152] Schaad, J., "CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE)",
RFC 8152, DOI 10.17487/RFC8152, July 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8152>.
[RFC8610] Birkholz, H., Vigano, C., and C. Bormann, "Concise Data
Definition Language (CDDL): A Notational Convention to
Express Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) and
JSON Data Structures", RFC 8610, DOI 10.17487/RFC8610,
June 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8610>.
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[RFC2633] Ramsdell, B., Ed., "S/MIME Version 3 Message
Specification", RFC 2633, DOI 10.17487/RFC2633, June 1999,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2633>.
[RFC4262] Santesson, S., "X.509 Certificate Extension for Secure/
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME)
Capabilities", RFC 4262, DOI 10.17487/RFC4262, December
2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4262>.
[RFC4949] Shirey, R., "Internet Security Glossary, Version 2",
FYI 36, RFC 4949, DOI 10.17487/RFC4949, August 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4949>.
[RFC5116] McGrew, D., "An Interface and Algorithms for Authenticated
Encryption", RFC 5116, DOI 10.17487/RFC5116, January 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5116>.
[RFC5652] Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", STD 70,
RFC 5652, DOI 10.17487/RFC5652, September 2009,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5652>.
[RFC5751] Ramsdell, B. and S. Turner, "Secure/Multipurpose Internet
Mail Extensions (S/MIME) Version 3.2 Message
Specification", RFC 5751, DOI 10.17487/RFC5751, January
2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5751>.
[RFC5752] Turner, S. and J. Schaad, "Multiple Signatures in
Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", RFC 5752,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5752, January 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5752>.
[RFC5990] Randall, J., Kaliski, B., Brainard, J., and S. Turner,
"Use of the RSA-KEM Key Transport Algorithm in the
Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", RFC 5990,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5990, September 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5990>.
[RFC6838] Freed, N., Klensin, J., and T. Hansen, "Media Type
Specifications and Registration Procedures", BCP 13,
RFC 6838, DOI 10.17487/RFC6838, January 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6838>.
[STD90] Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
Interchange Format", STD 90, RFC 8259, December 2017.
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/std90>
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[BCP201] Housley, R., "Guidelines for Cryptographic Algorithm
Agility and Selecting Mandatory-to-Implement Algorithms",
BCP 201, RFC 7696, November 2015.
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/bcp201>
[RFC7252] Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The Constrained
Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7252,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7252, June 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7252>.
[RFC7515] Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web
Signature (JWS)", RFC 7515, DOI 10.17487/RFC7515, May
2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7515>.
[RFC7516] Jones, M. and J. Hildebrand, "JSON Web Encryption (JWE)",
RFC 7516, DOI 10.17487/RFC7516, May 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7516>.
[RFC7517] Jones, M., "JSON Web Key (JWK)", RFC 7517,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7517, May 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7517>.
[RFC7518] Jones, M., "JSON Web Algorithms (JWA)", RFC 7518,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7518, May 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7518>.
[RFC8032] Josefsson, S. and I. Liusvaara, "Edwards-Curve Digital
Signature Algorithm (EdDSA)", RFC 8032,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8032, January 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8032>.
[DSS] National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Digital
Signature Standard (DSS)", DOI 10.6028/NIST.FIPS.186-4,
FIPS PUB 186-4, July 2013,
<http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/FIPS/
NIST.FIPS.186-4.pdf>.
[PVSig] Brown, D. and D. Johnson, "Formal Security Proofs for a
Signature Scheme with Partial Message Recovery",
DOI 10.1007/3-540-45353-9_11, LNCS Volume 2020, June 2000,
<https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45353-9_11>.
[W3C.WebCrypto]
Watson, M., "Web Cryptography API", W3C Recommendation,
January 2017, <https://www.w3.org/TR/WebCryptoAPI/>.
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[RFC8230] Jones, M., "Using RSA Algorithms with CBOR Object Signing
and Encryption (COSE) Messages", RFC 8230,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8230, September 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8230>.
[RFC7942] Sheffer, Y. and A. Farrel, "Improving Awareness of Running
Code: The Implementation Status Section", BCP 205,
RFC 7942, DOI 10.17487/RFC7942, July 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7942>.
[RFC3394] Schaad, J. and R. Housley, "Advanced Encryption Standard
(AES) Key Wrap Algorithm", RFC 3394, DOI 10.17487/RFC3394,
September 2002, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3394>.
[I-D.ietf-cose-hash-algs]
Schaad, J., "CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE):
Hash Algorithms", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
ietf-cose-hash-algs-09, 14 September 2020,
<https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-cose-hash-algs-
09>.
[I-D.ietf-core-groupcomm-bis]
Dijk, E., Wang, C., and M. Tiloca, "Group Communication
for the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)", Work in
Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-core-groupcomm-bis-
02, 2 November 2020, <https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-
ietf-core-groupcomm-bis-02>.
[RFC8613] Selander, G., Mattsson, J., Palombini, F., and L. Seitz,
"Object Security for Constrained RESTful Environments
(OSCORE)", RFC 8613, DOI 10.17487/RFC8613, July 2019,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8613>.
[I-D.irtf-cfrg-argon2]
Biryukov, A., Dinu, D., Khovratovich, D., and S.
Josefsson, "The memory-hard Argon2 password hash and
proof-of-work function", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
draft-irtf-cfrg-argon2-12, 8 September 2020,
<https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-irtf-cfrg-argon2-12>.
[COAP.Formats]
IANA, "CoAP Content-Formats",
<https://www.iana.org/assignments/core-parameters/core-
parameters.xhtml#content-formats>.
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[COSE.Algorithms]
IANA, "COSE Algorithms",
<https://www.iana.org/assignments/cose/
cose.xhtml#algorithms>.
[COSE.KeyParameters]
IANA, "COSE Key Parameters",
<https://www.iana.org/assignments/cose/cose.xhtml#key-
common-parameters>.
[COSE.KeyTypes]
IANA, "COSE Key Types",
<https://www.iana.org/assignments/cose/cose.xhtml#key-
type>.
[I-D.ietf-cose-countersign]
Schaad, J., "CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE):
Countersignatures".
Appendix A. Guidelines for External Data Authentication of Algorithms
During development of COSE, the requirement that the algorithm
identifier be located in the protected attributes was relaxed from a
must to a should. There were two basic reasons that have been
advanced to support this position. First, the resulting message will
be smaller if the algorithm identifier is omitted from the most
common messages in a CoAP environment. Second, there is a potential
bug that will arise if full checking is not done correctly between
the different places that an algorithm identifier could be placed
(the message itself, an application statement, the key structure that
the sender possesses, and the key structure the recipient possesses).
This appendix lays out how such a change can be made and the details
that an application needs to specify in order to use this option.
Two different sets of details are specified: those needed to omit an
algorithm identifier and those needed to use the variant on the
countersignature attribute that contains no attributes about itself.
Three sets of recommendations are laid out. The first set of
recommendations applies to having an implicit algorithm identified
for a single layer of a COSE object. The second set of
recommendations applies to having multiple implicit algorithms
identified for multiple layers of a COSE object. The third set of
recommendations applies to having implicit algorithms for multiple
COSE object constructs.
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The key words from [RFC2119] are deliberately not used here. This
specification can provide recommendations, but it cannot enforce
them.
This set of recommendations applies to the case where an application
is distributing a fixed algorithm along with the key information for
use in a single COSE object. This normally applies to the smallest
of the COSE objects, specifically COSE_Sign1, COSE_Mac0, and
COSE_Encrypt0, but could apply to the other structures as well.
The following items should be taken into account:
* Applications need to list the set of COSE structures that implicit
algorithms are to be used in. Applications need to require that
the receipt of an explicit algorithm identifier in one of these
structures will lead to the message being rejected. This
requirement is stated so that there will never be a case where
there is any ambiguity about the question of which algorithm
should be used, the implicit or the explicit one. This applies
even if the transported algorithm identifier is a protected
attribute. This applies even if the transported algorithm is the
same as the implicit algorithm.
* Applications need to define the set of information that is to be
considered to be part of a context when omitting algorithm
identifiers. At a minimum, this would be the key identifier (if
needed), the key, the algorithm, and the COSE structure it is used
with. Applications should restrict the use of a single key to a
single algorithm. As noted for some of the algorithms in
[I-D.ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-algs], the use of the same key in
different related algorithms can lead to leakage of information
about the key, leakage about the data or the ability to perform
forgeries.
* In many cases, applications that make the algorithm identifier
implicit will also want to make the context identifier implicit
for the same reason. That is, omitting the context identifier
will decrease the message size (potentially significantly
depending on the length of the identifier). Applications that do
this will need to describe the circumstances where the context
identifier is to be omitted and how the context identifier is to
be inferred in these cases. (An exhaustive search over all of the
keys would normally not be considered to be acceptable.) An
example of how this can be done is to tie the context to a
transaction identifier. Both would be sent on the original
message, but only the transaction identifier would need to be sent
after that point as the context is tied into the transaction
identifier. Another way would be to associate a context with a
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network address. All messages coming from a single network
address can be assumed to be associated with a specific context.
(In this case, the address would normally be distributed as part
of the context.)
* Applications cannot rely on key identifiers being unique unless
they take significant efforts to ensure that they are computed in
such a way as to create this guarantee. Even when an application
does this, the uniqueness might be violated if the application is
run in different contexts (i.e., with a different context
provider) or if the system combines the security contexts from
different applications together into a single store.
* Applications should continue the practice of protecting the
algorithm identifier. Since this is not done by placing it in the
protected attributes field, applications should define an
application-specific external data structure that includes this
value. This external data field can be used as such for content
encryption, MAC, and signature algorithms. It can be used in the
SuppPrivInfo field for those algorithms that use a KDF to derive a
key value. Applications may also want to protect other
information that is part of the context structure as well. It
should be noted that those fields, such as the key or a Base IV,
are protected by virtue of being used in the cryptographic
computation and do not need to be included in the external data
field.
The second case is having multiple implicit algorithm identifiers
specified for a multiple layer COSE object. An example of how this
would work is the encryption context that an application specifies,
which contains a content encryption algorithm, a key wrap algorithm,
a key identifier, and a shared secret. The sender omits sending the
algorithm identifier for both the content layer and the recipient
layer leaving only the key identifier. The receiver then uses the
key identifier to get the implicit algorithm identifiers.
The following additional items need to be taken into consideration:
* Applications that want to support this will need to define a
structure that allows for, and clearly identifies, both the COSE
structure to be used with a given key and the structure and
algorithm to be used for the secondary layer. The key for the
secondary layer is computed as normal from the recipient layer.
The third case is having multiple implicit algorithm identifiers, but
targeted at potentially unrelated layers or different COSE objects.
There are a number of different scenarios where this might be
applicable. Some of these scenarios are:
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* Two contexts are distributed as a pair. Each of the contexts is
for use with a COSE_Encrypt message. Each context will consist of
distinct secret keys and IVs and potentially even different
algorithms. One context is for sending messages from party A to
party B, and the second context is for sending messages from party
B to party A. This means that there is no chance for a reflection
attack to occur as each party uses different secret keys to send
its messages; a message that is reflected back to it would fail to
decrypt.
* Two contexts are distributed as a pair. The first context is used
for encryption of the message, and the second context is used to
place a countersignature on the message. The intention is that
the second context can be distributed to other entities
independently of the first context. This allows these entities to
validate that the message came from an individual without being
able to decrypt the message and see the content.
* Two contexts are distributed as a pair. The first context
contains a key for dealing with MACed messages, and the second
context contains a different key for dealing with encrypted
messages. This allows for a unified distribution of keys to
participants for different types of messages that have different
keys, but where the keys may be used in a coordinated manner.
For these cases, the following additional items need to be
considered:
* Applications need to ensure that the multiple contexts stay
associated. If one of the contexts is invalidated for any reason,
all of the contexts associated with it should also be invalidated.
Appendix B. Two Layers of Recipient Information
All of the currently defined recipient algorithm classes only use two
layers of the COSE structure. The first layer (COSE_Encrypt) is the
message content, and the second layer (COSE_Recipint) is the content
key encryption. However, if one uses a recipient algorithm such as
the RSA Key Encapsulation Mechanism (RSA-KEM) (see Appendix A of RSA-
KEM [RFC5990]), then it makes sense to have two layers of the
COSE_Recipient structure.
These layers would be:
* Layer 0: The content encryption layer. This layer contains the
payload of the message.
* Layer 1: The encryption of the CEK by a KEK.
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* Layer 2: The encryption of a long random secret using an RSA key
and a key derivation function to convert that secret into the KEK.
This is an example of what a triple layer message would look like.
The message has the following layers:
* Layer 0: Has a content encrypted with AES-GCM using a 128-bit key.
* Layer 1: Uses the AES Key Wrap algorithm with a 128-bit key.
* Layer 2: Uses ECDH Ephemeral-Static direct to generate the layer 1
key.
In effect, this example is a decomposed version of using the
ECDH-ES+A128KW algorithm.
Size of binary file is 183 bytes
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96(
[ / COSE_Encrypt /
/ protected h'a10101' / << {
/ alg / 1:1 / AES-GCM 128 /
} >>,
/ unprotected / {
/ iv / 5:h'02d1f7e6f26c43d4868d87ce'
},
/ ciphertext / h'64f84d913ba60a76070a9a48f26e97e863e2852948658f0
811139868826e89218a75715b',
/ recipients / [
[ / COSE_Recipient /
/ protected / h'',
/ unprotected / {
/ alg / 1:-3 / A128KW /
},
/ ciphertext / h'dbd43c4e9d719c27c6275c67d628d493f090593db82
18f11',
/ recipients / [
[ / COSE_Recipient /
/ protected h'a1013818' / << {
/ alg / 1:-25 / ECDH-ES + HKDF-256 /
} >> ,
/ unprotected / {
/ ephemeral / -1:{
/ kty / 1:2,
/ crv / -1:1,
/ x / -2:h'b2add44368ea6d641f9ca9af308b4079aeb519f11
e9b8a55a600b21233e86e68',
/ y / -3:false
},
/ kid / 4:'meriadoc.brandybuck@buckland.example'
},
/ ciphertext / h''
]
]
]
]
]
)
Appendix C. Examples
This appendix includes a set of examples that show the different
features and message types that have been defined in this document.
To make the examples easier to read, they are presented using the
extended CBOR diagnostic notation (defined in [RFC8610]) rather than
as a binary dump.
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A GitHub project has been created at <https://github.com/cose-wg/
Examples> that contains not only the examples presented in this
document, but a more complete set of testing examples as well. Each
example is found in a JSON file that contains the inputs used to
create the example, some of the intermediate values that can be used
in debugging the example and the output of the example presented both
as a hex dump and in CBOR diagnostic notation format. Some of the
examples at the site are designed failure testing cases; these are
clearly marked as such in the JSON file. If errors in the examples
in this document are found, the examples on GitHub will be updated,
and a note to that effect will be placed in the JSON file.
As noted, the examples are presented using the CBOR's diagnostic
notation. A Ruby-based tool exists that can convert between the
diagnostic notation and binary. This tool can be installed with the
command line:
gem install cbor-diag
The diagnostic notation can be converted into binary files using the
following command line:
diag2cbor.rb < inputfile > outputfile
The examples can be extracted from the XML version of this document
via an XPath expression as all of the sourcecode is tagged with the
attribute type='CBORdiag'. (Depending on the XPath evaluator one is
using, it may be necessary to deal with > as an entity.)
//sourcecode[@type='CDDL']/text()
C.1. Examples of Signed Messages
C.1.1. Single Signature
This example uses the following:
* Signature Algorithm: ECDSA w/ SHA-256, Curve P-256
Size of binary file is 103 bytes
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98(
[
/ protected / h'',
/ unprotected / {},
/ payload / 'This is the content.',
/ signatures / [
[
/ protected h'a10126' / << {
/ alg / 1:-7 / ECDSA 256 /
} >>,
/ unprotected / {
/ kid / 4:'11'
},
/ signature / h'e2aeafd40d69d19dfe6e52077c5d7ff4e408282cbefb
5d06cbf414af2e19d982ac45ac98b8544c908b4507de1e90b717c3d34816fe926a2b
98f53afd2fa0f30a'
]
]
]
)
C.1.2. Multiple Signers
This example uses the following:
* Signature Algorithm: ECDSA w/ SHA-256, Curve P-256
* Signature Algorithm: ECDSA w/ SHA-512, Curve P-521
Size of binary file is 277 bytes
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98(
[
/ protected / h'',
/ unprotected / {},
/ payload / 'This is the content.',
/ signatures / [
[
/ protected h'a10126' / << {
/ alg / 1:-7 / ECDSA 256 /
} >>,
/ unprotected / {
/ kid / 4:'11'
},
/ signature / h'e2aeafd40d69d19dfe6e52077c5d7ff4e408282cbefb
5d06cbf414af2e19d982ac45ac98b8544c908b4507de1e90b717c3d34816fe926a2b
98f53afd2fa0f30a'
],
[
/ protected h'a1013823' / << {
/ alg / 1:-36 / ECDSA 521 /
} >> ,
/ unprotected / {
/ kid / 4:'bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example'
},
/ signature / h'00a2d28a7c2bdb1587877420f65adf7d0b9a06635dd1
de64bb62974c863f0b160dd2163734034e6ac003b01e8705524c5c4ca479a952f024
7ee8cb0b4fb7397ba08d009e0c8bf482270cc5771aa143966e5a469a09f613488030
c5b07ec6d722e3835adb5b2d8c44e95ffb13877dd2582866883535de3bb03d01753f
83ab87bb4f7a0297'
]
]
]
)
C.1.3. Signature with Criticality
This example uses the following:
* Signature Algorithm: ECDSA w/ SHA-256, Curve P-256
* There is a criticality marker on the "reserved" header parameter
Size of binary file is 125 bytes
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98(
[
/ protected h'a2687265736572766564f40281687265736572766564' /
<< {
"reserved":false,
/ crit / 2:[
"reserved"
]
} >>,
/ unprotected / {},
/ payload / 'This is the content.',
/ signatures / [
[
/ protected h'a10126' / << {
/ alg / 1:-7 / ECDSA 256 /
} >>,
/ unprotected / {
/ kid / 4:'11'
},
/ signature / h'3fc54702aa56e1b2cb20284294c9106a63f91bac658d
69351210a031d8fc7c5ff3e4be39445b1a3e83e1510d1aca2f2e8a7c081c7645042b
18aba9d1fad1bd9c'
]
]
]
)
C.2. Single Signer Examples
C.2.1. Single ECDSA Signature
This example uses the following:
* Signature Algorithm: ECDSA w/ SHA-256, Curve P-256
Size of binary file is 98 bytes
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18(
[
/ protected h'a10126' / << {
/ alg / 1:-7 / ECDSA 256 /
} >>,
/ unprotected / {
/ kid / 4:'11'
},
/ payload / 'This is the content.',
/ signature / h'8eb33e4ca31d1c465ab05aac34cc6b23d58fef5c083106c4
d25a91aef0b0117e2af9a291aa32e14ab834dc56ed2a223444547e01f11d3b0916e5
a4c345cacb36'
]
)
C.3. Examples of Enveloped Messages
C.3.1. Direct ECDH
This example uses the following:
* CEK: AES-GCM w/ 128-bit key
* Recipient class: ECDH Ephemeral-Static, Curve P-256
Size of binary file is 151 bytes
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96(
[
/ protected h'a10101' / << {
/ alg / 1:1 / AES-GCM 128 /
} >>,
/ unprotected / {
/ iv / 5:h'c9cf4df2fe6c632bf7886413'
},
/ ciphertext / h'7adbe2709ca818fb415f1e5df66f4e1a51053ba6d65a1a0
c52a357da7a644b8070a151b0',
/ recipients / [
[
/ protected h'a1013818' / << {
/ alg / 1:-25 / ECDH-ES + HKDF-256 /
} >>,
/ unprotected / {
/ ephemeral / -1:{
/ kty / 1:2,
/ crv / -1:1,
/ x / -2:h'98f50a4ff6c05861c8860d13a638ea56c3f5ad7590bbf
bf054e1c7b4d91d6280',
/ y / -3:true
},
/ kid / 4:'meriadoc.brandybuck@buckland.example'
},
/ ciphertext / h''
]
]
]
)
C.3.2. Direct Plus Key Derivation
This example uses the following:
* CEK: AES-CCM w/ 128-bit key, truncate the tag to 64 bits
* Recipient class: Use HKDF on a shared secret with the following
implicit fields as part of the context.
- salt: "aabbccddeeffgghh"
- PartyU identity: "lighting-client"
- PartyV identity: "lighting-server"
- Supplementary Public Other: "Encryption Example 02"
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Size of binary file is 91 bytes
96(
[
/ protected h'a1010a' / << {
/ alg / 1:10 / AES-CCM-16-64-128 /
} >>,
/ unprotected / {
/ iv / 5:h'89f52f65a1c580933b5261a76c'
},
/ ciphertext / h'753548a19b1307084ca7b2056924ed95f2e3b17006dfe93
1b687b847',
/ recipients / [
[
/ protected h'a10129' / << {
/ alg / 1:-10
} >>,
/ unprotected / {
/ salt / -20:'aabbccddeeffgghh',
/ kid / 4:'our-secret'
},
/ ciphertext / h''
]
]
]
)
C.3.3. Encrypted Content with External Data
This example uses the following:
* CEK: AES-GCM w/ 128-bit key
* Recipient class: ECDH static-Static, Curve P-256 with AES Key Wrap
* Externally Supplied AAD: h'0011bbcc22dd44ee55ff660077'
Size of binary file is 173 bytes
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96(
[
/ protected h'a10101' / << {
/ alg / 1:1 / AES-GCM 128 /
} >> ,
/ unprotected / {
/ iv / 5:h'02d1f7e6f26c43d4868d87ce'
},
/ ciphertext / h'64f84d913ba60a76070a9a48f26e97e863e28529d8f5335
e5f0165eee976b4a5f6c6f09d',
/ recipients / [
[
/ protected / h'a101381f' / {
\ alg \ 1:-32 \ ECHD-SS+A128KW \
} / ,
/ unprotected / {
/ static kid / -3:'peregrin.took@tuckborough.example',
/ kid / 4:'meriadoc.brandybuck@buckland.example',
/ U nonce / -22:h'0101'
},
/ ciphertext / h'41e0d76f579dbd0d936a662d54d8582037de2e366fd
e1c62'
]
]
]
)
C.4. Examples of Encrypted Messages
C.4.1. Simple Encrypted Message
This example uses the following:
* CEK: AES-CCM w/ 128-bit key and a 64-bit tag
Size of binary file is 52 bytes
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16(
[
/ protected h'a1010a' / << {
/ alg / 1:10 / AES-CCM-16-64-128 /
} >> ,
/ unprotected / {
/ iv / 5:h'89f52f65a1c580933b5261a78c'
},
/ ciphertext / h'5974e1b99a3a4cc09a659aa2e9e7fff161d38ce71cb45ce
460ffb569'
]
)
C.4.2. Encrypted Message with a Partial IV
This example uses the following:
* CEK: AES-CCM w/ 128-bit key and a 64-bit tag
* Prefix for IV is 89F52F65A1C580933B52
Size of binary file is 41 bytes
16(
[
/ protected h'a1010a' / << {
/ alg / 1:10 / AES-CCM-16-64-128 /
} >> ,
/ unprotected / {
/ partial iv / 6:h'61a7'
},
/ ciphertext / h'252a8911d465c125b6764739700f0141ed09192de139e05
3bd09abca'
]
)
C.5. Examples of MACed Messages
C.5.1. Shared Secret Direct MAC
This example uses the following:
* MAC: AES-CMAC, 256-bit key, truncated to 64 bits
* Recipient class: direct shared secret
Size of binary file is 57 bytes
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97(
[
/ protected h'a1010f' / << {
/ alg / 1:15 / AES-CBC-MAC-256//64 /
} >> ,
/ unprotected / {},
/ payload / 'This is the content.',
/ tag / h'9e1226ba1f81b848',
/ recipients / [
[
/ protected / h'',
/ unprotected / {
/ alg / 1:-6 / direct /,
/ kid / 4:'our-secret'
},
/ ciphertext / h''
]
]
]
)
C.5.2. ECDH Direct MAC
This example uses the following:
* MAC: HMAC w/SHA-256, 256-bit key
* Recipient class: ECDH key agreement, two static keys, HKDF w/
context structure
Size of binary file is 214 bytes
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97(
[
/ protected h'a10105' / << {
/ alg / 1:5 / HMAC 256//256 /
} >> ,
/ unprotected / {},
/ payload / 'This is the content.',
/ tag / h'81a03448acd3d305376eaa11fb3fe416a955be2cbe7ec96f012c99
4bc3f16a41',
/ recipients / [
[
/ protected h'a101381a' / << {
/ alg / 1:-27 / ECDH-SS + HKDF-256 /
} >> ,
/ unprotected / {
/ static kid / -3:'peregrin.took@tuckborough.example',
/ kid / 4:'meriadoc.brandybuck@buckland.example',
/ U nonce / -22:h'4d8553e7e74f3c6a3a9dd3ef286a8195cbf8a23d
19558ccfec7d34b824f42d92bd06bd2c7f0271f0214e141fb779ae2856abf585a583
68b017e7f2a9e5ce4db5'
},
/ ciphertext / h''
]
]
]
)
C.5.3. Wrapped MAC
This example uses the following:
* MAC: AES-MAC, 128-bit key, truncated to 64 bits
* Recipient class: AES Key Wrap w/ a pre-shared 256-bit key
Size of binary file is 109 bytes
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97(
[
/ protected h'a1010e' / << {
/ alg / 1:14 / AES-CBC-MAC-128//64 /
} >> ,
/ unprotected / {},
/ payload / 'This is the content.',
/ tag / h'36f5afaf0bab5d43',
/ recipients / [
[
/ protected / h'',
/ unprotected / {
/ alg / 1:-5 / A256KW /,
/ kid / 4:'018c0ae5-4d9b-471b-bfd6-eef314bc7037'
},
/ ciphertext / h'711ab0dc2fc4585dce27effa6781c8093eba906f227
b6eb0'
]
]
]
)
C.5.4. Multi-Recipient MACed Message
This example uses the following:
* MAC: HMAC w/ SHA-256, 128-bit key
* Recipient class: Uses three different methods
1. ECDH Ephemeral-Static, Curve P-521, AES Key Wrap w/ 128-bit
key
2. AES Key Wrap w/ 256-bit key
Size of binary file is 309 bytes
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97(
[
/ protected h'a10105' / << {
/ alg / 1:5 / HMAC 256//256 /
} >> ,
/ unprotected / {},
/ payload / 'This is the content.',
/ tag / h'bf48235e809b5c42e995f2b7d5fa13620e7ed834e337f6aa43df16
1e49e9323e',
/ recipients / [
[
/ protected h'a101381c' / << {
/ alg / 1:-29 / ECHD-ES+A128KW /
} >> ,
/ unprotected / {
/ ephemeral / -1:{
/ kty / 1:2,
/ crv / -1:3,
/ x / -2:h'0043b12669acac3fd27898ffba0bcd2e6c366d53bc4db
71f909a759304acfb5e18cdc7ba0b13ff8c7636271a6924b1ac63c02688075b55ef2
d613574e7dc242f79c3',
/ y / -3:true
},
/ kid / 4:'bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example'
},
/ ciphertext / h'339bc4f79984cdc6b3e6ce5f315a4c7d2b0ac466fce
a69e8c07dfbca5bb1f661bc5f8e0df9e3eff5'
],
[
/ protected / h'',
/ unprotected / {
/ alg / 1:-5 / A256KW /,
/ kid / 4:'018c0ae5-4d9b-471b-bfd6-eef314bc7037'
},
/ ciphertext / h'0b2c7cfce04e98276342d6476a7723c090dfdd15f9a
518e7736549e998370695e6d6a83b4ae507bb'
]
]
]
)
C.6. Examples of MAC0 Messages
C.6.1. Shared Secret Direct MAC
This example uses the following:
* MAC: AES-CMAC, 256-bit key, truncated to 64 bits
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* Recipient class: direct shared secret
Size of binary file is 37 bytes
17(
[
/ protected h'a1010f' / << {
/ alg / 1:15 / AES-CBC-MAC-256//64 /
} >> ,
/ unprotected / {},
/ payload / 'This is the content.',
/ tag / h'726043745027214f'
]
)
Note that this example uses the same inputs as Appendix C.5.1.
C.7. COSE Keys
C.7.1. Public Keys
This is an example of a COSE Key Set. This example includes the
public keys for all of the previous examples.
In order the keys are:
* An EC key with a kid of "meriadoc.brandybuck@buckland.example"
* An EC key with a kid of "peregrin.took@tuckborough.example"
* An EC key with a kid of "bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example"
* An EC key with a kid of "11"
Size of binary file is 481 bytes
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[
{
-1:1,
-2:h'65eda5a12577c2bae829437fe338701a10aaa375e1bb5b5de108de439c0
8551d',
-3:h'1e52ed75701163f7f9e40ddf9f341b3dc9ba860af7e0ca7ca7e9eecd008
4d19c',
1:2,
2:'meriadoc.brandybuck@buckland.example'
},
{
-1:1,
-2:h'bac5b11cad8f99f9c72b05cf4b9e26d244dc189f745228255a219a86d6a
09eff',
-3:h'20138bf82dc1b6d562be0fa54ab7804a3a64b6d72ccfed6b6fb6ed28bbf
c117e',
1:2,
2:'11'
},
{
-1:3,
-2:h'0072992cb3ac08ecf3e5c63dedec0d51a8c1f79ef2f82f94f3c737bf5de
7986671eac625fe8257bbd0394644caaa3aaf8f27a4585fbbcad0f2457620085e5c8
f42ad',
-3:h'01dca6947bce88bc5790485ac97427342bc35f887d86d65a089377e247e
60baa55e4e8501e2ada5724ac51d6909008033ebc10ac999b9d7f5cc2519f3fe1ea1
d9475',
1:2,
2:'bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example'
},
{
-1:1,
-2:h'98f50a4ff6c05861c8860d13a638ea56c3f5ad7590bbfbf054e1c7b4d91
d6280',
-3:h'f01400b089867804b8e9fc96c3932161f1934f4223069170d924b7e03bf
822bb',
1:2,
2:'peregrin.took@tuckborough.example'
}
]
C.7.2. Private Keys
This is an example of a COSE Key Set. This example includes the
private keys for all of the previous examples.
In order the keys are:
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* An EC key with a kid of "meriadoc.brandybuck@buckland.example"
* A shared-secret key with a kid of "our-secret"
* An EC key with a kid of "peregrin.took@tuckborough.example"
* A shared-secret key with a kid of "018c0ae5-4d9b-471b-
bfd6-eef314bc7037"
* An EC key with a kid of "bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example"
* An EC key with a kid of "11"
Size of binary file is 816 bytes
[
{
1:2,
2:'meriadoc.brandybuck@buckland.example',
-1:1,
-2:h'65eda5a12577c2bae829437fe338701a10aaa375e1bb5b5de108de439c0
8551d',
-3:h'1e52ed75701163f7f9e40ddf9f341b3dc9ba860af7e0ca7ca7e9eecd008
4d19c',
-4:h'aff907c99f9ad3aae6c4cdf21122bce2bd68b5283e6907154ad911840fa
208cf'
},
{
1:2,
2:'11',
-1:1,
-2:h'bac5b11cad8f99f9c72b05cf4b9e26d244dc189f745228255a219a86d6a
09eff',
-3:h'20138bf82dc1b6d562be0fa54ab7804a3a64b6d72ccfed6b6fb6ed28bbf
c117e',
-4:h'57c92077664146e876760c9520d054aa93c3afb04e306705db609030850
7b4d3'
},
{
1:2,
2:'bilbo.baggins@hobbiton.example',
-1:3,
-2:h'0072992cb3ac08ecf3e5c63dedec0d51a8c1f79ef2f82f94f3c737bf5de
7986671eac625fe8257bbd0394644caaa3aaf8f27a4585fbbcad0f2457620085e5c8
f42ad',
-3:h'01dca6947bce88bc5790485ac97427342bc35f887d86d65a089377e247e
60baa55e4e8501e2ada5724ac51d6909008033ebc10ac999b9d7f5cc2519f3fe1ea1
d9475',
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-4:h'00085138ddabf5ca975f5860f91a08e91d6d5f9a76ad4018766a476680b
55cd339e8ab6c72b5facdb2a2a50ac25bd086647dd3e2e6e99e84ca2c3609fdf177f
eb26d'
},
{
1:4,
2:'our-secret',
-1:h'849b57219dae48de646d07dbb533566e976686457c1491be3a76dcea6c4
27188'
},
{
1:2,
-1:1,
2:'peregrin.took@tuckborough.example',
-2:h'98f50a4ff6c05861c8860d13a638ea56c3f5ad7590bbfbf054e1c7b4d91
d6280',
-3:h'f01400b089867804b8e9fc96c3932161f1934f4223069170d924b7e03bf
822bb',
-4:h'02d1f7e6f26c43d4868d87ceb2353161740aacf1f7163647984b522a848
df1c3'
},
{
1:4,
2:'our-secret2',
-1:h'849b5786457c1491be3a76dcea6c4271'
},
{
1:4,
2:'018c0ae5-4d9b-471b-bfd6-eef314bc7037',
-1:h'849b57219dae48de646d07dbb533566e976686457c1491be3a76dcea6c4
27188'
}
]
Acknowledgments
This document is a product of the COSE working group of the IETF.
The following individuals are to blame for getting me started on this
project in the first place: Richard Barnes, Matt Miller, and Martin
Thomson.
The initial version of the specification was based to some degree on
the outputs of the JOSE and S/MIME working groups.
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The following individuals provided input into the final form of the
document: Carsten Bormann, John Bradley, Brain Campbell, Michael B.
Jones, Ilari Liusvaara, Francesca Palombini, Ludwig Seitz, and
Göran Selander.
Author's Address
Jim Schaad
August Cellars
Email: ietf@augustcellars.com
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