Internet DRAFT - draft-ietf-dhc-dhcpv4-over-ipv6
draft-ietf-dhc-dhcpv4-over-ipv6
Network Working Group Y. Cui
Internet-Draft P. Wu
Intended status: Informational J. Wu
Expires: October 26, 2014 Tsinghua University
T. Lemon
Nominum, Inc.
Q. Sun
Tsinghua University
April 24, 2014
DHCPv4 over IPv6 Transport
draft-ietf-dhc-dhcpv4-over-ipv6-09
Abstract
In IPv6 networks, there remains a need to provide IPv4 service for
some residual devices. This document describes a mechanism for
allocating IPv4 addresses to such devices, using DHCPv4 with an IPv6
transport. It is done by putting a special relay agent function
(Client Relay Agent) on the client side, as well as extending the
behavior of the server; in the case where DHCP server only supports
IPv4 transport, a relay agent is extended to support IPv6 transport
(IPv6-Transport Relay Agent) and relay DHCP traffic for the server,
with a new Relay Agent Information sub-option added to carry the IPv6
address of the Client Relay Agent. DHCPv4 over IPv6 has been
developed in the IETF, and some implementations and deployments have
been carried out. But this mechanism is not recommended for future
implementation or deployment.
Status of This Memo
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provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
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This Internet-Draft will expire on October 26, 2014.
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Copyright Notice
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document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Protocol Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Client Relay Agent IPv6 Address Sub-option . . . . . . . . . 5
5. Client Relay Agent Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6. IPv6-Transport Server Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7. IPv6-Transport Relay Agent Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8. Security Consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
9. IANA Consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
10. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
11.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
11.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Appendix A. Motivation for selecting this particular solution . 10
A.1. Configuring IPv4 with DHCPv6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
A.2. Tunnel DHCPv4 over IPv6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
A.3. DHCPv4 relayed over IPv6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Appendix B. Discussion on One Host Retrieving Multiple Addresses
through One CRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1. Introduction
DHCPv4 over IPv6 mechanism has been developed in the IETF. There
have been implementations from ISC, Juniper, Huawei, Tsinghua
University, etc. It is in active deployments in some networks,
including in the China Next Generation Internet (CNGI) and China
Education and Research Network 2 (CERNET2), Deutsche Telekom, and so
on. Documenting this mechanism is for the benefit of vendors and
operators of the existing implementations and deployments. According
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to [I-D.ietf-dhc-v4configuration], future usage should reference
[I-D.ietf-dhc-dhcpv4-over-dhcpv6].
DHCPv4 [RFC2131] was not designed with IPv6 in mind: DHCPv4 cannot
operate on an IPv6 network. However, as dual-stack networks become a
reality, the need arises to allocate IPv4 addresses in an IPv6
environment. To meet this demand, this document extends the DHCPv4
protocol to allow the use of an IPv6 network for transport.
A typical scenario that probably requires this feature is IPv4-over-
IPv6 hub and spoke tunnel [RFC4925]. In this scenario, IPv4-over-
IPv6 tunnel is used to provide IPv4 connectivity to end users (hosts
or end networks) across an IPv6 network. If the IPv4 addresses of
the end users are provisioned by the concentrator side, then the
provisioning process should be able to cross the IPv6 network. One
such tunnel mechanism is demonstrated in
[I-D.ietf-softwire-public-4over6].
2. Terminology
This document makes use of the following terms:
o DHCPv4: IPv4 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol [RFC2131].
o Client Relay Agent (CRA): a special DHCPv4 Relay Agent which
relays between DHCPv4 client and DHCPv4 server using an IPv6
network. A CRA either sits on the same, IPv6-accessible host with
the DHCPv4 client, or sits on the same link with the host running
DHCPv4 client.
o Host Client Relay Agent (HCRA): a CRA which sits on the same,
IPv6-accessible host with the DHCPv4 client.
o On-Link Client Relay Agent (LCRA): a CRA which sits on the same
link with the host that runs DHCPv4 client.
o IPv6-Transport Server (TSV): a DHCPv4 Server that supports IPv6
transport. The TSV listens on IPv6 for incoming DHCPv4 messages,
and sends DHCPv4 messages in IPv6 packets.
o IPv6-Transport Relay Agent (TRA): a DHCPv4 Relay Agent that
supports IPv6 transport. The TRA sits on a machine which has both
IPv6 and IPv4 connectivity, and relays DHCP messages between a CRA
and a regular DHCPv4 server. Unlike the CRA, the TRA sits on the
remote end of the IPv6 network, and communicates with the DHCPv4
server through IPv4.
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o Client Relay Agent IPv6 Address sub-option (CRA6ADDR sub-option):
a new sub-option of the DHCP Relay Agent Information Option
[RFC3046], defined in this document, which is used to carry the
IPv6 address of the CRA.
3. Protocol Summary
The scenario for DHCPv4 over IPv6 transport is shown in Figure 1.
DHCPv4 clients and DHCPv4 server/relay are separated by an IPv6
network in the middle. DHCP messages between a client and the server
/relay cannot naturally be forwarded to each other because they are
IPv4 UDP packets, either unicast or broadcast. To bridge this gap,
both the client side and the server/relay side can enable DHCPv4 over
IPv6 transport. More precisely, it is necessary for them to support
delivering and receiving DHCP messages in IPv6 UDP packets and
thereby traverse the IPv6 network.
On the client side, a special relay agent called Client Relay Agent
is placed on the same host with the client, or on the link of the
host. The CRA is used to relay DHCP messages from the client to the
server, and from the server to the client. It sends DHCPv4 messages
to the server through unicast IPv6 UDP, and receives unicast IPv6 UDP
packets with the DHCPv4 messages from the server. By using CRA, no
extension is required on the DHCP client.
+-------------------------+
+------+ |
|DHCPv4| |
|Client| +-------+
+------+ |DHCPv4 |
| IPv6 Network |Server/|
+------+ |Relay |
|DHCPv4| +-------+
|Client| |
+------+ |
+-------------------------+
Figure 1 Scenario of DHCPv4 over IPv6 Transport
The IPv6-Transport DHCPv4 server is able to receive DHCP messages
delivered in IPv6 UDP from the CRA, and send out DHCP messages to the
CRA using IPv6 UDP (figure 2(a)). The TSV sends DHCP messages to the
IPv6 address from which it receives relevant DHCP messages earlier.
When CRAs communicate with an IPv6-Transport Relay Agent rather than
with a server directly, the situation becomes a little more
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complicated. Besides the IPv6 communication with a CRA, a TRA also
communicates with a regular DHCPv4 server through IPv4. Therefore,
when the TRA relays DHCP messages between a CRA and the DHCPv4
server, it receives a DHCP message from the CRA in IPv6 and sends it
to the server in IPv4, as well as receives a DHCP message from the
server in IPv4 and sends it to the CRA in IPv6.
The TRA sends the IPv6 address of the CRA to the DHCP server using
the Client Relay Agent IPv6 Address (CRA6ADDR) suboption, defined in
this document. The DHCP server returns this suboption to the TRA as
required in [RFC3046]. The TRA then uses the returned CRA6ADDR
suboption to determine the destination address to which to relay the
response.
+------+ +------+
|client| IPv6 network |TSV |
|+HCRA |----------------| |
+------+ +------+
+------+ +------+ +------+
|client| |LCRA | IPv6 network |TSV |
| |--| |----------------| |
+------+ +------+ +------+
(a)client--server case
+------+ +------+ +------+
|client| IPv6 network |TRA | IPv4 network |server|
|+HCRA |----------------| |--------------| |
+------+ +------+ +------+
+------+ +------+ +------+ +------+
|client| |LCRA | IPv6 network |TRA | IPv4 network |server|
| |--| |----------------| |--------------| |
+------+ +------+ +------+ +------+
(b)client--relay--server case
Figure 2 Protocol Summary
4. Client Relay Agent IPv6 Address Sub-option
The CRA6ADDR suboption is a suboption of the Relay Agent Information
Option [RFC3046]. It encodes the IPv6 address of the machine from
which a DHCPv4-in-IPv6 CRA-to-TRA message was received. It is used
by the TRA to relay DHCPv4 replies back to the proper CRA. The TRA
uses the IPv6 address encoded in this suboption as the destination
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IPv6 address when relaying a DHCPv4 message from the DHCP server to
the CRA.
The CRA6ADDR sub-option has a fixed length of 18 octets. The SubOpt
code is tbd by IANA, the length field is 16, and the following 16
octets contain the CRA IPv6 address.
SubOpt Len Agent Remote ID
+------+------+------+------+------+- -+------+
| tbd | 16 | a1 | a2 | a3 | ... | a16 |
+------+------+------+------+------+- -+------+
Figure 3 Client Relay Agent IPv6 Address Sub-option format
5. Client Relay Agent Behavior
A Client Relay Agent sits on the same host with the DHCPv4 client
(HCRA), or on the same link as the host (LCRA). A CRA listens for
DHCP packets on IPv4 on port 67, and also listens for DHCP packets on
IPv6 on port 67.
A CRA is configured with one or more IPv6 addresses of TSV/TRA as the
destination(s). The CRA is also configured with a global IPv6
address before the DHCPv4 client starts, so that it can forward
DHCPv4 messages over IPv6.
When the CRA receives any DHCP message on IPv4 with BOOTP op field
set to 1, it forwards the message over UDP on IPv6 using a standard
DHCP message format, with source port 67 and destination port 67.
The CRA forwards the message to each TSV or TRA address with which it
is configured.
When the CRA receives any message on IPv6 with BOOTP op field set to
2, the CRA checks to see if the message contains option 82. If it
does, the CRA silently discards the message. Otherwise, it relays
the message to the DHCP client using IPv4.
When the CRA receives any message on IPv6 with BOOTP op field set to
4, it decapsulates the message as specified in DHCPv4 Relay Agent
Encapsulation [I-D.ietf-dhc-dhcpv4-relay-encapsulation]. If the CRA
does not support encapsulation, it silently discards the message.
The LCRA or HCRA does not use the Relay Agent Information Option
[RFC3046]. If either type of CRA needs to send relay agent options,
it uses relay agent encapsulation as defined in
[I-D.ietf-dhc-dhcpv4-relay-encapsulation].
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An HCRA only serves the client inside the same host, while the LCRA
serves any client on the link. When the IPv6 address of TSV/TRA is
provisioned to the host running the DHCP client, it uses HCRA; else
the client depends on LCRA. A HCRA serves only one link; the
multiple-link case is handled by multiple HCRA instances. A LCRA
does not necessarily need an IPv4 address, though it may be
configured with one.
In the HCRA case, the DHCPv6 client (or other IPv6 configuration
processes), DHCPv4 client and CRA run on the same physical interface.
In some cases, the host running the DHCPv4 client and CRA defers the
operation of the DHCPv4 client until an IPv6 address of the interface
has been acquired, as well as the TSV/TRA address information. If
this is not done, the DHCPv4 client may send several messages that
the CRA cannot relay, and this could result in long delays before the
DHCPv4 client actually gets an IPv4 address.
6. IPv6-Transport Server Behavior
To support IPv6 transport, the behavior of DHCPv4 server is extended.
The IPv6-Transport Server can listen on IPv6 port 67 for DHCPv4
messages, and send DHCPv4 messages through IPv6.
A TSV listens for DHCP messages on IPv6 UDP port 67 and IPv4 UDP port
67. When it receives a DHCP message on IPv6, it retains the IPv6
source address of that message until it has sent a response. The TSV
sends the response to this IPv6 address, with destination port 67.
The TSV is bound to send a server identifier option [RFC2132]
containing an IPv4 address which will be reachable from the client
once the residual IPv4 service is set up. This follows the server id
option requirement in [RFC2131].
The rest of TSV DHCP process is the same with a normal DHCPv4 server.
A TSV also listens on IPv4 UDP port 67 like a normal DHCPv4 server,
and process IPv4 DHCPv4 messages normally. This requirement exists
because when a DHCPv4 client renews, it sends its renewal messages
directly to the server, rather than broadcasting them.
Because a CRA may use relay agent encapsulation
[I-D.ietf-dhc-dhcpv4-relay-encapsulation], the TSV ought to support
it. A TSV that does not support it will not interoperate with a CRA
that sends relay agent options.
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7. IPv6-Transport Relay Agent Behavior
An IPv6-Transport Relay Agent sits between an IPv6 network and an
IPv4 network, and relays DHCPv4 messages between CRAs and an
IPv4-only DHCPv4 server. The communication between CRAs and the TRA
uses IPv6, while the communication between the TRA and the server
uses IPv4. A TRA listens on IPv6 UDP port 67 for DHCP messages with
BOOTP op field set to 1 or 3, as well as IPv4 UDP port 67 for DHCP
messages with BOOTP op field set to 2 or 4.
When relaying a DHCP message from CRA to server, the TRA adds a
CRA6ADDR suboption. The TRA sets the contents of this suboption to
the IPv6 source address of the message. The TRA also stores one of
its own IPv4 addresses in the giaddr field of the DHCP message. The
TRA may include a Link Selection sub-option [RFC3527] to indicate to
the DHCP server which link to use when choosing an IP address. If
the received message is a RELAYFORWARD message, the TRA encapsulates
the message in a new RELAYFORWARD message and stores the CRA6ADDR in
the new relay segment. If it is some other message, the TRA appends
a Relay Agent Information Option as described in [RFC3046], but may
encapsulate it in the same way as RELAYFORWARD message instead, which
depends on the implementation.
When receiving a DHCP message from the DHCP server, if the message
contains no CRA6ADDR suboption, the TRA discards the message.
Otherwise, it processes it as required by [RFC3046] and
[I-D.ietf-dhc-dhcpv4-relay-encapsulation], and forwards it to the
IPv6 address recorded in the CRA6ADDR sub-option, with source port 67
and destination port 67.
8. Security Consideration
This mechanism may rise a new form of DHCP protocol attack. A
malicious attacker in IPv6 can interference with the DHCPv4 process
by injecting fake DHCPv4-in-IPv6 messages which will be handled by
TSV or TRA. However, the damage is the same with the known DHCPv4
attack happened in IPv4. The only difference is the attacker and the
victim could locate in different address families.
Another impact is DHCP filtering. There are firewalls today capable
of filtering DHCP traffic (DHCPv4 over IPv4 and DHCPv6 over IPv6
packets). The DHCP messages with the new, DHCPv4-in-IPv6 style may
bypass these firewalls. Nevertheless it is not difficult for them to
make some slight modification and adapt to the new DHCPv4 message
pattern.
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9. IANA Consideration
IANA is requested to assign one new sub-option code from the registry
of DHCP Agent Sub-Option Codes maintained in http://www.iana.org/
assignments/bootp-dhcp-parameters. This sub-option code will be
assigned to the Client Relay Agent IPv6 Address Sub-option.
10. Contributors
The following gentlemen also contributed to the effort:
Francis Dupont
Internet Systems Consortium, Inc.
Email: fdupont@isc.org
Tomasz Mrugalski
Internet Systems Consortium, Inc.
Email: tomasz.mrugalski@gmail.com
Dmitry Anipko
Microsoft Corporation
Email: danipko@microsoft.com
11. References
11.1. Normative References
[I-D.ietf-dhc-dhcpv4-relay-encapsulation]
Lemon, T., Deng, H., and L. Huang, "Relay Agent
Encapsulation for DHCPv4", draft-ietf-dhc-dhcpv4-relay-
encapsulation-01 (work in progress), July 2011.
[RFC2131] Droms, R., "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol", RFC
2131, March 1997.
[RFC2132] Alexander, S. and R. Droms, "DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor
Extensions", RFC 2132, March 1997.
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[RFC3046] Patrick, M., "DHCP Relay Agent Information Option", RFC
3046, January 2001.
[RFC3527] Kinnear, K., Stapp, M., Johnson, R., and J. Kumarasamy,
"Link Selection sub-option for the Relay Agent Information
Option for DHCPv4", RFC 3527, April 2003.
[RFC4361] Lemon, T. and B. Sommerfeld, "Node-specific Client
Identifiers for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
Version Four (DHCPv4)", RFC 4361, February 2006.
[RFC4925] Li, X., Dawkins, S., Ward, D., and A. Durand, "Softwire
Problem Statement", RFC 4925, July 2007.
[RFC6842] Swamy, N., Halwasia, G., and P. Jhingran, "Client
Identifier Option in DHCP Server Replies", RFC 6842,
January 2013.
11.2. Informative References
[I-D.ietf-dhc-dhcpv4-over-dhcpv6]
Sun, Q., Cui, Y., Siodelski, M., Krishnan, S., and I.
Farrer, "DHCPv4 over DHCPv6 Transport", draft-ietf-dhc-
dhcpv4-over-dhcpv6-07 (work in progress), April 2014.
[I-D.ietf-dhc-v4configuration]
Rajtar, B. and I. Farrer, "Provisioning IPv4 Configuration
Over IPv6 Only Networks", draft-ietf-dhc-
v4configuration-05 (work in progress), February 2014.
[I-D.ietf-softwire-public-4over6]
Cui, Y., Wu, J., Wu, P., Vautrin, O., and Y. Lee, "Public
IPv4 over IPv6 Access Network", draft-ietf-softwire-
public-4over6-10 (work in progress), July 2013.
Appendix A. Motivation for selecting this particular solution
We considered three possible solutions to the problem of configuring
IPv4 addresses on an IPv6 network.
A.1. Configuring IPv4 with DHCPv6
Use DHCPv6 instead of DHCPv4, to provision IPv4-related connectivity.
In DHCPv6, the provisioned IPv4 address can be embedded into IPv6
address, or carried within a new option. Along with that, dedicated
options are needed to convey IPv4-related information, such as the
IPv4 address of DNS server, NTP server, etc. Therefore it will put a
certain amount of IPv6-unrelated information into DHCPv6 protocol.
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This solution was rejected for two reasons. First, the DHCPv6
protocol does not currently provide a mechanism for recording
bindings between IPv4 addresses and DHCPv6 clients. Extending DHCPv6
to provide this functionality would be a substantial change to the
existing protocol.
Second, a deliberate choice was made when the DHCPv6 protocol was
defined to avoid simply copying existing functionality from DHCPv4.
While it is possible, using DHCPv6, to deliver IPv4 addresses as
IPv6-encoded IPv4 addresses, it might be necessary to add additional
DHCPv6 options simply to support IPv4. These options would then
remain in the protocol, long after the need for IPv4 has gone.
By comparison, any extensions to DHCPv4 will naturally be forgotten
when DHCPv4 is no longer needed. This means that whatever extensions
we make to DHCPv4 to solve the problem, we can stop maintaining as
soon as IPv4 is no longer needed.
A.2. Tunnel DHCPv4 over IPv6
Use DHCPv4 for configuration, and tunnel DHCPv4-in-IPv4 messages over
IPv6. Unlike the previous approach where DHCPv6 is used for both
IPv4 and IPv6 connectivity, this approach preserves the separation
between IPv4 and IPv6 connectivity information. It maintains the
IPv4 service without major modifications to IPv6-related provisioning
resources, and sustains DHCPv4 to be the IPv4-related information
carrier.
This approach was not chosen because it adds a requirement for DHCPv4
to operate over an IPv4-in-IPv6 tunnel. DHCPv4 clients generally
operate on broadcast networks, not on tunnels. To make DHCPv4
operate over a tunnel would require substantial changes to the DHCPv4
client, as well as maintaining a tunnel over which to deliver DHCPv4
traffic.
This also creates a chicken-and-egg problem: how do we set up an IPv4
tunnel when we do not know our IPv4 address? Solutions to these
problems were proposed, but they require significant changes to the
DHCP client and significant additional work to make a tunnel that
could carry the DHCP packets.
A.3. DHCPv4 relayed over IPv6
Use DHCPv4 for configuration, and extend it to use an IPv6 transport
for relayed messages. Essentially this involves a single change to
the protocol, to allow DHCPv4 servers or relay agents to send and
receive packets using an IPv6 transport. No changes are required on
the client.
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The working group chose this third solution because, of the three, it
required the fewest changes to the DHCP protocol, so that it was
easiest to specify and easiest to implement.
Appendix B. Discussion on One Host Retrieving Multiple Addresses
through One CRA
This document is written with the intention of supporting a use case
where a single DHCP client is configuring a single tunnel endpoint
per physical link. The technique described in this document could be
used by a host needing to configure more than one tunnel endpoint on
the same physical link, i.e., to retrieve multiple addresses through
the same CRA.
DHCP server implementing this specification implements Client
Identifier Option in DHCP server replies [RFC6842].
In general this specification is intended not to require modification
of DHCP clients. However, DHCP clients being used to configure
multiple tunnel endpoints have to be modified; otherwise there is no
way for such DHCP clients to differentiate between DHCP responses.
Therefore, in such case, the DHCP client using this specification
uses a different client identifier for each tunnel endpoint being
configured. Such DHCP clients examine the response from the DHCP
server and use the client identifier to differentiate between the
DHCP client state machines for each tunnel endpoint.
In order to satisfy the requirement that client identifiers be
unique, DHCP clients configuring multiple tunnel endpoints implement
Node-specific Client Identifiers for DHCPv4 [RFC4361]. Such clients
use a different IAID for each tunnel endpoint.
It is assumed here that every client state machine on a multiple-
tunnel-endpoint link can hear all the DHCP messages (and subsequently
accept the messages intended for it). How this is accomplished is
left to the implementor. However, implementations must follow this
requirement; otherwise, it will be impossible for multiple tunnel
endpoints to be successfully configured. The easiest way to
accomplish this is to have a single DHCP client process with multiple
DHCP state machines, and to dispatch each DHCP message to the correct
DHCP client state machine using the client identifier. However, this
is not required; any mechanism that results in client state machines
receiving the messages that are intended for them will suffice.
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Authors' Addresses
Yong Cui
Tsinghua University
Department of Computer Science, Tsinghua University
Beijing 100084
P.R.China
Phone: +86-10-6260-3059
Email: yong@csnet1.cs.tsinghua.edu.cn
Peng Wu
Tsinghua University
Department of Computer Science, Tsinghua University
Beijing 100084
P.R.China
Phone: +86-10-6278-5822
Email: pengwu.thu@gmail.com
Jianping Wu
Tsinghua University
Department of Computer Science, Tsinghua University
Beijing 100084
P.R.China
Phone: +86-10-6278-5983
Email: jianping@cernet.edu.cn
Ted Lemon
Nominum, Inc.
2000 Seaport Blvd
Redwood City, CA 94063
USA
Phone: +1-650-381-6000
Email: mellon@nominum.com
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Qi Sun
Tsinghua University
Department of Computer Science, Tsinghua University
Beijing 100084
P.R.China
Phone: +86-10-6278-5822
Email: sunqi@csnet1.cs.tsinghua.edu.cn
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