Internet DRAFT - draft-ietf-dhc-dhcpv6-privacy
draft-ietf-dhc-dhcpv6-privacy
dhc S. Krishnan
Internet-Draft Ericsson
Intended status: Informational T. Mrugalski
Expires: August 27, 2016 ISC
S. Jiang
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd
February 24, 2016
Privacy considerations for DHCPv6
draft-ietf-dhc-dhcpv6-privacy-05
Abstract
DHCPv6 is a protocol that is used to provide addressing and
configuration information to IPv6 hosts. This document describes the
privacy issues associated with the use of DHCPv6 by the Internet
users. It is intended to be an analysis of the present situation and
does not propose any solutions.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
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material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on August 27, 2016.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Identifiers in DHCPv6 options and fields . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.1. Source IPv6 address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2. DUID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.3. Client Identifier Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.4. IA_NA, IA_TA, IA_PD, IA Address and IA Prefix Options . . 5
3.5. Client FQDN Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.6. Client Link-layer Address Option . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.7. Option Request Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.8. Vendor Class and Vendor-specific Information Options . . 6
3.9. Civic Location Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.10. Coordinate-Based Location Option . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.11. Client System Architecture Type Option . . . . . . . . . 7
3.12. Relay Agent Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.12.1. Subscriber ID Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.12.2. Interface ID Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.12.3. Remote ID Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.12.4. Relay-ID Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4. Existing Mechanisms That Affect Privacy . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1. Temporary addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2. DNS Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.3. Allocation strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5. Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.1. Device type discovery (fingerprinting) . . . . . . . . . 11
5.2. Operating system discovery (fingerprinting) . . . . . . . 11
5.3. Finding location information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.4. Finding previously visited networks . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.5. Finding a stable identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.6. Pervasive monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.7. Finding client's IP address or hostname . . . . . . . . . 13
5.8. Correlation of activities over time . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.9. Location tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.10. Leasequery & bulk leasequery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7. Privacy Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
9. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
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1. Introduction
DHCPv6 [RFC3315] is a protocol that is used to provide addressing and
configuration information to IPv6 hosts. DHCPv6 uses several
identifiers that could become a source for gleaning information about
the IPv6 host. This information may include device type, operating
system information, location(s) that the device may have previously
visited, etc. This document discusses the various identifiers used
by DHCPv6 and the potential privacy issues [RFC6973]. In particular,
it also takes into consideration the problem of pervasive monitoring
[RFC7258].
Future works may propose protocol changes to fix the privacy issues
that have been analyzed in this document. Protocol changes are out
of scope for this document.
The primary focus of this document is around privacy considerations
for clients to support client mobility and connection to random
networks. The privacy of DHCPv6 servers and relay agents are
considered less important as they are typically open for public
services. And, it is generally assumed that relay agent to server
communication is protected from casual snooping, as that
communication occurs in the provider's backbone. Nevertheless, the
topics involving relay agents and servers are explored to some
degree. However, future work may want to further explore privacy of
DHCPv6 servers and relay agents.
2. Terminology
Naming convention from [RFC3315] and related is used throughout this
document. In addition the following terminology is used:
Stable identifier - Any property disclosed by a DHCPv6 client that
does not change over time or changes very infrequently and is
unique for said client in a given context. Examples include
MAC address, client-id, and a hostname. Some identifiers may
be considered stable only under certain conditions, for
example one client implementation may keep its client-id
stored in stable storage while another may generate it on the
fly and use a different one after each boot. Stable
identifiers may or may not be globally unique.
3. Identifiers in DHCPv6 options and fields
In DHCPv6, there are many options that include identification
information or that can be used to extract identification information
about the client. This section enumerates various options or fields
and the identifiers conveyed in them, which can be used to disclose
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client identification. The attacks that are enabled by such
disclosures are detailed in Section 5.
3.1. Source IPv6 address
Although IPv6 link-local address is technically not a part of DHCPv6,
it appears in the DHCPv6 transmissions, so it is mentioned here for
completeness.
If the client does not use privacy extensions (see [RFC4941]) or
similar solutions and its IPv6 link-local address is based on
physical link-layer address, this information is disclosed to the
DHCPv6 server and to anyone who manages to intercept this
transmission.
There are multiple cases where IPv6 link-local addresses are used in
DHCPv6. Initial client transmissions are always sent from the IPv6
link-local addresses even when the server unicast option (see
Sections 22.12 and 18 of [RFC3315] for details) is enabled. If there
are relay agents, they forward client's traffic wrapped in Relay-
forward and store original source IPv6 address in peer-address field.
3.2. DUID
Each DHCPv6 client and server has a DHCPv6 Unique Identifier (DUID)
[RFC3315]. The DUID is designed to be unique across all DHCPv6
clients and servers, and to remain stable after it has been initially
generated. The DUID can be of different forms. Commonly used forms
are based on the link-layer address of one of the device's network
interfaces (with or without a timestamp), on the Universally Unique
IDentifier (UUID) [RFC6355]. The default type, defined in
Section 9.2 of [RFC3315] is DUID-LLT that is based on link-layer
address. It is commonly implemented in most popular clients.
It is important to understand DUID lifecycle. Clients and servers
are expected to generate their DUID once (during first operation) and
store it in a non-volatile storage or use the same deterministic
algorithm to generate the same DUID value again. This means that
most implementations will use the available link-layer address during
its first boot. Even if the administrator enables link-layer address
randomization, it is likely that it was not yet enabled during the
first device boot. Hence the original, unobfuscated link-layer
address will likely end up being announced as client DUID, even if
the link-layer address has changed (or even if being changed on a
periodic basis). The exposure of the original link-layer address in
DUID will also undermine other privacy extensions such as [RFC4941].
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3.3. Client Identifier Option
The Client Identifier Option (OPTION_CLIENTID) [RFC3315] is used to
carry the DUID of a DHCPv6 client between a client and a server.
There is an analogous Server Identifier Option but it is not as
interesting in the privacy context (unless a host can be convinced to
start acting as a server). See Section 3.2 for relevant discussion
about DUIDs.
3.4. IA_NA, IA_TA, IA_PD, IA Address and IA Prefix Options
The Identity Association for Non-temporary Addresses (IA_NA) option
[RFC3315] is used to carry the parameters and any non-temporary
addresses associated with the given IA_NA. The Identity Association
for Temporary Addresses (IA_TA) option [RFC3315] is analogous to the
IA_NA option but for temporary addresses. The IA Address option
[RFC3315] is used to specify IPv6 addresses associated with an IA_NA
or an IA_TA and is encapsulated within the Options field of such an
IA_NA or IA_TA option. The Identity Association for Prefix
Delegation (IA_PD) [RFC3633] option is used to carry the prefixes
that are assigned to the requesting router. IA Prefix option
[RFC3633] is used to specify IPv6 prefixes associated with an IA_PD
and is encapsulated within the Options field of such an IA_PD option.
To differentiate between instances of the same type of IA containers
for a client, each IA_NA, IA_TA and IA_PD options have an IAID field
with a unique value for a given IA type. It is up to the client to
pick unique IAID values. At least one popular implementation uses
last four octets of the link-layer address. In most cases, that
means that merely two bytes are missing for a full link-layer address
reconstruction. However, the first three octets in a typical link-
layer address are vendor identifier. That can be determined with
high level of certainty using other means, thus allowing full link-
layer address discovery.
3.5. Client FQDN Option
The Client Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) option [RFC4704] is
used by DHCPv6 clients and servers to exchange information about the
client's fully qualified domain name and about who has the
responsibility for updating the DNS with the associated AAAA and PTR
RRs.
A client can use this option to convey all or part of its domain name
to a DHCPv6 server for the IPv6-address-to-FQDN mapping. In most
case a client sends its hostname as a hint for the server. The
DHCPv6 server may be configured to modify the supplied name or to
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substitute a different name. The server should send its notion of
the complete FQDN for the client in the Domain Name field.
3.6. Client Link-layer Address Option
The Client link-layer address option [RFC6939] is used by first-hop
DHCPv6 relays to provide the client's link-layer address towards the
server.
DHCPv6 relay agents that receive messages originating from clients
may include the link-layer source address of the received DHCPv6
message in the Client Link-Layer Address option, in relayed DHCPv6
Relay-Forward messages.
3.7. Option Request Option
DHCPv6 clients include an Option Request option [RFC3315] in DHCPv6
messages to inform the server about options the client wants the
server to send to the client.
The content of an Option Request option are the option codes for
options requested by the client. The client may additionally include
instances of those options that are identified in the Option Request
option, with data values as hints to the server about parameter
values the client would like to have returned.
3.8. Vendor Class and Vendor-specific Information Options
The Vendor Class option, defined in Section 22.16 of [RFC3315], is
used by a DHCPv6 client to identify the vendor that manufactured the
hardware on which the client is running.
The Vendor-specific Information option, defined in Section 22.17 of
[RFC3315], includes enterprise number, which identifies the client's
vendor and often includes a number of additional parameters that are
specific to a given vendor. That may include any type of information
the vendor deems useful. It should be noted that this information
may be present (and different) in both directions: client to server
and server to client communications.
The information contained in the data area of this option is
contained in one or more opaque fields that identify details of the
hardware configuration, for example, the version of the operating
system the client is running or the amount of memory installed on the
client.
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3.9. Civic Location Option
DHCPv6 servers use the Civic Location option [RFC4776] to deliver
location information (the civic and postal addresses) from the DHCPv6
server to DHCPv6 clients. It may refer to three locations: the
location of the DHCPv6 server, the location of the network element
believed to be closest to the client, or the location of the client,
identified by the "what" element within the option.
3.10. Coordinate-Based Location Option
The GeoLoc options [RFC6225] are used by DHCPv6 server to provide
coordinate-based geographic location information to DHCPv6 clients.
They enable a DHCPv6 client to obtain its location.
3.11. Client System Architecture Type Option
The Client System Architecture Type option [RFC5970] is used by
DHCPv6 client to send a list of supported architecture types to the
DHCPv6 server. It is used by clients that must be booted using the
network rather than from local storage, so the server can decide
which boot file should be provided to the client.
3.12. Relay Agent Options
A DHCPv6 relay agent may include a number of options. Those option
contain information that can be used to identify the client. Those
options are almost exclusively exchanged between the relay agent and
the server, thus never leaving the operators network. In particular,
they're almost never present in the last wireless hop in case of WiFi
networks. The only exception to that rule is somewhat infrequently
used Relay Supplied Options option [RFC6422]. This fact implies that
the threat model related relay options is slightly different.
Traffic sniffing at the last hop and related class of attacks
typically do not apply. On the other hand, all attacks that involve
operator's intfrastructure (either willing or coerced cooperation or
infrastructure being compromised) usually apply.
The following subsections describe various options inserted by the
relay agents.
3.12.1. Subscriber ID Option
A DHCPv6 relay may include a Subscriber ID option [RFC4580] to
associate some provider-specific information with clients' DHCPv6
messages that is independent of the physical network configuration.
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In many deployments, the relay agent that inserts this option is
configured to use client's link-layer address as Subscriber ID.
3.12.2. Interface ID Option
A DHCPv6 relay includes the Interface ID [RFC3315] option to identify
the interface on which it received the client message that is being
relayed.
Although in principle Interface ID can be arbitrarily long with
completely random values, it is sometimes a text string that includes
the relay agent name followed by interface name. This can be used
for fingerprinting the relay or determining client's point of
attachment.
3.12.3. Remote ID Option
A DHCPv6 relay includes a Remote ID option [RFC4649] to identify the
remote host end of the circuit.
The remote-id is vendor specific, for which the vendor is indicated
in the enterprise-number field. The remote-id field may encode the
information that identified DHCPv6 clients:
o a "caller ID" telephone number for dial-up connection
o a "user name" prompted for by a Remote Access Server
o a remote caller ATM address o a "modem ID" of a cable data modem
o the remote IP address of a point-to-point link
o an interface or port identifier
3.12.4. Relay-ID Option
Relay agent may include Relay-ID [RFC5460], which contains a unique
relay agent identifier. While its intended use is to provide
additional information for the server, so it would be able to respond
to leasequeries later, this information can be also used to identify
client's location within the network.
4. Existing Mechanisms That Affect Privacy
This section describes deployed DHCPv6 mechanisms that can affect
privacy.
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4.1. Temporary addresses
[RFC3315] defines a mechanism for a client to request temporary
addresses. The idea behind temporary addresses is that a client can
request a temporary address for a specific purpose, use it, and then
never renew it. i.e. let it expire.
There are a number of serious issues, both related to protocol and
its implementations, that make temporary addresses nearly useless for
their original goal. First, [RFC3315] does not include T1 and T2
renewal timers in IA_TA (a container for temporary addresses).
However, in section 18.1.3 it explicitly mentions that temporary
addresses can be renewed. Client implementations may mistakenly
renew temporary addresses if they are not careful (i.e., by including
the IA_TA with the same IAID in Renew or Rebind requests, rather than
a new IAID - see [RFC3315] Section 22.5), thus forfeiting short
liveness. [RFC4704] does not explicitly prohibit servers to update
DNS for assigned temporary addresses and there are implementations
that can be configured to do that. However, this is not advised as
publishing a client's IPv6 address in DNS that is publicly available
is a major privacy breach.
4.2. DNS Updates
The Client FQDN Option[RFC4704] used along with DNS Update [RFC2136]
defines a mechanism that allows both clients and server to insert
into the DNS domain information about clients. Both forward (AAAA)
and reverse (PTR) resource records can be updated. This allows other
nodes to conveniently refer to a host, despite the fact that its IPv6
address may be changing.
This mechanism exposes two important pieces of information: current
address (which can be mapped to current location) and client's
hostname. The stable hostname can then by used to correlate the
client across different network attachments even when its IPv6
address keeps changing.
4.3. Allocation strategies
A DHCPv6 server running in typical, stateful mode is given a task of
managing one or more pools of IPv6 resources (currently non-temporary
addresses, temporary addresses and/or prefixes, but more resource
types may be defined in the future). When a client requests a
resource, server must pick a resource out of configured pool.
Depending on the server's implementation, various allocation
strategies are possible. Choices in this regard may have privacy
implications.
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Iterative allocation - a server may choose to allocate addresses one
by one. That strategy has the benefit of being very fast, thus being
favored in deployments that prefer performance. However, it makes
the resources very predictable. Also, since the resources allocated
tend to be clustered at the beginning of an available pool, it makes
scanning attacks much easier.
Identifier-based allocation - some server implementations use a fixed
identifier for a specific client, seemingly taken from the client's
MAC address when available or some lower bits of client's source IPv6
address. This has a property of being convenient for converting IP
address to/from other identifiers, especially if the identifier is or
contains MAC address. It is also convenient, as a returning client
is very likely to get the same address, even if the server does not
retain previous client's address. Those properties are convenient
for system administrators, so DHCPv6 server implementors are
sometimes requested to implement it. There is at least one
implementation that supports it. The downside of such allocation is
that the client now discloses its identifier in its IPv6 address to
all services it connects to. That means that correlation of
activities over time, location tracking, address scanning and OS/
vendor discovery attacks apply.
Hash allocation - it's an extension of identifier-based allocation.
Instead of using the identifier directly, it is hashed first. If the
hash is implemented correctly, it removes the flaw of disclosing the
identifier, a property that eliminates susceptibility to address
scanning and OS/vendor discovery. If the hash is poorly implemented
(e.g., can be reversed), it introduces no improvement over
identifier-based allocation. Even a well implemented hash does not
mitigate the threat of correlation over time.
Random allocation - a server can pick a resource pseudo-randomly out
of an available pool. This allocation scheme essentially prevents
returning clients from getting the same address or prefix again. On
the other hand, it is beneficial from privacy perspective as
addresses and prefixes generated that way are not susceptible to
correlation attacks, OS/vendor discovery attacks, or identity
discovery attacks. Note that even though the address or prefix
itself may be resilient to a given attack, the client may still be
susceptible if additional information is disclosed other way, e.g.,
the client's address may be randomized, but it still can leak its MAC
address in the client-id option.
Other allocation strategies may be implemented.
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5. Attacks
5.1. Device type discovery (fingerprinting)
The type of device used by the client can be guessed by the attacker
using the Vendor Class option, Vendor-specific Information option,
the Client Link-layer Address option, and by parsing the Client ID
option. All of those options may contain OUI (Organizationally
Unique Identifier) that represents the device's vendor. That
knowledge can be used for device-specific vulnerability exploitation
attacks. See Section 3.4 of
[I-D.ietf-6man-ipv6-address-generation-privacy] for a discussion
about this type of attack.
5.2. Operating system discovery (fingerprinting)
The operating system running on a client can be guessed using the
Vendor Class option, the Vendor-specific Information option, the
Client System Architecture Type option, or by using fingerprinting
techniques on the combination of options requested using the Option
Request option. See Section 3.4 of
[I-D.ietf-6man-ipv6-address-generation-privacy] for a discussion
about this type of attack.
5.3. Finding location information
The physical location information can be obtained by the attacker by
many means. The most direct way to obtain this information is by
looking into a message originating from the server that contains the
Civic Location or GeoLoc option. It can also be indirectly inferred
using the Remote ID option, the Interface ID option (e.g., if an
access circuit on an Access Node corresponds to a civic location), or
the Subscriber ID option (if the attacker has access to subscriber
info).
Another way to discover client's physical location is to use
geolocation services. Those services typically map IP prefixes into
geographical locations. Those services are usually based on known
locations of the subnet, so they may reveal client's location as
precise as they can locate a network it is connected to. They
usually are not able to discover specific physical location within a
network. That is not awlays true and it depends on the quality of
the apriori information available in the geolocation services
databases. It should be noted that this threat is general to the
DHCPv6 mechanism. Regardless of the allocation strategy used by the
DHCPv6 server implementation, the addresses assigned will always
belong to the subnet the server is configured to manage. Cases of
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using ULA (Unique Local Addresses) assigned by the DHCPv6 server are
out of scope for this document.
5.4. Finding previously visited networks
When DHCPv6 clients connect to a network, they attempt to obtain the
same address they had used before they attached to the network. They
do this by putting the previously assigned address(es) in the IA
Address option(s). [RFC3315] does not exclude IA_TA in such a case,
so it is possible that a client implementation includes an address
contained in an IA_TA for the Confirm message. By observing these
addresses, an attacker can identify the network the client had
previously visited.
5.5. Finding a stable identity
An attacker might use a stable identity gleaned from DHCPv6 messages
to correlate activities of a given client on unrelated networks. The
Client FQDN option, the Subscriber ID option, and the Client ID
option can serve as long-lived identifiers of DHCPv6 clients. The
Client FQDN option can also provide an identity that can easily be
correlated with web server activity logs.
It should be noted that in general case, the MAC addresses as such
are not available in the DHCPv6 packets. Therefore they cannot be
used directly in a reliable way. However, they may become indirectly
available using other mechanisms: client-id contains link-local
address if DUID-LL or DUID-LLT types are used, source IPv6 address
may use EUI-64 that contains MAC address, some access technologies
may specify MAC address in dedicated options (e.g., cable modems use
MAC addresses in DOCSIS options). Relay agents may insert additional
information that are used to help the server to identify the client.
This could be Remote-Id option, Subscriber-Id option, client link-
layer address option or vendor specific information options. Options
inserted by relay agents usually traverse only relay-server path, so
they typically can't be eavesdropped by intercepting client's
transmissions. This depends on the actual deployment model and used
access technologies.
5.6. Pervasive monitoring
Pervasive Monitoring (PM) is widespread (and often covert)
surveillance through intrusive gathering of protocol artefacts,
including application content, or protocol metadata such as headers.
Active or passive wiretaps and traffic analysis, (e.g., correlation,
timing or measuring packet sizes), or subverting the cryptographic
keys used to secure protocols can also be used as part of pervasive
monitoring. PM is distinguished by being indiscriminate and very
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large scale, rather than by introducing new types of technical
compromise. See [RFC7258] for a discussion about PM.
In the DHCPv6 context, PM approach can be used to collect any
identifiers discussed in Section 3. DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 are especially
susceptible as the initial message sent (SOLICIT in case of DHCPv6)
is one of the very first packets sent when visiting a network.
Furthermore, in certain cases this packet can be logged even on
networks that do not support IPv6 (some implementations initiate
DHCPv6 even without receiving RA with M or O bits set). This may be
an easily overlooked attack vector when IPv6-capable device connects
to an IPv4 only network, gains only IPv4 connectivity, but still
leaks its stable identifiers over DHCPv6.
Using PM approach, attacks discussed in Sections 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4,
5.5, 5.7, 5.8 and possibly 5.9 apply.
5.7. Finding client's IP address or hostname
Many DHCPv6 deployments use DNS Updates [RFC4704] that put client's
information (current IP address, client's hostname) into the DNS,
where it is easily accessible by anyone interested. Client ID is
also disclosed, albeit in not easily accessible form (SHA-256 digest
of the client-id). As SHA-256 is considered irreversible, DHCID
can't be converted back to client-id. However, SHA-256 digest can be
used as an unique identifier that is accessible by any host.
5.8. Correlation of activities over time
As with other identifiers, an IPv6 address can be used to correlate
the activities of a host for at least as long as the lifetime of the
address. If that address was generated from some other, stable
identifier and that generation scheme can be deduced by an attacker,
the duration of the correlation attack extends to that of the
identifier. In many cases, its lifetime is equal to the lifetime of
the device itself. See Section 3.1 of
[I-D.ietf-6man-ipv6-address-generation-privacy] for detailed
discussion.
5.9. Location tracking
If a stable identifier is used for assigning an address and such
mapping is discovered by an attacker (e.g., a server that uses IEEE-
identifier-based IID to generate IPv6 address), all scenarios
discussed in Section 3.2 of
[I-D.ietf-6man-ipv6-address-generation-privacy] apply. In particular
both passive (a service that the client connects to can log the
client's address and draw conclusions regarding its location and
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movement patterns based on the prefix it is connecting from) and
active (an attacker can send ICMPv6 echo requests or other probe
packets to networks of suspected client locations) can be used. To
give specific example, by accessing a social portal from tomek-
laptop.coffee.somecity.com.example, tomek-
laptop.mycompany.com.example and tomek-laptop.myisp.example.com, the
portal administrator can draw conclusions about tomek-laptop's
owner's current location and his habits.
5.10. Leasequery & bulk leasequery
Attackers may masquerade to be an access concentrator, either as a
DHCPv6 relay agent or as a DHCPv6 client, to obtain location
information directly from the DHCPv6 server(s) using the DHCPv6
Leasequery [RFC5007] mechanism.
Location information is information needed by the access concentrator
to forward traffic to a broadband-accessible host. This information
includes knowledge of the host hardware address, the port or virtual
circuit that leads to the host, and/or the hardware address of the
intervening subscriber modem.
Furthermore, the attackers may use the DHCPv6 bulk leasequery
[RFC5460] mechanism to obtain bulk information about DHCPv6 bindings,
even without knowing the target bindings.
Additionally, active leasequery [RFC7653] is a mechanism for
subscribing to DHCPv6 lease update changes in near real-time. The
intent of this mechanism is to update an operator's database, but if
misused, an attacker could defeat the server's authentication
mechanisms and subscribe to all updates. He then could continue
receiving updates, without any need for local presence.
6. Security Considerations
In current practice, the client privacy and client authentication are
mutually exclusive. The client authentication procedure reveals
additional client information in their certificates/identifiers.
Full privacy for the clients may mean the clients are also anonymous
to the server and the network.
7. Privacy Considerations
This document in its entirety discusses privacy considerations in
DHCPv6. As such, no dedicated discussion is needed.
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8. IANA Considerations
This draft does not request any IANA action.
9. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Stephen Farrell, Ted Lemon, Ines
Robles, Russ White, Christian Schaefer, Jinmei Tatuya, Bernie Volz,
Marcin Siodelski, Christian Huitema, Brian Haberman, Robert Sparks,
Peter Yee, Ben Campbell and other members of DHC WG for their
valuable comments.
This document was produced using the xml2rfc tool [RFC7749].
10. References
10.1. Normative References
[I-D.ietf-6man-ipv6-address-generation-privacy]
Cooper, A., Gont, F., and D. Thaler, "Privacy
Considerations for IPv6 Address Generation Mechanisms",
draft-ietf-6man-ipv6-address-generation-privacy-08 (work
in progress), September 2015.
[RFC3315] Droms, R., Ed., Bound, J., Volz, B., Lemon, T., Perkins,
C., and M. Carney, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
for IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3315, DOI 10.17487/RFC3315, July
2003, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3315>.
[RFC6973] Cooper, A., Tschofenig, H., Aboba, B., Peterson, J.,
Morris, J., Hansen, M., and R. Smith, "Privacy
Considerations for Internet Protocols", RFC 6973,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6973, July 2013,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6973>.
[RFC7258] Farrell, S. and H. Tschofenig, "Pervasive Monitoring Is an
Attack", BCP 188, RFC 7258, DOI 10.17487/RFC7258, May
2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7258>.
10.2. Informative References
[RFC2136] Vixie, P., Ed., Thomson, S., Rekhter, Y., and J. Bound,
"Dynamic Updates in the Domain Name System (DNS UPDATE)",
RFC 2136, DOI 10.17487/RFC2136, April 1997,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2136>.
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[RFC3633] Troan, O. and R. Droms, "IPv6 Prefix Options for Dynamic
Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) version 6", RFC 3633,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3633, December 2003,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3633>.
[RFC4580] Volz, B., "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6
(DHCPv6) Relay Agent Subscriber-ID Option", RFC 4580,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4580, June 2006,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4580>.
[RFC4649] Volz, B., "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6
(DHCPv6) Relay Agent Remote-ID Option", RFC 4649,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4649, August 2006,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4649>.
[RFC4704] Volz, B., "The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for
IPv6 (DHCPv6) Client Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN)
Option", RFC 4704, DOI 10.17487/RFC4704, October 2006,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4704>.
[RFC4776] Schulzrinne, H., "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCPv4 and DHCPv6) Option for Civic Addresses
Configuration Information", RFC 4776,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4776, November 2006,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4776>.
[RFC4941] Narten, T., Draves, R., and S. Krishnan, "Privacy
Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in
IPv6", RFC 4941, DOI 10.17487/RFC4941, September 2007,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4941>.
[RFC5007] Brzozowski, J., Kinnear, K., Volz, B., and S. Zeng,
"DHCPv6 Leasequery", RFC 5007, DOI 10.17487/RFC5007,
September 2007, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5007>.
[RFC5460] Stapp, M., "DHCPv6 Bulk Leasequery", RFC 5460,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5460, February 2009,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5460>.
[RFC5970] Huth, T., Freimann, J., Zimmer, V., and D. Thaler, "DHCPv6
Options for Network Boot", RFC 5970, DOI 10.17487/RFC5970,
September 2010, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5970>.
[RFC6225] Polk, J., Linsner, M., Thomson, M., and B. Aboba, Ed.,
"Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Options for
Coordinate-Based Location Configuration Information",
RFC 6225, DOI 10.17487/RFC6225, July 2011,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6225>.
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[RFC6355] Narten, T. and J. Johnson, "Definition of the UUID-Based
DHCPv6 Unique Identifier (DUID-UUID)", RFC 6355,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6355, August 2011,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6355>.
[RFC6422] Lemon, T. and Q. Wu, "Relay-Supplied DHCP Options",
RFC 6422, DOI 10.17487/RFC6422, December 2011,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6422>.
[RFC6939] Halwasia, G., Bhandari, S., and W. Dec, "Client Link-Layer
Address Option in DHCPv6", RFC 6939, DOI 10.17487/RFC6939,
May 2013, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6939>.
[RFC7653] Raghuvanshi, D., Kinnear, K., and D. Kukrety, "DHCPv6
Active Leasequery", RFC 7653, DOI 10.17487/RFC7653,
October 2015, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7653>.
[RFC7749] Reschke, J., "The "xml2rfc" Version 2 Vocabulary",
RFC 7749, DOI 10.17487/RFC7749, February 2016,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7749>.
Authors' Addresses
Suresh Krishnan
Ericsson
8400 Decarie Blvd.
Town of Mount Royal, QC
Canada
Phone: +1 514 345 7900 x42871
Email: suresh.krishnan@ericsson.com
Tomek Mrugalski
Internet Systems Consortium, Inc.
950 Charter Street
Redwood City, CA 94063
USA
Email: tomasz.mrugalski@gmail.com
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Sheng Jiang
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd
Q14, Huawei Campus, No.156 BeiQing Road
Hai-Dian District, Beijing 100095
P.R. China
Email: jiangsheng@huawei.com
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