Internet DRAFT - draft-ietf-ipwave-problem-statement
draft-ietf-ipwave-problem-statement
Network Working Group J. Jeong
Internet-Draft Sungkyunkwan University
Intended status: Informational A. Petrescu
Expires: January 4, 2018 CEA, LIST
T. Oh
Rochester Institute of Technology
D. Liu
Alibaba
C. Perkins
Futurewei Inc.
July 3, 2017
Problem Statement for IP Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments
draft-ietf-ipwave-problem-statement-00
Abstract
This document provides a problem statement for IP Wireless Access in
Vehicular Environments (IPWAVE), that is, vehicular networks. This
document addresses the extension of IPv6 as the network layer
protocol in vehicular networks. It deals with networking issues in
one-hop communication between a Road-Side Unit (RSU) and a vehicle,
that is, "vehicle-to-infrastructure" (V2I) communication. It also
deals with one-hop communication between two neighboring vehicles,
that is, "vehicle-to-vehicle" (V2V) communication. Major issues
about IPv6 in vehicular networks include neighbor discovery protocol,
stateless address autoconfiguration, and DNS configuration for
Internet connectivity. When a vehicle and an RSU have an internal
network (respectively), the document discusses internetworking issues
between two internal networks through either V2I or V2V
communication. Those issues include prefix discovery, prefix
exchange, service discovery, security, and privacy.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5. Internetworking between Vehicle Network and RSU Network . . . 6
5.1. V2I-Based Internetworking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.2. The Use Cases of V2I-Based Internetworking . . . . . . . . 7
6. Internetworking between Two Vehicle Networks . . . . . . . . . 8
6.1. V2V-Based Internetworking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6.2. The Use Cases of V2V-Based Internetworking . . . . . . . . 9
7. IPv6 Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
8. Neighbor Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
9. IP Address Autoconfiguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
10. DNS Naming Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
11. IP Mobility Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
12. Service Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
13. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
14. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
15. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
16. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
16.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
16.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
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1. Introduction
Recently, Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) have been focusing on
intelligent services in road networks, such as driving safety,
efficient driving, and entertainment. For VANET, Dedicated Short-
Range Communications (DSRC) [DSRC-WAVE] was standardized as Wireless
Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) standards by IEEE. The WAVE
standards include IEEE 802.11p [IEEE-802.11p] for WAVE Media Access
Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY), IEEE 1609.0 for WAVE
architecture [WAVE-1609.0], IEEE 1609.2 for WAVE security services
[WAVE-1609.2], IEEE 1609.3 for WAVE networking services
[WAVE-1609.3], and IEEE 1609.4 for WAVE multi-channel operation
[WAVE-1609.4]. 802.11p extends IEEE 802.11a [IEEE-802.11a] by
consideration of vehicular characteristics such as a vehicle's
velocity and collision avoidance. IEEE 802.11p has been published as
IEEE 802.11 Outside the Context of a Basic Service Set (OCB)
[IEEE-802.11-OCB] in 2012.
Now the deployment of VANET is indicated in real road environments
along with the popularity of smart devices (e.g., smartphone and
tablet). Many automobile vendors (e.g., Benz, BMW, Ford, Honda, and
Toyota) now consider automobiles as computer systems instead of
mechanical machines, since many current vehicles are operating with
many sensors and software. Google has advanced self-driving vehicles
with many special software modules and hardware devices to support
computer-vision-based object recognition, machine-learning-based
decision-making, and GPS navigation.
Vehicular networking research is enabling vehicles to communicate
with each other and infrastructure nodes in the Internet by using
TCP/IP, IP address autoconfiguration, routing, handover, and mobility
management [ID-VN-Survey]. IPv6 [RFC2460] is suitable for vehicular
networks since the protocol has abundant address space and
autoconfiguration features, and can be extended by way of new
protocol headers.
This document identifies issues of IPv6-based vehicle-to-
infrastructure (V2I) networking and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)
networking, such as IPv6 addressing [RFC4291], neighbor discovery
[RFC4861], address autoconfiguration [RFC4862], and DNS naming
service [RFC8106][RFC3646][ID-DNSNA]. This document also identifies
issues of internetworking between two internal networks when a
vehicle and/or an RSU have an internal network. Those issues include
prefix discovery, prefix exchange, and service discovery in the
inter-connected internal networks. In addition, the document
analyzes the characteristics of vehicular networks to consider the
design of V2I or V2V networking.
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2. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
3. Terminology
This document uses the terminology described in [RFC4861] and
[RFC4862]. In addition, five new terms are defined below:
o Road-Side Unit (RSU): A node that has a wireless communication
device (e.g., DSRC) to communicate with vehicles and is connected
to the Internet as a router or switch for packet forwarding. An
RSU is deployed either at an intersection or in a road segment.
o On-Board Unit (OBU): A node that has a wireless communication
device (e.g., DSRC) to communicate with other OBUs and RSUs. An
OBU is mounted on a vehicle. It is assumed that a radio
navigation receiver (e.g., Global Positioning System (GPS)) is
included in a vehicle with an OBU for efficient navigation.
o Fixed Network: An RSU can have an internal network consisting of
multiple subnets. This internal network is a fixed network since
the RSU is fixed in the road network.
o Moving Network: A vehicle can have an internal network consisting
of multiple subnets. This internal network is called a moving
network since the vehicle is moving in the road network.
o Traffic Control Center (TCC): A node that maintains road
infrastructure information (e.g., RSUs, traffic signals, and loop
detectors), vehicular traffic statistics (e.g., average vehicle
speed and vehicle inter-arrival time per road segment), and
vehicle information (e.g., a vehicle's identifier, position,
direction, speed, and trajectory as a navigation path). TCC is
included in a vehicular cloud for vehicular networks. Exemplary
functions of TCC include the management of evacuation routes, the
monitoring of pedestrians and bike traffic, the monitoring of
real-time transit operations, and real-time responsive traffic
signal systems. Thus, TCC is the nerve center of most freeway
management sytems such that data is collected, processed, and
fused with other operational and control data, and is also
synthesized to produce "information" distributed to stakeholders,
other agencies, and traveling public. TCC is called Traffic
Management Center (TMC) in the US. TCC can communicate with road
infrastructure nodes (e.g., RSUs, traffic signals, and loop
detectors) to share measurement data and management information by
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an application-layer protocol.
4. Overview
This document provides a problem statement of IPv6-based V2I and V2V
networking. The main focus is one-hop networking between a vehicle
and an RSU or between two neighboring vehicles. However, this
document does not address all multi-hop networking scenarios of
vehicles and RSUs. Also, the problems focus on the network layer
(i.e., IPv6 protocol stack) rather than the MAC layer and the
transport layer (e.g., TCP, UDP, and SCTP).
Figure 1 shows a network configuration for V2I and V2V networking in
a road network. The two RSUs (RSU1 and RSU2) are deployed in the
road network and are connected to a Vehicular Cloud through the
Internet. TCC is connected to the Vehicular Cloud and the two
vehicles (Vehicle1 and Vehicle2) are wirelessly connected to RSU1,
and the last vehicle (Vehicle3) is wirelessly connected to RSU2.
Vehicle1 can communicate with Vehicle2 via V2V communication, and
Vehicle2 can communicate with Vehicle3 via V2V communication.
Vehicle1 can communicate with Vehicle3 via RSU1 and RSU2 via V2I
communication.
*-------------*
* * .-------.
* Vehicular Cloud *<------>| TCC |
* * ._______.
*-------------*
^ ^
| |
| |
v v
.--------. .--------.
| RSU1 |<----------->| RSU2 |
.________. .________.
^ ^ ^
: : :
: : :
v v v
.--------. .--------. .--------.
|Vehicle1|=> |Vehicle2|=> |Vehicle3|=>
| |<....>| |<....>| |
.________. .________. .________.
<----> Wired Link <....> Wireless Link => Moving Direction
Figure 1: The Network Configuration for Vehicular Networking
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5. Internetworking between Vehicle Network and RSU Network
This section discusses the internetworking between a vehicle's moving
network and an RSU's fixed network.
5.1. V2I-Based Internetworking
As shown in Figure 2, the vehicle's moving network and the RSU's
fixed network are internal networks having multiple subnets and
having an edge router for the communication with another vehicle or
RSU. The method of prefix assignment for each subnet inside the
vehicle's mobile network and the RSU's fixed network is out of scope
for this document. The internetworking between two internal networks
via either V2I or V2V communication requires an exchange of network
prefix and other parameters.
The network parameter discovery collects networking information for
an IP communication between a vehicle and an RSU or between two
neighboring vehicles, such as link layer, MAC layer, and IP layer
information. The link layer information includes wireless link layer
parameters, such as wireless media (e.g., IEEE 802.11 OCB, LTE D2D,
Bluetooth, and LiFi) and a transmission power level. The MAC layer
information includes the MAC address of an external network interface
for the internetworking with another vehicle or RSU. The IP layer
information includes the IP address and prefix of an external network
interface for the internetworking with another vehicle or RSU.
Once the network parameter discovery and prefix exchange operations
are performed, unicast of packets can be supported between the
vehicle's moving network and the RSU's fixed network. The DNS naming
service should be supported for the DNS name resolution for hosts or
servers residing either in the vehicle's moving network or the RSU's
fixed network.
Figure 2 shows internetworking between the vehicle's moving network
and the RSU's fixed network. There exists an internal network
(Moving Network1) inside Vehicle1. Vehicle1 has the DNS Server
(RDNSS1), the two hosts (Host1 and Host2), and the two routers
(Router1 and Router2). There exists another internal network (Fixed
Network1) inside RSU1. RSU1 has the DNS Server (RDNSS2), one host
(Host3), the two routers (Router3 and Router4), and the collection of
servers (Server1 to ServerN) for various services in the road
networks, such as the emergency notification and navigation.
Vehicle1's Router1 and RSU1's Router3 use 2001:DB8:1:1::/64 for an
external link (e.g., DSRC) for I2V networking.
This document addresses the internetworking between the vehicle's
moving network and the RSU's fixed network in Figure 2 and the
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required enhancement of IPv6 protocol suite for the V2I networking
service.
(*)<..........>(*)
| | 2001:DB8:1:1::/64
.------------------------------. .---------------------------------.
| | | | | |
| .-------. .------. .-------. | | .-------. .------. .-------. |
| | Host1 | |RDNSS1| |Router1| | | |Router3| |RDNSS2| | Host3 | |
| ._______. .______. ._______. | | ._______. .______. ._______. |
| ^ ^ ^ | | ^ ^ ^ |
| | | | | | | | | |
| v v v | | v v v |
| ---------------------------- | | ------------------------------- |
| 2001:DB8:10:1::/64 ^ | | ^ 2001:DB8:20:1::/64 |
| | | | | |
| v | | v |
| .-------. .-------. | | .-------. .-------. .-------. |
| | Host2 | |Router2| | | |Router4| |Server1|...|ServerN| |
| ._______. ._______. | | ._______. ._______. ._______. |
| ^ ^ | | ^ ^ ^ |
| | | | | | | | |
| v v | | v v v |
| ---------------------------- | | ------------------------------- |
| 2001:DB8:10:2::/64 | | 2001:DB8:20:2::/64 |
.______________________________. ._________________________________.
Vehicle1 (Moving Network1) RSU1 (Fixed Network1)
<----> Wired Link <....> Wireless Link (*) Antenna
Figure 2: Internetworking between Vehicle Network and RSU Network
5.2. The Use Cases of V2I-Based Internetworking
The use cases of V2I networking include navigation service, fuel-
efficient speed recommendation service, and accident notification
service.
A navigation service, such as Self-Adaptive Interactive Navigation
Tool (called SAINT) [SAINT], using V2I networking interacts with TCC
for the global road traffic optimization and can guide individual
vehicles for appropriate navigation paths in real time. The enhanced
SAINT (called SAINT+) [SAINTplus] can give the fast moving paths for
emergency vehicles (e.g., ambulance and fire engine) toward accident
spots while providing efficient detour paths to vehicles around the
accidents spots.
The emergency communication between accident vehicles (or emergency
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vehicles) and TCC can be performed via either RSU or 4G-LTE networks.
The First Responder Network Authority (FirstNet) [FirstNet] is
provided by the US government to establish, operate, and maintain an
interoperable public safety broadband network for safety and security
network services, such as emergency calls. The current RAN is mainly
constructed by 4G-LTE, but DSRC-based vehicular networks can be used
in near future.
A pedestrian protection service, such as Safety-Aware Navigation
Application (called SANA) [SANA], using V2I networking can reduce the
collision of a pedestrian and a vehicle, which have a smartphone, in
a road network. Vehicles and pedestrians can communicate with each
other via an RSU that delivers scheduling information for wireless
communication to save the smartphones' battery.
6. Internetworking between Two Vehicle Networks
This section discusses the internetworking between the moving
networks of two neighboring vehicles.
6.1. V2V-Based Internetworking
In Figure 3, the prefix assignment for each subnet inside each
vehicle's mobile network is done through a prefix delegation
protocol.
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(*)<..........>(*)
| | 2001:DB8:1:1::/64
.------------------------------. .---------------------------------.
| | | | | |
| .-------. .------. .-------. | | .-------. .------. .-------. |
| | Host1 | |RDNSS1| |Router1| | | |Router3| |RDNSS2| | Host3 | |
| ._______. .______. ._______. | | ._______. .______. ._______. |
| ^ ^ ^ | | ^ ^ ^ |
| | | | | | | | | |
| v v v | | v v v |
| ---------------------------- | | ------------------------------- |
| 2001:DB8:10:1::/64 ^ | | ^ 2001:DB8:30:1::/64 |
| | | | | |
| v | | v |
| .-------. .-------. | | .-------. .-------. |
| | Host2 | |Router2| | | |Router4| | Host4 | |
| ._______. ._______. | | ._______. ._______. |
| ^ ^ | | ^ ^ |
| | | | | | | |
| v v | | v v |
| ---------------------------- | | ------------------------------- |
| 2001:DB8:10:2::/64 | | 2001:DB8:30:2::/64 |
.______________________________. ._________________________________.
Vehicle1 (Moving Network1) Vehicle2 (Moving Network2)
<----> Wired Link <....> Wireless Link (*) Antenna
Figure 3: Internetworking between Two Vehicle Networks
Figure 3 shows internetworking between the moving networks of two
neighboring vehicles. There exists an internal network (Moving
Network1) inside Vehicle1. Vehicle1 has the DNS Server (RDNSS1), the
two hosts (Host1 and Host2), and the two routers (Router1 and
Router2). There exists another internal network (Moving Network2)
inside Vehicle2. Vehicle2 has the DNS Server (RDNSS2), the two hosts
(Host3 and Host4), and the two routers (Router3 and Router4).
Vehicle1's Router1 and Vehicle2's Router3 use 2001:DB8:1:1::/64 for
an external link (e.g., DSRC) for V2V networking.
This document describes the internetworking between the moving
networks of two neighboring vehicles in Figure 3 and the required
enhancement of IPv6 protocol suite for the V2V networking service.
6.2. The Use Cases of V2V-Based Internetworking
The use cases of V2V networking include context-aware navigator for
driving safety, cooperative adaptive cruise control in an urban
roadway, and platooning in a highway. These are three techniques
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that will be important elements for self-driving.
Context-Aware Safety Driving (CASD) navigator [CASD] can help drivers
to drive safely by letting the drivers recognize dangerous obstacles
and situations, including neighboring vehicles that might cause a
collision.
Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) [CA-Cuise-Control] helps
vehicles to adapt their speed autonomously according to the mobility
of their predecessor and successor vehicles in an urban roadway or a
highway.
Platooning [Truck-Platooning] allows a series of vehicles (e.g.,
trucks) to move together with a very short inter-distance. This
platooning can maximize the throughput of vehicular traffic in a
highway.
7. IPv6 Addressing
This section discusses IP addressing for the V2I and V2V networking.
There are two approaches for IPv6 addressing in vehicular networks.
The first is to use unique local IPv6 unicast addresses (ULAs) for
vehicular networks [RFC4193]. The other is to use global IPv6
addresses for the interoperability with the Internet [RFC4291]. The
former approach is often used by Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) for
an isolated subnet. This approach can support the emergency
notification service and navigation service in road networks.
However, for general Internet services (e.g., email access, web
surfing and entertainment services), the latter approach is required.
For global IP addresses, there are two choices: a multi-link subnet
approach for multiple RSUs and a single subnet approach per RSU. In
the multi-link subnet approach, which is similar to ULA for MANET,
RSUs play a role of layer-2 (L2) switches and the router
interconnected with the RSUs is required. The router maintains the
location of each vehicle belonging to an RSU for L2 switching. In
the single subnet approach per RSU, which is similar to the legacy
subnet in the Internet, each RSU plays the role of a (layer-3)
router.
8. Neighbor Discovery
Neighbor Discovery (ND) is a core part of IPv6 protocol suite
[RFC4861]. This section discusses an extension of ND for V2I
networking. The vehicles are moving fast within the communication
coverage of an RSU. The external link between the vehicle and the
RSU can be used for V2I networking, as shown in Figure 2.
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ND time-related parameters such as router lifetime and Neighbor
Advertisement (NA) interval should be adjusted for high-speed
vehicles and vehicle density. As vehicles move faster, the NA
interval should decrease for the NA messages to reach the neighboring
vehicles promptly. Also, as vehicle density is higher, the NA
interval should increase for the NA messages to collide with other NA
messages with lower collision probability.
9. IP Address Autoconfiguration
This section discusses IP address autoconfiguration for V2I
networking. For IP address autoconfiguration, high-speed vehicles
should also be considered. The legacy IPv6 stateless address
autoconfiguration [RFC4862], as shown in Figure 1, may not perform
well. This is because vehicles can travel through the communication
coverage of the RSU faster than the completion of address
autoconfiguration (with Router Advertisement and Duplicate Address
Detection (DAD) procedures).
To mitigate the impact of vehicle speed on address configuration, the
RSU can perform IP address autoconfiguration including the DAD
proactively as an ND proxy on behalf of the vehicles. If vehicles
periodically report their movement information (e.g., position,
trajectory, speed, and direction) to TCC, TCC can coordinate the RSUs
under its control for the proactive IP address configuration of the
vehicles with the mobility information of the vehicles. DHCPv6 (or
Stateless DHCPv6) can be used for the IP address autoconfiguration
[RFC3315][RFC3736].
In the case of a single subnet per RSU, the delay to change IPv6
address through DHCPv6 procedure is not suitable since vehicles move
fast. Some modifications are required for the high-speed vehicles
that quickly crosses the communication coverages of multiple RSUs.
Some modifications are required for both stateless address
autoconfiguration and DHCPv6. Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) can be used for
the fast update of a vehicle's care-of address for the current RSU to
communicate with the vehicle [RFC6275].
10. DNS Naming Service
This section suggests a DNS naming service for V2I networking. The
DNS naming service consists of the DNS name resolution and DNS name
autoconfiguration.
The DNS name resolution translates a DNS name into the corresponding
IPv6 address through a recursive DNS server (RDNSS) within the
vehicle's moving network and DNS servers in the Internet
[RFC1034][RFC1035], which are located outside the VANET. The RDNSSes
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can be advertised by RA DNS Option or DHCP DNS Option into the
subnets within the vehicle's moving network.
The DNS name autoconfiguration makes a unique DNS name for hosts
within a vehicle's moving network and registers it into a DNS server
within the vehicle's moving network [ID-DNSNA]. With Vehicle
Identification Number (VIN), a unique DNS suffix can be constructed
as a DNS domain for the vehicle's moving network. Each host can
generate its DNS name and register it into the local RDNSS in the
vehicle's moving network.
11. IP Mobility Management
This section discusses an IP mobility support in V2I networking. In
a single subnet per RSU, vehicles continually cross the communication
coverages of adjacent RSUs. During this crossing, TCP/UDP sessions
can be maintained through IP mobility support, such as MIPv6
[RFC6275], Proxy MIPv6 [RFC5213][RFC5949], and Distributed Mobility
Management (DMM) [RFC7333][RFC7429]. Since vehicles move fast along
roadways, high speed should be enabled by the parameter configuration
in the IP mobility management. With the periodic reports of the
movement information from the vehicles, TCC can coordinate RSUs and
other network compoments under its control for the proactive mobility
management of the vehicles along the movement of the vehicles.
To support the mobility of a vehicle's moving network, Network
Mobility Basic Support Protocol (NEMO) can be used [RFC3963]. Like
MIPv6, the high speed of vehicles should be considered for a
parameter configuration in NEMO.
12. Service Discovery
Vehicles need to discover services (e.g., road condition
notification, navigation service, and entertainment) provided by
infrastructure nodes in a fixed network via RSU, as shown in
Figure 2. During the passing of an intersection or road segment with
an RSU, vehicles should perform this service discovery quickly.
Since with the existing service discovery protocols, such as DNS-
based Service Discovery (DNS-SD) [RFC6763] and Multicast DNS (mDNS)
[RFC6762], the service discovery will be performed with message
exchanges, the discovery delay may hinder the prompt service usage of
the vehicles from the fixed network via RSU. One feasible approach
is a piggyback service discovery during the prefix exchange of
network prefixes for the networking between a vehicle's moving
network and an RSU's fixed network. That is, the message of the
prefix exchange can include service information, such as each
service's IP address, transport layer protocol, and port number.
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IPv6 ND can be extended for the prefix and service discovery
[ID-Vehicular-ND]. Vehicles and RSUs can announce the network
prefixes and services in their internal network via ND messages
containing ND options with the prefix and service information. Since
it does not need any additional service discovery protocol in the
application layer, this ND-based approach can provide vehicles and
RSUs with the rapid discovery of the network prefixes and services.
13. Security Considerations
Security and privacy are paramount in the V2I and V2V networking in
VANET. Only authorized vehicles should be allowed to use the V2I and
V2V networking in VANET. A Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) and a
user certificate along with in-vehicle device's identifier generation
can be used to authenticate a vehicle and the user through a road
infrastructure node, such as an RSU connected to an authentication
server in TCC. Transport Layer Security (TLS) certificates can also
be used for secure vehicle communications.
A security scheme providing authentication and access control should
be provided in vehicular networks [VN-Security]. With this scheme,
the security and privacy can be supported for safe and reliable data
services in vehicular networks.
To prevent an adversary from tracking a vehicle by with its MAC
address or IPv6 address, each vehicle should periodically update its
MAC address and the corresponding IPv6 address as suggested in
[RFC4086][RFC4941]. Such an update of the MAC and IPv6 addresses
should not interrupt the communications between a vehicle and an RSU.
To protect packets exchanged between a vehicle and an RSU, packets
should be encrypted. To assure confidentiality, efficient encryption
and decryption algorithms can be used along with a key management
scheme such as Internet Key Exchange version 2 (IKEv2) and Internet
Protocol Security (IPsec) [Securing-VCOMM].
14. Contributors
IPWAVE is a group effort. The following people actively contributed
to the problem statement text: Nabil Benamar (Moulay Ismail
University), Rex Buddenberg (Naval Postgraduate School), Sandra
Cespedes (Universidad de Chile), Thierry Ernst (YoGoKo), Jerome
Haerri (Eurecom), Richard Roy (MIT), and Francois Simon (Pilot).
15. Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the
National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of
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Education (2017R1B1A1B03035885). This work was supported in part by
the Global Research Laboratory Program (2013K1A1A2A02078326) through
NRF and the DGIST Research and Development Program (CPS Global
Center) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning.
16. References
16.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to
Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
March 1997.
[RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol,
Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460,
December 1998.
[RFC4193] Hinden, R. and B. Haberman, "Unique Local IPv6
Unicast Addresses", RFC 4193, October 2005.
[RFC4291] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6
Addressing Architecture", RFC 4291,
February 2006.
[RFC4861] Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H.
Soliman, "Neighbor Discovery for IP Version 6
(IPv6)", RFC 4861, September 2007.
[RFC4862] Thomson, S., Narten, T., and T. Jinmei, "IPv6
Stateless Address Autoconfiguration", RFC 4862,
September 2007.
[RFC8106] Jeong, J., Park, S., Beloeil, L., and S.
Madanapalli, "IPv6 Router Advertisement Options
for DNS Configuration", RFC 8106, March 2017.
[RFC3646] Droms, R., Ed., "DNS Configuration options for
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6
(DHCPv6)", RFC 3646, December 2003.
[RFC3315] Droms, R., Ed., Bound, J., Volz, B., Lemon, T.,
Perkins, C., and M. Carney, "Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)",
RFC 3315, July 2003.
[RFC3736] Droms, R., "Stateless Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol (DHCP) Service for IPv6", RFC 3736,
April 2004.
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[RFC6275] Perkins, C., Ed., Johnson, D., and J. Arkko,
"Mobility Support in IPv6", RFC 6275, July 2011.
[RFC5213] Gundavelli, S., Leung, K., Devarapalli, V.,
Chowdhury, K., and B. Patil, "Proxy Mobile IPv6",
RFC 5213, August 2008.
[RFC5949] Yokota, H., Chowdhury, K., Koodli, R., Patil, B.,
and F. Xia, "Fast Handovers for Proxy Mobile
IPv6", RFC 5949, September 2010.
[RFC3963] Devarapalli, V., Wakikawa, R., Petrescu, A., and
P. Thubert, "Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic
Support Protocol", RFC 3963, January 2005.
[RFC7333] Chan, H., Liu, D., Seite, P., Yokota, H., and J.
Korhonen, "Requirements for Distributed Mobility
Management", RFC 7333, August 2014.
[RFC7429] Liu, D., Zuniga, JC., Seite, P., Chan, H., and
CJ. Bernardos, "Distributed Mobility Management:
Current Practices and Gap Analysis", RFC 7429,
January 2015.
[RFC1034] Mockapetris, P., "Domain Names - Concepts and
Facilities", RFC 1034, November 1987.
[RFC1035] Mockapetris, P., "Domain Names - Implementation
and Specification", RFC 1035, November 1987.
[RFC6763] Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "DNS-Based Service
Discovery", RFC 6763, February 2013.
[RFC6762] Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "Multicast DNS",
RFC 6762, February 2013.
16.2. Informative References
[DSRC-WAVE] Morgan, Y., "Notes on DSRC & WAVE Standards
Suite: Its Architecture, Design, and
Characteristics", IEEE Communications Surveys &
Tutorials, 12(4), 2012.
[IEEE-802.11p] IEEE Std 802.11p, "Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium
Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)
Specifications Amendment 6: Wireless Access in
Vehicular Environments", June 2010.
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[IEEE-802.11a] IEEE Std 802.11a, "Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium
Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)
specifications: High-speed Physical Layer in the
5 GHZ Band", September 1999.
[IEEE-802.11-OCB] IEEE Std 802.11, "Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium
Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)
Specifications", February 2012.
[WAVE-1609.0] IEEE 1609 Working Group, "IEEE Guide for Wireless
Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) -
Architecture", IEEE Std 1609.0-2013, March 2014.
[WAVE-1609.2] IEEE 1609 Working Group, "IEEE Standard for
Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments -
Security Services for Applications and Management
Messages", IEEE Std 1609.2-2016, March 2016.
[WAVE-1609.3] IEEE 1609 Working Group, "IEEE Standard for
Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE)
- Networking Services", IEEE Std 1609.3-2016,
April 2016.
[WAVE-1609.4] IEEE 1609 Working Group, "IEEE Standard for
Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE)
- Multi-Channel Operation", IEEE Std 1609.4-2016,
March 2016.
[ID-VN-Survey] Jeong, J., Ed., Cespedes, S., Benamar, N.,
Haerri, J., and M. Wetterwald, "Survey on IP-
based Vehicular Networking for Intelligent
Transportation Systems",
draft-jeong-ipwave-vehicular-networking-survey-03
(work in progress), June 2017.
[ID-DNSNA] Jeong, J., Ed., Lee, S., and J. Park, "DNS Name
Autoconfiguration for Internet of Things
Devices", draft-jeong-ipwave-iot-dns-autoconf-00
(work in progress), March 2017.
[ID-Vehicular-ND] Jeong, J., Ed., Shen, Y., Jo, Y., Jeong, J., and
J. Lee, "IPv6 Neighbor Discovery for Prefix and
Service Discovery in Vehicular Networks", draft-
jeong-ipwave-vehicular-neighbor-discovery-00
(work in progress), March 2017.
[VN-Security] Moustafa, H., Bourdon, G., and Y. Gourhant,
"Providing Authentication and Access Control in
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Vehicular Network Environment", IFIP TC-
11 International Information Security Conference,
May 2006.
[Securing-VCOMM] Fernandez, P., Santa, J., Bernal, F., and A.
Skarmeta, "Securing Vehicular IPv6
Communications", IEEE Transactions on Dependable
and Secure Computing, January 2016.
[RFC4086] Eastlake 3rd, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker,
"Randomness Requirements for Security", RFC 4086,
June 2005.
[RFC4941] Narten, T., Draves, R., and S. Krishnan, "Privacy
Extensions for Stateless Address
Autoconfiguration in IPv6", RFC 4941,
September 2007.
[SAINT] Jeong, J., Jeong, H., Lee, E., Oh, T., and D. Du,
"SAINT: Self-Adaptive Interactive Navigation Tool
for Cloud-Based Vehicular Traffic Optimization",
IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol.
65, No. 6, June 2016.
[SAINTplus] Shen, Y., Lee, J., Jeong, H., Jeong, J., Lee, E.,
and D. Du, "SAINT+: Self-Adaptive Interactive
Navigation Tool+ for Emergency Service Delivery
Optimization", IEEE Transactions on Intelligent
Transportation Systems, June 2017.
[SANA] Hwang, T. and J. Jeong, "SANA: Safety-Aware
Navigation Application for Pedestrian Protection
in Vehicular Networks", Springer Lecture Notes in
Computer Science (LNCS), Vol. 9502,
December 2015.
[FirstNet] U.S. National Telecommunications and Information
Administration (NTIA), "First Responder Network
Authority (FirstNet)", [Online]
Available: https://www.firstnet.gov/, 2012.
[CASD] Shen, Y., Jeong, J., Oh, T., and S. Son, "CASD: A
Framework of Context-Awareness Safety Driving in
Vehicular Networks", International Workshop on
Device Centric Cloud (DC2), March 2016.
[CA-Cuise-Control] California Partners for Advanced Transportation
Technology (PATH), "Cooperative Adaptive Cruise
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Control", [Online] Available: http://
www.path.berkeley.edu/research/
automated-and-connected-vehicles/
cooperative-adaptive-cruise-control, 2017.
[Truck-Platooning] California Partners for Advanced Transportation
Technology (PATH), "Automated Truck Platooning",
[Online] Available: http://www.path.berkeley.edu/
research/automated-and-connected-vehicles/
truck-platooning, 2017.
Authors' Addresses
Jaehoon Paul Jeong
Department of Software
Sungkyunkwan University
2066 Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu
Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 440-746
Republic of Korea
Phone: +82 31 299 4957
Fax: +82 31 290 7996
EMail: pauljeong@skku.edu
URI: http://iotlab.skku.edu/people-jaehoon-jeong.php
Alex Petrescu
CEA, LIST
CEA Saclay
Gif-sur-Yvette, Ile-de-France 91190
France
Phone: +33169089223
EMail: Alexandre.Petrescu@cea.fr
Tae (Tom) Oh
Department of Information Sciences and Technologies
Rochester Institute of Technology
One Lomb Memorial Drive
Rochester, NY 14623-5603
USA
Phone: +1 585 475 7642
EMail: Tom.Oh@rit.edu
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Dapeng Liu
Alibaba
Beijing, Beijing 100022
China
Phone: +86 13911788933
EMail: max.ldp@alibaba-inc.com
Charles E. Perkins
Futurewei Inc.
2330 Central Expressway
Santa Clara, CA 95050
USA
Phone: +1 408 330 4586
EMail: charliep@computer.org
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