Internet DRAFT - draft-ietf-mif-api-extension
draft-ietf-mif-api-extension
MIF D. Liu
Internet-Draft China Mobile
Intended status: Informational Ted. Lemon
Expires: August 19, 2014 Nominum
Yuri. Ismailov
Ericsson
Z. Cao
China Mobile
February 15, 2014
MIF API consideration
draft-ietf-mif-api-extension-05
Abstract
Hosts may connect to the internet using more than one network API at
a time, or to a single network on which service is provided by more
than one provider. Existing APIs are inadequate to allow
applications to successfully use the network in this environment.
This document presents a new abstract API that provides the minimal
set of messages required to enable an application to communicate
successfully in this environment.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on August 19, 2014.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
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(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Conventions used in this document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. MIF API Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.1. Provisioning Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2. MIF API Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2.1. Application Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2.2. High Level API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2.3. MIF API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2.4. Communications API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2.5. Network Link API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2.6. MIF API communication model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2.7. MIF Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3. Example Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1. Introduction
Traditionally, applications that communicate on the network have done
so over a single network link, which is provided by a single service
provider. However, this operating environment is now the exception
rather than the rule. Most devices now have multiple wireless
interfaces that are, in practice, connected to networks operated by
different providers. These networks may or may not have different
reachability characteristics with respect to any given service an
application may wish to connect to.
For example, consider a typical modern host with two wireless
interfaces: a wireless interface connected to a broadband network,
and another connected to some kind of cellular network. The same
host may also have a wired interface which is sometimes connected to
a third broadband link. It is also quite common for hosts to have
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VPN links that are configured, for example, for access to corporate
networks, or for access to network privacy services.
As a result, it is now quite typical that a program attempting to
communicate in such an environment will be presented with conflicting
configuration information from more than one provider. In addition,
the cost of bandwidth on different links and the power required ny
those links may require consideration.
The API specified in this document is intended to describe the
minimal complete set of API calls required to implement higher level
APIs that solve these problems. It is not expected that applications
will be implemented to this API, although it should be possible to do
so. Rather, we expect this API to be used as a basis for building
higher-level APIs that provide domain-specific solutions to these
problems. The reason for specifying a lower-level API is to enable
any arbitrary domain- specific API to be implemented, since no single
higher-level API is likely to satisfy the needs of every application.
The API specified here is an abstract API. This means that we
specify the functionality that is required to implement the API, but
we do not provide specific bindings for any programming language:
these are left up to the implementation. The API is described in
terms of messages sent and messages received, rather than in terms of
procedure calls, because it is necessary to be able to interleave
these messages; a procedure call API necessarily precludes
interleaving.
This document is intended to be read and used as a checklist by
operating system vendors who are interested in providing adequate
functionality to applications that must run on hosts in environments
like the ones described here. It should also be useful to purchasers
of devices that must operate in such environments, so that they can
tell if they are getting a device that can actually succeed in these
environments.
2. Conventions used in this document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL","SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
3. MIF API Concept
The MIF API is intended to deal with situations where more than one
interface may be active at a time. It must also deal with situations
where a single interface is connected to a link that provides more
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than one type of network service. The most common example of this
that we expect is a dual-stack network configuration.
3.1. Provisioning Domains
Document [I-D.ietf-mif-mpvd-arch] defines Provisioning Domain (PvD)
architecture and its associated mechanism, such as PvD identity/
naming concept, conveying mechanism etc. According to
[I-D.ietf-mif-mpvd-arch], a provisioning domain is a consistent set
of network configuration information. Classically, the entire set
available on a single interface is provided by a single source, such
as network administrator, and can therefore be treated as a single
provisioning domain. In modern IPv6 networks, multihoming can result
in more than one provisioning domain being present on a single link.
To properly handle these multiple-service interfaces, we specify the
API not in terms of interfaces, but in terms of provisioning domains.
From the perspective of the MIF API, a provisioning domain consists
of a link, plus all the configuration information received on that
link for that provisioning domain. So for an IPv4 provisioning
domain, that would be whatever information is received from the DHCP
server. For an IPv6 provisioning domain, the information received
through router advertisements would be combined with the information
recieved via DHCPv6.
3.2. MIF API Elements
There are a number of different, essentially independent, pieces of
software that need to be connected together in order to fully support
a successful MIF communication strategy. These elements are shown in
figure 3.1.
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+-------------------------------------------+
| Application |
+-------------------------------------------+
/\ || /\ || /\ ||
|| \/ || || || ||
+--------------------+ || || || ||
| High Level API | || || || ||
+--------------------+ || || || ||
/\ || || || || ||
|| \/ || \/ || ||
+------------------------------+ || ||
| MIF API | || ||
+------------------------------+ || ||
/\ || || \/
|| || +-------------------------------+
|| || + Communications API +
|| || +-------------------------------+
|| || /\ ||
|| \/ || \/
+-------------------------------------------+
| Network Link API |
+-------------------------------------------+
/\ || /\ ||
|| \/ || \/
+-------------------+ +--------------------+
| Network Interface | | Network Interface |
| 1 | | 2 |
+-------------------+ +--------------------+
Figure 1: MIF API Elements
3.2.1. Application Element
This is an actual application. Applications fall into a variety of
broad categories, including network servers, web browsers, peer-to-
peer programs, and so on. Although we are focusing here on the
mechanisms required to allow these applications to originate
connections to remote nodes, it is worth noting that applications
must also be able to receive connections from remote nodes.
3.2.2. High Level API
Applications are generally expected to originate connections using
some general-purpose high-level API suited to their particular
function. It is likely that different applications may use different
high-level APIs to communicate, depending on their particular needs.
We do not describe the functioning of such high-level APIs; however,
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one such API under current consideration is the Happy Eyeballs for
MIF [reference]. These APIs are expected to be able to be
implemented using functionality like that described in the MIF API.
3.2.3. MIF API
This is the API being described in this document. Generally
speaking, this API is used by higher-level APIs. However, it is
permissible for applications to use the MIF API when it is deemed
necessary. Currently, several modern web browsers take this approach
to establishing network connections, rather than relying on vendor-
provided connection mechanisms.
3.2.4. Communications API
Once an application has originated a connection with a remote node
using either a high-level API or the MIF API, it must communicate.
Similarly, when an application receives a connection from a remote
node, it must communicate with that remote node. The communications
API is used for this communication. Popular examples of such APIs
include the POSIX socket API and a variety of other related APIs.
It is likely that in some instances, implementations of the MIF API
will be done as extensions to the Communications API provided by a
particular operating system; the functional separation we show here
is intended to allow us to illustrate only those features required in
a MIF environment, while relying on existing communications APIs to
provide the rest.
3.2.5. Network Link API
This is the software that is responsible for actually managing
whatever network links are present on a node, whether these are
physical links or tunnels. What precisely this functional box
contains may vary greatly from device to device. On a typical modern
computer workstation, this functionality would almost certainly
reside entirely in the system kernel; however, on an embedded device
everything from the Application down to the Network Link API could
easily be running together on the bare metal as a single program.
The Network Link API can completely concealed from the Application,
so we don't show a connection between them on the functional diagram,
and indeed we do not talk about the functionality provided by this
API. The reason for showing it on the functional diagram is simply
to show that there likely is an API in common between MIF and the
Communications API.
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3.2.6. MIF API communication model
MIF API requests are made in the form of messages posted to the MIF
API, and messages received from it. To accomplish this, several API
calls are available. These calls mediate communication between the
MIF API and the High Level API, or between the MIF API and the
Application. In addition, the CHECK MESSAGE call allows the
application to probe for or wait for messages from any of the APIs.
3.2.6.1. POST MESSAGE call
This call causes a message to be posted to the MIF API. The call
posts the message, and then returns.
3.2.6.2. CHECK MESSAGE call
This call checks to see if there is a message waiting either from the
High Level API, the MIF API, or the Communications API. Ideally it
should be able to report the availability of any message or event
that the application might anticipate receiving, so that the
application can simply block waiting for such an event using this
call. The application should be able to do a non-blocking probe,
wait for some limited period of time, or wait indefinitely.
An example of a function of this type in existing practice is the
POSIX poll() system call.
3.2.6.3. GET MESSAGE call
This call checks to see if there is a message waiting. If there is
no message, it returns a status code indicating that there is no
message waiting. If there is a message, it returns the message.
3.2.7. MIF Messages
MIF messages always go in one direction or the other: from the
subscriber to the MIF API, or to the subscriber from the MIF API. We
use the term "subscriber" here to mean either the Application or the
High Level API, since either is permitted to communicate with the MIF
API.
Messages described here are grouped according to function.
3.2.7.1. Announce Interfaces
This message is sent to the MIF API to ask it to send a message
announcing the existence of any interface. When the MIF API receives
this message from a subscriber, it iterates across the list of all
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known interfaces; for each known interface, it sends an Interface
Announcement message to the subscriber.
In addition, the MIF API sets a flag indicating that the subscriber
is interested in learning about new interfaces. When the MIF API
detects the presence of a new interface, it sends an Interface
Announcement message for that interface to the subscriber. This
would happen, for instance, when a new tunnel is configured, or when
a USB device that is a network interface is discovered by the Network
API.
Also, if a network interface goes away, either because the physical
network device is disconnected, or because a tunnel is disabled, the
MIF API will send a No Interface Announcement message to the
subscriber.
3.2.7.2. Stop Announcing Interfaces
This message is sent to the MIF API when a subscriber is no longer
interested in receiving announcements about new interfaces.
Subsequently, the MIF API will no longer send Interface Announcement
or No Interface Announcement messages to the subscriber.
3.2.7.3. Interface Announcement
This message announces the existence of an interface. The
announcement includes an interface display name and interface
identifier.
3.2.7.4. No Interface Announcement
This message announces that an interface that had been previously
announced is no longer present. The announcement includes the
interface identifier.
3.2.7.5. Announce Provisioning Domain
This message requests the MIF API to announce the availability of any
provisioning domains configured on a particular interface. The
interface identifier must be specified.
Upon receipt, the MIF API will iterate across the list of
Provisioning Domains present for a particular interface, and will
send a Provisioning Domain Announcement for each such Provisioning
Domain.
In addition, the MIF API will set a flag indicating that the
subscriber wishes to know about new provisioning domains as they
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appear. Subsequently, when a new Provisioning Domain appears, the
MIF API will send a Provisioning Domain Announcement message to the
subscriber.
Finally, if a Provisioning Domain expires or is invalidated, the MIF
API will send the subscriber a No Provisioning Domain Announcement
message for that Provisioning Domain.
In the event that an interface on which provisioning domains has been
announced goes away, a No Provisioning Domain Announcement message
will be sent for each provisioning domain that had previously been
announced on that interface before the No Interface Announcement
message is sent.
Once a No Interface Announcement message has been sent, any
subscriber that had subscribed to Provisioning Domain announcements
for that interface will be automatically unsubscribed.
3.2.7.6. Stop Announcing Provisioning Domains
This message requests that the MIF API stop sending the subscriber
Provisioning Domain Announcement and No Provisioning Domain
Announcement messages. The subscriber must indicate the interface
for which it no longer wishes to receive Provisioning Domain
announcements.
3.2.7.7. Provisioning Domain Announcement
This message is sent by the MIF API to the subscriber to indicate
that a new Provisioning Domain has successfully been configured on an
interface. The announcement includes the interface identifier and
the provisioning domain identifier.
3.2.7.8. No Provisioning Domain Announcement
This message is sent by the MIF API to the subscriber to indicate
that an existing, previously announced provisioning domain has
expired or otherwise become invalid, and can no longer be used.
3.2.7.9. Announce Configuration Element
This message is sent by the subscriber to request a specific
configuration element from a specific provisioning domain. A
provisioning domain identifier must be specified.
The MIF API will respond by iterating across the complete list of
configuration elements for a provisioning domain, sending a
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Configuration Element Announcement message to the subscriber for each
one.
Additionally, if any Configuration Elements subsequently complete for
a particular provisioning domain, the MIF API will send a
Configuration Element Announcement message to the subscriber for each
such element. If a Configuration Element becomes invalidated after
it has been announced, the MIF API will send a No Configuration
Element message.
If a provisioning domain expires or becomes invalid, the MIF API will
iterate across the list of remaining configuration elements for that
provisioning domain amd send a No Configuration Element Announcement
message for each such configuration element.
3.2.7.10. Configuration Element Announcement
The Configuration Element Announcement message includes a
Provisioning Domain ID and a Configuration Element Type, which can be
one of the following: Config Element RA Config Element DHCPv6 Config
Element DHCPv4 etc.
3.2.7.11. No Configuration Element Announcement
The No Configuration Element Announcement message indicates that a
previously valid configuration element for a provisioning domain is
no longer valid. The message includes a provisioning domain
identifier and a configuration element type.
3.2.7.12. Stop Announce Configuration Element
The Stop Announce Configuration Element message requests that MIF API
stop announce configuration element.
3.2.7.13. Announce Address
This message is sent by the subscriber to request announcements of
valid IP addresses for a specific provisioning domain. A
provisioning domain identifier must be specified.
The MIF API will respond by iterating across the complete list of
configuration elements for a provisioning domain, sending a Address
Announcement message to the subscriber.
Additionally, if any new Address is subsequently configured on a
particular provisioning domain, the MIF API will send an Address
Announcement message to the subscriber for each such element. If an
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address becomes invalidated after it has been announced, the MIF API
will send a No Address Announcement message.
If a provisioning domain expires or becomes invalid, the MIF API will
iterate across the list of remaining configuration elements for that
provisioning domain amd send a No Address Announcement message for
each such address.
3.2.7.14. Address Announcement
The Address Announcement message includes single IPv4 or IPV6 address
and a Provisioning Domain identifier, as well as the valid and
preferred lifetimes for that IP address (IPv6 only).
3.2.7.15. Stop Announcing Address
The Stop Announcing Address message requests the MIF API to stop
announcing address.
3.2.7.16. No Address Announcement
The No Address Announcement message indicates that a previously valid
address for a provisioning domain is no longer valid. The message
includes a provisioning domain identifier and an IPv4 or IPv6
address.
3.2.7.17. Get Configuration Data
The Get Configuration Data message is sent to the MIF API, and
includes a Provisioning Domain ID, a Configuration Element Type, and
a Configuration Information Identifier.
Configuration Information Identifiers: DNS Server List etc.
The MIF API searches the configuration database for the specific type
of Configuration Element on the specified Provisioning Domain to see
if there is any configuration data of the specified type. If so, the
MIF API sends a Configuration Data message to the subscriber;
otherwise it sends a No Configuration Data message to the subscriber.
3.2.7.18. Translate Name
The Translate Name message is sent to the MIF API. It includes a
provisioning domain and a name, which is a UTF8 string naming a
network node. The message also includes a Translation Identifier,
which the subscriber must ensure is unique across all outstanding
name service requests.
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The MIF API begins a name resolution process. As results come in
from the name resolution process, the MIF API sends Name Translation
messages to the subscriber for each such result.
Name resolution can be handled by one or more translations systems
such as local host table lookup, Domain Name System, NIS, LLMNR, and
is implementation-dependent. **need to think about this
3.2.7.19. Stop Translating Name
This message is sent to the MIF API to indicate that the subscriber
is no longer interested in additional results from a particular name
translation process. The message includes the Translation
Identifier.
3.2.7.20. Name Translation
The MIF API sends a Name Translation message to subscribers whenever
results come in from a name translation process being performed on
behalf of the subscriber. The Name Translation message includes the
Translation ID generated by the subscriber, and an IP address
returned by the translation process. If a single translation result
contains more than one IP address, or IP addresses of different
types, the MIF API sends a single Name Translation message for each
such IP address.
3.2.7.21. Connect to PvD
The Connect to PvD message is used for the advanced application to
select the PvD. Advanced application can use this message to select
a specific PvD by providing the PvD identifier as parameter. This is
the advanced case that discussed in section 6.3 of
[I-D.ietf-mif-mpvd-arch].
3.2.7.22. Connect to Address
The Connect to Address message contains an IP address, a provisioning
domain identifier, and a connection identifier which the subscriber
must ensure is unique. The MIF API attempts to initiate a TCP
connection to the specified IP address using one or more source
addresses that are valid for the specified provisioning domain,
according to the source address selection policy for that
provisioning domain.
If the connection subsequently succeeds, the MIF API will send a
Connected message to the subscriber. If it subsequently fails, the
MIF API will send a Not Connected message to the subscriber.
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3.2.7.23. Connect to Address From Address
The Connect to Address From Address message contains a source IP
address, a destination IP address, a provisioning domain identifier,
and a connection identifier which the subscriber must ensure is
unique. The MIF API attempts to initiate a TCP connection to the
specified IP address using the specified source address.
If the connection subsequently succeeds, the MIF API will send a
Connected message to the subscriber. If it subsequently fails, the
MIF API will send a Connection Failed message to the subscriber.
3.2.7.24. Connected
The Connected message contains the connection identifier that was
provided in a previous Connect to Address or Connect to Address From
Address message sent by the subscriber. It also contains an token,
suitable for use with the connection API, for communicating with the
end node to which the connection was established.
3.2.7.25. Not Connected
The Not Connected message contains the connection identifier that was
provided in a previous Connect to Address or Connect to Address From
Address message sent by the subscriber. It also contains an
indication as to what went wrong with the connection.
3.2.7.26. Application Connectivity Management
The following APIs are used for application connectivity management.
3.2.7.26.1. Application: Wants to connect
This message is sent by the application to the MIF API that indicates
the application wants to connect to the network. The purpose of this
call is to trigger the MIF API to engage in any work that is required
to configure the network. If all interfaces are already operational,
this message is a no-op. An application would typically send this
message either because it has no provisioning domains on which it can
attempt to connect, or because it has failed to connect on any
existing provisioning domain.
3.2.7.26.2. Application: Connection is idle
This message is sent by the applicaiton to the MIF API to indicate
that the application is not expecting to receive any data or send any
data. This is a signal to the MIF API that, for example a radio that
consumes a lot of power can be put into a temporary idle state, but
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that the application expects to resume communication in the future
using the existing connection.
3.2.7.26.3. Application: Connection can be broken
This message is sent by the application to the MIF API to indicate
that the application can tolerate the connection being broken. This
is a signal that the application could use the connection in the
future if it were not broken, but can re-establish the connection if
it is broken without any loss of functionality. A MIF API
implementation on a power-conservative device might take this as a
signal to shut down radios to conserve power.
3.2.7.26.4. Interface is going away
This message is sent by the MIF API to the application to indicate
that an interface is going away. This can happen when the interface
is still up but the system intends to take it down.
3.2.7.26.5. Interface is going up
This message is sent by the MIF API to the application to indicate
that an interface is going up. This can happen when the interface is
still down but the system intends to take it up.
3.3. Example Usage
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+-------+ +-------+
| APP | | API |
+-------+ +-------+
| Announce Interfaces |
|-------------------------------------------->|
| Interface 1, eth0 |
|<--------------------------------------------|
| Announce PDs on Interface 1 |
|-------------------------------------------->|
| PD 1 |
|<--------------------------------------------|
| Interface 2, wa0 |
|<--------------------------------------------|
| PD 2 |
|<--------------------------------------------|
| Announce PDs on Interface 2 |
|-------------------------------------------->|
| PD 3 |
|DNS query 2001::1, host.example.com A,AAAA |
|DNS query 192.168.1.1,host.example.com A,AAAA|
|DNS query 2001::1, host.example.com A,AAAA |
|-------------------------------------------->|
|14. 2001::1 DNS response: |
| host.example.com |
| IN A 14.15.16.17 |
| IN AAAA 2001:192:321::1 |
| |
| 2002::1 DNS response:... |
| 192.168.1.1 DNS response: |
| IN A 192.168.1.1 |
|<--------------------------------------------|
| 15. SYN: 14.15.16.17 @ IF1 |
| SYN: 2001:192:321::1 @ IF1 |
| SYN: 2001:192:321::1 @ IF2 |
| SYN: 192.168.1.1 @ IF1 |
|-------------------------------------------->|
| 16. SYN+ACK @ 192.168.1.1 IF1 |
| SYN+ACK @ 2001:192:321::1 IF2 |
| SYN+ACK @ 2001:192:321::1 IF1 |
|<--------------------------------------------|
| |
MIF API communication model
As shown in the preceding example, the application first invokes the
MIF API to get a list of all the network interfaces in the host. As
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soon as each interface has been identified, the application invokes
the MIF API to get a list of provisioning domains that are attached
to that interface.
The application then invokes the MIF API to look up a name in the
context of each provisioning domain. The name lookup may return more
than one IP address for each queried host name.
The The application then tries to connect to each such IP addresses
by sending tcp SYN packet to each destination IP addresses through
the provisioning domain on which it received that name. Some of the
destination IP addresses may return an ACK packet; others may not.
The application then chooses a connection based on its preferred
criteria. For example, the criteria may based on the quality of the
link, who answered first, or whether, for example, a TLS
authentication succeeds on that connection.
4. Security Considerations
This document specifies an abstract API and will not affect any
existing protocols. It does not introduce any new security risk.
5. IANA Considerations
None
6. Acknowledgments
The authors want to thank Teemu Savolainen from Nokia, Dayi Zhao from
Bitway, Dave Thaler from Microsoft and others for their useful
suggestions and discussions. We would also like to acknowledge Yuri
Ismailov's work as the author of the initial version of this
document, but was drawn away by other work and let us continue.
7. References
7.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
7.2. Informative References
[I-D.ietf-mif-mpvd-arch]
Anipko, D., "Multiple Provisioning Domain Architecture",
draft-ietf-mif-mpvd-arch-00 (work in progress), February
2014.
Liu, et al. Expires August 19, 2014 [Page 16]
Internet-Draft MIF API consideration February 2014
[I-D.scharf-mptcp-api]
Scharf, M. and A. Ford, "MPTCP Application Interface
Considerations", draft-scharf-mptcp-api-02 (work in
progress), July 2010.
[RFC3493] Gilligan, R., Thomson, S., Bound, J., McCann, J., and W.
Stevens, "Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6", RFC
3493, February 2003.
Authors' Addresses
Dapeng Liu
China Mobile
Unit2, 28 Xuanwumenxi Ave,Xuanwu District
Beijing 100053
China
Email: liudapeng@chinamobile.com
Ted Lemon
Nominum
Redwood City
CA 94063
USA
Email: Ted.Lemon@nominum.com
Yuri Ismailov
Ericsson
Stockholm
Sweden
USA
Email: yuri@ismailov.eu
Zhen Cao
China Mobile
Unit2, 28 Xuanwumenxi Ave,Xuanwu District
Beijing 100053
China
Email: caozhen@chinamobile.com
Liu, et al. Expires August 19, 2014 [Page 17]
