Internet DRAFT - draft-ietf-netmod-rfc6020bis
draft-ietf-netmod-rfc6020bis
Network Working Group M. Bjorklund, Ed.
Internet-Draft Tail-f Systems
Intended status: Standards Track April 28, 2016
Expires: October 30, 2016
The YANG 1.1 Data Modeling Language
draft-ietf-netmod-rfc6020bis-12
Abstract
YANG is a data modeling language used to model configuration data,
state data, remote procedure calls, and notifications for network
management protocols. This document also specifies the YANG mappings
to the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF).
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1. Summary of Changes from RFC 6020 . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2. Keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.1. A Note on Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4. YANG Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.1. Functional Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.2. Language Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.2.1. Modules and Submodules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.2.2. Data Modeling Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.2.3. State Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.2.4. Built-In Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2.5. Derived Types (typedef) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.2.6. Reusable Node Groups (grouping) . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2.7. Choices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.2.8. Extending Data Models (augment) . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2.9. Operation Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.2.10. Notification Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5. Language Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.1. Modules and Submodules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.1.1. Import and Include by Revision . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.1.2. Module Hierarchies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.2. File Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.3. XML Namespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.3.1. YANG XML Namespace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.4. Resolving Grouping, Type, and Identity Names . . . . . . 34
5.5. Nested Typedefs and Groupings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.6. Conformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.6.1. Basic Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.6.2. Optional Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.6.3. Deviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.6.4. Announcing Conformance Information in NETCONF . . . . 36
5.6.5. Implementing a Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.7. Datastore Modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
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6. YANG Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
6.1. Lexical Tokenization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
6.1.1. Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
6.1.2. Tokens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
6.1.3. Quoting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
6.2. Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
6.2.1. Identifiers and Their Namespaces . . . . . . . . . . 43
6.3. Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
6.3.1. Language Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
6.4. XPath Evaluations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
6.4.1. XPath Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
6.5. Schema Node Identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
7. YANG Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
7.1. The module Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
7.1.1. The module's Substatements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
7.1.2. The yang-version Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
7.1.3. The namespace Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
7.1.4. The prefix Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
7.1.5. The import Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
7.1.6. The include Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
7.1.7. The organization Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
7.1.8. The contact Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
7.1.9. The revision Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
7.1.10. Usage Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
7.2. The submodule Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
7.2.1. The submodule's Substatements . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
7.2.2. The belongs-to Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
7.2.3. Usage Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
7.3. The typedef Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
7.3.1. The typedef's Substatements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
7.3.2. The typedef's type Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
7.3.3. The units Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
7.3.4. The typedef's default Statement . . . . . . . . . . . 62
7.3.5. Usage Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
7.4. The type Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
7.4.1. The type's Substatements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
7.5. The container Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
7.5.1. Containers with Presence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
7.5.2. The container's Substatements . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
7.5.3. The must Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
7.5.4. The must's Substatements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
7.5.5. The presence Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
7.5.6. The container's Child Node Statements . . . . . . . . 67
7.5.7. XML Encoding Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
7.5.8. NETCONF <edit-config> Operations . . . . . . . . . . 68
7.5.9. Usage Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
7.6. The leaf Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
7.6.1. The leaf's default value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
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7.6.2. The leaf's Substatements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
7.6.3. The leaf's type Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
7.6.4. The leaf's default Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
7.6.5. The leaf's mandatory Statement . . . . . . . . . . . 71
7.6.6. XML Encoding Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
7.6.7. NETCONF <edit-config> Operations . . . . . . . . . . 72
7.6.8. Usage Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
7.7. The leaf-list Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7.7.1. Ordering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7.7.2. The leaf-list's default values . . . . . . . . . . . 74
7.7.3. The leaf-list's Substatements . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
7.7.4. The leaf-list's default Statement . . . . . . . . . . 75
7.7.5. The min-elements Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
7.7.6. The max-elements Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
7.7.7. The ordered-by Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
7.7.8. XML Encoding Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
7.7.9. NETCONF <edit-config> Operations . . . . . . . . . . 77
7.7.10. Usage Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
7.8. The list Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
7.8.1. The list's Substatements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
7.8.2. The list's key Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
7.8.3. The list's unique Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
7.8.4. The list's Child Node Statements . . . . . . . . . . 83
7.8.5. XML Encoding Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
7.8.6. NETCONF <edit-config> Operations . . . . . . . . . . 84
7.8.7. Usage Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
7.9. The choice Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
7.9.1. The choice's Substatements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
7.9.2. The choice's case Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
7.9.3. The choice's default Statement . . . . . . . . . . . 90
7.9.4. The choice's mandatory Statement . . . . . . . . . . 92
7.9.5. XML Encoding Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
7.9.6. Usage Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
7.10. The anydata Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
7.10.1. The anydata's Substatements . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
7.10.2. XML Encoding Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
7.10.3. NETCONF <edit-config> Operations . . . . . . . . . . 94
7.10.4. Usage Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
7.11. The anyxml Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
7.11.1. The anyxml's Substatements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
7.11.2. XML Encoding Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
7.11.3. NETCONF <edit-config> Operations . . . . . . . . . . 96
7.11.4. Usage Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
7.12. The grouping Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
7.12.1. The grouping's Substatements . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
7.12.2. Usage Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
7.13. The uses Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
7.13.1. The uses's Substatements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
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7.13.2. The refine Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
7.13.3. XML Encoding Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
7.13.4. Usage Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
7.14. The rpc Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
7.14.1. The rpc's Substatements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
7.14.2. The input Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
7.14.3. The output Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
7.14.4. NETCONF XML Encoding Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
7.14.5. Usage Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
7.15. The action Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
7.15.1. The action's Substatements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
7.15.2. NETCONF XML Encoding Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
7.15.3. Usage Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
7.16. The notification Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
7.16.1. The notification's Substatements . . . . . . . . . . 110
7.16.2. NETCONF XML Encoding Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
7.16.3. Usage Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
7.17. The augment Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
7.17.1. The augment's Substatements . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
7.17.2. XML Encoding Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
7.17.3. Usage Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
7.18. The identity Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
7.18.1. The identity's Substatements . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
7.18.2. The base Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
7.18.3. Usage Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
7.19. The extension Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
7.19.1. The extension's Substatements . . . . . . . . . . . 120
7.19.2. The argument Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
7.19.3. Usage Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
7.20. Conformance-Related Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
7.20.1. The feature Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
7.20.2. The if-feature Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
7.20.3. The deviation Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
7.21. Common Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
7.21.1. The config Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
7.21.2. The status Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
7.21.3. The description Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
7.21.4. The reference Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
7.21.5. The when Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
8. Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
8.1. Constraints on Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
8.2. Configuration Data Modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
8.3. NETCONF Constraint Enforcement Model . . . . . . . . . . 132
8.3.1. Payload Parsing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
8.3.2. NETCONF <edit-config> Processing . . . . . . . . . . 133
8.3.3. Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
9. Built-In Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
9.1. Canonical Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
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9.2. The Integer Built-In Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
9.2.1. Lexical Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
9.2.2. Canonical Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
9.2.3. Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
9.2.4. The range Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
9.2.5. Usage Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
9.3. The decimal64 Built-In Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
9.3.1. Lexical Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
9.3.2. Canonical Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
9.3.3. Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
9.3.4. The fraction-digits Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
9.3.5. Usage Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
9.4. The string Built-In Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
9.4.1. Lexical Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
9.4.2. Canonical Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
9.4.3. Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
9.4.4. The length Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
9.4.5. The pattern Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
9.4.6. The modifier Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
9.4.7. Usage Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
9.5. The boolean Built-In Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
9.5.1. Lexical Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
9.5.2. Canonical Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
9.5.3. Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
9.6. The enumeration Built-In Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
9.6.1. Lexical Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
9.6.2. Canonical Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
9.6.3. Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
9.6.4. The enum Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
9.6.5. Usage Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
9.7. The bits Built-In Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
9.7.1. Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
9.7.2. Lexical Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
9.7.3. Canonical Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
9.7.4. The bit Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
9.7.5. Usage Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
9.8. The binary Built-In Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
9.8.1. Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
9.8.2. Lexical Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
9.8.3. Canonical Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
9.9. The leafref Built-In Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
9.9.1. Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
9.9.2. The path Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
9.9.3. The require-instance Statement . . . . . . . . . . . 150
9.9.4. Lexical Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
9.9.5. Canonical Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
9.9.6. Usage Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
9.10. The identityref Built-In Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
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9.10.1. Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
9.10.2. The identityref's base Statement . . . . . . . . . . 155
9.10.3. Lexical Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
9.10.4. Canonical Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
9.10.5. Usage Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
9.11. The empty Built-In Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
9.11.1. Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
9.11.2. Lexical Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
9.11.3. Canonical Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
9.11.4. Usage Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
9.12. The union Built-In Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
9.12.1. Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
9.12.2. Lexical Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
9.12.3. Canonical Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
9.12.4. Usage Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
9.13. The instance-identifier Built-In Type . . . . . . . . . . 159
9.13.1. Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
9.13.2. Lexical Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
9.13.3. Canonical Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
9.13.4. Usage Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
10. XPath Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
10.1. Functions for Node Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
10.1.1. current() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
10.2. Functions for Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
10.2.1. re-match() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
10.3. Functions for the YANG Types "leafref" and "instance-
identifier" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
10.3.1. deref() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
10.4. Functions for the YANG Type "identityref" . . . . . . . 164
10.4.1. derived-from() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
10.4.2. derived-from-or-self() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
10.5. Functions for the YANG Type "enumeration" . . . . . . . 166
10.5.1. enum-value() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
10.6. Functions for the YANG Type "bits" . . . . . . . . . . . 167
10.6.1. bit-is-set() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
11. Updating a Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
12. Coexistence with YANG version 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
13. YIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
13.1. Formal YIN Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
13.1.1. Usage Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
14. YANG ABNF Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
15. NETCONF Error Responses for YANG Related Errors . . . . . . . 199
15.1. Error Message for Data That Violates a unique Statement 199
15.2. Error Message for Data That Violates a max-elements
Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
15.3. Error Message for Data That Violates a min-elements
Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
15.4. Error Message for Data That Violates a must Statement . 200
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15.5. Error Message for Data That Violates a require-instance
Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
15.6. Error Message for Data That Violates a mandatory choice
Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
15.7. Error Message for the "insert" Operation . . . . . . . . 201
16. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
17. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
18. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
19. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
20. ChangeLog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
20.1. Version -10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
20.2. Version -09 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
20.3. Version -08 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
20.4. Version -07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
20.5. Version -06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
20.6. Version -05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
20.7. Version -04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
20.8. Version -03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
20.9. Version -02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
20.10. Version -01 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
20.11. Version -00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
21. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
21.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
21.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
1. Introduction
YANG is a data modeling language originally designed to model
configuration and state data manipulated by the Network Configuration
Protocol (NETCONF), NETCONF remote procedure calls, and NETCONF
notifications [RFC6241]. Since the publication of YANG version 1
[RFC6020], YANG has been used or proposed to be used for other
protocols (e.g., RESTCONF [I-D.ietf-netconf-restconf] and CoMI
[I-D.vanderstok-core-comi]). Further, other encodings than XML have
been proposed (e.g., JSON [I-D.ietf-netmod-yang-json]).
This document describes the syntax and semantics of version 1.1 of
the YANG language. It also describes how a data model defined in a
YANG module is encoded in the Extensible Markup Language (XML), and
how NETCONF operations are used to manipulate the data. Other
protocols and encodings are possible, but out of scope for this
specification.
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1.1. Summary of Changes from RFC 6020
This document defines version 1.1 of the YANG language. YANG version
1.1 is a maintenance release of the YANG language, addressing
ambiguities and defects in the original specification [RFC6020].
The following changes are not backwards compatible with YANG version
1:
o Changed the rules for the interpretation of escaped characters in
double quoted strings. This is an backwards incompatible change
from YANG version 1. A module that uses a character sequence that
is now illegal must change the string to match the new rules. See
Section 6.1.3 for details.
o An unquoted string cannot contain any single or double quote
characters. This is an backwards incompatible change from YANG
version 1.
The following additional changes have been done to YANG:
o Changed the YANG version from "1" to "1.1".
o Made the "yang-version" statement mandatory.
o Made noncharacters illegal in the built-in type "string".
o Defined the legal characters in YANG modules.
o Extended the "if-feature" syntax to be a boolean expression over
feature names.
o Allow "if-feature" in "bit", "enum", and "identity".
o Allow "if-feature" in "refine".
o Made "when" and "if-feature" illegal on list keys.
o Allow "choice" as a shorthand case statement (see Section 7.9).
o Added a new substatement "modifier" to pattern (see
Section 9.4.6).
o Allow "must" in "input", "output", and "notification".
o Allow "require-instance" in leafref.
o Allow "description" and "reference" in "import" and "include".
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o Allow imports of multiple revisions of a module.
o Allow "augment" to add conditionally mandatory nodes (see
Section 7.17).
o Added a set of new XPath functions in Section 10.
o Clarified the XPath context's tree in Section 6.4.1.
o Defined the string value of an identityref in XPath expressions
(see Section 9.10).
o Clarified what unprefixed names mean in leafrefs in typedefs (see
Section 6.4.1 and Section 9.9.2).
o Allow identities to be derived from multiple base identities (see
Section 7.18 and Section 9.10).
o Allow enumerations and bits to be subtyped (see Section 9.6 and
Section 9.7).
o Allow leaf-lists to have default values (see Section 7.7.2).
o Allow non-unique values in non-configuration leaf-lists (see
Section 7.7).
o Use [RFC7405] syntax for case-sensitive strings in the grammar.
o Changed the module advertisement mechanism (see Section 5.6.4).
o Changed the scoping rules for definitions in submodules. A
submodule can now reference all definitions in all submodules that
belong to the same module, without using the "include" statement.
o Added a new statement "action" that is used to define operations
tied to data nodes.
o Allow notifications to be tied to data nodes.
o Added a new data definition statement "anydata" (see Section 7.10)
which is RECOMMENDED to be used instead of "anyxml" when the data
can be modeled in YANG
o Allow types empty and leafref in unions.
o Allow type empty in a key.
The following changes have been done to the NETCONF mapping:
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o A server advertises support for YANG 1.1 modules by using ietf-
yang-library [I-D.ietf-netconf-yang-library] instead of listing
them as capabilities in the <hello> message.
2. Keywords
The keywords "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
14, [RFC2119].
3. Terminology
The following terms are used within this document:
o action: An operation defined for a node in the data tree.
o anydata: A data node that can contain an unknown set of nodes that
can be modelled by YANG, except anyxml.
o anyxml: A data node that can contain an unknown chunk of XML data.
o augment: Adds new schema nodes to a previously defined schema
node.
o base type: The type from which a derived type was derived, which
may be either a built-in type or another derived type.
o built-in type: A YANG data type defined in the YANG language, such
as uint32 or string.
o choice: A schema node where only one of a number of identified
alternatives is valid.
o client: An entity that can access YANG-defined data on a server,
over some network management protocol.
o conformance: A measure of how accurately a server follows a data
model.
o container: An interior data node that exists in at most one
instance in the data tree. A container has no value, but rather a
set of child nodes.
o data definition statement: A statement that defines new data
nodes. One of container, leaf, leaf-list, list, choice, case,
augment, uses, anydata, and anyxml.
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o data model: A data model describes how data is represented and
accessed.
o data node: A node in the schema tree that can be instantiated in a
data tree. One of container, leaf, leaf-list, list, anydata, and
anyxml.
o data tree: An instantiated tree of any data modeled with YANG,
e.g., configuration data, state data, combined configuration and
state data, RPC or action input, RPC or action output, or
notification.
o derived type: A type that is derived from a built-in type (such as
uint32), or another derived type.
o extension: An extension attaches non-YANG semantics to statements.
The extension statement defines new statements to express these
semantics.
o feature: A mechanism for marking a portion of the model as
optional. Definitions can be tagged with a feature name and are
only valid on servers that support that feature.
o grouping: A reusable set of schema nodes, which may be used
locally in the module and by other modules that import from it.
The grouping statement is not a data definition statement and, as
such, does not define any nodes in the schema tree.
o identifier: Used to identify different kinds of YANG items by
name.
o identity: A globally unique, abstract, and untyped name.
o instance identifier: A mechanism for identifying a particular node
in a data tree.
o interior node: Nodes within a hierarchy that are not leaf nodes.
o leaf: A data node that exists in at most one instance in the data
tree. A leaf has a value but no child nodes.
o leaf-list: Like the leaf node but defines a set of uniquely
identifiable nodes rather than a single node. Each node has a
value but no child nodes.
o list: An interior data node that may exist in multiple instances
in the data tree. A list has no value, but rather a set of child
nodes.
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o mandatory node: A mandatory node is one of:
* A leaf, choice, anydata, or anyxml node with a "mandatory"
statement with the value "true".
* A list or leaf-list node with a "min-elements" statement with a
value greater than zero.
* A container node without a "presence" statement, which has at
least one mandatory node as a child.
o module: A YANG module defines a hierarchy of schema nodes. With
its definitions and the definitions it imports or includes from
elsewhere, a module is self-contained and "compilable".
o RPC: A Remote Procedure Call.
o RPC operation: A specific Remote Procedure Call.
o schema node: A node in the schema tree. One of action, container,
leaf, leaf-list, list, choice, case, rpc, input, output,
notification, anydata, and anyxml.
o schema node identifier: A mechanism for identifying a particular
node in the schema tree.
o schema tree: The definition hierarchy specified within a module.
o server: An entity that provides access to YANG-defined data to a
client, over some network management protocol.
o server deviation: A failure of the server to implement a module
faithfully.
o submodule: A partial module definition that contributes derived
types, groupings, data nodes, RPCs, actions, and notifications to
a module. A YANG module can be constructed from a number of
submodules.
o top-level data node: A data node where there is no other data node
between it and a module or submodule statement.
o uses: The "uses" statement is used to instantiate the set of
schema nodes defined in a grouping statement. The instantiated
nodes may be refined and augmented to tailor them to any specific
needs.
The following terms are defined in [RFC6241]:
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o configuration data
o configuration datastore
o datastore
o state data
When modelled with YANG, a datastore is realized as an instantiated
data tree.
When modelled with YANG, a configuration datastore is realized as an
instantiated data tree with configuration data.
3.1. A Note on Examples
Throughout this document there are many examples of YANG statements.
These examples are supposed to illustrate certain features, and are
not supposed to be complete, valid YANG modules.
4. YANG Overview
This non-normative section is intended to give a high-level overview
of YANG to first-time readers.
4.1. Functional Overview
YANG is a language originally designed to model data for the NETCONF
protocol. A YANG module defines a hierarchy of data that can be used
for NETCONF-based operations, including configuration, state data,
Remote Procedure Calls (RPCs), and notifications. This allows a
complete description of all data sent between a NETCONF client and
server. Although out of scope for this specification, YANG can also
be used with other protocols than NETCONF.
YANG models the hierarchical organization of data as a tree in which
each node has a name, and either a value or a set of child nodes.
YANG provides clear and concise descriptions of the nodes, as well as
the interaction between those nodes.
YANG structures data models into modules and submodules. A module
can import data from other external modules, and include data from
submodules. The hierarchy can be augmented, allowing one module to
add data nodes to the hierarchy defined in another module. This
augmentation can be conditional, with new nodes appearing only if
certain conditions are met.
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YANG data models can describe constraints to be enforced on the data,
restricting the presence or value of nodes based on the presence or
value of other nodes in the hierarchy. These constraints are
enforceable by either the client or the server, and valid content
MUST abide by them.
YANG defines a set of built-in types, and has a type mechanism
through which additional types may be defined. Derived types can
restrict their base type's set of valid values using mechanisms like
range or pattern restrictions that can be enforced by clients or
servers. They can also define usage conventions for use of the
derived type, such as a string-based type that contains a host name.
YANG permits the definition of reusable groupings of nodes. The
instantiation of these groupings can refine or augment the nodes,
allowing it to tailor the nodes to its particular needs. Derived
types and groupings can be defined in one module and used in either
the same module or in another module that imports it.
YANG data hierarchy constructs include defining lists where list
entries are identified by keys that distinguish them from each other.
Such lists may be defined as either sorted by user or automatically
sorted by the system. For user-sorted lists, operations are defined
for manipulating the order of the list entries.
YANG modules can be translated into an equivalent XML syntax called
YANG Independent Notation (YIN) (Section 13), allowing applications
using XML parsers and Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations
(XSLT) scripts to operate on the models. The conversion from YANG to
YIN is lossless, so content in YIN can be round-tripped back into
YANG.
YANG strikes a balance between high-level data modeling and low-level
bits-on-the-wire encoding. The reader of a YANG module can see the
high-level view of the data model while understanding how the data
will be encoded on-the-wire.
YANG is an extensible language, allowing extension statements to be
defined by standards bodies, vendors, and individuals. The statement
syntax allows these extensions to coexist with standard YANG
statements in a natural way, while extensions in a YANG module stand
out sufficiently for the reader to notice them.
YANG resists the tendency to solve all possible problems, limiting
the problem space to allow expression of data models for network
management protocols such as NETCONF, not arbitrary XML documents or
arbitrary data models.
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To the extent possible, YANG maintains compatibility with Simple
Network Management Protocol's (SNMP's) SMIv2 (Structure of Management
Information version 2 [RFC2578], [RFC2579]). SMIv2-based MIB modules
can be automatically translated into YANG modules for read-only
access [RFC6643]. However, YANG is not concerned with reverse
translation from YANG to SMIv2.
4.2. Language Overview
This section introduces some important constructs used in YANG that
will aid in the understanding of the language specifics in later
sections.
4.2.1. Modules and Submodules
A module contains three types of statements: module-header
statements, revision statements, and definition statements. The
module header statements describe the module and give information
about the module itself, the revision statements give information
about the history of the module, and the definition statements are
the body of the module where the data model is defined.
A server may implement a number of modules, allowing multiple views
of the same data, or multiple views of disjoint subsections of the
server's data. Alternatively, the server may implement only one
module that defines all available data.
A module may be divided into submodules, based on the needs of the
module owner. The external view remains that of a single module,
regardless of the presence or size of its submodules.
The "import" statement allows a module or submodule to reference
material defined in other modules.
The "include" statement is used by a module to incorporate the
contents of its submodules into the module.
4.2.2. Data Modeling Basics
YANG defines four main types of data nodes for data modeling. In
each of the following subsections, the examples show the YANG syntax
as well as a corresponding XML encoding.
4.2.2.1. Leaf Nodes
A leaf instance contains simple data like an integer or a string. It
has exactly one value of a particular type and no child nodes.
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YANG Example:
leaf host-name {
type string;
description
"Hostname for this system";
}
XML Encoding Example:
<host-name>my.example.com</host-name>
The "leaf" statement is covered in Section 7.6.
4.2.2.2. Leaf-List Nodes
A leaf-list defines a sequence of values of a particular type.
YANG Example:
leaf-list domain-search {
type string;
description
"List of domain names to search";
}
XML Encoding Example:
<domain-search>high.example.com</domain-search>
<domain-search>low.example.com</domain-search>
<domain-search>everywhere.example.com</domain-search>
The "leaf-list" statement is covered in Section 7.7.
4.2.2.3. Container Nodes
A container is used to group related nodes in a subtree. A container
has only child nodes and no value. A container may contain any
number of child nodes of any type (leafs, lists, containers, leaf-
lists, actions, and notifications).
YANG Example:
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container system {
container login {
leaf message {
type string;
description
"Message given at start of login session";
}
}
}
XML Encoding Example:
<system>
<login>
<message>Good morning</message>
</login>
</system>
The "container" statement is covered in Section 7.5.
4.2.2.4. List Nodes
A list defines a sequence of list entries. Each entry is like a
structure or a record instance, and is uniquely identified by the
values of its key leafs. A list can define multiple key leafs and
may contain any number of child nodes of any type (including leafs,
lists, containers etc.).
YANG Example:
list user {
key "name";
leaf name {
type string;
}
leaf full-name {
type string;
}
leaf class {
type string;
}
}
XML Encoding Example:
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<user>
<name>glocks</name>
<full-name>Goldie Locks</full-name>
<class>intruder</class>
</user>
<user>
<name>snowey</name>
<full-name>Snow White</full-name>
<class>free-loader</class>
</user>
<user>
<name>rzell</name>
<full-name>Rapun Zell</full-name>
<class>tower</class>
</user>
The "list" statement is covered in Section 7.8.
4.2.2.5. Example Module
These statements are combined to define the module:
// Contents of "example-system.yang"
module example-system {
yang-version 1.1;
namespace "urn:example:system";
prefix "sys";
organization "Example Inc.";
contact "joe@example.com";
description
"The module for entities implementing the Example system.";
revision 2007-06-09 {
description "Initial revision.";
}
container system {
leaf host-name {
type string;
description
"Hostname for this system";
}
leaf-list domain-search {
type string;
description
"List of domain names to search";
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}
container login {
leaf message {
type string;
description
"Message given at start of login session";
}
list user {
key "name";
leaf name {
type string;
}
leaf full-name {
type string;
}
leaf class {
type string;
}
}
}
}
}
4.2.3. State Data
YANG can model state data, as well as configuration data, based on
the "config" statement. When a node is tagged with "config false",
its subhierarchy is flagged as state data. In NETCONF, state data is
reported using the <get> operation, not the <get-config> operation.
Parent containers, lists, and key leafs are reported also, giving the
context for the state data.
In this example, two leafs are defined for each interface, a
configured speed and an observed speed. The observed speed is not
configuration, so it can be returned with NETCONF <get> operations,
but not with <get-config> operations. The observed speed is not
configuration data, and it cannot be manipulated using <edit-config>.
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list interface {
key "name";
leaf name {
type string;
}
leaf speed {
type enumeration {
enum 10m;
enum 100m;
enum auto;
}
}
leaf observed-speed {
type uint32;
config false;
}
}
4.2.4. Built-In Types
YANG has a set of built-in types, similar to those of many
programming languages, but with some differences due to special
requirements from the management domain. The following table
summarizes the built-in types discussed in Section 9:
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+---------------------+-------------------------------------+
| Name | Description |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------+
| binary | Any binary data |
| bits | A set of bits or flags |
| boolean | "true" or "false" |
| decimal64 | 64-bit signed decimal number |
| empty | A leaf that does not have any value |
| enumeration | Enumerated strings |
| identityref | A reference to an abstract identity |
| instance-identifier | A reference a data tree node |
| int8 | 8-bit signed integer |
| int16 | 16-bit signed integer |
| int32 | 32-bit signed integer |
| int64 | 64-bit signed integer |
| leafref | A reference to a leaf instance |
| string | Human-readable string |
| uint8 | 8-bit unsigned integer |
| uint16 | 16-bit unsigned integer |
| uint32 | 32-bit unsigned integer |
| uint64 | 64-bit unsigned integer |
| union | Choice of member types |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------+
The "type" statement is covered in Section 7.4.
4.2.5. Derived Types (typedef)
YANG can define derived types from base types using the "typedef"
statement. A base type can be either a built-in type or a derived
type, allowing a hierarchy of derived types.
A derived type can be used as the argument for the "type" statement.
YANG Example:
typedef percent {
type uint8 {
range "0 .. 100";
}
}
leaf completed {
type percent;
}
XML Encoding Example:
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<completed>20</completed>
The "typedef" statement is covered in Section 7.3.
4.2.6. Reusable Node Groups (grouping)
Groups of nodes can be assembled into reusable collections using the
"grouping" statement. A grouping defines a set of nodes that are
instantiated with the "uses" statement:
grouping target {
leaf address {
type inet:ip-address;
description "Target IP address";
}
leaf port {
type inet:port-number;
description "Target port number";
}
}
container peer {
container destination {
uses target;
}
}
XML Encoding Example:
<peer>
<destination>
<address>2001:db8::2</address>
<port>830</port>
</destination>
</peer>
The grouping can be refined as it is used, allowing certain
statements to be overridden. In this example, the description is
refined:
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container connection {
container source {
uses target {
refine "address" {
description "Source IP address";
}
refine "port" {
description "Source port number";
}
}
}
container destination {
uses target {
refine "address" {
description "Destination IP address";
}
refine "port" {
description "Destination port number";
}
}
}
}
The "grouping" statement is covered in Section 7.12.
4.2.7. Choices
YANG allows the data model to segregate incompatible nodes into
distinct choices using the "choice" and "case" statements. The
"choice" statement contains a set of "case" statements that define
sets of schema nodes that cannot appear together. Each "case" may
contain multiple nodes, but each node may appear in only one "case"
under a "choice".
When a node from one case is created in the data tree, all nodes from
all other cases are implicitly deleted. The server handles the
enforcement of the constraint, preventing incompatibilities from
existing in the configuration.
The choice and case nodes appear only in the schema tree but not in
the data tree. The additional levels of hierarchy are not needed
beyond the conceptual schema.
YANG Example:
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container food {
choice snack {
case sports-arena {
leaf pretzel {
type empty;
}
leaf beer {
type empty;
}
}
case late-night {
leaf chocolate {
type enumeration {
enum dark;
enum milk;
enum first-available;
}
}
}
}
}
XML Encoding Example:
<food>
<pretzel/>
<beer/>
</food>
The "choice" statement is covered in Section 7.9.
4.2.8. Extending Data Models (augment)
YANG allows a module to insert additional nodes into data models,
including both the current module (and its submodules) or an external
module. This is useful for example for vendors to add vendor-
specific parameters to standard data models in an interoperable way.
The "augment" statement defines the location in the data model
hierarchy where new nodes are inserted, and the "when" statement
defines the conditions when the new nodes are valid.
YANG Example:
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augment /system/login/user {
when "class != 'wheel'";
leaf uid {
type uint16 {
range "1000 .. 30000";
}
}
}
This example defines a "uid" node that only is valid when the user's
"class" is not "wheel".
If a module augments another module, the XML encoding of the data
will reflect the prefix of the augmenting module. For example, if
the above augmentation were in a module with prefix "other", the XML
would look like:
XML Encoding Example:
<user>
<name>alicew</name>
<full-name>Alice N. Wonderland</full-name>
<class>drop-out</class>
<other:uid>1024</other:uid>
</user>
The "augment" statement is covered in Section 7.17.
4.2.9. Operation Definitions
YANG allows the definition of operations. The operations' name,
input parameters, and output parameters are modeled using YANG data
definition statements. Operations on the top-level in a module are
defined with the "rpc" statement. Operations can also be tied to a
container or list data node. Such operations are defined with the
"action" statement.
YANG Example:
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rpc activate-software-image {
input {
leaf image-name {
type string;
}
}
output {
leaf status {
type string;
}
}
}
NETCONF XML Example:
<rpc message-id="101"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0">
<activate-software-image xmlns="http://example.com/system">
<image-name>example-fw-2.3</image-name>
</activate-software-image>
</rpc>
<rpc-reply message-id="101"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0">
<status xmlns="http://example.com/system">
The image example-fw-2.3 is being installed.
</status>
</rpc-reply>
YANG Example:
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list interface {
key "name";
leaf name {
type string;
}
action ping {
input {
leaf destination {
type inet:ip-address;
}
}
output {
leaf packet-loss {
type uint8;
}
}
}
}
NETCONF XML Example:
<rpc message-id="102"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0">
<action xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:1">
<interface xmlns="http://example.com/system">
<name>eth1</name>
<ping>
<destination>192.0.2.1</destination>
</ping>
</interface>
</action>
</rpc>
<rpc-reply message-id="102"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0"
xmlns:sys="http://example.com/system">
<sys:packet-loss>60</sys:packet-loss>
</rpc-reply>
The "rpc" statement is covered in Section 7.14, and the "action"
statement in Section 7.15.
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4.2.10. Notification Definitions
YANG allows the definition of notifications. YANG data definition
statements are used to model the content of the notification.
YANG Example:
notification link-failure {
description
"A link failure has been detected";
leaf if-name {
type leafref {
path "/interface/name";
}
}
leaf if-admin-status {
type admin-status;
}
leaf if-oper-status {
type oper-status;
}
}
NETCONF XML Example:
<notification
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:netconf:capability:notification:1.0">
<eventTime>2007-09-01T10:00:00Z</eventTime>
<link-failure xmlns="urn:example:system">
<if-name>so-1/2/3.0</if-name>
<if-admin-status>up</if-admin-status>
<if-oper-status>down</if-oper-status>
</link-failure>
</notification>
The "notification" statement is covered in Section 7.16.
5. Language Concepts
5.1. Modules and Submodules
The module is the base unit of definition in YANG. A module defines
a single data model. A module can define a complete, cohesive model,
or augment an existing data model with additional nodes.
Submodules are partial modules that contribute definitions to a
module. A module may include any number of submodules, but each
submodule may belong to only one module.
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Developers of YANG modules and submodules are RECOMMENDED to choose
names for their modules that will have a low probability of colliding
with standard or other enterprise modules, e.g., by using the
enterprise or organization name as a prefix for the module name.
Within a server, all module names MUST be unique.
A module uses the "include" statement to include all its submodules,
and the "import" statement to reference external modules. Similarly,
a submodule uses the "import" statement to reference other modules.
For backward compatibility with YANG version 1, a submodule is
allowed to use the "include" statement to reference other submodules
within its module, but this is not necessary in YANG version 1.1. A
submodule can reference any definition in the module it belongs to
and in all submodules included by the module. A submodule MUST NOT
include different revisions of other submodules than the revisions
that its module includes.
A module or submodule MUST NOT include submodules from other modules,
and a submodule MUST NOT import its own module.
The import and include statements are used to make definitions
available from other modules:
o For a module or submodule to reference definitions in an external
module, the external module MUST be imported.
o A module MUST include all its submodules.
o A module, or submodule belonging to that module, can reference
definitions in the module and all submodules included by the
module.
There MUST NOT be any circular chains of imports. For example, if
module "a" imports module "b", "b" cannot import "a".
When a definition in an external module is referenced, a locally
defined prefix MUST be used, followed by ":", and then the external
identifier. References to definitions in the local module MAY use
the prefix notation. Since built-in data types do not belong to any
module and have no prefix, references to built-in data types (e.g.,
int32) cannot use the prefix notation. The syntax for a reference to
a definition is formally defined by the rule "identifier-ref" in
Section 14.
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5.1.1. Import and Include by Revision
Published modules evolve independently over time. In order to allow
for this evolution, modules can be imported using specific revisions.
When a module is written, it can import the current revisions of
other modules, based on what is available at the time. As future
revisions of the imported modules are published, the importing module
is unaffected and its contents are unchanged. When the author of the
module is prepared to move to the most recently published revision of
an imported module, the module is republished with an updated
"import" statement. By republishing with the new revision, the
authors explicitly indicate their acceptance of any changes in the
imported module.
For submodules, the issue is related but simpler. A module or
submodule that includes submodules needs to specify the revision of
the included submodules. If a submodule changes, any module or
submodule that includes it needs to be updated.
For example, module "b" imports module "a".
module a {
yang-version 1.1;
namespace "urn:example:a";
prefix "a";
revision 2008-01-01 { ... }
grouping a {
leaf eh { .... }
}
}
module b {
yang-version 1.1;
namespace "urn:example:b";
prefix "b";
import a {
prefix "p";
revision-date 2008-01-01;
}
container bee {
uses p:a;
}
}
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When the author of "a" publishes a new revision, the changes may not
be acceptable to the author of "b". If the new revision is
acceptable, the author of "b" can republish with an updated revision
in the "import" statement.
If a module is not imported with a specific revision, it is undefined
which exact revision is used.
5.1.2. Module Hierarchies
YANG allows modeling of data in multiple hierarchies, where data may
have more than one top-level node. Models that have multiple top-
level nodes are sometimes convenient, and are supported by YANG.
5.1.2.1. NETCONF XML Encoding
NETCONF is capable of carrying any XML content as the payload in the
<config> and <data> elements. The top-level nodes of YANG modules
are encoded as child elements, in any order, within these elements.
This encapsulation guarantees that the corresponding NETCONF messages
are always well-formed XML documents.
For example:
module example-config {
yang-version 1.1;
namespace "urn:example:config";
prefix "co";
container system { ... }
container routing { ... }
}
could be encoded in NETCONF as:
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<rpc message-id="101"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0"
xmlns:nc="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0">
<edit-config>
<target>
<running/>
</target>
<config>
<system xmlns="urn:example:config">
<!-- system data here -->
</system>
<routing xmlns="urn:example:config">
<!-- routing data here -->
</routing>
</config>
</edit-config>
</rpc>
5.2. File Layout
YANG modules and submodules are typically stored in files, one module
or submodule per file. The name of the file SHOULD be of the form:
module-or-submodule-name ['@' revision-date] ( '.yang' / '.yin' )
YANG parsers can find imported modules and included submodules via
this convention.
5.3. XML Namespaces
All YANG definitions are specified within a module that is bound to a
particular XML namespace [XML-NAMES], which is a globally unique URI
[RFC3986]. A NETCONF client or server uses the namespace during XML
encoding of data.
XML namespaces for modules published in RFC streams [RFC4844] MUST be
assigned by IANA, see section 14 in [RFC6020].
XML namespaces for private modules are assigned by the organization
owning the module without a central registry. Namespace URIs MUST be
chosen so they cannot collide with standard or other enterprise
namespaces, for example by using the enterprise or organization name
in the namespace.
The "namespace" statement is covered in Section 7.1.3.
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5.3.1. YANG XML Namespace
YANG defines an XML namespace for NETCONF <edit-config> operations,
<error-info> content, and the <action> element. The name of this
namespace is "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:1".
5.4. Resolving Grouping, Type, and Identity Names
Grouping, type, and identity names are resolved in the context in
which they are defined, rather than the context in which they are
used. Users of groupings, typedefs, and identities are not required
to import modules or include submodules to satisfy all references
made by the original definition. This behaves like static scoping in
a conventional programming language.
For example, if a module defines a grouping in which a type is
referenced, when the grouping is used in a second module, the type is
resolved in the context of the original module, not the second
module. There is no worry over conflicts if both modules define the
type, since there is no ambiguity.
5.5. Nested Typedefs and Groupings
Typedefs and groupings may appear nested under many YANG statements,
allowing these to be lexically scoped by the hierarchy under which
they appear. This allows types and groupings to be defined near
where they are used, rather than placing them at the top level of the
hierarchy. The close proximity increases readability.
Scoping also allows types to be defined without concern for naming
conflicts between types in different submodules. Type names can be
specified without adding leading strings designed to prevent name
collisions within large modules.
Finally, scoping allows the module author to keep types and groupings
private to their module or submodule, preventing their reuse. Since
only top-level types and groupings (i.e., those appearing as
substatements to a module or submodule statement) can be used outside
the module or submodule, the developer has more control over what
pieces of their module are presented to the outside world, supporting
the need to hide internal information and maintaining a boundary
between what is shared with the outside world and what is kept
private.
Scoped definitions MUST NOT shadow definitions at a higher scope. A
type or grouping cannot be defined if a higher level in the schema
hierarchy has a definition with a matching identifier.
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A reference to an unprefixed type or grouping, or one which uses the
prefix of the current module, is resolved by locating the matching
"typedef" or "grouping" statement among the immediate substatements
of each ancestor statement.
5.6. Conformance
Conformance is a measure of how accurately a server follows the
model. Generally speaking, servers are responsible for implementing
the model faithfully, allowing applications to treat servers which
implement the model identically. Deviations from the model can
reduce the utility of the model and increase fragility of
applications that use it.
YANG modelers have three mechanisms for conformance:
o the basic behavior of the model
o optional features that are part of the model
o deviations from the model
We will consider each of these in sequence.
5.6.1. Basic Behavior
The model defines a contract between a YANG-based client and server,
which allows both parties to have faith the other knows the syntax
and semantics behind the modeled data. The strength of YANG lies in
the strength of this contract.
5.6.2. Optional Features
In many models, the modeler will allow sections of the model to be
conditional. The server controls whether these conditional portions
of the model are supported or valid for that particular server.
For example, a syslog data model may choose to include the ability to
save logs locally, but the modeler will realize that this is only
possible if the server has local storage. If there is no local
storage, an application should not tell the server to save logs.
YANG supports this conditional mechanism using a construct called
"feature". Features give the modeler a mechanism for making portions
of the module conditional in a manner that is controlled by the
server. The model can express constructs that are not universally
present in all servers. These features are included in the model
definition, allowing a consistent view and allowing applications to
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learn which features are supported and tailor their behavior to the
server.
A module may declare any number of features, identified by simple
strings, and may make portions of the module optional based on those
features. If the server supports a feature, then the corresponding
portions of the module are valid for that server. If the server
doesn't support the feature, those parts of the module are not valid,
and applications should behave accordingly.
Features are defined using the "feature" statement. Definitions in
the module that are conditional to the feature are noted by the
"if-feature" statement.
Further details are available in Section 7.20.1.
5.6.3. Deviations
In an ideal world, all servers would be required to implement the
model exactly as defined, and deviations from the model would not be
allowed. But in the real world, servers are often not able or
designed to implement the model as written. For YANG-based
automation to deal with these server deviations, a mechanism must
exist for servers to inform applications of the specifics of such
deviations.
For example, a BGP module may allow any number of BGP peers, but a
particular server may only support 16 BGP peers. Any application
configuring the 17th peer will receive an error. While an error may
suffice to let the application know it cannot add another peer, it
would be far better if the application had prior knowledge of this
limitation and could prevent the user from starting down the path
that could not succeed.
Server deviations are declared using the "deviation" statement, which
takes as its argument a string that identifies a node in the schema
tree. The contents of the statement details the manner in which the
server implementation deviates from the contract as defined in the
module.
Further details are available in Section 7.20.3.
5.6.4. Announcing Conformance Information in NETCONF
This document defines the following mechanism for announcing
conformance information. Other mechanisms may be defined by future
specifications.
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A NETCONF server announces the modules it implements (see
Section 5.6.5) by implementing the YANG module "ietf-yang-library"
defined in [I-D.ietf-netconf-yang-library], and listing all
implemented modules in the "/modules-state/module" list.
The server also advertises the following capability in the <hello>
message (line-breaks and whitespaces are used for formatting reasons
only):
urn:ietf:params:netconf:capability:yang-library:1.0?
revision=<date>&module-set-id=<id>
The parameter "revision" has the same value as the revision date of
the "ietf-yang-library" module implemented by the server. This
parameter MUST be present.
The parameter "module-set-id" has the same value as the leaf
"/modules-state/module-set-id" from "ietf-yang-library". This
parameter MUST be present.
With this mechanism, a client can cache the supported modules for a
server, and only update the cache if the "module-set-id" value in the
<hello> message changes.
5.6.5. Implementing a Module
A server implements a module if it implements the module's data
nodes, rpcs, actions, notifications, and deviations.
A server MUST NOT implement more than one revision of a module.
If a server implements a module A that imports a module B, and A uses
any node from B in an "augment" or "path" statement that the server
supports, then the server MUST implement a revision of module B that
has these nodes defined. This is regardless of if module B is
imported by revision or not.
If a server implements a module A that imports a module C without
specifying the revision date of module C, and the server does not
implement C (e.g., if C only defines some typedefs), the server MUST
list module C in the "/modules-state/module" list from
"ietf-yang-library" [I-D.ietf-netconf-yang-library], and it MUST set
the leaf "conformance-type" to "import" for this module.
If a server lists a module C in the "/modules-state/module" list from
"ietf-yang-library", and there are other modules Ms listed that
import C without specifying the revision date of module C, the server
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MUST use the definitions from the most recent revision of C listed
for modules Ms.
The reason for these rules is that clients need to be able to know
the exact data model structure and types of all leafs and leaf-lists
implemented in a server.
For example, with these modules:
module a {
yang-version 1.1;
namespace "urn:example:a";
prefix "a";
import b {
revision-date 2015-01-01;
}
import c;
revision 2015-01-01;
feature foo;
augment "/b:x" {
if-feature foo;
leaf y {
type b:myenum;
}
}
container a {
leaf x {
type c:bar;
}
}
}
module b {
yang-version 1.1;
namespace "urn:example:b";
prefix "b";
revision 2015-04-04;
revision 2015-01-01;
typedef myenum {
type enumeration {
enum zero; // added in 2015-01-01
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enum one; // added in 2015-04-04
}
}
container x { // added in 2015-01-01
container y; // added in 2015-04-04
}
}
module c {
yang-version 1.1;
namespace "urn:example:c";
prefix "c";
revision 2015-03-03;
revision 2015-02-02;
typedef bar {
...
}
}
A server that implements revision "2015-01-01" of module "a" and
supports feature "foo" can implement revision "2015-01-01" or
"2015-04-04" of module "b". Since "b" was imported by revision, the
type of leaf "/b:x/a:y" is the same regardless of which revision of
"b" the server implements.
A server that implements module "a", but does not support feature
"foo" does not have to implement module "b".
A server that implements revision "2015-01-01" of module "a" must
pick a revision of module "c", and list it in the "/modules-state/
module" list from "ietf-yang-library".
The following XML encoding example shows valid data for the
"/modules-state/module" list for a server that implements module "a":
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<modules-state
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-yang-library">
<module-set-id>ee1ecb017370cafd</module-set-id>
<module>
<name>a</name>
<revision>2015-01-01</revision>
<namespace>urn:example:a</namespace>
<feature>foo</feature>
<conformance-type>implement</conformance-type>
</module>
<module>
<name>b</name>
<revision>2015-04-04</revision>
<namespace>urn:example:b</namespace>
<conformance-type>implement</conformance-type>
</module>
<module>
<name>c</name>
<revision>2015-02-02</revision>
<namespace>urn:example:c</namespace>
<conformance-type>import</conformance-type>
</module>
</modules-state>
5.7. Datastore Modification
Data models may allow the server to alter the configuration datastore
in ways not explicitly directed via network management protocol
messages. For example, a data model may define leafs that are
assigned system-generated values when the client does not provide
one. A formal mechanism for specifying the circumstances where these
changes are allowed is out of scope for this specification.
6. YANG Syntax
The YANG syntax is similar to that of SMIng [RFC3780] and programming
languages like C and C++. This C-like syntax was chosen specifically
for its readability, since YANG values the time and effort of the
readers of models above those of modules writers and YANG tool-chain
developers. This section introduces the YANG syntax.
YANG modules use the UTF-8 [RFC3629] character encoding.
Legal characters in YANG modules are the Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646
[ISO.10646] characters, including tab, carriage return, and line feed
but excluding the other C0 control characters, the surrogate blocks,
and the noncharacters. The character syntax is formally defined by
the rule "yang-char" in Section 14.
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6.1. Lexical Tokenization
YANG modules are parsed as a series of tokens. This section details
the rules for recognizing tokens from an input stream. YANG
tokenization rules are both simple and powerful. The simplicity is
driven by a need to keep the parsers easy to implement, while the
power is driven by the fact that modelers need to express their
models in readable formats.
6.1.1. Comments
Comments are C++ style. A single line comment starts with "//" and
ends at the end of the line. A block comment is enclosed within "/*"
and "*/".
Note that inside a quoted string (Section 6.1.3), these character
pairs are never interpreted as the start or end of a comment.
6.1.2. Tokens
A token in YANG is either a keyword, a string, a semicolon (";"), or
braces ("{" or "}"). A string can be quoted or unquoted. A keyword
is either one of the YANG keywords defined in this document, or a
prefix identifier, followed by ":", followed by a language extension
keyword. Keywords are case sensitive. See Section 6.2 for a formal
definition of identifiers.
6.1.3. Quoting
If a string contains any space, tab, or newline characters, a single
or double quote character, a semicolon (";"), braces ("{" or "}"), or
comment sequences ("//", "/*", or "*/"), then it MUST be enclosed
within double or single quotes.
Within an unquoted string, every character is preserved. Note that
this means that the backslash character does not have any special
meaning in an unquoted string.
If a double-quoted string contains a line break followed by space or
tab characters that are used to indent the text according to the
layout in the YANG file, this leading whitespace is stripped from the
string, up to and including the column of the double quote character,
or to the first non-whitespace character, whichever occurs first. In
this process, a tab character is treated as 8 space characters.
If a double-quoted string contains space or tab characters before a
line break, this trailing whitespace is stripped from the string.
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A single-quoted string (enclosed within ' ') preserves each character
within the quotes. A single quote character cannot occur in a
single-quoted string, even when preceded by a backslash.
Within a double-quoted string (enclosed within " "), a backslash
character introduces a special character, which depends on the
character that immediately follows the backslash:
\n new line
\t a tab character
\" a double quote
\\ a single backslash
It is an error if any other character follows the backslash
character.
If a quoted string is followed by a plus character ("+"), followed by
another quoted string, the two strings are concatenated into one
string, allowing multiple concatenations to build one string.
Whitespace trimming is done before substitution of backslash-escaped
characters in double-quoted strings. Concatenation is performed as
the last step.
6.1.3.1. Quoting Examples
The following strings are equivalent:
hello
"hello"
'hello'
"hel" + "lo"
'hel' + "lo"
The following examples show some special strings:
"\"" - string containing a double quote
'"' - string containing a double quote
"\n" - string containing a new line character
'\n' - string containing a backslash followed
by the character n
The following examples show some illegal strings:
'''' - a single-quoted string cannot contain single quotes
""" - a double quote must be escaped in a double-quoted string
The following strings are equivalent:
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"first line
second line"
"first line\n" + " second line"
6.2. Identifiers
Identifiers are used to identify different kinds of YANG items by
name. Each identifier starts with an uppercase or lowercase ASCII
letter or an underscore character, followed by zero or more ASCII
letters, digits, underscore characters, hyphens, and dots.
Implementations MUST support identifiers up to 64 characters in
length, and MAY support longer identifiers. Identifiers are case
sensitive. The identifier syntax is formally defined by the rule
"identifier" in Section 14. Identifiers can be specified as quoted
or unquoted strings.
6.2.1. Identifiers and Their Namespaces
Each identifier is valid in a namespace that depends on the type of
the YANG item being defined. All identifiers defined in a namespace
MUST be unique.
o All module and submodule names share the same global module
identifier namespace.
o All extension names defined in a module and its submodules share
the same extension identifier namespace.
o All feature names defined in a module and its submodules share the
same feature identifier namespace.
o All identity names defined in a module and its submodules share
the same identity identifier namespace.
o All derived type names defined within a parent node or at the top
level of the module or its submodules share the same type
identifier namespace. This namespace is scoped to all descendant
nodes of the parent node or module. This means that any
descendent node may use that typedef, and it MUST NOT define a
typedef with the same name.
o All grouping names defined within a parent node or at the top
level of the module or its submodules share the same grouping
identifier namespace. This namespace is scoped to all descendant
nodes of the parent node or module. This means that any
descendent node may use that grouping, and it MUST NOT define a
grouping with the same name.
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o All leafs, leaf-lists, lists, containers, choices, rpcs, actions,
notifications, anydatas, and anyxmls defined (directly or through
a uses statement) within a parent node or at the top level of the
module or its submodules share the same identifier namespace.
This namespace is scoped to the parent node or module, unless the
parent node is a case node. In that case, the namespace is scoped
to the closest ancestor node that is not a case or choice node.
o All cases within a choice share the same case identifier
namespace. This namespace is scoped to the parent choice node.
Forward references are allowed in YANG.
6.3. Statements
A YANG module contains a sequence of statements. Each statement
starts with a keyword, followed by zero or one argument, followed
either by a semicolon (";") or a block of substatements enclosed
within braces ("{ }"):
statement = keyword [argument] (";" / "{" *statement "}")
The argument is a string, as defined in Section 6.1.2.
6.3.1. Language Extensions
A module can introduce YANG extensions by using the "extension"
keyword (see Section 7.19). The extensions can be imported by other
modules with the "import" statement (see Section 7.1.5). When an
imported extension is used, the extension's keyword MUST be qualified
using the prefix with which the extension's module was imported. If
an extension is used in the module where it is defined, the
extension's keyword MUST be qualified with the module's prefix.
The processing of extensions depends on whether support for those
extensions is claimed for a given YANG parser or the tool set in
which it is embedded. An unsupported extension, appearing in a YANG
module as an unknown-statement (see Section 14) MAY be ignored in its
entirety. Any supported extension MUST be processed in accordance
with the specification governing that extension.
Care must be taken when defining extensions so that modules that use
the extensions are meaningful also for applications that do not
support the extensions.
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6.4. XPath Evaluations
YANG relies on XML Path Language (XPath) 1.0 [XPATH] as a notation
for specifying many inter-node references and dependencies. An
implementation is not required to implement an XPath interpreter, but
MUST ensure that the requirements encoded in the data model are
enforced. The manner of enforcement is an implementation decision.
The XPath expressions MUST be syntactically correct, and all prefixes
used MUST be present in the XPath context (see Section 6.4.1). An
implementation may choose to implement them by hand, rather than
using the XPath expression directly.
The data model used in the XPath expressions is the same as that used
in XPath 1.0 [XPATH], with the same extension for root node children
as used by XSLT 1.0 [XSLT] (Section 3.1). Specifically, it means
that the root node may have any number of element nodes as its
children.
The data tree has no concept of document order. An implementation
needs to choose some document order but how it is done is an
implementation decision. This means that XPath expressions in YANG
modules SHOULD NOT rely on any specific document order.
Numbers in XPath 1.0 are IEEE 754 double-precision floating-point
values, see Section 3.5 in [XPATH]. This means that some values of
int64, uint64 and decimal64 types (see Section 9.2 and Section 9.3)
cannot be exactly represented in XPath expressions. Therefore, due
caution should be exercised when using nodes with 64-bit numeric
values in XPath expressions. In particular, numerical comparisons
involving equality may yield unexpected results.
For example, consider the following definition:
leaf lxiv {
type decimal64 {
fraction-digits 18;
}
must ". <= 10";
}
An instance of the "lxiv" leaf having the value of
10.0000000000000001 will then successfully pass validation.
6.4.1. XPath Context
All YANG XPath expressions share the following XPath context
definition:
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o The set of namespace declarations is the set of all "import"
statements' prefix and namespace pairs in the module where the
XPath expression is specified, and the "prefix" statement's prefix
for the "namespace" statement's URI.
o Names without a namespace prefix belong to the same namespace as
the identifier of the current node. Inside a grouping, that
namespace is affected by where the grouping is used (see
Section 7.13). Inside a typedef, that namespace is affected by
where the typedef is referenced. If a typedef is defined and
referenced within a grouping, the namespace is affected by where
the grouping is used (see Section 7.13).
o The function library is the core function library defined in
[XPATH], and the functions defined in Section 10.
o The set of variable bindings is empty.
The mechanism for handling unprefixed names is adopted from XPath 2.0
[XPATH2.0], and helps simplify XPath expressions in YANG. No
ambiguity may ever arise because YANG node identifiers are always
qualified names with a non-null namespace URI.
The accessible tree depends on where the statement with the XPath
expression is defined:
o If the XPath expression is defined in substatement to a data node
that represents configuration, the accessible tree is the data in
the datastore where the context node exists. The root node has
all top-level configuration data nodes in all modules as children.
o If the XPath expression is defined in a substatement to a data
node that represents state data, the accessible tree is all state
data in the server, and the running configuration datastore. The
root node has all top-level data nodes in all modules as children.
o If the XPath expression is defined in a substatement to a
"notification" statement, the accessible tree is the notification
instance, all state data in the server, and the running
configuration datastore. If the notification is defined on the
top-level in a module, then the root node has the node
representing the notification being defined and all top-level data
nodes in all modules as children. Otherwise, the root node has
all top-level data nodes in all modules as children.
o If the XPath expression is defined in a substatement to an "input"
statement in an "rpc" or "action" statement, the accessible tree
is the RPC or action operation instance, all state data in the
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server, and the running configuration datastore. The root node
has top-level data nodes in all modules as children.
Additionally, for an RPC, the root node also has the node
representing the RPC operation being defined as a child. The node
representing the operation being defined has the operation's input
parameters as children.
o If the XPath expression is defined in a substatement to an
"output" statement in an "rpc" or "action" statement, the
accessible tree is the RPC or action operation instance, all state
data in the server, and the running configuration datastore. The
root node has top-level data nodes in all modules as children.
Additionally, for an RPC, the root node also has the node
representing the RPC operation being defined as a child. The node
representing the operation being defined has the operation's
output parameters as children.
In the accessible tree, all leafs and leaf-lists with default values
in use exist (See Section 7.6.1 and Section 7.7.2).
If a node that exists in the accessible tree has a non-presence
container as a child, then the non-presence container also exists in
the tree.
The context node varies with the YANG XPath expression, and is
specified where the YANG statement with the XPath expression is
defined.
6.4.1.1. Examples
Given the following module:
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module example-a {
yang-version 1.1;
namespace urn:example:a;
prefix a;
container a {
list b {
key id;
leaf id {
type string;
}
notification down {
leaf reason {
type string;
}
}
action reset {
input {
leaf delay {
type uint32;
}
}
output {
leaf result {
type string;
}
}
}
}
}
notification failure {
leaf b-ref {
type leafref {
path "/a/b/id";
}
}
}
}
And given the following data tree, specified in XML:
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<a xmlns="urn:example:a">
<b>
<id>1</id>
</b>
<b>
<id>2</id>
</b>
</a>
The accessible tree for a notification "down" on /a/b[id="2"] is:
<a xmlns="urn:example:a">
<b>
<id>1</id>
</b>
<b>
<id>2</id>
<down>
<reason>error</reason>
</down>
</b>
</a>
// possibly other top-level nodes here
The accessible tree for an action invocation of "reset" on /a/
b[id="1"] with the "when" parameter set to "10" would be:
<a xmlns="urn:example:a">
<b>
<id>1</id>
<reset>
<delay>10</delay>
</reset>
</b>
<b>
<id>2</id>
</b>
</a>
// possibly other top-level nodes here
The accessible tree for the action output of this action is:
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<a xmlns="urn:example:a">
<b>
<id>1</id>
<reset>
<result>ok</result>
</reset>
</b>
<b>
<id>2</id>
</b>
</a>
// possibly other top-level nodes here
The accessible tree for a notification "failure" could be:
<a xmlns="urn:example:a">
<b>
<id>1</id>
</b>
<b>
<id>2</id>
</b>
</a>
<failure>
<b-ref>2</b-ref>
</failure>
// possibly other top-level nodes here
6.5. Schema Node Identifier
A schema node identifier is a string that identifies a node in the
schema tree. It has two forms, "absolute" and "descendant", defined
by the rules "absolute-schema-nodeid" and "descendant-schema-nodeid"
in Section 14, respectively. A schema node identifier consists of a
path of identifiers, separated by slashes ("/"). In an absolute
schema node identifier, the first identifier after the leading slash
is any top-level schema node in the local module or in all imported
modules.
References to identifiers defined in external modules MUST be
qualified with appropriate prefixes, and references to identifiers
defined in the current module and its submodules MAY use a prefix.
For example, to identify the child node "b" of top-level node "a",
the string "/a/b" can be used.
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7. YANG Statements
The following sections describe all of the YANG statements.
Note that even a statement that does not have any substatements
defined in YANG can have vendor-specific extensions as substatements.
For example, the "description" statement does not have any
substatements defined in YANG, but the following is legal:
description "some text" {
ex:documentation-flag 5;
}
7.1. The module Statement
The "module" statement defines the module's name, and groups all
statements that belong to the module together. The "module"
statement's argument is the name of the module, followed by a block
of substatements that hold detailed module information. The module
name follows the rules for identifiers in Section 6.2.
Names of modules published in RFC streams [RFC4844] MUST be assigned
by IANA, see section 14 in [RFC6020].
Private module names are assigned by the organization owning the
module without a central registry. See Section 5.1 for
recommendations on how to name modules.
A module typically has the following layout:
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module <module-name> {
// header information
<yang-version statement>
<namespace statement>
<prefix statement>
// linkage statements
<import statements>
<include statements>
// meta information
<organization statement>
<contact statement>
<description statement>
<reference statement>
// revision history
<revision statements>
// module definitions
<other statements>
}
7.1.1. The module's Substatements
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+--------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| anydata | 7.10 | 0..n |
| anyxml | 7.11 | 0..n |
| augment | 7.17 | 0..n |
| choice | 7.9 | 0..n |
| contact | 7.1.8 | 0..1 |
| container | 7.5 | 0..n |
| description | 7.21.3 | 0..1 |
| deviation | 7.20.3 | 0..n |
| extension | 7.19 | 0..n |
| feature | 7.20.1 | 0..n |
| grouping | 7.12 | 0..n |
| identity | 7.18 | 0..n |
| import | 7.1.5 | 0..n |
| include | 7.1.6 | 0..n |
| leaf | 7.6 | 0..n |
| leaf-list | 7.7 | 0..n |
| list | 7.8 | 0..n |
| namespace | 7.1.3 | 1 |
| notification | 7.16 | 0..n |
| organization | 7.1.7 | 0..1 |
| prefix | 7.1.4 | 1 |
| reference | 7.21.4 | 0..1 |
| revision | 7.1.9 | 0..n |
| rpc | 7.14 | 0..n |
| typedef | 7.3 | 0..n |
| uses | 7.13 | 0..n |
| yang-version | 7.1.2 | 1 |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
7.1.2. The yang-version Statement
The "yang-version" statement specifies which version of the YANG
language was used in developing the module. The statement's argument
is a string. It MUST contain the value "1.1", which is the current
YANG version.
A module or submodule that doesn't contain the "yang-version"
statement, or one that contains the value "1", is developed for YANG
version 1, defined in [RFC6020].
Handling of the "yang-version" statement for versions other than
"1.1" (the version defined here) is out of scope for this
specification. Any document that defines a higher version will need
to define the backward compatibility of such a higher version.
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For compatibility between YANG version 1 and 1.1, see Section 12.
7.1.3. The namespace Statement
The "namespace" statement defines the XML namespace that all
identifiers defined by the module are qualified by in the XML
encoding, with the exception of identifiers for data nodes, action
nodes, and notification nodes defined inside a grouping (see
Section 7.13 for details). The argument to the "namespace" statement
is the URI of the namespace.
See also Section 5.3.
7.1.4. The prefix Statement
The "prefix" statement is used to define the prefix associated with
the module and its namespace. The "prefix" statement's argument is
the prefix string that is used as a prefix to access a module. The
prefix string MAY be used to refer to definitions contained in the
module, e.g., "if:ifName". A prefix follows the same rules as an
identifier (see Section 6.2).
When used inside the "module" statement, the "prefix" statement
defines the prefix suggested to be used when this module is imported.
To improve readability of the NETCONF XML, a NETCONF client or server
that generates XML or XPath that use prefixes SHOULD use the prefix
defined by the module, unless there is a conflict.
When used inside the "import" statement, the "prefix" statement
defines the prefix to be used when accessing definitions inside the
imported module. When a reference to an identifier from the imported
module is used, the prefix string for the imported module is used in
combination with a colon (":") and the identifier, e.g.,
"if:ifIndex". To improve readability of YANG modules, the prefix
defined by a module SHOULD be used when the module is imported,
unless there is a conflict. If there is a conflict, i.e., two
different modules that both have defined the same prefix are
imported, at least one of them MUST be imported with a different
prefix.
All prefixes, including the prefix for the module itself MUST be
unique within the module or submodule.
7.1.5. The import Statement
The "import" statement makes definitions from one module available
inside another module or submodule. The argument is the name of the
module to import, and the statement is followed by a block of
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substatements that holds detailed import information. When a module
is imported, the importing module may:
o use any grouping and typedef defined at the top level in the
imported module or its submodules.
o use any extension, feature, and identity defined in the imported
module or its submodules.
o use any node in the imported module's schema tree in "must",
"path", and "when" statements, or as the target node in "augment"
and "deviation" statements.
The mandatory "prefix" substatement assigns a prefix for the imported
module that is scoped to the importing module or submodule. Multiple
"import" statements may be specified to import from different
modules.
When the optional "revision-date" substatement is present, any
typedef, grouping, extension, feature, and identity referenced by
definitions in the local module are taken from the specified revision
of the imported module. It is an error if the specified revision of
the imported module does not exist. If no "revision-date"
substatement is present, it is undefined from which revision of the
module they are taken.
Multiple revisions of the same module can be imported, provided that
different prefixes are used.
+---------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+---------------+---------+-------------+
| prefix | 7.1.4 | 1 |
| revision-date | 7.1.5.1 | 0..1 |
| description | 7.21.3 | 0..1 |
| reference | 7.21.4 | 0..1 |
+---------------+---------+-------------+
The import's Substatements
7.1.5.1. The import's revision-date Statement
The import's "revision-date" statement is used to specify the exact
version of the module to import.
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7.1.6. The include Statement
The "include" statement is used to make content from a submodule
available to that submodule's parent module. The argument is an
identifier that is the name of the submodule to include. Modules are
only allowed to include submodules that belong to that module, as
defined by the "belongs-to" statement (see Section 7.2.2).
When a module includes a submodule, it incorporates the contents of
the submodule into the node hierarchy of the module.
For backward compatibility with YANG version 1, a submodule is
allowed to include another submodule belonging to the same module,
but this is not necessary in YANG version 1.1.
When the optional "revision-date" substatement is present, the
specified revision of the submodule is included in the module. It is
an error if the specified revision of the submodule does not exist.
If no "revision-date" substatement is present, it is undefined which
revision of the submodule is included.
Multiple revisions of the same submodule MUST NOT be included.
+---------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+---------------+---------+-------------+
| revision-date | 7.1.5.1 | 0..1 |
| description | 7.21.3 | 0..1 |
| reference | 7.21.4 | 0..1 |
+---------------+---------+-------------+
The includes's Substatements
7.1.7. The organization Statement
The "organization" statement defines the party responsible for this
module. The argument is a string that is used to specify a textual
description of the organization(s) under whose auspices this module
was developed.
7.1.8. The contact Statement
The "contact" statement provides contact information for the module.
The argument is a string that is used to specify contact information
for the person or persons to whom technical queries concerning this
module should be sent, such as their name, postal address, telephone
number, and electronic mail address.
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7.1.9. The revision Statement
The "revision" statement specifies the editorial revision history of
the module, including the initial revision. A series of revision
statements detail the changes in the module's definition. The
argument is a date string in the format "YYYY-MM-DD", followed by a
block of substatements that holds detailed revision information. A
module SHOULD have at least one "revision" statement. For every
published editorial change, a new one SHOULD be added in front of the
revisions sequence, so that all revisions are in reverse
chronological order.
7.1.9.1. The revision's Substatement
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| description | 7.21.3 | 0..1 |
| reference | 7.21.4 | 0..1 |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
7.1.10. Usage Example
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module example-system {
yang-version 1.1;
namespace "urn:example:system";
prefix "sys";
import ietf-yang-types {
prefix "yang";
reference "RFC 6991: Common YANG Data Types";
}
include example-types;
organization "Example Inc.";
contact
"Joe L. User
Example Inc.
42 Anywhere Drive
Nowhere, CA 95134
USA
Phone: +1 800 555 0100
EMail: joe@example.com";
description
"The module for entities implementing the Example system.";
revision 2007-06-09 {
description "Initial revision.";
}
// definitions follow...
}
7.2. The submodule Statement
While the primary unit in YANG is a module, a YANG module can itself
be constructed out of several submodules. Submodules allow a module
designer to split a complex model into several pieces where all the
submodules contribute to a single namespace, which is defined by the
module that includes the submodules.
The "submodule" statement defines the submodule's name, and groups
all statements that belong to the submodule together. The
"submodule" statement's argument is the name of the submodule,
followed by a block of substatements that hold detailed submodule
information. The submodule name follows the rules for identifiers in
Section 6.2.
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Names of submodules published in RFC streams [RFC4844] MUST be
assigned by IANA, see section 14 in [RFC6020].
Private submodule names are assigned by the organization owning the
submodule without a central registry. See Section 5.1 for
recommendations on how to name submodules.
A submodule typically has the following layout:
submodule <module-name> {
<yang-version statement>
// module identification
<belongs-to statement>
// linkage statements
<import statements>
// meta information
<organization statement>
<contact statement>
<description statement>
<reference statement>
// revision history
<revision statements>
// module definitions
<other statements>
}
7.2.1. The submodule's Substatements
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+--------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| anydata | 7.10 | 0..n |
| anyxml | 7.11 | 0..n |
| augment | 7.17 | 0..n |
| belongs-to | 7.2.2 | 1 |
| choice | 7.9 | 0..n |
| contact | 7.1.8 | 0..1 |
| container | 7.5 | 0..n |
| description | 7.21.3 | 0..1 |
| deviation | 7.20.3 | 0..n |
| extension | 7.19 | 0..n |
| feature | 7.20.1 | 0..n |
| grouping | 7.12 | 0..n |
| identity | 7.18 | 0..n |
| import | 7.1.5 | 0..n |
| include | 7.1.6 | 0..n |
| leaf | 7.6 | 0..n |
| leaf-list | 7.7 | 0..n |
| list | 7.8 | 0..n |
| notification | 7.16 | 0..n |
| organization | 7.1.7 | 0..1 |
| reference | 7.21.4 | 0..1 |
| revision | 7.1.9 | 0..n |
| rpc | 7.14 | 0..n |
| typedef | 7.3 | 0..n |
| uses | 7.13 | 0..n |
| yang-version | 7.1.2 | 1 |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
7.2.2. The belongs-to Statement
The "belongs-to" statement specifies the module to which the
submodule belongs. The argument is an identifier that is the name of
the module.
A submodule MUST only be included by the module to which it belongs,
or by another submodule that belongs to that module.
The mandatory "prefix" substatement assigns a prefix for the module
to which the submodule belongs. All definitions in the module that
the submodule belongs to and all its submodules can be accessed by
using the prefix.
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+--------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| prefix | 7.1.4 | 1 |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
The belongs-to's Substatements
7.2.3. Usage Example
submodule example-types {
yang-version 1.1;
belongs-to "example-system" {
prefix "sys";
}
import ietf-yang-types {
prefix "yang";
}
organization "Example Inc.";
contact
"Joe L. User
Example Inc.
42 Anywhere Drive
Nowhere, CA 95134
USA
Phone: +1 800 555 0100
EMail: joe@example.com";
description
"This submodule defines common Example types.";
revision "2007-06-09" {
description "Initial revision.";
}
// definitions follows...
}
7.3. The typedef Statement
The "typedef" statement defines a new type that may be used locally
in the module or submodule, and by other modules that import from it,
according to the rules in Section 5.5. The new type is called the
"derived type", and the type from which it was derived is called the
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"base type". All derived types can be traced back to a YANG built-in
type.
The "typedef" statement's argument is an identifier that is the name
of the type to be defined, and MUST be followed by a block of
substatements that holds detailed typedef information.
The name of the type MUST NOT be one of the YANG built-in types. If
the typedef is defined at the top level of a YANG module or
submodule, the name of the type to be defined MUST be unique within
the module.
7.3.1. The typedef's Substatements
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| default | 7.3.4 | 0..1 |
| description | 7.21.3 | 0..1 |
| reference | 7.21.4 | 0..1 |
| status | 7.21.2 | 0..1 |
| type | 7.3.2 | 1 |
| units | 7.3.3 | 0..1 |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
7.3.2. The typedef's type Statement
The "type" statement, which MUST be present, defines the base type
from which this type is derived. See Section 7.4 for details.
7.3.3. The units Statement
The "units" statement, which is optional, takes as an argument a
string that contains a textual definition of the units associated
with the type.
7.3.4. The typedef's default Statement
The "default" statement takes as an argument a string that contains a
default value for the new type.
The value of the "default" statement MUST be valid according to the
type specified in the "type" statement.
If the base type has a default value, and the new derived type does
not specify a new default value, the base type's default value is
also the default value of the new derived type.
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If the type's default value is not valid according to the new
restrictions specified in a derived type or leaf definition, the
derived type or leaf definition MUST specify a new default value
compatible with the restrictions.
7.3.5. Usage Example
typedef listen-ipv4-address {
type inet:ipv4-address;
default "0.0.0.0";
}
7.4. The type Statement
The "type" statement takes as an argument a string that is the name
of a YANG built-in type (see Section 9) or a derived type (see
Section 7.3), followed by an optional block of substatements that are
used to put further restrictions on the type.
The restrictions that can be applied depend on the type being
restricted. The restriction statements for all built-in types are
described in the subsections of Section 9.
7.4.1. The type's Substatements
+------------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+------------------+---------+-------------+
| base | 7.18.2 | 0..n |
| bit | 9.7.4 | 0..n |
| enum | 9.6.4 | 0..n |
| fraction-digits | 9.3.4 | 0..1 |
| length | 9.4.4 | 0..1 |
| path | 9.9.2 | 0..1 |
| pattern | 9.4.5 | 0..n |
| range | 9.2.4 | 0..1 |
| require-instance | 9.9.3 | 0..1 |
| type | 7.4 | 0..n |
+------------------+---------+-------------+
7.5. The container Statement
The "container" statement is used to define an interior data node in
the schema tree. It takes one argument, which is an identifier,
followed by a block of substatements that holds detailed container
information.
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A container node does not have a value, but it has a list of child
nodes in the data tree. The child nodes are defined in the
container's substatements.
7.5.1. Containers with Presence
YANG supports two styles of containers, those that exist only for
organizing the hierarchy of data nodes, and those whose presence in
the data tree has an explicit meaning.
In the first style, the container has no meaning of its own, existing
only to contain child nodes. This is the default style.
For example, the set of scrambling options for Synchronous Optical
Network (SONET) interfaces may be placed inside a "scrambling"
container to enhance the organization of the configuration hierarchy,
and to keep these nodes together. The "scrambling" node itself has
no meaning, so removing the node when it becomes empty relieves the
user from performing this task.
In the second style, the presence of the container itself carries
some meaning, representing a single bit of data.
In configuration data, the container acts as both a configuration
knob and a means of organizing related configuration. These
containers are explicitly created and deleted.
YANG calls this style a "presence container" and it is indicated
using the "presence" statement, which takes as its argument a text
string indicating what the presence of the node means.
For example, an "ssh" container may turn on the ability to log into
the server using ssh, but can also contain any ssh-related
configuration knobs, such as connection rates or retry limits.
The "presence" statement (see Section 7.5.5) is used to give
semantics to the existence of the container in the data tree.
7.5.2. The container's Substatements
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+--------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| action | 7.15 | 0..n |
| anydata | 7.10 | 0..n |
| anyxml | 7.11 | 0..n |
| choice | 7.9 | 0..n |
| config | 7.21.1 | 0..1 |
| container | 7.5 | 0..n |
| description | 7.21.3 | 0..1 |
| grouping | 7.12 | 0..n |
| if-feature | 7.20.2 | 0..n |
| leaf | 7.6 | 0..n |
| leaf-list | 7.7 | 0..n |
| list | 7.8 | 0..n |
| must | 7.5.3 | 0..n |
| notification | 7.16 | 0..n |
| presence | 7.5.5 | 0..1 |
| reference | 7.21.4 | 0..1 |
| status | 7.21.2 | 0..1 |
| typedef | 7.3 | 0..n |
| uses | 7.13 | 0..n |
| when | 7.21.5 | 0..1 |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
7.5.3. The must Statement
The "must" statement, which is optional, takes as an argument a
string that contains an XPath expression (see Section 6.4). It is
used to formally declare a constraint on valid data. The constraint
is enforced according to the rules in Section 8.
When a datastore is validated, all "must" constraints are
conceptually evaluated once for each node in the accessible tree (see
Section 6.4.1).
All such constraints MUST evaluate to true for the data to be valid.
The XPath expression is conceptually evaluated in the following
context, in addition to the definition in Section 6.4.1:
o The context node is the node in the accessible tree for which the
"must" statement is defined.
The result of the XPath expression is converted to a boolean value
using the standard XPath rules.
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Note that since all leaf values in the data tree are conceptually
stored in their canonical form (see Section 9.1), any XPath
comparisons are done on the canonical value.
Also note that the XPath expression is conceptually evaluated. This
means that an implementation does not have to use an XPath evaluator
in the server. How the evaluation is done in practice is an
implementation decision.
7.5.4. The must's Substatements
+---------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+---------------+---------+-------------+
| description | 7.21.3 | 0..1 |
| error-app-tag | 7.5.4.2 | 0..1 |
| error-message | 7.5.4.1 | 0..1 |
| reference | 7.21.4 | 0..1 |
+---------------+---------+-------------+
7.5.4.1. The error-message Statement
The "error-message" statement, which is optional, takes a string as
an argument. If the constraint evaluates to false, the string is
passed as <error-message> in the <rpc-error> in NETCONF.
7.5.4.2. The error-app-tag Statement
The "error-app-tag" statement, which is optional, takes a string as
an argument. If the constraint evaluates to false, the string is
passed as <error-app-tag> in the <rpc-error> in NETCONF.
7.5.4.3. Usage Example of must and error-message
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container interface {
leaf ifType {
type enumeration {
enum ethernet;
enum atm;
}
}
leaf ifMTU {
type uint32;
}
must "ifType != 'ethernet' or " +
"(ifType = 'ethernet' and ifMTU = 1500)" {
error-message "An ethernet MTU must be 1500";
}
must "ifType != 'atm' or " +
"(ifType = 'atm' and ifMTU <= 17966 and ifMTU >= 64)" {
error-message "An atm MTU must be 64 .. 17966";
}
}
7.5.5. The presence Statement
The "presence" statement assigns a meaning to the presence of a
container in the data tree. It takes as an argument a string that
contains a textual description of what the node's presence means.
If a container has the "presence" statement, the container's
existence in the data tree carries some meaning. Otherwise, the
container is used to give some structure to the data, and it carries
no meaning by itself.
See Section 7.5.1 for additional information.
7.5.6. The container's Child Node Statements
Within a container, the "container", "leaf", "list", "leaf-list",
"uses", "choice", "anydata", and "anyxml" statements can be used to
define child nodes to the container.
7.5.7. XML Encoding Rules
A container node is encoded as an XML element. The element's local
name is the container's identifier, and its namespace is the module's
XML namespace (see Section 7.1.3).
The container's child nodes are encoded as subelements to the
container element. If the container defines RPC or action input or
output parameters, these subelements are encoded in the same order as
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they are defined within the "container" statement. Otherwise, the
subelements are encoded in any order.
If a non-presence container does not have any child nodes, the
container may or may not be present in the XML encoding.
7.5.8. NETCONF <edit-config> Operations
Containers can be created, deleted, replaced, and modified through
<edit-config>, by using the "operation" attribute (see [RFC6241],
Section 7.2) in the container's XML element.
If a container does not have a "presence" statement and the last
child node is deleted, the NETCONF server MAY delete the container.
When a NETCONF server processes an <edit-config> request, the
elements of procedure for the container node are:
If the operation is "merge" or "replace", the node is created if
it does not exist.
If the operation is "create", the node is created if it does not
exist. If the node already exists, a "data-exists" error is
returned.
If the operation is "delete", the node is deleted if it exists.
If the node does not exist, a "data-missing" error is returned.
7.5.9. Usage Example
Given the following container definition:
container system {
description
"Contains various system parameters";
container services {
description
"Configure externally available services";
container "ssh" {
presence "Enables SSH";
description
"SSH service specific configuration";
// more leafs, containers and stuff here...
}
}
}
A corresponding XML instance example:
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<system>
<services>
<ssh/>
</services>
</system>
Since the <ssh> element is present, ssh is enabled.
To delete a container with an <edit-config>:
<rpc message-id="101"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0"
xmlns:nc="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0">
<edit-config>
<target>
<running/>
</target>
<config>
<system xmlns="urn:example:config">
<services>
<ssh nc:operation="delete"/>
</services>
</system>
</config>
</edit-config>
</rpc>
7.6. The leaf Statement
The "leaf" statement is used to define a leaf node in the schema
tree. It takes one argument, which is an identifier, followed by a
block of substatements that holds detailed leaf information.
A leaf node has a value, but no child nodes in the data tree.
Conceptually, the value in the data tree is always in the canonical
form (see Section 9.1).
A leaf node exists in zero or one instances in the data tree.
The "leaf" statement is used to define a scalar variable of a
particular built-in or derived type.
7.6.1. The leaf's default value
The default value of a leaf is the value that the server uses if the
leaf does not exist in the data tree. The usage of the default value
depends on the leaf's closest ancestor node in the schema tree that
is not a non-presence-container (see Section 7.5.1):
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o If no such ancestor exists in the schema tree, the default value
MUST be used.
o Otherwise, if this ancestor is a case node, the default value MUST
be used if any node from the case exists in the data tree, or if
the case node is the choice's default case, and no nodes from any
other case exist in the data tree.
o Otherwise, the default value MUST be used if the ancestor node
exists in the data tree.
In these cases, the default value is said to be in use.
Note that if the leaf or any of its ancestors has a "when" condition
or "if-feature" expression that evaluates to "false", then the
default value is not in use.
When the default value is in use, the server MUST operationally
behave as if the leaf was present in the data tree with the default
value as its value.
If a leaf has a "default" statement, the leaf's default value is the
value of the "default" statement. Otherwise, if the leaf's type has
a default value, and the leaf is not mandatory, then the leaf's
default value is the type's default value. In all other cases, the
leaf does not have a default value.
7.6.2. The leaf's Substatements
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| config | 7.21.1 | 0..1 |
| default | 7.6.4 | 0..1 |
| description | 7.21.3 | 0..1 |
| if-feature | 7.20.2 | 0..n |
| mandatory | 7.6.5 | 0..1 |
| must | 7.5.3 | 0..n |
| reference | 7.21.4 | 0..1 |
| status | 7.21.2 | 0..1 |
| type | 7.6.3 | 1 |
| units | 7.3.3 | 0..1 |
| when | 7.21.5 | 0..1 |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
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7.6.3. The leaf's type Statement
The "type" statement, which MUST be present, takes as an argument the
name of an existing built-in or derived type. The optional
substatements specify restrictions on this type. See Section 7.4 for
details.
7.6.4. The leaf's default Statement
The "default" statement, which is optional, takes as an argument a
string that contains a default value for the leaf.
The value of the "default" statement MUST be valid according to the
type specified in the leaf's "type" statement.
The "default" statement MUST NOT be present on nodes where
"mandatory" is true.
The default value MUST NOT be marked with an "if-feature" statement.
For example, the following is illegal:
leaf color {
type enumeration {
enum blue { if-feature blue; }
...
}
default blue; // illegal - enum value is conditional
}
7.6.5. The leaf's mandatory Statement
The "mandatory" statement, which is optional, takes as an argument
the string "true" or "false", and puts a constraint on valid data.
If not specified, the default is "false".
If "mandatory" is "true", the behavior of the constraint depends on
the type of the leaf's closest ancestor node in the schema tree that
is not a non-presence-container (see Section 7.5.1):
o If no such ancestor exists in the schema tree, the leaf MUST
exist.
o Otherwise, if this ancestor is a case node, the leaf MUST exist if
any node from the case exists in the data tree.
o Otherwise, the leaf MUST exist if the ancestor node exists in the
data tree.
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This constraint is enforced according to the rules in Section 8.
7.6.6. XML Encoding Rules
A leaf node is encoded as an XML element. The element's local name
is the leaf's identifier, and its namespace is the module's XML
namespace (see Section 7.1.3).
The value of the leaf node is encoded to XML according to the type,
and sent as character data in the element.
See Section 7.6.8 for an example.
7.6.7. NETCONF <edit-config> Operations
When a NETCONF server processes an <edit-config> request, the
elements of procedure for the leaf node are:
If the operation is "merge" or "replace", the node is created if
it does not exist, and its value is set to the value found in the
XML RPC data.
If the operation is "create", the node is created if it does not
exist. If the node already exists, a "data-exists" error is
returned.
If the operation is "delete", the node is deleted if it exists.
If the node does not exist, a "data-missing" error is returned.
7.6.8. Usage Example
Given the following "leaf" statement, placed in the previously
defined "ssh" container (see Section 7.5.9):
leaf port {
type inet:port-number;
default 22;
description
"The port to which the SSH server listens"
}
A corresponding XML instance example:
<port>2022</port>
To set the value of a leaf with an <edit-config>:
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<rpc message-id="101"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0"
xmlns:nc="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0">
<edit-config>
<target>
<running/>
</target>
<config>
<system xmlns="urn:example:config">
<services>
<ssh>
<port>2022</port>
</ssh>
</services>
</system>
</config>
</edit-config>
</rpc>
7.7. The leaf-list Statement
Where the "leaf" statement is used to define a simple scalar variable
of a particular type, the "leaf-list" statement is used to define an
array of a particular type. The "leaf-list" statement takes one
argument, which is an identifier, followed by a block of
substatements that holds detailed leaf-list information.
In configuration data, the values in a leaf-list MUST be unique.
The default values MUST NOT be marked with an "if-feature" statement.
Conceptually, the values in the data tree are always in the canonical
form (see Section 9.1).
7.7.1. Ordering
YANG supports two styles for ordering the entries within lists and
leaf-lists. In many lists, the order of list entries does not impact
the implementation of the list's configuration, and the server is
free to sort the list entries in any reasonable order. The
"description" string for the list may suggest an order to the server
implementor. YANG calls this style of list "system ordered" and they
are indicated with the statement "ordered-by system".
For example, a list of valid users would typically be sorted
alphabetically, since the order in which the users appeared in the
configuration would not impact the creation of those users' accounts.
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In the other style of lists, the order of list entries matters for
the implementation of the list's configuration and the user is
responsible for ordering the entries, while the server maintains that
order. YANG calls this style of list "user ordered" and they are
indicated with the statement "ordered-by user".
For example, the order in which packet filters entries are applied to
incoming traffic may affect how that traffic is filtered. The user
would need to decide if the filter entry that discards all TCP
traffic should be applied before or after the filter entry that
allows all traffic from trusted interfaces. The choice of order
would be crucial.
YANG provides a rich set of facilities within NETCONF's <edit-config>
operation that allows the order of list entries in user-ordered lists
to be controlled. List entries may be inserted or rearranged,
positioned as the first or last entry in the list, or positioned
before or after another specific entry.
The "ordered-by" statement is covered in Section 7.7.7.
7.7.2. The leaf-list's default values
The default values of a leaf-list are the values that the server uses
if the leaf-list does not exist in the data tree. The usage of the
default values depends on the leaf-list's closest ancestor node in
the schema tree that is not a non-presence-container (see
Section 7.5.1):
o If no such ancestor exists in the schema tree, the default values
MUST be used.
o Otherwise, if this ancestor is a case node, the default values
MUST be used if any node from the case exists in the data tree, or
if the case node is the choice's default case, and no nodes from
any other case exist in the data tree.
o Otherwise, the default values MUST be used if the ancestor node
exists in the data tree.
In these cases, the default values are said to be in use.
Note that if the leaf-list or any of its ancestors has a "when"
condition or "if-feature" expression that evaluates to "false", then
the default values are not in use.
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When the default values are in use, the server MUST operationally
behave as if the leaf-list was present in the data tree with the
default values as its values.
If a leaf-list has one or more "default" statement, the leaf-list's
default value are the values of the "default" statements, and if the
leaf-list is user-ordered, the default values are used in the order
of the "default" statements. Otherwise, if the leaf-list's type has
a default value, and the leaf-list does not have a "min-elements"
statement with a value greater than or equal to one, then the leaf-
list's default value is the type's default value. In all other
cases, the leaf-list does not have any default values.
7.7.3. The leaf-list's Substatements
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| config | 7.21.1 | 0..1 |
| default | 7.7.4 | 0..n |
| description | 7.21.3 | 0..1 |
| if-feature | 7.20.2 | 0..n |
| max-elements | 7.7.6 | 0..1 |
| min-elements | 7.7.5 | 0..1 |
| must | 7.5.3 | 0..n |
| ordered-by | 7.7.7 | 0..1 |
| reference | 7.21.4 | 0..1 |
| status | 7.21.2 | 0..1 |
| type | 7.4 | 1 |
| units | 7.3.3 | 0..1 |
| when | 7.21.5 | 0..1 |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
7.7.4. The leaf-list's default Statement
The "default" statement, which is optional, takes as an argument a
string that contains a default value for the leaf-list.
The value of the "default" statement MUST be valid according to the
type specified in the leaf-list's "type" statement.
The "default" statement MUST NOT be present on nodes where
"min-elements" has a value greater than or equal to one.
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7.7.5. The min-elements Statement
The "min-elements" statement, which is optional, takes as an argument
a non-negative integer that puts a constraint on valid list entries.
A valid leaf-list or list MUST have at least min-elements entries.
If no "min-elements" statement is present, it defaults to zero.
The behavior of the constraint depends on the type of the leaf-list's
or list's closest ancestor node in the schema tree that is not a non-
presence-container (see Section 7.5.1):
o If this ancestor is a case node, the constraint is enforced if any
other node from the case exists.
o Otherwise, it is enforced if the ancestor node exists.
The constraint is further enforced according to the rules in
Section 8.
7.7.6. The max-elements Statement
The "max-elements" statement, which is optional, takes as an argument
a positive integer or the string "unbounded", which puts a constraint
on valid list entries. A valid leaf-list or list always has at most
max-elements entries.
If no "max-elements" statement is present, it defaults to
"unbounded".
The "max-elements" constraint is enforced according to the rules in
Section 8.
7.7.7. The ordered-by Statement
The "ordered-by" statement defines whether the order of entries
within a list are determined by the user or the system. The argument
is one of the strings "system" or "user". If not present, order
defaults to "system".
This statement is ignored if the list represents state data, RPC
output parameters, or notification content.
See Section 7.7.1 for additional information.
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7.7.7.1. ordered-by system
The entries in the list are sorted according to an order determined
by the system. The "description" string for the list may suggest an
order to the server implementor. If not, an implementation is free
to sort the entries in the most appropriate order. An implementation
SHOULD use the same order for the same data, regardless of how the
data were created. Using a deterministic order will make comparisons
possible using simple tools like "diff".
This is the default order.
7.7.7.2. ordered-by user
The entries in the list are sorted according to an order defined by
the user. This order is controlled by using special XML attributes
in the <edit-config> request. See Section 7.7.9 for details.
7.7.8. XML Encoding Rules
A leaf-list node is encoded as a series of XML elements. Each
element's local name is the leaf-list's identifier, and its namespace
is the module's XML namespace (see Section 7.1.3).
The value of each leaf-list entry is encoded to XML according to the
type, and sent as character data in the element.
The XML elements representing leaf-list entries MUST appear in the
order specified by the user if the leaf-list is "ordered-by user";
otherwise, the order is implementation-dependent. The XML elements
representing leaf-list entries MAY be interleaved with other sibling
elements, unless the leaf-list defines RPC or action input or output
parameters.
See Section 7.7.10 for an example.
7.7.9. NETCONF <edit-config> Operations
Leaf-list entries can be created and deleted, but not modified,
through <edit-config>, by using the "operation" attribute in the
leaf-list entry's XML element.
In an "ordered-by user" leaf-list, the attributes "insert" and
"value" in the YANG XML namespace (Section 5.3.1) can be used to
control where in the leaf-list the entry is inserted. These can be
used during "create" operations to insert a new leaf-list entry, or
during "merge" or "replace" operations to insert a new leaf-list
entry or move an existing one.
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The "insert" attribute can take the values "first", "last", "before",
and "after". If the value is "before" or "after", the "value"
attribute MUST also be used to specify an existing entry in the leaf-
list.
If no "insert" attribute is present in the "create" operation, it
defaults to "last".
If several entries in an "ordered-by user" leaf-list are modified in
the same <edit-config> request, the entries are modified one at the
time, in the order of the XML elements in the request.
In a <copy-config>, or an <edit-config> with a "replace" operation
that covers the entire leaf-list, the leaf-list order is the same as
the order of the XML elements in the request.
When a NETCONF server processes an <edit-config> request, the
elements of procedure for a leaf-list node are:
If the operation is "merge" or "replace", the leaf-list entry is
created if it does not exist.
If the operation is "create", the leaf-list entry is created if it
does not exist. If the leaf-list entry already exists, a
"data-exists" error is returned.
If the operation is "delete", the entry is deleted from the leaf-
list if it exists. If the leaf-list entry does not exist, a
"data-missing" error is returned.
7.7.10. Usage Example
leaf-list allow-user {
type string;
description
"A list of user name patterns to allow";
}
A corresponding XML instance example:
<allow-user>alice</allow-user>
<allow-user>bob</allow-user>
To create a new element in this list, using the default <edit-config>
operation "merge":
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<rpc message-id="101"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0"
xmlns:nc="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0">
<edit-config>
<target>
<running/>
</target>
<config>
<system xmlns="urn:example:config">
<services>
<ssh>
<allow-user>eric</allow-user>
</ssh>
</services>
</system>
</config>
</edit-config>
</rpc>
Given the following ordered-by user leaf-list:
leaf-list cipher {
type string;
ordered-by user;
description
"A list of ciphers";
}
The following would be used to insert a new cipher "blowfish-cbc"
after "3des-cbc":
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<rpc message-id="102"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0"
xmlns:nc="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0"
xmlns:yang="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:1">
<edit-config>
<target>
<running/>
</target>
<config>
<system xmlns="urn:example:config">
<services>
<ssh>
<cipher nc:operation="create"
yang:insert="after"
yang:value="3des-cbc">blowfish-cbc</cipher>
</ssh>
</services>
</system>
</config>
</edit-config>
</rpc>
7.8. The list Statement
The "list" statement is used to define an interior data node in the
schema tree. A list node may exist in multiple instances in the data
tree. Each such instance is known as a list entry. The "list"
statement takes one argument, which is an identifier, followed by a
block of substatements that holds detailed list information.
A list entry is uniquely identified by the values of the list's keys,
if defined.
7.8.1. The list's Substatements
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+--------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| action | 7.15 | 0..n |
| anydata | 7.10 | 0..n |
| anyxml | 7.11 | 0..n |
| choice | 7.9 | 0..n |
| config | 7.21.1 | 0..1 |
| container | 7.5 | 0..n |
| description | 7.21.3 | 0..1 |
| grouping | 7.12 | 0..n |
| if-feature | 7.20.2 | 0..n |
| key | 7.8.2 | 0..1 |
| leaf | 7.6 | 0..n |
| leaf-list | 7.7 | 0..n |
| list | 7.8 | 0..n |
| max-elements | 7.7.6 | 0..1 |
| min-elements | 7.7.5 | 0..1 |
| must | 7.5.3 | 0..n |
| notification | 7.16 | 0..n |
| ordered-by | 7.7.7 | 0..1 |
| reference | 7.21.4 | 0..1 |
| status | 7.21.2 | 0..1 |
| typedef | 7.3 | 0..n |
| unique | 7.8.3 | 0..n |
| uses | 7.13 | 0..n |
| when | 7.21.5 | 0..1 |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
7.8.2. The list's key Statement
The "key" statement, which MUST be present if the list represents
configuration, and MAY be present otherwise, takes as an argument a
string that specifies a space-separated list of leaf identifiers of
this list. A leaf identifier MUST NOT appear more than once in the
key. Each such leaf identifier MUST refer to a child leaf of the
list. The leafs can be defined directly in substatements to the
list, or in groupings used in the list.
The combined values of all the leafs specified in the key are used to
uniquely identify a list entry. All key leafs MUST be given values
when a list entry is created. Thus, any default values in the key
leafs or their types are ignored. It also implies that any mandatory
statement in the key leafs are ignored.
A leaf that is part of the key can be of any built-in or derived
type.
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All key leafs in a list MUST have the same value for their "config"
as the list itself.
The key string syntax is formally defined by the rule "key-arg" in
Section 14.
7.8.3. The list's unique Statement
The "unique" statement is used to put constraints on valid list
entries. It takes as an argument a string that contains a space-
separated list of schema node identifiers, which MUST be given in the
descendant form (see the rule "descendant-schema-nodeid" in
Section 14). Each such schema node identifier MUST refer to a leaf.
If one of the referenced leafs represents configuration data, then
all of the referenced leafs MUST represent configuration data.
The "unique" constraint specifies that the combined values of all the
leaf instances specified in the argument string, including leafs with
default values, MUST be unique within all list entry instances in
which all referenced leafs exist. The constraint is enforced
according to the rules in Section 8.
The unique string syntax is formally defined by the rule "unique-arg"
in Section 14.
7.8.3.1. Usage Example
With the following list:
list server {
key "name";
unique "ip port";
leaf name {
type string;
}
leaf ip {
type inet:ip-address;
}
leaf port {
type inet:port-number;
}
}
The following configuration is not valid:
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<server>
<name>smtp</name>
<ip>192.0.2.1</ip>
<port>25</port>
</server>
<server>
<name>http</name>
<ip>192.0.2.1</ip>
<port>25</port>
</server>
The following configuration is valid, since the "http" and "ftp" list
entries do not have a value for all referenced leafs, and are thus
not taken into account when the "unique" constraint is enforced:
<server>
<name>smtp</name>
<ip>192.0.2.1</ip>
<port>25</port>
</server>
<server>
<name>http</name>
<ip>192.0.2.1</ip>
</server>
<server>
<name>ftp</name>
<ip>192.0.2.1</ip>
</server>
7.8.4. The list's Child Node Statements
Within a list, the "container", "leaf", "list", "leaf-list", "uses",
"choice", "anydata", and "anyxml" statements can be used to define
child nodes to the list.
7.8.5. XML Encoding Rules
A list is encoded as a series of XML elements, one for each entry in
the list. Each element's local name is the list's identifier, and
its namespace is the module's XML namespace (see Section 7.1.3).
The list's key nodes are encoded as subelements to the list's
identifier element, in the same order as they are defined within the
"key" statement.
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The rest of the list's child nodes are encoded as subelements to the
list element, after the keys. If the list defines RPC or action
input or output parameters, the subelements are encoded in the same
order as they are defined within the "list" statement. Otherwise,
the subelements are encoded in any order.
The XML elements representing list entries MUST appear in the order
specified by the user if the list is "ordered-by user", otherwise the
order is implementation-dependent. The XML elements representing
list entries MAY be interleaved with other sibling elements, unless
the list defines RPC or action input or output parameters.
7.8.6. NETCONF <edit-config> Operations
List entries can be created, deleted, replaced, and modified through
<edit-config>, by using the "operation" attribute in the list's XML
element. In each case, the values of all keys are used to uniquely
identify a list entry. If all keys are not specified for a list
entry, a "missing-element" error is returned.
In an "ordered-by user" list, the attributes "insert" and "key" in
the YANG XML namespace (Section 5.3.1) can be used to control where
in the list the entry is inserted. These can be used during "create"
operations to insert a new list entry, or during "merge" or "replace"
operations to insert a new list entry or move an existing one.
The "insert" attribute can take the values "first", "last", "before",
and "after". If the value is "before" or "after", the "key"
attribute MUST also be used, to specify an existing element in the
list. The value of the "key" attribute is the key predicates of the
full instance identifier (see Section 9.13) for the list entry.
If no "insert" attribute is present in the "create" operation, it
defaults to "last".
If several entries in an "ordered-by user" list are modified in the
same <edit-config> request, the entries are modified one at the time,
in the order of the XML elements in the request.
In a <copy-config>, or an <edit-config> with a "replace" operation
that covers the entire list, the list entry order is the same as the
order of the XML elements in the request.
When a NETCONF server processes an <edit-config> request, the
elements of procedure for a list node are:
If the operation is "merge" or "replace", the list entry is
created if it does not exist. If the list entry already exists
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and the "insert" and "key" attributes are present, the list entry
is moved according to the values of the "insert" and "key"
attributes. If the list entry exists and the "insert" and "key"
attributes are not present, the list entry is not moved.
If the operation is "create", the list entry is created if it does
not exist. If the list entry already exists, a "data-exists"
error is returned.
If the operation is "delete", the entry is deleted from the list
if it exists. If the list entry does not exist, a "data-missing"
error is returned.
7.8.7. Usage Example
Given the following list:
list user {
key "name";
config true;
description
"This is a list of users in the system.";
leaf name {
type string;
}
leaf type {
type string;
}
leaf full-name {
type string;
}
}
A corresponding XML instance example:
<user>
<name>fred</name>
<type>admin</type>
<full-name>Fred Flintstone</full-name>
</user>
To create a new user "barney":
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<rpc message-id="101"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0"
xmlns:nc="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0">
<edit-config>
<target>
<running/>
</target>
<config>
<system xmlns="urn:example:config">
<user nc:operation="create">
<name>barney</name>
<type>admin</type>
<full-name>Barney Rubble</full-name>
</user>
</system>
</config>
</edit-config>
</rpc>
To change the type of "fred" to "superuser":
<rpc message-id="102"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0"
xmlns:nc="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0">
<edit-config>
<target>
<running/>
</target>
<config>
<system xmlns="urn:example:config">
<user>
<name>fred</name>
<type>superuser</type>
</user>
</system>
</config>
</edit-config>
</rpc>
Given the following ordered-by user list:
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list user {
description
"This is a list of users in the system.";
ordered-by user;
config true;
key "first-name surname";
leaf first-name {
type string;
}
leaf surname {
type string;
}
leaf type {
type string;
}
}
The following would be used to insert a new user "barney rubble"
after the user "fred flintstone":
<rpc message-id="101"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0"
xmlns:nc="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0"
xmlns:yang="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:1">
<edit-config>
<target>
<running/>
</target>
<config>
<system xmlns="urn:example:config"
xmlns:ex="urn:example:config">
<user nc:operation="create"
yang:insert="after"
yang:key="[ex:first-name='fred']
[ex:surname='flintstone']">
<first-name>barney</first-name>
<surname>rubble</surname>
<type>admin</type>
</user>
</system>
</config>
</edit-config>
</rpc>
The following would be used to move the user "barney rubble" before
the user "fred flintstone":
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<rpc message-id="102"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0"
xmlns:nc="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0"
xmlns:yang="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:1">
<edit-config>
<target>
<running/>
</target>
<config>
<system xmlns="urn:example:config"
xmlns:ex="urn:example:config">
<user nc:operation="merge"
yang:insert="before"
yang:key="[ex:name='fred']
[ex:surname='flintstone']">
<first-name>barney</first-name>
<surname>rubble</surname>
</user>
</system>
</config>
</edit-config>
</rpc>
7.9. The choice Statement
The "choice" statement defines a set of alternatives, only one of
which may exist at any one time. The argument is an identifier,
followed by a block of substatements that holds detailed choice
information. The identifier is used to identify the choice node in
the schema tree. A choice node does not exist in the data tree.
A choice consists of a number of branches, defined with the "case"
substatement. Each branch contains a number of child nodes. The
nodes from at most one of the choice's branches exist at the same
time.
Since only one of the choice's cases can be valid at any time in the
data tree, the creation of a node from one case implicitly deletes
all nodes from all other cases. If a request creates a node from a
case, the server will delete any existing nodes that are defined in
other cases inside the choice.
7.9.1. The choice's Substatements
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+--------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| anydata | 7.10 | 0..n |
| anyxml | 7.11 | 0..n |
| case | 7.9.2 | 0..n |
| choice | 7.9 | 0..n |
| config | 7.21.1 | 0..1 |
| container | 7.5 | 0..n |
| default | 7.9.3 | 0..1 |
| description | 7.21.3 | 0..1 |
| if-feature | 7.20.2 | 0..n |
| leaf | 7.6 | 0..n |
| leaf-list | 7.7 | 0..n |
| list | 7.8 | 0..n |
| mandatory | 7.9.4 | 0..1 |
| reference | 7.21.4 | 0..1 |
| status | 7.21.2 | 0..1 |
| when | 7.21.5 | 0..1 |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
7.9.2. The choice's case Statement
The "case" statement is used to define branches of the choice. It
takes as an argument an identifier, followed by a block of
substatements that holds detailed case information.
The identifier is used to identify the case node in the schema tree.
A case node does not exist in the data tree.
Within a "case" statement, the "anydata", "anyxml", "choice",
"container", "leaf", "list", "leaf-list", and "uses" statements can
be used to define child nodes to the case node. The identifiers of
all these child nodes MUST be unique within all cases in a choice.
For example, the following is illegal:
choice interface-type { // This example is illegal YANG
case a {
leaf ethernet { ... }
}
case b {
container ethernet { ...}
}
}
As a shorthand, the "case" statement can be omitted if the branch
contains a single "anydata", "anyxml", "choice", "container", "leaf",
"list", or "leaf-list" statement. In this case, the case node still
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exists in the schema tree, and its identifier is the same as the
identifier in the branch statement. Schema node identifiers
(Section 6.5) MUST always explicitly include case node identifiers.
The following example:
choice interface-type {
container ethernet { ... }
}
is equivalent to:
choice interface-type {
case ethernet {
container ethernet { ... }
}
}
The case identifier MUST be unique within a choice.
7.9.2.1. The case's Substatements
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| anydata | 7.10 | 0..n |
| anyxml | 7.11 | 0..n |
| choice | 7.9 | 0..n |
| container | 7.5 | 0..n |
| description | 7.21.3 | 0..1 |
| if-feature | 7.20.2 | 0..n |
| leaf | 7.6 | 0..n |
| leaf-list | 7.7 | 0..n |
| list | 7.8 | 0..n |
| reference | 7.21.4 | 0..1 |
| status | 7.21.2 | 0..1 |
| uses | 7.13 | 0..n |
| when | 7.21.5 | 0..1 |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
7.9.3. The choice's default Statement
The "default" statement indicates if a case should be considered as
the default if no child nodes from any of the choice's cases exist.
The argument is the identifier of the "case" statement. If the
"default" statement is missing, there is no default case.
The "default" statement MUST NOT be present on choices where
"mandatory" is true.
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The default case is only important when considering the default
statements of nodes under the cases (i.e., default values of leafs
and leaf-lists, and default cases of nested choices). The default
values and nested default cases under the default case are used if
none of the nodes under any of the cases are present.
There MUST NOT be any mandatory nodes (Section 3) directly under the
default case.
Default values for child nodes under a case are only used if one of
the nodes under that case is present, or if that case is the default
case. If none of the nodes under a case are present and the case is
not the default case, the default values of the cases' child nodes
are ignored.
In this example, the choice defaults to "interval", and the default
value will be used if none of "daily", "time-of-day", or "manual" are
present. If "daily" is present, the default value for "time-of-day"
will be used.
container transfer {
choice how {
default interval;
case interval {
leaf interval {
type uint16;
units minutes;
default 30;
}
}
case daily {
leaf daily {
type empty;
}
leaf time-of-day {
type string;
units 24-hour-clock;
default "01.00";
}
}
case manual {
leaf manual {
type empty;
}
}
}
}
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7.9.4. The choice's mandatory Statement
The "mandatory" statement, which is optional, takes as an argument
the string "true" or "false", and puts a constraint on valid data.
If "mandatory" is "true", at least one node from exactly one of the
choice's case branches MUST exist.
If not specified, the default is "false".
The behavior of the constraint depends on the type of the choice's
closest ancestor node in the schema tree that is not a non-presence-
container (see Section 7.5.1):
o If this ancestor is a case node, the constraint is enforced if any
other node from the case exists.
o Otherwise, it is enforced if the ancestor node exists.
The constraint is further enforced according to the rules in
Section 8.
7.9.5. XML Encoding Rules
The choice and case nodes are not visible in XML.
The child nodes of the selected "case" statement MUST be encoded in
the same order as they are defined in the "case" statement if they
are part of an RPC or action input or output parameter definition.
Otherwise, the subelements are encoded in any order.
7.9.6. Usage Example
Given the following choice:
container protocol {
choice name {
case a {
leaf udp {
type empty;
}
}
case b {
leaf tcp {
type empty;
}
}
}
}
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A corresponding XML instance example:
<protocol>
<tcp/>
</protocol>
To change the protocol from tcp to udp:
<rpc message-id="101"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0"
xmlns:nc="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0">
<edit-config>
<target>
<running/>
</target>
<config>
<system xmlns="urn:example:config">
<protocol>
<udp nc:operation="create"/>
</protocol>
</system>
</config>
</edit-config>
</rpc>
7.10. The anydata Statement
The "anydata" statement defines an interior node in the schema tree.
It takes one argument, which is an identifier, followed by a block of
substatements that holds detailed anydata information.
The "anydata" statement is used to represent an unknown set of nodes
that can be modelled with YANG, except anyxml, but for which the data
model is not known at module design time. It is possible, though not
required, for the data model for "anydata" content to become known
through protocol signalling or other means that are outside the scope
of this document.
An example of where anydata can be useful is a list of received
notifications, where the exact notifications are not known at design
time.
An anydata node cannot be augmented (see Section 7.17).
An anydata node exists in zero or one instances in the data tree.
An implementation may or may not know the data model used to model a
specific instance of an anydata node.
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Since the use of anydata limits the manipulation of the content, it
is RECOMMENDED that the "anydata" statement not be used to define
configuration data.
7.10.1. The anydata's Substatements
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| config | 7.21.1 | 0..1 |
| description | 7.21.3 | 0..1 |
| if-feature | 7.20.2 | 0..n |
| mandatory | 7.6.5 | 0..1 |
| must | 7.5.3 | 0..n |
| reference | 7.21.4 | 0..1 |
| status | 7.21.2 | 0..1 |
| when | 7.21.5 | 0..1 |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
7.10.2. XML Encoding Rules
An anydata node is encoded as an XML element. The element's local
name is the anydata's identifier, and its namespace is the module's
XML namespace (see Section 7.1.3). The value of the anydata node is
a set of nodes, which are encoded as XML subelements to the anydata
element.
7.10.3. NETCONF <edit-config> Operations
An anydata node is treated as an opaque chunk of data. This data can
be modified in its entirety only.
Any "operation" attributes present on subelements of an anydata node
are ignored by the NETCONF server.
When a NETCONF server processes an <edit-config> request, the
elements of procedure for the anydata node are:
If the operation is "merge" or "replace", the node is created if
it does not exist, and its value is set to the subelements of the
anydata node found in the XML RPC data.
If the operation is "create", the node is created if it does not
exist, and its value is set to the subelements of the anydata node
found in the XML RPC data. If the node already exists, a
"data-exists" error is returned.
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If the operation is "delete", the node is deleted if it exists.
If the node does not exist, a "data-missing" error is returned.
7.10.4. Usage Example
Given the following "anydata" statement:
list logged-notification {
key time;
leaf time {
type yang:date-and-time;
}
anydata data;
}
The following is a valid encoding of such a list instance:
<logged-notification>
<time>2014-07-29T13:43:12Z</time>
<data>
<notification
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:notification:1.0">
<eventTime>2014-07-29T13:43:01Z</eventTime>
<event xmlns="urn:example:event">
<event-class>fault</event-class>
<reporting-entity>
<card>Ethernet0</card>
</reporting-entity>
<severity>major</severity>
</event>
</notification>
</data>
7.11. The anyxml Statement
The "anyxml" statement defines an interior node in the schema tree.
It takes one argument, which is an identifier, followed by a block of
substatements that holds detailed anyxml information.
The "anyxml" statement is used to represent an unknown chunk of XML.
No restrictions are placed on the XML. This can be useful, for
example, in RPC replies. An example is the <filter> parameter in the
<get-config> operation in NETCONF.
An anyxml node cannot be augmented (see Section 7.17).
An anyxml node exists in zero or one instances in the data tree.
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Since the use of anyxml limits the manipulation of the content, it is
RECOMMENDED that the "anyxml" statement not be used to define
configuration data.
It should be noted that in YANG version 1, anyxml was the only
statement that could model an unknown hierarchy of data. In many
cases this unknown hierarchy of data is actually modelled in YANG,
but the exact YANG data model is not known at design time. In these
situations, it is RECOMMENDED to use anydata (Section 7.10) instead
of anyxml.
7.11.1. The anyxml's Substatements
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| config | 7.21.1 | 0..1 |
| description | 7.21.3 | 0..1 |
| if-feature | 7.20.2 | 0..n |
| mandatory | 7.6.5 | 0..1 |
| must | 7.5.3 | 0..n |
| reference | 7.21.4 | 0..1 |
| status | 7.21.2 | 0..1 |
| when | 7.21.5 | 0..1 |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
7.11.2. XML Encoding Rules
An anyxml node is encoded as an XML element. The element's local
name is the anyxml's identifier, and its namespace is the module's
XML namespace (see Section 7.1.3). The value of the anyxml node is
encoded as XML content of this element.
Note that any XML prefixes used in the encoding are local to each
instance encoding. This means that the same XML may be encoded
differently by different implementations.
7.11.3. NETCONF <edit-config> Operations
An anyxml node is treated as an opaque chunk of data. This data can
be modified in its entirety only.
Any "operation" attributes present on subelements of an anyxml node
are ignored by the NETCONF server.
When a NETCONF server processes an <edit-config> request, the
elements of procedure for the anyxml node are:
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If the operation is "merge" or "replace", the node is created if
it does not exist, and its value is set to the XML content of the
anyxml node found in the XML RPC data.
If the operation is "create", the node is created if it does not
exist, and its value is set to the XML content of the anyxml node
found in the XML RPC data. If the node already exists, a
"data-exists" error is returned.
If the operation is "delete", the node is deleted if it exists.
If the node does not exist, a "data-missing" error is returned.
7.11.4. Usage Example
Given the following "anyxml" statement:
anyxml html-info;
The following are two valid encodings of the same anyxml value:
<html-info>
<p xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
This is <em>very</em> cool.
</p>
</html-info>
<html-info>
<x:p xmlns:x="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
This is <x:em>very</x:em> cool.
</x:p>
</html-info>
7.12. The grouping Statement
The "grouping" statement is used to define a reusable block of nodes,
which may be used locally in the module or submodule, and by other
modules that import from it, according to the rules in Section 5.5.
It takes one argument, which is an identifier, followed by a block of
substatements that holds detailed grouping information.
The "grouping" statement is not a data definition statement and, as
such, does not define any nodes in the schema tree.
A grouping is like a "structure" or a "record" in conventional
programming languages.
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Once a grouping is defined, it can be referenced in a "uses"
statement (see Section 7.13). A grouping MUST NOT reference itself,
neither directly nor indirectly through a chain of other groupings.
If the grouping is defined at the top level of a YANG module or
submodule, the grouping's identifier MUST be unique within the
module.
A grouping is more than just a mechanism for textual substitution,
but defines a collection of nodes. Identifiers appearing inside the
grouping are resolved relative to the scope in which the grouping is
defined, not where it is used. Prefix mappings, type names, grouping
names, and extension usage are evaluated in the hierarchy where the
"grouping" statement appears. For extensions, this means that
extensions defined as direct children to a "grouping" statement are
applied to the grouping itself.
Note that if a grouping defines an "action" or a "notification" node
in its hierarchy, then it cannot be used in all contexts. For
example, it cannot be used in an rpc definition. See Section 7.15
and Section 7.16.
7.12.1. The grouping's Substatements
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| action | 7.15 | 0..n |
| anydata | 7.10 | 0..n |
| anyxml | 7.11 | 0..n |
| choice | 7.9 | 0..n |
| container | 7.5 | 0..n |
| description | 7.21.3 | 0..1 |
| grouping | 7.12 | 0..n |
| leaf | 7.6 | 0..n |
| leaf-list | 7.7 | 0..n |
| list | 7.8 | 0..n |
| notification | 7.16 | 0..n |
| reference | 7.21.4 | 0..1 |
| status | 7.21.2 | 0..1 |
| typedef | 7.3 | 0..n |
| uses | 7.13 | 0..n |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
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7.12.2. Usage Example
import ietf-inet-types {
prefix "inet";
}
grouping endpoint {
description "A reusable endpoint group.";
leaf ip {
type inet:ip-address;
}
leaf port {
type inet:port-number;
}
}
7.13. The uses Statement
The "uses" statement is used to reference a "grouping" definition.
It takes one argument, which is the name of the grouping.
The effect of a "uses" reference to a grouping is that the nodes
defined by the grouping are copied into the current schema tree, and
then updated according to the "refine" and "augment" statements.
The identifiers defined in the grouping are not bound to a namespace
until the contents of the grouping are added to the schema tree via a
"uses" statement that does not appear inside a "grouping" statement,
at which point they are bound to the namespace of the current module.
7.13.1. The uses's Substatements
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| augment | 7.17 | 0..n |
| description | 7.21.3 | 0..1 |
| if-feature | 7.20.2 | 0..n |
| refine | 7.13.2 | 0..n |
| reference | 7.21.4 | 0..1 |
| status | 7.21.2 | 0..1 |
| when | 7.21.5 | 0..1 |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
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7.13.2. The refine Statement
Some of the properties of each node in the grouping can be refined
with the "refine" statement. The argument is a string that
identifies a node in the grouping. This node is called the refine's
target node. If a node in the grouping is not present as a target
node of a "refine" statement, it is not refined, and thus used
exactly as it was defined in the grouping.
The argument string is a descendant schema node identifier (see
Section 6.5).
The following refinements can be done:
o A leaf or choice node may get a default value, or a new default
value if it already had one.
o A leaf-list node may get a set of default values, or a new set of
default values if it already had defaults; i.e., the set of
refined default values replaces the defaults already given.
o Any node may get a specialized "description" string.
o Any node may get a specialized "reference" string.
o Any node may get a different "config" statement.
o A leaf, anydata, anyxml, or choice node may get a different
"mandatory" statement.
o A container node may get a "presence" statement.
o A leaf, leaf-list, list, container, anydata, or anyxml node may
get additional "must" expressions.
o A leaf-list or list node may get a different "min-elements" or
"max-elements" statement.
o A leaf, leaf-list, list, container, choice, case, anydata, or
anyxml node may get additional "if-feature" expressions.
o Any node can get refined extensions, if the extension allows
refinement. See Section 7.19 for details.
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7.13.3. XML Encoding Rules
Each node in the grouping is encoded as if it was defined inline,
even if it is imported from another module with another XML
namespace.
7.13.4. Usage Example
To use the "endpoint" grouping defined in Section 7.12.2 in a
definition of an HTTP server in some other module, we can do:
import example-system {
prefix "sys";
}
container http-server {
leaf name {
type string;
}
uses sys:endpoint;
}
A corresponding XML instance example:
<http-server>
<name>extern-web</name>
<ip>192.0.2.1</ip>
<port>80</port>
</http-server>
If port 80 should be the default for the HTTP server, default can be
added:
container http-server {
leaf name {
type string;
}
uses sys:endpoint {
refine port {
default 80;
}
}
}
If we want to define a list of servers, and each server has the ip
and port as keys, we can do:
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list server {
key "ip port";
leaf name {
type string;
}
uses sys:endpoint;
}
The following is an error:
container http-server {
uses sys:endpoint;
leaf ip { // illegal - same identifier "ip" used twice
type string;
}
}
7.14. The rpc Statement
The "rpc" statement is used to define an RPC operation. It takes one
argument, which is an identifier, followed by a block of
substatements that holds detailed rpc information. This argument is
the name of the RPC.
The "rpc" statement defines an rpc node in the schema tree. Under
the rpc node, a schema node with the name "input", and a schema node
with the name "output" are also defined. The nodes "input" and
"output" are defined in the module's namespace.
7.14.1. The rpc's Substatements
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| description | 7.21.3 | 0..1 |
| grouping | 7.12 | 0..n |
| if-feature | 7.20.2 | 0..n |
| input | 7.14.2 | 0..1 |
| output | 7.14.3 | 0..1 |
| reference | 7.21.4 | 0..1 |
| status | 7.21.2 | 0..1 |
| typedef | 7.3 | 0..n |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
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7.14.2. The input Statement
The "input" statement, which is optional, is used to define input
parameters to the operation. It does not take an argument. The
substatements to "input" define nodes under the operation's input
node.
If a leaf in the input tree has a "mandatory" statement with the
value "true", the leaf MUST be present in an RPC invocation.
If a leaf in the input tree has a default value, the server MUST use
this value in the same cases as described in Section 7.6.1. In these
cases, the server MUST operationally behave as if the leaf was
present in the RPC invocation with the default value as its value.
If a leaf-list in the input tree has one or more default values, the
server MUST use these values in the same cases as described in
Section 7.7.2. In these cases, the server MUST operationally behave
as if the leaf-list was present in the RPC invocation with the
default values as its values.
Since the input tree is not part of any datastore, all "config"
statements for nodes in the input tree are ignored.
If any node has a "when" statement that would evaluate to false, then
this node MUST NOT be present in the input tree.
7.14.2.1. The input's Substatements
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| anydata | 7.10 | 0..n |
| anyxml | 7.11 | 0..n |
| choice | 7.9 | 0..n |
| container | 7.5 | 0..n |
| grouping | 7.12 | 0..n |
| leaf | 7.6 | 0..n |
| leaf-list | 7.7 | 0..n |
| list | 7.8 | 0..n |
| must | 7.5.3 | 0..n |
| typedef | 7.3 | 0..n |
| uses | 7.13 | 0..n |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
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7.14.3. The output Statement
The "output" statement, which is optional, is used to define output
parameters to the RPC operation. It does not take an argument. The
substatements to "output" define nodes under the operation's output
node.
If a leaf in the output tree has a "mandatory" statement with the
value "true", the leaf MUST be present in an RPC reply.
If a leaf in the output tree has a default value, the client MUST use
this value in the same cases as described in Section 7.6.1. In these
cases, the client MUST operationally behave as if the leaf was
present in the RPC reply with the default value as its value.
If a leaf-list in the output tree has one or more default values, the
client MUST use these values in the same cases as described in
Section 7.7.2. In these cases, the client MUST operationally behave
as if the leaf-list was present in the RPC reply with the default
values as its values.
Since the output tree is not part of any datastore, all "config"
statements for nodes in the output tree are ignored.
If any node has a "when" statement that would evaluate to false, then
this node MUST NOT be present in the output tree.
7.14.3.1. The output's Substatements
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| anydata | 7.10 | 0..n |
| anyxml | 7.11 | 0..n |
| choice | 7.9 | 0..n |
| container | 7.5 | 0..n |
| grouping | 7.12 | 0..n |
| leaf | 7.6 | 0..n |
| leaf-list | 7.7 | 0..n |
| list | 7.8 | 0..n |
| must | 7.5.3 | 0..n |
| typedef | 7.3 | 0..n |
| uses | 7.13 | 0..n |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
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7.14.4. NETCONF XML Encoding Rules
An rpc node is encoded as a child XML element to the <rpc> element,
as designated by the substitution group "rpcOperation" in [RFC6241].
The element's local name is the rpc's identifier, and its namespace
is the module's XML namespace (see Section 7.1.3).
Input parameters are encoded as child XML elements to the rpc node's
XML element, in the same order as they are defined within the "input"
statement.
If the RPC operation invocation succeeded, and no output parameters
are returned, the <rpc-reply> contains a single <ok/> element defined
in [RFC6241]. If output parameters are returned, they are encoded as
child elements to the <rpc-reply> element defined in [RFC6241], in
the same order as they are defined within the "output" statement.
7.14.5. Usage Example
The following example defines an RPC operation:
module example-rock {
yang-version 1.1;
namespace "urn:example:rock";
prefix "rock";
rpc rock-the-house {
input {
leaf zip-code {
type string;
}
}
}
}
A corresponding XML instance example of the complete rpc and rpc-
reply:
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<rpc message-id="101"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0">
<rock-the-house xmlns="urn:example:rock">
<zip-code>27606-0100</zip-code>
</rock-the-house>
</rpc>
<rpc-reply message-id="101"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0">
<ok/>
</rpc-reply>
7.15. The action Statement
The "action" statement is used to define an operation connected to a
specific container or list data node. It takes one argument, which
is an identifier, followed by a block of substatements that holds
detailed action information. The argument is the name of the action.
The "action" statement defines an action node in the schema tree.
Under the action node, a schema node with the name "input", and a
schema node with the name "output" are also defined. The nodes
"input" and "output" are defined in the module's namespace.
An action MUST NOT be defined within an rpc, another action or a
notification, i.e., an action node MUST NOT have an rpc, action, or a
notification node as one of its ancestors in the schema tree. For
example, this means that it is an error if a grouping that contains
an action somewhere in its node hierarchy is used in a notification
definition.
An action MUST NOT have any ancestor node that is a list node without
a "key" statement.
Since an action cannot be defined at the top-level of a module or in
a case statement, it is an error if a grouping that contains an
action at the top of its node hierarchy is used at the top-level of a
module or in a case definition.
The difference between an action and an rpc is that an action is tied
to a node in the datastore, whereas an rpc is not. When an action is
invoked, the node in the datastore is specified along with the name
of the action and the input parameters.
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7.15.1. The action's Substatements
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| description | 7.21.3 | 0..1 |
| grouping | 7.12 | 0..n |
| if-feature | 7.20.2 | 0..n |
| input | 7.14.2 | 0..1 |
| output | 7.14.3 | 0..1 |
| reference | 7.21.4 | 0..1 |
| status | 7.21.2 | 0..1 |
| typedef | 7.3 | 0..n |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
7.15.2. NETCONF XML Encoding Rules
When an action is invoked, an element with the local name "action" in
the namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:1" (see Section 5.3.1) is
encoded as a child XML element to the <rpc> element defined in
[RFC6241], as designated by the substitution group "rpcOperation" in
[RFC6241].
The "action" element contains an hierarchy of nodes that identifies
the node in the datastore. It MUST contain all containers and list
nodes in the direct path from the top level down to the list or
container containing the action. For lists, all key leafs MUST also
be included. The last container or list contains an XML element that
carries the name of the defined action. Within this element the
input parameters are encoded as child XML elements, in the same order
as they are defined within the "input" statement.
Only one action can be invoked in one <rpc>. If more than one action
is present in the <rpc>, the server MUST reply with an "bad-element"
error-tag in the <rpc-error>.
If the action operation invocation succeeded, and no output
parameters are returned, the <rpc-reply> contains a single <ok/>
element defined in [RFC6241]. If output parameters are returned,
they are encoded as child elements to the <rpc-reply> element defined
in [RFC6241], in the same order as they are defined within the
"output" statement.
7.15.3. Usage Example
The following example defines an action to reset one server at a
server farm:
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module example-server-farm {
yang-version 1.1;
namespace "urn:example:server-farm";
prefix "sfarm";
import ietf-yang-types {
prefix "yang";
}
list server {
key name;
leaf name {
type string;
}
action reset {
input {
leaf reset-at {
type yang:date-and-time;
mandatory true;
}
}
output {
leaf reset-finished-at {
type yang:date-and-time;
mandatory true;
}
}
}
}
}
A corresponding XML instance example of the complete rpc and rpc-
reply:
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<rpc message-id="101"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0">
<action xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:1">
<server xmlns="urn:example:server-farm">
<name>apache-1</name>
<reset>
<reset-at>2014-07-29T13:42:00Z</reset-at>
</reset>
</server>
</action>
</rpc>
<rpc-reply message-id="101"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0">
<reset-finished-at xmlns="urn:example:server-farm">
2014-07-29T13:42:12Z
</reset-finished-at>
</rpc-reply>
7.16. The notification Statement
The "notification" statement is used to define a notification. It
takes one argument, which is an identifier, followed by a block of
substatements that holds detailed notification information. The
"notification" statement defines a notification node in the schema
tree.
A notification can be defined at the top-level of a module, or
connected to a specific container or list data node in the schema
tree.
A notification MUST NOT be defined within an rpc, action or another
notification, i.e., a notification node MUST NOT have an rpc, action,
or a notification node as one of its ancestors in the schema tree.
For example, this means that it is an error if a grouping that
contains an notification somewhere in its node hierarchy is used in
an rpc definition.
A notification MUST NOT have any ancestor node that is a list node
without a "key" statement.
Since a notification cannot be defined in a case statement, it is an
error if a grouping that contains a notification at the top of its
node hierarchy is used in a case definition.
If a leaf in the notification tree has a "mandatory" statement with
the value "true", the leaf MUST be present in a notification
instance.
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If a leaf in the notification tree has a default value, the client
MUST use this value in the same cases as described in Section 7.6.1.
In these cases, the client MUST operationally behave as if the leaf
was present in the notification instance with the default value as
its value.
If a leaf-list in the notification tree has one or more default
values, the client MUST use these values in the same cases as
described in Section 7.7.2. In these cases, the client MUST
operationally behave as if the leaf-list was present in the
notification instance with the default values as its values.
Since the notification tree is not part of any datastore, all
"config" statements for nodes in the notification tree are ignored.
7.16.1. The notification's Substatements
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| anydata | 7.10 | 0..n |
| anyxml | 7.11 | 0..n |
| choice | 7.9 | 0..n |
| container | 7.5 | 0..n |
| description | 7.21.3 | 0..1 |
| grouping | 7.12 | 0..n |
| if-feature | 7.20.2 | 0..n |
| leaf | 7.6 | 0..n |
| leaf-list | 7.7 | 0..n |
| list | 7.8 | 0..n |
| must | 7.5.3 | 0..n |
| reference | 7.21.4 | 0..1 |
| status | 7.21.2 | 0..1 |
| typedef | 7.3 | 0..n |
| uses | 7.13 | 0..n |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
7.16.2. NETCONF XML Encoding Rules
A notification node that is defined on the top-level of a module is
encoded as a child XML element to the <notification> element defined
in NETCONF Event Notifications [RFC5277]. The element's local name
is the notification's identifier, and its namespace is the module's
XML namespace (see Section 7.1.3).
When a notification node is defined as a child to a data node, the
<notification> element defined in NETCONF Event Notifications
[RFC5277] contains an hierarchy of nodes that identifies the node in
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the datastore. It MUST contain all containers and list nodes from
the top level down to the list or container containing the
notification. For lists, all key leafs MUST also be included. The
last container or list contains an XML element that carries the name
of the defined notification.
The notification's child nodes are encoded as subelements to the
notification node's XML element, in any order.
7.16.3. Usage Example
The following example defines a notification at the top-level of a
module:
module example-event {
yang-version 1.1;
namespace "urn:example:event";
prefix "ev";
notification event {
leaf event-class {
type string;
}
leaf reporting-entity {
type instance-identifier;
}
leaf severity {
type string;
}
}
}
A corresponding XML instance example of the complete notification:
<notification
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:notification:1.0">
<eventTime>2008-07-08T00:01:00Z</eventTime>
<event xmlns="urn:example:event">
<event-class>fault</event-class>
<reporting-entity>
/ex:interface[ex:name='Ethernet0']
</reporting-entity>
<severity>major</severity>
</event>
</notification>
The following example defines a notification in a data node:
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module example-interface-module {
yang-version 1.1;
namespace "urn:example:interface-module";
prefix "if";
container interfaces {
list interface {
key "name";
leaf name {
type string;
}
notification interface-enabled {
leaf by-user {
type string;
}
}
}
}
}
A corresponding XML instance example of the complete notification:
<notification
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:notification:1.0">
<eventTime>2008-07-08T00:01:00Z</eventTime>
<interfaces xmlns="urn:example:interface-module">
<interface>
<name>eth1</name>
<interface-enabled>
<by-user>fred</by-user>
</interface-enabled>
</interface>
</interfaces>
</notification>
7.17. The augment Statement
The "augment" statement allows a module or submodule to add to the
schema tree defined in an external module, or the current module and
its submodules, and to add to the nodes from a grouping in a "uses"
statement. The argument is a string that identifies a node in the
schema tree. This node is called the augment's target node. The
target node MUST be either a container, list, choice, case, input,
output, or notification node. It is augmented with the nodes defined
in the substatements that follow the "augment" statement.
The argument string is a schema node identifier (see Section 6.5).
If the "augment" statement is on the top level in a module or
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submodule, the absolute form (defined by the rule
"absolute-schema-nodeid" in Section 14) of a schema node identifier
MUST be used. If the "augment" statement is a substatement to the
"uses" statement, the descendant form (defined by the rule
"descendant-schema-nodeid" in Section 14) MUST be used.
If the target node is a container, list, case, input, output, or
notification node, the "container", "leaf", "list", "leaf-list",
"uses", and "choice" statements can be used within the "augment"
statement.
If the target node is a container or list node, the "action" and
"notification" statements can be used within the "augment" statement.
If the target node is a choice node, the "case" statement, or a case
shorthand statement (see Section 7.9.2) can be used within the
"augment" statement.
The "augment" statement MUST NOT add multiple nodes with the same
name from the same module to the target node.
If the augmentation adds mandatory configuration nodes (see
Section 3) to a target node in another module, the augmentation MUST
be conditional with a "when" statement. Care must be taken when
defining the "when" expression, so that clients that do not know
about the augmenting module do not break.
In the following example, it is OK to augment the "interface" entry
with "mandatory-leaf" because the augmentation depends on support for
"some-new-iftype". The old client does not know about this type so
it would never select this type, and therefore not be adding a
mandatory data node.
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module example-augment {
yang-version 1.1;
namespace "urn:example:augment";
prefix mymod;
import ietf-interfaces {
prefix if;
}
identity some-new-iftype {
base if:interface-type;
}
augment "/if:interfaces/if:interface" {
when 'derived-from-or-self(if:type, "mymod:some-new-iftype")';
leaf mandatory-leaf {
mandatory true;
type string;
}
}
}
7.17.1. The augment's Substatements
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| action | 7.15 | 0..n |
| anydata | 7.10 | 0..n |
| anyxml | 7.11 | 0..n |
| case | 7.9.2 | 0..n |
| choice | 7.9 | 0..n |
| container | 7.5 | 0..n |
| description | 7.21.3 | 0..1 |
| if-feature | 7.20.2 | 0..n |
| leaf | 7.6 | 0..n |
| leaf-list | 7.7 | 0..n |
| list | 7.8 | 0..n |
| notification | 7.16 | 0..n |
| reference | 7.21.4 | 0..1 |
| status | 7.21.2 | 0..1 |
| uses | 7.13 | 0..n |
| when | 7.21.5 | 0..1 |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
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7.17.2. XML Encoding Rules
All data nodes defined in the "augment" statement are defined as XML
elements in the XML namespace of the module where the "augment" is
specified.
When a node is augmented, the augmenting child nodes are encoded as
subelements to the augmented node, in any order.
7.17.3. Usage Example
In namespace urn:example:interface-module, we have:
container interfaces {
list ifEntry {
key "ifIndex";
leaf ifIndex {
type uint32;
}
leaf ifDescr {
type string;
}
leaf ifType {
type iana:IfType;
}
leaf ifMtu {
type int32;
}
}
}
Then, in namespace urn:example:ds0, we have:
import example-interface-module {
prefix "if";
}
augment "/if:interfaces/if:ifEntry" {
when "if:ifType='ds0'";
leaf ds0ChannelNumber {
type ChannelNumber;
}
}
A corresponding XML instance example:
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<interfaces xmlns="urn:example:interface-module"
xmlns:ds0="urn:example:ds0">
<ifEntry>
<ifIndex>1</ifIndex>
<ifDescr>Flintstone Inc Ethernet A562</ifDescr>
<ifType>ethernetCsmacd</ifType>
<ifMtu>1500</ifMtu>
</ifEntry>
<ifEntry>
<ifIndex>2</ifIndex>
<ifDescr>Flintstone Inc DS0</ifDescr>
<ifType>ds0</ifType>
<ds0:ds0ChannelNumber>1</ds0:ds0ChannelNumber>
</ifEntry>
</interfaces>
As another example, suppose we have the choice defined in
Section 7.9.6. The following construct can be used to extend the
protocol definition:
augment /ex:system/ex:protocol/ex:name {
case c {
leaf smtp {
type empty;
}
}
}
A corresponding XML instance example:
<ex:system>
<ex:protocol>
<ex:tcp/>
</ex:protocol>
</ex:system>
or
<ex:system>
<ex:protocol>
<other:smtp/>
</ex:protocol>
</ex:system>
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7.18. The identity Statement
The "identity" statement is used to define a new globally unique,
abstract, and untyped identity. Its only purpose is to denote its
name, semantics, and existence. An identity can either be defined
from scratch or derived from one or more base identities. The
identity's argument is an identifier that is the name of the
identity. It is followed by a block of substatements that holds
detailed identity information.
The built-in datatype "identityref" (see Section 9.10) can be used to
reference identities within a data model.
7.18.1. The identity's Substatements
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| base | 7.18.2 | 0..n |
| description | 7.21.3 | 0..1 |
| if-feature | 7.20.2 | 0..n |
| reference | 7.21.4 | 0..1 |
| status | 7.21.2 | 0..1 |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
7.18.2. The base Statement
The "base" statement, which is optional, takes as an argument a
string that is the name of an existing identity, from which the new
identity is derived. If no "base" statement is present, the identity
is defined from scratch. If multiple "base" statements are present,
the identity is derived from all of them.
If a prefix is present on the base name, it refers to an identity
defined in the module that was imported with that prefix, or the
local module if the prefix matches the local module's prefix.
Otherwise, an identity with the matching name MUST be defined in the
current module or an included submodule.
An identity MUST NOT reference itself, neither directly nor
indirectly through a chain of other identities.
The derivation of identities has the following properties:
o It is irreflexive, which means that an identity is not derived
from itself.
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o It is transitive, which means that if identity B is derived from A
and C is derived from B, then C is also derived from A.
7.18.3. Usage Example
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module example-crypto-base {
yang-version 1.1;
namespace "urn:example:crypto-base";
prefix "crypto";
identity crypto-alg {
description
"Base identity from which all crypto algorithms
are derived.";
}
identity symmetric-key {
description
"Base identity used to identify symmetric-key crypto
algorithms.";
}
identity public-key {
description
"Base identity used to identify public-key crypto
algorithms.";
}
}
module example-des {
yang-version 1.1;
namespace "urn:example:des";
prefix "des";
import "example-crypto-base" {
prefix "crypto";
}
identity des {
base "crypto:crypto-alg";
base "crypto:symmetric-key";
description "DES crypto algorithm";
}
identity des3 {
base "crypto:crypto-alg";
base "crypto:symmetric-key";
description "Triple DES crypto algorithm";
}
}
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7.19. The extension Statement
The "extension" statement allows the definition of new statements
within the YANG language. This new statement definition can be
imported and used by other modules.
The statement's argument is an identifier that is the new keyword for
the extension and must be followed by a block of substatements that
holds detailed extension information. The purpose of the "extension"
statement is to define a keyword, so that it can be imported and used
by other modules.
The extension can be used like a normal YANG statement, with the
statement name followed by an argument if one is defined by the
"extension" statement, and an optional block of substatements. The
statement's name is created by combining the prefix of the module in
which the extension was defined, a colon (":"), and the extension's
keyword, with no interleaving whitespace. The substatements of an
extension are defined by the "extension" statement, using some
mechanism outside the scope of this specification. Syntactically,
the substatements MUST be YANG statements, or also extensions defined
using "extension" statements. YANG statements in extensions MUST
follow the syntactical rules in Section 14.
An extension can allow refinement (see Section 7.13.2) and deviations
(Section 7.20.3.2), but the mechanism for how this is defined is
outside the scope of this specification.
7.19.1. The extension's Substatements
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| argument | 7.19.2 | 0..1 |
| description | 7.21.3 | 0..1 |
| reference | 7.21.4 | 0..1 |
| status | 7.21.2 | 0..1 |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
7.19.2. The argument Statement
The "argument" statement, which is optional, takes as an argument a
string that is the name of the argument to the keyword. If no
argument statement is present, the keyword expects no argument when
it is used.
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The argument's name is used in the YIN mapping, where it is used as
an XML attribute or element name, depending on the argument's
"yin-element" statement.
7.19.2.1. The argument's Substatements
+--------------+----------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+--------------+----------+-------------+
| yin-element | 7.19.2.2 | 0..1 |
+--------------+----------+-------------+
7.19.2.2. The yin-element Statement
The "yin-element" statement, which is optional, takes as an argument
the string "true" or "false". This statement indicates if the
argument is mapped to an XML element in YIN or to an XML attribute
(see Section 13).
If no "yin-element" statement is present, it defaults to "false".
7.19.3. Usage Example
To define an extension:
module example-extensions {
yang-version 1.1;
...
extension c-define {
description
"Takes as argument a name string.
Makes the code generator use the given name in the
#define.";
argument "name";
}
}
To use the extension:
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module example-interfaces {
yang-version 1.1;
...
import example-extensions {
prefix "myext";
}
...
container interfaces {
...
myext:c-define "MY_INTERFACES";
}
}
7.20. Conformance-Related Statements
This section defines statements related to conformance, as described
in Section 5.6.
7.20.1. The feature Statement
The "feature" statement is used to define a mechanism by which
portions of the schema are marked as conditional. A feature name is
defined that can later be referenced using the "if-feature" statement
(see Section 7.20.2). Schema nodes tagged with an "if-feature"
statement are ignored by the server unless the server supports the
given feature expression. This allows portions of the YANG module to
be conditional based on conditions in the server. The model can
represent the abilities of the server within the model, giving a
richer model that allows for differing server abilities and roles.
The argument to the "feature" statement is the name of the new
feature, and follows the rules for identifiers in Section 6.2. This
name is used by the "if-feature" statement to tie the schema nodes to
the feature.
In this example, a feature called "local-storage" represents the
ability for a server to store syslog messages on local storage of
some sort. This feature is used to make the "local-storage-limit"
leaf conditional on the presence of some sort of local storage. If
the server does not report that it supports this feature, the
"local-storage-limit" node is not supported.
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module example-syslog {
yang-version 1.1;
...
feature local-storage {
description
"This feature means the server supports local
storage (memory, flash or disk) that can be used to
store syslog messages.";
}
container syslog {
leaf local-storage-limit {
if-feature local-storage;
type uint64;
units "kilobyte";
config false;
description
"The amount of local storage that can be
used to hold syslog messages.";
}
}
}
The "if-feature" statement can be used in many places within the YANG
syntax. Definitions tagged with "if-feature" are ignored when the
server does not support that feature.
A feature MUST NOT reference itself, neither directly nor indirectly
through a chain of other features.
In order for a server to support a feature that is dependent on any
other features (i.e., the feature has one or more "if-feature"
substatements), the server MUST also support all the dependant
features.
7.20.1.1. The feature's Substatements
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| description | 7.21.3 | 0..1 |
| if-feature | 7.20.2 | 0..n |
| status | 7.21.2 | 0..1 |
| reference | 7.21.4 | 0..1 |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
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7.20.2. The if-feature Statement
The "if-feature" statement makes its parent statement conditional.
The argument is a boolean expression over feature names. In this
expression, a feature name evaluates to "true" if and only if the
feature is supported by the server. The parent statement is
implemented by servers where the boolean expression evaluates to
"true".
The if-feature boolean expression syntax is formally defined by the
rule "if-feature-expr" in Section 14. Parenthesis are used to group
expressions. When the expression is evaluated, the order of
precedence is (highest precedence first): grouping (parenthesis),
"not", "and", "or".
If a prefix is present on a feature name in the boolean expression,
the prefixed name refers to a feature defined in the module that was
imported with that prefix, or the local module if the prefix matches
the local module's prefix. Otherwise, a feature with the matching
name MUST be defined in the current module or an included submodule.
A leaf that is a list key MUST NOT have any "if-feature" statements.
7.20.2.1. Usage Example
In this example, the container "target" is implemented if any of the
features "outbound-tls" or "outbound-ssh" are supported by the
server.
container target {
if-feature "outbound-tls or outbound-ssh";
...
}
The following examples are equivalent:
if-feature "not foo or bar and baz";
if-feature "(not foo) or (bar and baz)";
7.20.3. The deviation Statement
The "deviation" statement defines a hierarchy of a module that the
server does not implement faithfully. The argument is a string that
identifies the node in the schema tree where a deviation from the
module occurs. This node is called the deviation's target node. The
contents of the "deviation" statement give details about the
deviation.
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The argument string is an absolute schema node identifier (see
Section 6.5).
Deviations define the way a server or class of servers deviate from a
standard. This means that deviations MUST never be part of a
published standard, since they are the mechanism for learning how
implementations vary from the standards.
Server deviations are strongly discouraged and MUST only be used as a
last resort. Telling the application how a server fails to follow a
standard is no substitute for implementing the standard correctly. A
server that deviates from a module is not fully compliant with the
module.
However, in some cases, a particular device may not have the hardware
or software ability to support parts of a standard module. When this
occurs, the server makes a choice either to treat attempts to
configure unsupported parts of the module as an error that is
reported back to the unsuspecting application or ignore those
incoming requests. Neither choice is acceptable.
Instead, YANG allows servers to document portions of a base module
that are not supported or supported but with different syntax, by
using the "deviation" statement.
7.20.3.1. The deviation's Substatements
+--------------+----------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+--------------+----------+-------------+
| description | 7.21.3 | 0..1 |
| deviate | 7.20.3.2 | 1..n |
| reference | 7.21.4 | 0..1 |
+--------------+----------+-------------+
7.20.3.2. The deviate Statement
The "deviate" statement defines how the server's implementation of
the target node deviates from its original definition. The argument
is one of the strings "not-supported", "add", "replace", or "delete".
The argument "not-supported" indicates that the target node is not
implemented by this server.
The argument "add" adds properties to the target node. The
properties to add are identified by substatements to the "deviate"
statement. If a property can only appear once, the property MUST NOT
exist in the target node.
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The argument "replace" replaces properties of the target node. The
properties to replace are identified by substatements to the
"deviate" statement. The properties to replace MUST exist in the
target node.
The argument "delete" deletes properties from the target node. The
properties to delete are identified by substatements to the "delete"
statement. The substatement's keyword MUST match a corresponding
keyword in the target node, and the argument's string MUST be equal
to the corresponding keyword's argument string in the target node.
+--------------+-------------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+
| config | 7.21.1 | 0..1 |
| default | 7.6.4 7.7.4 | 0..n |
| mandatory | 7.6.5 | 0..1 |
| max-elements | 7.7.6 | 0..1 |
| min-elements | 7.7.5 | 0..1 |
| must | 7.5.3 | 0..n |
| type | 7.4 | 0..1 |
| unique | 7.8.3 | 0..n |
| units | 7.3.3 | 0..1 |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+
The deviate's Substatements
If the target node has a property defined by an extension, this
property can be deviated if the extension allows deviations. See
Section 7.19 for details.
7.20.3.3. Usage Example
In this example, the server is informing client applications that it
does not support the "daytime" service in the style of RFC 867.
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module example-deviations {
yang-version 1.1;
namespace "urn:example:deviations";
prefix md;
import example-base {
prefix base;
}
deviation /base:system/base:daytime {
deviate not-supported;
}
...
}
A server would advertise both modules "example-base" and
"example-deviations".
The following example sets a server-specific default value to a leaf
that does not have a default value defined:
deviation /base:system/base:user/base:type {
deviate add {
default "admin"; // new users are 'admin' by default
}
}
In this example, the server limits the number of name servers to 3:
deviation /base:system/base:name-server {
deviate replace {
max-elements 3;
}
}
If the original definition is:
container system {
must "daytime or time";
...
}
a server might remove this must constraint by doing:
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deviation /base:system {
deviate delete {
must "daytime or time";
}
}
7.21. Common Statements
This section defines substatements common to several other
statements.
7.21.1. The config Statement
The "config" statement takes as an argument the string "true" or
"false". If "config" is "true", the definition represents
configuration. Data nodes representing configuration are part of
configuration datastores.
If "config" is "false", the definition represents state data. Data
nodes representing state data are not part of configuration
datastores.
If "config" is not specified, the default is the same as the parent
schema node's "config" value. If the parent node is a "case" node,
the value is the same as the "case" node's parent "choice" node.
If the top node does not specify a "config" statement, the default is
"true".
If a node has "config" set to "false", no node underneath it can have
"config" set to "true".
7.21.2. The status Statement
The "status" statement takes as an argument one of the strings
"current", "deprecated", or "obsolete".
o "current" means that the definition is current and valid.
o "deprecated" indicates an obsolete definition, but it permits new/
continued implementation in order to foster interoperability with
older/existing implementations.
o "obsolete" means the definition is obsolete and SHOULD NOT be
implemented and/or can be removed from implementations.
If no status is specified, the default is "current".
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If a definition is "current", it MUST NOT reference a "deprecated" or
"obsolete" definition within the same module.
If a definition is "deprecated", it MUST NOT reference an "obsolete"
definition within the same module.
For example, the following is illegal:
typedef my-type {
status deprecated;
type int32;
}
leaf my-leaf {
status current;
type my-type; // illegal, since my-type is deprecated
}
7.21.3. The description Statement
The "description" statement takes as an argument a string that
contains a human-readable textual description of this definition.
The text is provided in a language (or languages) chosen by the
module developer; for the sake of interoperability, it is RECOMMENDED
to choose a language that is widely understood among the community of
network administrators who will use the module.
7.21.4. The reference Statement
The "reference" statement takes as an argument a string that is used
to specify a textual cross-reference to an external document, either
another module that defines related management information, or a
document that provides additional information relevant to this
definition.
For example, a typedef for a "uri" data type could look like:
typedef uri {
type string;
reference
"RFC 3986: Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax";
...
}
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7.21.5. The when Statement
The "when" statement makes its parent data definition statement
conditional. The node defined by the parent data definition
statement is only valid when the condition specified by the "when"
statement is satisfied. The statement's argument is an XPath
expression (see Section 6.4), which is used to formally specify this
condition. If the XPath expression conceptually evaluates to "true"
for a particular instance, then the node defined by the parent data
definition statement is valid; otherwise, it is not.
A leaf that is a list key MUST NOT have a "when" statement.
If a leaf key is defined in a grouping that is used in a list, the
"uses" statement MUST NOT have a "when" statement.
See Section 8.3.2 for additional information.
The XPath expression is conceptually evaluated in the following
context, in addition to the definition in Section 6.4.1:
o If the "when" statement is a child of an "augment" statement, then
the context node is the augment's target node in the data tree, if
the target node is a data node. Otherwise, the context node is
the closest ancestor node to the target node that is also a data
node. If no such node exists, the context node is the root node.
The accessible tree is tentatively altered during the processing
of the XPath expression by removing all instances (if any) of the
nodes added by the "augment" statement.
o If the "when" statement is a child of a "uses", "choice", or
"case" statement, then the context node is the closest ancestor
node to the "uses", "choice", or "case" node that is also a data
node. If no such node exists, the context node is the root node.
The accessible tree is tentatively altered during the processing
of the XPath expression by removing all instances (if any) of the
nodes added by the "uses", "choice", or "case" statement.
o If the "when" statement is a child of any other data definition
statement, the accessible tree is tentatively altered during the
processing of the XPath expression by replacing all instances of
the data node for which the "when" statement is defined with a
single dummy node with the same name, but with no value and no
children. If no such instance exists, the dummy node is
tentatively created. The context node is this dummy node.
The result of the XPath expression is converted to a boolean value
using the standard XPath rules.
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If the XPath expression references any node that also has associated
"when" statements, these "when" expressions MUST be evaluated first.
There MUST NOT be any circular dependencies in these "when"
expressions.
Note that the XPath expression is conceptually evaluated. This means
that an implementation does not have to use an XPath evaluator in the
server. The "when" statement can very well be implemented with
specially written code.
8. Constraints
8.1. Constraints on Data
Several YANG statements define constraints on valid data. These
constraints are enforced in different ways, depending on what type of
data the statement defines.
o If the constraint is defined on configuration data, it MUST be
true in a valid configuration data tree.
o If the constraint is defined on state data, it MUST be true in a
valid state data tree.
o If the constraint is defined on notification content, it MUST be
true in any notification data tree.
o If the constraint is defined on RPC or action input parameters, it
MUST be true in an invocation of the RPC or action operation.
o If the constraint is defined on RPC or action output parameters,
it MUST be true in the RPC or action reply.
The following properties are true in all data trees:
o All leaf data values MUST match the type constraints for the leaf,
including those defined in the type's "range", "length", and
"pattern" properties.
o All key leafs MUST be present for all list entries.
o Nodes MUST be present for at most one case branch in all choices.
o There MUST be no nodes tagged with "if-feature" present if the
"if-feature" expression evaluates to "false" in the server.
o There MUST be no nodes tagged with "when" present if the "when"
condition evaluates to "false" in the data tree.
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The following properties are true in a valid data tree:
o All "must" constraints MUST evaluate to "true".
o All referential integrity constraints defined via the "path"
statement MUST be satisfied.
o All "unique" constraints on lists MUST be satisfied.
o The "mandatory" constraint is enforced for leafs and choices,
unless the node or any of its ancestors has a "when" condition or
"if-feature" expression that evaluates to "false".
o The "min-elements" and "max-elements" constraints are enforced for
lists and leaf-lists, unless the node or any of its ancestors has
a "when" condition or "if-feature" expression that evaluates to
"false".
The running configuration datastore MUST always be valid.
8.2. Configuration Data Modifications
o If a request creates configuration data nodes under a "choice",
any existing nodes from other "case" branches in the data tree are
deleted by the server.
o If a request modifies a configuration data node such that any
node's "when" expression becomes false, then the node in the data
tree with the "when" expression is deleted by the server.
8.3. NETCONF Constraint Enforcement Model
For configuration data, there are three windows when constraints MUST
be enforced:
o during parsing of RPC payloads
o during processing of the <edit-config> operation
o during validation
Each of these scenarios is considered in the following sections.
8.3.1. Payload Parsing
When content arrives in RPC payloads, it MUST be well-formed XML,
following the hierarchy and content rules defined by the set of
models the server implements.
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o If a leaf data value does not match the type constraints for the
leaf, including those defined in the type's "range", "length", and
"pattern" properties, the server MUST reply with an
"invalid-value" error-tag in the rpc-error, and with the error-
app-tag and error-message associated with the constraint, if any
exist.
o If all keys of a list entry are not present, the server MUST reply
with a "missing-element" error-tag in the rpc-error.
o If data for more than one case branch of a choice is present, the
server MUST reply with a "bad-element" in the rpc-error.
o If data for a node tagged with "if-feature" is present, and the
if-feature expression evaluates to "false" in the server, the
server MUST reply with an "unknown-element" error-tag in the rpc-
error.
o If data for a node tagged with "when" is present, and the "when"
condition evaluates to "false", the server MUST reply with an
"unknown-element" error-tag in the rpc-error.
o For insert handling, if the value for the attributes "before" and
"after" are not valid for the type of the appropriate key leafs,
the server MUST reply with a "bad-attribute" error-tag in the rpc-
error.
o If the attributes "before" and "after" appears in any element that
is not a list whose "ordered-by" property is "user", the server
MUST reply with an "unknown-attribute" error-tag in the rpc-error.
8.3.2. NETCONF <edit-config> Processing
After the incoming data is parsed, the NETCONF server performs the
<edit-config> operation by applying the data to the configuration
datastore. During this processing, the following errors MUST be
detected:
o Delete requests for non-existent data.
o Create requests for existent data.
o Insert requests with "before" or "after" parameters that do not
exist.
o Modification requests for nodes tagged with "when", and the "when"
condition evaluates to "false". In this case the server MUST
reply with an "unknown-element" error-tag in the rpc-error.
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8.3.3. Validation
When datastore processing is complete, the final contents MUST obey
all validation constraints. This validation processing is performed
at differing times according to the datastore. If the datastore is
"running" or "startup", these constraints MUST be enforced at the end
of the <edit-config> or <copy-config> operation. If the datastore is
"candidate", the constraint enforcement is delayed until a <commit>
or <validate> operation.
9. Built-In Types
YANG has a set of built-in types, similar to those of many
programming languages, but with some differences due to special
requirements from the management information model.
Additional types may be defined, derived from those built-in types or
from other derived types. Derived types may use subtyping to
formally restrict the set of possible values.
The different built-in types and their derived types allow different
kinds of subtyping, namely length and regular expression restrictions
of strings (Section 9.4.4, Section 9.4.5) and range restrictions of
numeric types (Section 9.2.4).
The lexical representation of a value of a certain type is used in
the XML encoding and when specifying default values and numerical
ranges in YANG modules.
9.1. Canonical Representation
For most types, there is a single canonical representation of the
type's values. Some types allow multiple lexical representations of
the same value, for example, the positive integer "17" can be
represented as "+17" or "17". Implementations MUST support all
lexical representations specified in this document.
When a server sends XML encoded data, it MUST use the canonical form
defined in this section. Other encodings may introduce alternate
representations. Note, however, that values in the data tree are
conceptually stored in the canonical representation as defined in
this section. In particular, any XPath expression evaluations are
done using the canonical form, if the data type has a canonical form.
If the data type does not have a canonical form, the format of the
value MUST match the data type's lexical representation, but the
exact format is implementation dependent.
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Some types have a lexical representation that depends on the
encoding, e.g., the XML context in which they occur. These types do
not have a canonical form.
9.2. The Integer Built-In Types
The integer built-in types are int8, int16, int32, int64, uint8,
uint16, uint32, and uint64. They represent signed and unsigned
integers of different sizes:
int8 represents integer values between -128 and 127, inclusively.
int16 represents integer values between -32768 and 32767,
inclusively.
int32 represents integer values between -2147483648 and 2147483647,
inclusively.
int64 represents integer values between -9223372036854775808 and
9223372036854775807, inclusively.
uint8 represents integer values between 0 and 255, inclusively.
uint16 represents integer values between 0 and 65535, inclusively.
uint32 represents integer values between 0 and 4294967295,
inclusively.
uint64 represents integer values between 0 and 18446744073709551615,
inclusively.
9.2.1. Lexical Representation
An integer value is lexically represented as an optional sign ("+" or
"-"), followed by a sequence of decimal digits. If no sign is
specified, "+" is assumed.
For convenience, when specifying a default value for an integer in a
YANG module, an alternative lexical representation can be used, which
represents the value in a hexadecimal or octal notation. The
hexadecimal notation consists of an optional sign ("+" or "-"), the
characters "0x" followed a number of hexadecimal digits, where
letters may be uppercase or lowercase. The octal notation consists
of an optional sign ("+" or "-"), the character "0" followed a number
of octal digits.
Note that if a default value in a YANG module has a leading zero
("0"), it is interpreted as an octal number. In the XML encoding, an
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integer is always interpreted as a decimal number, and leading zeros
are allowed.
Examples:
// legal values
+4711 // legal positive value
4711 // legal positive value
-123 // legal negative value
0xf00f // legal positive hexadecimal value
-0xf // legal negative hexadecimal value
052 // legal positive octal value
// illegal values
- 1 // illegal intermediate space
9.2.2. Canonical Form
The canonical form of a positive integer does not include the sign
"+". Leading zeros are prohibited. The value zero is represented as
"0".
9.2.3. Restrictions
All integer types can be restricted with the "range" statement
(Section 9.2.4).
9.2.4. The range Statement
The "range" statement, which is an optional substatement to the
"type" statement, takes as an argument a range expression string. It
is used to restrict integer and decimal built-in types, or types
derived from those.
A range consists of an explicit value, or a lower-inclusive bound,
two consecutive dots "..", and an upper-inclusive bound. Multiple
values or ranges can be given, separated by "|". If multiple values
or ranges are given, they all MUST be disjoint and MUST be in
ascending order. If a range restriction is applied to an already
range-restricted type, the new restriction MUST be equal or more
limiting, that is raising the lower bounds, reducing the upper
bounds, removing explicit values or ranges, or splitting ranges into
multiple ranges with intermediate gaps. Each explicit value and
range boundary value given in the range expression MUST match the
type being restricted, or be one of the special values "min" or
"max". "min" and "max" mean the minimum and maximum value accepted
for the type being restricted, respectively.
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The range expression syntax is formally defined by the rule
"range-arg" in Section 14.
9.2.4.1. The range's Substatements
+---------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+---------------+---------+-------------+
| description | 7.21.3 | 0..1 |
| error-app-tag | 7.5.4.2 | 0..1 |
| error-message | 7.5.4.1 | 0..1 |
| reference | 7.21.4 | 0..1 |
+---------------+---------+-------------+
9.2.5. Usage Example
typedef my-base-int32-type {
type int32 {
range "1..4 | 10..20";
}
}
typedef my-type1 {
type my-base-int32-type {
// legal range restriction
range "11..max"; // 11..20
}
}
typedef my-type2 {
type my-base-int32-type {
// illegal range restriction
range "11..100";
}
}
9.3. The decimal64 Built-In Type
The decimal64 type represents a subset of the real numbers, which can
be represented by decimal numerals. The value space of decimal64 is
the set of numbers that can be obtained by multiplying a 64-bit
signed integer by a negative power of ten, i.e., expressible as "i x
10^-n" where i is an integer64 and n is an integer between 1 and 18,
inclusively.
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9.3.1. Lexical Representation
A decimal64 value is lexically represented as an optional sign ("+"
or "-"), followed by a sequence of decimal digits, optionally
followed by a period ('.') as a decimal indicator and a sequence of
decimal digits. If no sign is specified, "+" is assumed.
9.3.2. Canonical Form
The canonical form of a positive decimal64 does not include the sign
"+". The decimal point is required. Leading and trailing zeros are
prohibited, subject to the rule that there MUST be at least one digit
before and after the decimal point. The value zero is represented as
"0.0".
9.3.3. Restrictions
A decimal64 type can be restricted with the "range" statement
(Section 9.2.4).
9.3.4. The fraction-digits Statement
The "fraction-digits" statement, which is a substatement to the
"type" statement, MUST be present if the type is "decimal64". It
takes as an argument an integer between 1 and 18, inclusively. It
controls the size of the minimum difference between values of a
decimal64 type, by restricting the value space to numbers that are
expressible as "i x 10^-n" where n is the fraction-digits argument.
The following table lists the minimum and maximum value for each
fraction-digit value:
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+----------------+-----------------------+----------------------+
| fraction-digit | min | max |
+----------------+-----------------------+----------------------+
| 1 | -922337203685477580.8 | 922337203685477580.7 |
| 2 | -92233720368547758.08 | 92233720368547758.07 |
| 3 | -9223372036854775.808 | 9223372036854775.807 |
| 4 | -922337203685477.5808 | 922337203685477.5807 |
| 5 | -92233720368547.75808 | 92233720368547.75807 |
| 6 | -9223372036854.775808 | 9223372036854.775807 |
| 7 | -922337203685.4775808 | 922337203685.4775807 |
| 8 | -92233720368.54775808 | 92233720368.54775807 |
| 9 | -9223372036.854775808 | 9223372036.854775807 |
| 10 | -922337203.6854775808 | 922337203.6854775807 |
| 11 | -92233720.36854775808 | 92233720.36854775807 |
| 12 | -9223372.036854775808 | 9223372.036854775807 |
| 13 | -922337.2036854775808 | 922337.2036854775807 |
| 14 | -92233.72036854775808 | 92233.72036854775807 |
| 15 | -9223.372036854775808 | 9223.372036854775807 |
| 16 | -922.3372036854775808 | 922.3372036854775807 |
| 17 | -92.23372036854775808 | 92.23372036854775807 |
| 18 | -9.223372036854775808 | 9.223372036854775807 |
+----------------+-----------------------+----------------------+
9.3.5. Usage Example
typedef my-decimal {
type decimal64 {
fraction-digits 2;
range "1 .. 3.14 | 10 | 20..max";
}
}
9.4. The string Built-In Type
The string built-in type represents human-readable strings in YANG.
Legal characters are the Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 [ISO.10646]
characters, including tab, carriage return, and line feed but
excluding the other C0 control characters, the surrogate blocks, and
the noncharacters. The string syntax is formally defined by the rule
"yang-string" in Section 14.
9.4.1. Lexical Representation
A string value is lexically represented as character data in the XML
encoding.
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9.4.2. Canonical Form
The canonical form is the same as the lexical representation. No
Unicode normalization is performed of string values.
9.4.3. Restrictions
A string can be restricted with the "length" (Section 9.4.4) and
"pattern" (Section 9.4.5) statements.
9.4.4. The length Statement
The "length" statement, which is an optional substatement to the
"type" statement, takes as an argument a length expression string.
It is used to restrict the built-in types "string" and "binary" or
types derived from them.
A "length" statement restricts the number of Unicode characters in
the string.
A length range consists of an explicit value, or a lower bound, two
consecutive dots "..", and an upper bound. Multiple values or ranges
can be given, separated by "|". Length-restricting values MUST NOT
be negative. If multiple values or ranges are given, they all MUST
be disjoint and MUST be in ascending order. If a length restriction
is applied to an already length-restricted type, the new restriction
MUST be equal or more limiting, that is, raising the lower bounds,
reducing the upper bounds, removing explicit length values or ranges,
or splitting ranges into multiple ranges with intermediate gaps. A
length value is a non-negative integer, or one of the special values
"min" or "max". "min" and "max" mean the minimum and maximum length
accepted for the type being restricted, respectively. An
implementation is not required to support a length value larger than
18446744073709551615.
The length expression syntax is formally defined by the rule
"length-arg" in Section 14.
9.4.4.1. The length's Substatements
+---------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+---------------+---------+-------------+
| description | 7.21.3 | 0..1 |
| error-app-tag | 7.5.4.2 | 0..1 |
| error-message | 7.5.4.1 | 0..1 |
| reference | 7.21.4 | 0..1 |
+---------------+---------+-------------+
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9.4.5. The pattern Statement
The "pattern" statement, which is an optional substatement to the
"type" statement, takes as an argument a regular expression string,
as defined in [XSD-TYPES]. It is used to restrict the built-in type
"string", or types derived from "string", to values that match the
pattern.
If the type has multiple "pattern" statements, the expressions are
ANDed together, i.e., all such expressions have to match.
If a pattern restriction is applied to an already pattern-restricted
type, values must match all patterns in the base type, in addition to
the new patterns.
9.4.5.1. The pattern's Substatements
+---------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+---------------+---------+-------------+
| description | 7.21.3 | 0..1 |
| error-app-tag | 7.5.4.2 | 0..1 |
| error-message | 7.5.4.1 | 0..1 |
| modifier | 9.4.6 | 0..1 |
| reference | 7.21.4 | 0..1 |
+---------------+---------+-------------+
9.4.6. The modifier Statement
The "modifier" statement, which is an optional substatement to the
"pattern" statement, takes as an argument the string "invert-match".
If a pattern has the "invert-match" modifier present, the type is
restricted to values that do not match the pattern.
9.4.7. Usage Example
With the following typedef:
typedef my-base-str-type {
type string {
length "1..255";
}
}
the following refinement is legal:
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type my-base-str-type {
// legal length refinement
length "11 | 42..max"; // 11 | 42..255
}
and the following refinement is illegal:
type my-base-str-type {
// illegal length refinement
length "1..999";
}
With the following type:
type string {
length "0..4";
pattern "[0-9a-fA-F]*";
}
the following strings match:
AB // legal
9A00 // legal
and the following strings do not match:
00ABAB // illegal, too long
xx00 // illegal, bad characters
With the following type:
typedef yang-identifier {
type string {
length "1..max";
pattern '[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9\-_.]*';
pattern '[xX][mM][lL].*' {
modifier invert-match;
}
}
}
the following string match:
enabled // legal
and the following strings do not match:
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10-mbit // illegal, starts with a number
xml-element // illegal, starts with illegal sequence
9.5. The boolean Built-In Type
The boolean built-in type represents a boolean value.
9.5.1. Lexical Representation
The lexical representation of a boolean value is a string with a
value of "true" or "false". These values MUST be in lowercase.
9.5.2. Canonical Form
The canonical form is the same as the lexical representation.
9.5.3. Restrictions
A boolean cannot be restricted.
9.6. The enumeration Built-In Type
The enumeration built-in type represents values from a set of
assigned names.
9.6.1. Lexical Representation
The lexical representation of an enumeration value is the assigned
name string.
9.6.2. Canonical Form
The canonical form is the assigned name string.
9.6.3. Restrictions
An enumeration can be restricted with the "enum" (Section 9.6.4)
statement.
9.6.4. The enum Statement
The "enum" statement, which is a substatement to the "type"
statement, MUST be present if the type is "enumeration". It is
repeatedly used to specify each assigned name of an enumeration type.
It takes as an argument a string which is the assigned name. The
string MUST NOT be zero-length and MUST NOT have any leading or
trailing whitespace characters (any Unicode character with the
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"White_Space" property). The use of Unicode control codes SHOULD be
avoided.
The statement is optionally followed by a block of substatements that
holds detailed enum information.
All assigned names in an enumeration MUST be unique.
When an existing enumeration type is restricted, the set of assigned
names in the new type MUST be a subset of the base type's set of
assigned names. The value of such an assigned name MUST NOT be
changed.
9.6.4.1. The enum's Substatements
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| description | 7.21.3 | 0..1 |
| if-feature | 7.20.2 | 0..n |
| reference | 7.21.4 | 0..1 |
| status | 7.21.2 | 0..1 |
| value | 9.6.4.2 | 0..1 |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
9.6.4.2. The value Statement
The "value" statement, which is optional, is used to associate an
integer value with the assigned name for the enum. This integer
value MUST be in the range -2147483648 to 2147483647, and it MUST be
unique within the enumeration type.
If a value is not specified, then one will be automatically assigned.
If the "enum" substatement is the first one defined, the assigned
value is zero (0); otherwise, the assigned value is one greater than
the current highest enum value (i.e., the highest enum value,
implicit or explicit, prior to the current "enum" substatement in the
parent "type" statement).
Note that the the presence of an "if-feature" statement in an "enum"
statement does not affect the automatically assigned value.
If the current highest value is equal to 2147483647, then an enum
value MUST be specified for "enum" substatements following the one
with the current highest value.
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When an existing enumeration type is restricted, the "value"
statement MUST either have the same value as in the base type or not
be present, in which case the value is the same as in the base type.
9.6.5. Usage Example
leaf myenum {
type enumeration {
enum zero;
enum one;
enum seven {
value 7;
}
}
}
The lexical representation of the leaf "myenum" with value "seven"
is:
<myenum>seven</myenum>
With the following typedef:
typedef my-base-enumeration-type {
type enumeration {
enum white {
value 1;
}
enum yellow {
value 2;
}
enum red {
value 3;
}
}
}
the following refinement is legal:
type my-base-enumeration-type {
// legal enum refinement
enum yellow;
enum red {
value 3;
}
}
and the following refinement is illegal:
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type my-base-enumeration-type {
// illegal enum refinement
enum yellow {
value 4; // illegal value change
}
enum black; // illegal addition of new name
}
The following example shows how an "enum" can be tagged with
"if-feature", making the value legal only on servers that advertise
the corresponding feature:
type enumeration {
enum tcp;
enum ssh {
if-feature ssh;
}
enum tls {
if-feature tls;
}
}
9.7. The bits Built-In Type
The bits built-in type represents a bit set. That is, a bits value
is a set of flags identified by small integer position numbers
starting at 0. Each bit number has an assigned name.
When an existing bits type is restricted, the set of assigned names
in the new type MUST be a subset of the base type's set of assigned
names. The bit position of such an assigned name MUST NOT be
changed.
9.7.1. Restrictions
A bits type can be restricted with the "bit" (Section 9.7.4)
statement.
9.7.2. Lexical Representation
The lexical representation of the bits type is a space-separated list
of the individual bit values that are set. A zero-length string thus
represents a value where no bits are set.
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9.7.3. Canonical Form
In the canonical form, the bit values are separated by a single space
character and they appear ordered by their position (see
Section 9.7.4.2).
9.7.4. The bit Statement
The "bit" statement, which is a substatement to the "type" statement,
MUST be present if the type is "bits". It is repeatedly used to
specify each assigned named bit of a bits type. It takes as an
argument a string that is the assigned name of the bit. It is
followed by a block of substatements that holds detailed bit
information. The assigned name follows the same syntax rules as an
identifier (see Section 6.2).
All assigned names in a bits type MUST be unique.
9.7.4.1. The bit's Substatements
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| substatement | section | cardinality |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
| description | 7.21.3 | 0..1 |
| if-feature | 7.20.2 | 0..n |
| reference | 7.21.4 | 0..1 |
| status | 7.21.2 | 0..1 |
| position | 9.7.4.2 | 0..1 |
+--------------+---------+-------------+
9.7.4.2. The position Statement
The "position" statement, which is optional, takes as an argument a
non-negative integer value that specifies the bit's position within a
hypothetical bit field. The position value MUST be in the range 0 to
4294967295, and it MUST be unique within the bits type.
If a bit position is not specified, then one will be automatically
assigned. If the "bit" substatement is the first one defined, the
assigned value is zero (0); otherwise, the assigned value is one
greater than the current highest bit position (i.e., the highest bit
position, implicit or explicit, prior to the current "bit"
substatement in the parent "type" statement).
Note that the the presence of an "if-feature" statement in an "bit"
statement does not affect the automatically assigned position.
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If the current highest bit position value is equal to 4294967295,
then a position value MUST be specified for "bit" substatements
following the one with the current highest position value.
When an existing bits type is restricted, the "position" statement
MUST either have the same value as in the base type or not be
present, in which case the value is the same as in the base type.
9.7.5. Usage Example
Given the following typedef and leaf:
typedef mybits-type {
type bits {
bit disable-nagle {
position 0;
}
bit auto-sense-speed {
position 1;
}
bit ten-mb-only {
position 2;
}
}
}
leaf mybits {
type mybits-type;
default "auto-sense-speed";
}
The lexical representation of this leaf with bit values disable-nagle
and ten-mb-only set would be:
<mybits>disable-nagle ten-mb-only</mybits>
The following example shows a legal refinement of this type:
type mybits-type {
// legal bit refinement
bit disable-nagle {
position 0;
}
bit auto-sense-speed {
position 1;
}
}
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and the following refinement is illegal:
type mybits-type {
// illegal bit refinement
bit disable-nagle {
position 2; // illegal position change
}
bit hundred-mb-only; // illegal addition of new name
}
9.8. The binary Built-In Type
The binary built-in type represents any binary data, i.e., a sequence
of octets.
9.8.1. Restrictions
A binary type can be restricted with the "length" (Section 9.4.4)
statement. The length of a binary value is the number of octets it
contains.
9.8.2. Lexical Representation
Binary values are encoded with the base64 encoding scheme (see
[RFC4648], Section 4).
9.8.3. Canonical Form
The canonical form of a binary value follows the rules in [RFC4648].
9.9. The leafref Built-In Type
The leafref type is used to declare a constraint on the value space
of a leaf, based on a reference to a set of leaf instances in the
data tree. The "path" substatement (Section 9.9.2) selects a set of
leaf instances, and the leafref value space is the set of values of
these leaf instances.
If the leaf with the leafref type represents configuration data, and
the "require-instance" property (Section 9.9.3) is "true", the leaf
it refers to MUST also represent configuration. Such a leaf puts a
constraint on valid data. All such nodes MUST reference existing
leaf instances or leafs with default values in use (see Section 7.6.1
and Section 7.7.2) for the data to be valid. This constraint is
enforced according to the rules in Section 8.
There MUST NOT be any circular chains of leafrefs.
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If the leaf that the leafref refers to is conditional based on one or
more features (see Section 7.20.2), then the leaf with the leafref
type MUST also be conditional based on at least the same set of
features.
9.9.1. Restrictions
A leafref can be restricted with the "require-instance" statement
(Section 9.9.3).
9.9.2. The path Statement
The "path" statement, which is a substatement to the "type"
statement, MUST be present if the type is "leafref". It takes as an
argument a string that MUST refer to a leaf or leaf-list node.
The syntax for a path argument is a subset of the XPath abbreviated
syntax. Predicates are used only for constraining the values for the
key nodes for list entries. Each predicate consists of exactly one
equality test per key, and multiple adjacent predicates MAY be
present if a list has multiple keys. The syntax is formally defined
by the rule "path-arg" in Section 14.
The predicates are only used when more than one key reference is
needed to uniquely identify a leaf instance. This occurs if a list
has multiple keys, or a reference to a leaf other than the key in a
list is needed. In these cases, multiple leafrefs are typically
specified, and predicates are used to tie them together.
The "path" expression evaluates to a node set consisting of zero,
one, or more nodes. If the leaf with the leafref type represents
configuration data, this node set MUST be non-empty.
The "path" XPath expression is conceptually evaluated in the
following context, in addition to the definition in Section 6.4.1:
o If the "path" statement is defined within a typedef, the context
node is the leaf or leaf-list node in the data tree that
references the typedef.
o Otherwise, the context node is the node in the data tree for which
the "path" statement is defined.
9.9.3. The require-instance Statement
The "require-instance" statement, which is a substatement to the
"type" statement, MAY be present if the type is "instance-identifier"
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or "leafref". It takes as an argument the string "true" or "false".
If this statement is not present, it defaults to "true".
If "require-instance" is "true", it means that the instance being
referred MUST exist for the data to be valid. This constraint is
enforced according to the rules in Section 8.
If "require-instance" is "false", it means that the instance being
referred MAY exist in valid data.
9.9.4. Lexical Representation
A leafref value is lexically represented the same way as the leaf it
references.
9.9.5. Canonical Form
The canonical form of a leafref is the same as the canonical form of
the leaf it references.
9.9.6. Usage Example
With the following list:
list interface {
key "name";
leaf name {
type string;
}
leaf admin-status {
type admin-status;
}
list address {
key "ip";
leaf ip {
type yang:ip-address;
}
}
}
The following leafref refers to an existing interface:
leaf mgmt-interface {
type leafref {
path "../interface/name";
}
}
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An example of a corresponding XML snippet:
<interface>
<name>eth0</name>
</interface>
<interface>
<name>lo</name>
</interface>
<mgmt-interface>eth0</mgmt-interface>
The following leafrefs refer to an existing address of an interface:
container default-address {
leaf ifname {
type leafref {
path "../../interface/name";
}
}
leaf address {
type leafref {
path "../../interface[name = current()/../ifname]"
+ "/address/ip";
}
}
}
An example of a corresponding XML snippet:
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<interface>
<name>eth0</name>
<admin-status>up</admin-status>
<address>
<ip>192.0.2.1</ip>
</address>
<address>
<ip>192.0.2.2</ip>
</address>
</interface>
<interface>
<name>lo</name>
<admin-status>up</admin-status>
<address>
<ip>127.0.0.1</ip>
</address>
</interface>
<default-address>
<ifname>eth0</ifname>
<address>192.0.2.2</address>
</default-address>
The following list uses a leafref for one of its keys. This is
similar to a foreign key in a relational database.
list packet-filter {
key "if-name filter-id";
leaf if-name {
type leafref {
path "/interface/name";
}
}
leaf filter-id {
type uint32;
}
...
}
An example of a corresponding XML snippet:
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<interface>
<name>eth0</name>
<admin-status>up</admin-status>
<address>
<ip>192.0.2.1</ip>
</address>
<address>
<ip>192.0.2.2</ip>
</address>
</interface>
<packet-filter>
<if-name>eth0</if-name>
<filter-id>1</filter-id>
...
</packet-filter>
<packet-filter>
<if-name>eth0</if-name>
<filter-id>2</filter-id>
...
</packet-filter>
The following notification defines two leafrefs to refer to an
existing admin-status:
notification link-failure {
leaf if-name {
type leafref {
path "/interface/name";
}
}
leaf admin-status {
type leafref {
path "/interface[name = current()/../if-name]"
+ "/admin-status";
}
}
}
An example of a corresponding XML notification:
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<notification
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:notification:1.0">
<eventTime>2008-04-01T00:01:00Z</eventTime>
<link-failure xmlns="urn:example:system">
<if-name>eth0</if-name>
<admin-status>up</admin-status>
</link-failure>
</notification>
9.10. The identityref Built-In Type
The identityref type is used to reference an existing identity (see
Section 7.18).
9.10.1. Restrictions
An identityref cannot be restricted.
9.10.2. The identityref's base Statement
The "base" statement, which is a substatement to the "type"
statement, MUST be present at least once if the type is
"identityref". The argument is the name of an identity, as defined
by an "identity" statement. If a prefix is present on the identity
name, it refers to an identity defined in the module that was
imported with that prefix. Otherwise, an identity with the matching
name MUST be defined in the current module or an included submodule.
Valid values for an identityref are any identities derived from all
the identityref's base identities. On a particular server, the valid
values are further restricted to the set of identities defined in the
modules implemented by the server.
9.10.3. Lexical Representation
An identityref is lexically represented as the referred identity's
qualified name as defined in [XML-NAMES]. If the prefix is not
present, the namespace of the identityref is the default namespace in
effect on the element that contains the identityref value.
When an identityref is given a default value using the "default"
statement, the identity name in the default value MAY have a prefix.
If a prefix is present on the identity name, it refers to an identity
defined in the module that was imported with that prefix, or the
prefix for the current module if the identity is defined in the
current module or one of its submodules. Otherwise, an identity with
the matching name MUST be defined in the current module or one of its
submodules.
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The string value of a node of type identityref in a "must" or "when"
XPath expression is the referred identity's qualified name with the
prefix present. If the referred identity is defined in an imported
module, the prefix in the string value is the prefix defined in the
corresponding "import" statement. Otherwise, the prefix in the
string value is the prefix for the current module.
9.10.4. Canonical Form
Since the lexical form depends on the XML context in which the value
occurs, this type does not have a canonical form.
9.10.5. Usage Example
With the identity definitions in Section 7.18.3 and the following
module:
module example-my-crypto {
yang-version 1.1;
namespace "urn:example:my-crypto";
prefix mc;
import "example-crypto-base" {
prefix "crypto";
}
identity aes {
base "crypto:crypto-alg";
}
leaf crypto {
type identityref {
base "crypto:crypto-alg";
}
}
container aes-parameters {
when "../crypto = 'mc:aes'";
...
}
}
the following is an example how the leaf "crypto" can be encoded, if
the value is the "des3" identity defined in the "des" module:
<crypto xmlns:des="urn:example:des">des:des3</crypto>
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Any prefixes used in the encoding are local to each instance
encoding. This means that the same identityref may be encoded
differently by different implementations. For example, the following
example encodes the same leaf as above:
<crypto xmlns:x="urn:example:des">x:des3</crypto>
If the "crypto" leaf's value instead is "aes" defined in the
"example-my-crypto" module, it can be encoded as:
<crypto xmlns:mc="urn:example:my-crypto">mc:aes</crypto>
or, using the default namespace:
<crypto>aes</crypto>
9.11. The empty Built-In Type
The empty built-in type represents a leaf that does not have any
value, it conveys information by its presence or absence.
An empty type cannot have a default value.
9.11.1. Restrictions
An empty type cannot be restricted.
9.11.2. Lexical Representation
Not applicable.
9.11.3. Canonical Form
Not applicable.
9.11.4. Usage Example
With the following leaf
leaf enable-qos {
type empty;
}
the following is an example of a valid encoding
<enable-qos/>
if the leaf exists.
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9.12. The union Built-In Type
The union built-in type represents a value that corresponds to one of
its member types.
When the type is "union", the "type" statement (Section 7.4) MUST be
present. It is used to repeatedly specify each member type of the
union. It takes as an argument a string that is the name of a member
type.
A member type can be of any built-in or derived type.
In the XML encoding, a value representing a union data type is
validated consecutively against each member type, in the order they
are specified in the "type" statement, until a match is found. The
type that matched will be the type of the value for the node that was
validated.
Any default value or "units" property defined in the member types is
not inherited by the union type.
9.12.1. Restrictions
A union cannot be restricted. However, each member type can be
restricted, based on the rules defined in Section 9.
9.12.2. Lexical Representation
The lexical representation of a union is a value that corresponds to
the representation of any one of the member types.
9.12.3. Canonical Form
The canonical form of a union value is the same as the canonical form
of the member type of the value.
9.12.4. Usage Example
The following is a union of an int32 an enumeration:
type union {
type int32;
type enumeration {
enum "unbounded";
}
}
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Care must be taken when a member type is a leafref where the
"require-instance" property (Section 9.9.3) is "true". If a leaf of
such a type refers to an existing instance, the leaf's value must be
re-validated if the target instance is deleted. For example, with
the following definitions:
list filter {
key name;
leaf name {
type string;
}
...
}
leaf outbound-filter {
type union {
type leafref {
path "/filter/name";
}
type enumeration {
enum default-filter;
}
}
}
assume that there exists an entry in the filter list with the name
"http", and that the outbound-filter leaf has this value:
<filter>
<name>http</name>
</filter>
<outbound-filter>http</outbound-filter>
If the filter entry "http" is removed, the outbound-filter leaf's
value doesn't match the leafref, and the next member type is checked.
The current value ("http") doesn't match the enumeration, so the
resulting configuration is invalid.
If the second member type in the union had been of type "string"
instead of an enumeration, the current value would have matched, and
the resulting configuration would have been valid.
9.13. The instance-identifier Built-In Type
The instance-identifier built-in type is used to uniquely identify a
particular instance node in the data tree.
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The syntax for an instance-identifier is a subset of the XPath
abbreviated syntax, formally defined by the rule
"instance-identifier" in Section 14. It is used to uniquely identify
a node in the data tree. Predicates are used only for specifying the
values for the key nodes for list entries, a value of a leaf-list
entry, or a positional index for a list without keys. For
identifying list entries with keys, each predicate consists of one
equality test per key, and each key MUST have a corresponding
predicate. If a key is of type "empty", it is represented as a zero-
length string ("").
If the leaf with the instance-identifier type represents
configuration data, and the "require-instance" property
(Section 9.9.3) is "true", the node it refers to MUST also represent
configuration. Such a leaf puts a constraint on valid data. All
such leaf nodes MUST reference existing nodes or leaf or leaf-list
nodes with their default value in use (see Section 7.6.1 and
Section 7.7.2) for the data to be valid. This constraint is enforced
according to the rules in Section 8.
The "instance-identifier" XPath expression is conceptually evaluated
in the following context, in addition to the definition in
Section 6.4.1:
o The context node is the root node in the accessible tree.
9.13.1. Restrictions
An instance-identifier can be restricted with the "require-instance"
statement (Section 9.9.3).
9.13.2. Lexical Representation
An instance-identifier value is lexically represented as a string.
All node names in an instance-identifier value MUST be qualified with
explicit namespace prefixes, and these prefixes MUST be declared in
the XML namespace scope in the instance-identifier's XML element.
Any prefixes used in the encoding are local to each instance
encoding. This means that the same instance-identifier may be
encoded differently by different implementations.
9.13.3. Canonical Form
Since the lexical form depends on the XML context in which the value
occurs, this type does not have a canonical form.
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9.13.4. Usage Example
The following are examples of instance identifiers:
/* instance-identifier for a container */
/ex:system/ex:services/ex:ssh
/* instance-identifier for a leaf */
/ex:system/ex:services/ex:ssh/ex:port
/* instance-identifier for a list entry */
/ex:system/ex:user[ex:name='fred']
/* instance-identifier for a leaf in a list entry */
/ex:system/ex:user[ex:name='fred']/ex:type
/* instance-identifier for a list entry with two keys */
/ex:system/ex:server[ex:ip='192.0.2.1'][ex:port='80']
/* instance-identifier for a list entry where the second
key ("enabled") is of type empty */
/ex:system/ex:service[ex:name='foo'][ex:enabled='']
/* instance-identifier for a leaf-list entry */
/ex:system/ex:services/ex:ssh/ex:cipher[.='blowfish-cbc']
/* instance-identifier for a list entry without keys */
/ex:stats/ex:port[3]
10. XPath Functions
This document defines two generic XPath functions and five YANG type-
specific XPath functions. The function signatures are specified with
the syntax used in [XPATH].
10.1. Functions for Node Sets
10.1.1. current()
node-set current()
The function current() takes no input parameters, and returns a node
set with the initial context node as its only member.
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10.1.1.1. Usage Example
With this list:
list interface {
key "name";
...
leaf enabled {
type boolean;
}
...
}
the following leaf defines a must expression that ensures that the
referred interface is enabled:
leaf outgoing-interface {
type leafref {
path "/interface/name";
}
must '/interface[name=current()]/enabled = "true"';
}
10.2. Functions for Strings
10.2.1. re-match()
boolean re-match(string subject, string pattern)
The re-match() function returns true if the "subject" string matches
the regular expression "pattern"; otherwise it returns false.
The function "re-match" checks if a string matches a given regular
expression. The regular expressions used are the XML Schema regular
expressions [XSD-TYPES]. Note that this includes implicit anchoring
of the regular expression at the head and tail.
10.2.1.1. Usage Example
The expression:
re-match("1.22.333", "\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}")
returns true.
To count all logical interfaces called eth0.<number>, do:
count(/interface[re-match(name, "eth0\.\d+")])
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10.3. Functions for the YANG Types "leafref" and "instance-identifier"
10.3.1. deref()
node-set deref(node-set nodes)
The deref() function follows the reference defined by the first node
in document order in the argument "nodes", and returns the nodes it
refers to.
If the first argument node is of type instance-identifier, the
function returns a node set that contains the single node that the
instance identifier refers to, if it exists. If no such node exists,
an empty node-set is returned.
If the first argument node is of type leafref, the function returns a
node set that contains the nodes that the leafref refers to.
If the first argument node is of any other type, an empty node set is
returned.
10.3.1.1. Usage Example
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list interface {
key "name type";
leaf name { ... }
leaf type { ... }
leaf enabled {
type boolean;
}
...
}
container mgmt-interface {
leaf name {
type leafref {
path "/interface/name";
}
}
leaf type {
type leafref {
path "/interface[name=current()/../name]/type";
}
must 'deref(.)/../enabled = "true"' {
error-message
"The management interface cannot be disabled.";
}
}
}
10.4. Functions for the YANG Type "identityref"
10.4.1. derived-from()
boolean derived-from(node-set nodes, string identity)
The derived-from() function returns true if any node in the argument
"nodes" is a node of type identityref, and its value is an identity
that is derived from (see Section 7.18.2) the identity "identity";
otherwise it returns false.
The parameter "identity" is a string matching the rule
"identifier-ref" in Section 14. If a prefix is present on the
identity, it refers to an identity defined in the module that was
imported with that prefix, or the local module if the prefix matches
the local module's prefix. If no prefix is present, the identity
refers to an identity defined in the current module or an included
submodule.
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10.4.1.1. Usage Example
module example-interface {
yang-version 1.1;
...
identity interface-type;
identity ethernet {
base interface-type;
}
identity fast-ethernet {
base ethernet;
}
identity gigabit-ethernet {
base ethernet;
}
list interface {
key name;
...
leaf type {
type identityref {
base interface-type;
}
}
...
}
augment "/interface" {
when 'derived-from(type, "exif:ethernet")';
// generic ethernet definitions here
}
...
}
10.4.2. derived-from-or-self()
boolean derived-from-or-self(node-set nodes, string identity)
The derived-from-or-self() function returns true if any node in the
argument "nodes" is a node of type identityref, and its value is an
identity that is equal to or derived from (see Section 7.18.2) the
identity "identity"; otherwise it returns false.
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The parameter "identity" is a string matching the rule
"identifier-ref" in Section 14. If a prefix is present on the
identity, it refers to an identity defined in the module that was
imported with that prefix, or the local module if the prefix matches
the local module's prefix. If no prefix is present, the identity
refers to an identity defined in the current module or an included
submodule.
10.4.2.1. Usage Example
The module defined in Section 10.4.1.1 might also have:
augment "/interface" {
when 'derived-from-or-self(type, "exif:fast-ethernet");
// fast-ethernet-specific definitions here
}
10.5. Functions for the YANG Type "enumeration"
10.5.1. enum-value()
number enum-value(node-set nodes)
The enum-value() function checks if the first node in document order
in the argument "nodes" is a node of type enumeration, and returns
the enum's integer value. If the "nodes" node set is empty, or if
the first node in "nodes" is not of type enumeration, it returns NaN.
10.5.1.1. Usage Example
With this data model:
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list alarm {
...
leaf severity {
type enumeration {
enum cleared {
value 1;
}
enum indeterminate {
value 2;
}
enum minor {
value 3;
}
enum warning {
value 4;
}
enum major {
value 5;
}
enum critical {
value 6;
}
}
}
}
the following XPath expression selects only alarms that are of
severity "major" or higher:
/alarm[enum-value(severity) >= 5]
10.6. Functions for the YANG Type "bits"
10.6.1. bit-is-set()
boolean bit-is-set(node-set nodes, string bit-name)
The bit-is-set() function returns true if the first node in document
order in the argument "nodes" is a node of type bits, and its value
has the bit "'bit-name" set; otherwise it returns false.
10.6.1.1. Usage Example
If an interface has this leaf:
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leaf flags {
type bits {
bit UP;
bit PROMISCUOUS
bit DISABLED;
}
}
the following XPath expression can be used to select all interfaces
with the UP flag set:
/interface[bit-is-set(flags, "UP")]
11. Updating a Module
As experience is gained with a module, it may be desirable to revise
that module. However, changes to published modules are not allowed
if they have any potential to cause interoperability problems between
a client using an original specification and a server using an
updated specification.
For any published change, a new "revision" statement (Section 7.1.9)
MUST be included in front of the existing "revision" statements. If
there are no existing "revision" statements, then one MUST be added
to identify the new revision. Furthermore, any necessary changes
MUST be applied to any meta-data statements, including the
"organization" and "contact" statements (Section 7.1.7,
Section 7.1.8).
Note that definitions contained in a module are available to be
imported by any other module, and are referenced in "import"
statements via the module name. Thus, a module name MUST NOT be
changed. Furthermore, the "namespace" statement MUST NOT be changed,
since all XML elements are qualified by the namespace.
Obsolete definitions MUST NOT be removed from published modules since
their identifiers may still be referenced by other modules.
A definition in a published module may be revised in any of the
following ways:
o An "enumeration" type may have new enums added, provided the old
enums's values do not change. Note that inserting a new enum
before an existing enum or reordering existing enums will result
in new values for the existing enums, unless they have explicit
values assigned to them.
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o A "bits" type may have new bits added, provided the old bit
positions do not change. Note that inserting a new bit before an
existing bit or reordering existing bit will result in new
positions for the existing bits, unless they have explicit
positions assigned to them.
o A "range", "length", or "pattern" statement may expand the allowed
value space.
o A "default" statement may be added to a leaf that does not have a
default value (either directly or indirectly through its type).
o A "units" statement may be added.
o A "reference" statement may be added or updated.
o A "must" statement may be removed or its constraint relaxed.
o A "when" statement may be removed or its constraint relaxed.
o A "mandatory" statement may be removed or changed from "true" to
"false".
o A "min-elements" statement may be removed, or changed to require
fewer elements.
o A "max-elements" statement may be removed, or changed to allow
more elements.
o A "description" statement may be added or clarified without
changing the semantics of the definition.
o A "base" statement may be added to an "identity" statement.
o A "base" statement may be removed from an "identityref" type,
provided there is at least one "base" statement left.
o New typedefs, groupings, rpcs, notifications, extensions,
features, and identities may be added.
o New data definition statements may be added if they do not add
mandatory nodes (Section 3) to existing nodes or at the top level
in a module or submodule, or if they are conditionally dependent
on a new feature (i.e., have an "if-feature" statement that refers
to a new feature).
o A new "case" statement may be added.
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o A node that represented state data may be changed to represent
configuration, provided it is not mandatory (Section 3).
o An "if-feature" statement may be removed, provided its node is not
mandatory (Section 3).
o A "status" statement may be added, or changed from "current" to
"deprecated" or "obsolete", or from "deprecated" to "obsolete".
o A "type" statement may be replaced with another "type" statement
that does not change the syntax or semantics of the type. For
example, an inline type definition may be replaced with a typedef,
but an int8 type cannot be replaced by an int16, since the syntax
would change.
o Any set of data definition nodes may be replaced with another set
of syntactically and semantically equivalent nodes. For example,
a set of leafs may be replaced by a uses of a grouping with the
same leafs.
o A module may be split into a set of submodules, or a submodule may
be removed, provided the definitions in the module do not change
in any other way than allowed here.
o The "prefix" statement may be changed, provided all local uses of
the prefix also are changed.
Otherwise, if the semantics of any previous definition are changed
(i.e., if a non-editorial change is made to any definition other than
those specifically allowed above), then this MUST be achieved by a
new definition with a new identifier.
In statements that have any data definition statements as
substatements, those data definition substatements MUST NOT be
reordered. If new data definition statements are added, they can be
added anywhere in the sequence of existing substatement.
12. Coexistence with YANG version 1
A YANG version 1.1 module MUST NOT include a YANG version 1
submodule, and a YANG version 1 module MUST NOT include a YANG
version 1.1 submodule.
A YANG version 1 module or submodule MUST NOT import a YANG version
1.1 module by revision.
A YANG version 1.1 module or submodule MAY import a YANG version 1
module by revision.
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If a YANG version 1 module A imports module B without revision, and
module B is updated to YANG version 1.1, a server MAY implement both
these modules (A and B) at the same time. In such cases, a NETCONF
server MUST advertise both modules using the rules defined in
Section 5.6.4, and SHOULD advertise module A and the latest revision
of module B that is specified with YANG version 1 according to the
rules defined in [RFC6020].
This rule exists in order to allow implementations of existing YANG
version 1 modules together with YANG version 1.1 modules. Without
this rule, updating a single module to YANG version 1.1 would have a
cascading effect on modules that import it, requiring all of them to
also be updated to YANG version 1.1, and so on.
13. YIN
A YANG module can be translated into an alternative XML-based syntax
called YIN. The translated module is called a YIN module. This
section describes symmetric mapping rules between the two formats.
The YANG and YIN formats contain equivalent information using
different notations. The YIN notation enables developers to
represent YANG data models in XML and therefore use the rich set of
XML-based tools for data filtering and validation, automated
generation of code and documentation, and other tasks. Tools like
XSLT or XML validators can be utilized.
The mapping between YANG and YIN does not modify the information
content of the model. Comments and whitespace are not preserved.
13.1. Formal YIN Definition
There is a one-to-one correspondence between YANG keywords and YIN
elements. The local name of a YIN element is identical to the
corresponding YANG keyword. This means, in particular, that the
document element (root) of a YIN document is always <module> or
<submodule>.
YIN elements corresponding to the YANG keywords belong to the
namespace whose associated URI is
"urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:yin:1".
YIN elements corresponding to extension keywords belong to the
namespace of the YANG module where the extension keyword is declared
via the "extension" statement.
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The names of all YIN elements MUST be properly qualified with their
namespaces specified above using the standard mechanisms of
[XML-NAMES], i.e., "xmlns" and "xmlns:xxx" attributes.
The argument of a YANG statement is represented in YIN either as an
XML attribute or a subelement of the keyword element. Table 1
defines the mapping for the set of YANG keywords. For extensions,
the argument mapping is specified within the "extension" statement
(see Section 7.19). The following rules hold for arguments:
o If the argument is represented as an attribute, this attribute has
no namespace.
o If the argument is represented as an element, it is qualified by
the same namespace as its parent keyword element.
o If the argument is represented as an element, it MUST be the first
child of the keyword element.
Substatements of a YANG statement are represented as (additional)
children of the keyword element and their relative order MUST be the
same as the order of substatements in YANG.
Comments in YANG MAY be mapped to XML comments.
+------------------+---------------+-------------+
| keyword | argument name | yin-element |
+------------------+---------------+-------------+
| action | name | false |
| anydata | name | false |
| anyxml | name | false |
| argument | name | false |
| augment | target-node | false |
| base | name | false |
| belongs-to | module | false |
| bit | name | false |
| case | name | false |
| choice | name | false |
| config | value | false |
| contact | text | true |
| container | name | false |
| default | value | false |
| description | text | true |
| deviate | value | false |
| deviation | target-node | false |
| enum | name | false |
| error-app-tag | value | false |
| error-message | value | true |
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| extension | name | false |
| feature | name | false |
| fraction-digits | value | false |
| grouping | name | false |
| identity | name | false |
| if-feature | name | false |
| import | module | false |
| include | module | false |
| input | <no argument> | n/a |
| key | value | false |
| leaf | name | false |
| leaf-list | name | false |
| length | value | false |
| list | name | false |
| mandatory | value | false |
| max-elements | value | false |
| min-elements | value | false |
| modifier | value | false |
| module | name | false |
| must | condition | false |
| namespace | uri | false |
| notification | name | false |
| ordered-by | value | false |
| organization | text | true |
| output | <no argument> | n/a |
| path | value | false |
| pattern | value | false |
| position | value | false |
| prefix | value | false |
| presence | value | false |
| range | value | false |
| reference | text | true |
| refine | target-node | false |
| require-instance | value | false |
| revision | date | false |
| revision-date | date | false |
| rpc | name | false |
| status | value | false |
| submodule | name | false |
| type | name | false |
| typedef | name | false |
| unique | tag | false |
| units | name | false |
| uses | name | false |
| value | value | false |
| when | condition | false |
| yang-version | value | false |
| yin-element | value | false |
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+------------------+---------------+-------------+
Table 1: Mapping of arguments of the YANG statements.
13.1.1. Usage Example
The following YANG module:
module example-foo {
yang-version 1.1;
namespace "urn:example:foo";
prefix "foo";
import example-extensions {
prefix "myext";
}
list interface {
key "name";
leaf name {
type string;
}
leaf mtu {
type uint32;
description "The MTU of the interface.";
myext:c-define "MY_MTU";
}
}
}
where the extension "c-define" is defined in Section 7.19.3, is
translated into the following YIN:
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<module name="example-foo"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:yin:1"
xmlns:foo="urn:example:foo"
xmlns:myext="urn:example:extensions">
<namespace uri="urn:example:foo"/>
<prefix value="foo"/>
<import module="example-extensions">
<prefix value="myext"/>
</import>
<list name="interface">
<key value="name"/>
<leaf name="name">
<type name="string"/>
</leaf>
<leaf name="mtu">
<type name="uint32"/>
<description>
<text>The MTU of the interface.</text>
</description>
<myext:c-define name="MY_MTU"/>
</leaf>
</list>
</module>
14. YANG ABNF Grammar
In YANG, almost all statements are unordered. The ABNF grammar
[RFC5234] [RFC7405] defines the canonical order. To improve module
readability, it is RECOMMENDED that clauses be entered in this order.
Within the ABNF grammar, unordered statements are marked with
comments.
This grammar assumes that the scanner replaces YANG comments with a
single space character.
<CODE BEGINS> file "yang.abnf"
module-stmt = optsep module-keyword sep identifier-arg-str
optsep
"{" stmtsep
module-header-stmts
linkage-stmts
meta-stmts
revision-stmts
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body-stmts
"}" optsep
submodule-stmt = optsep submodule-keyword sep identifier-arg-str
optsep
"{" stmtsep
submodule-header-stmts
linkage-stmts
meta-stmts
revision-stmts
body-stmts
"}" optsep
module-header-stmts = ;; these stmts can appear in any order
yang-version-stmt
namespace-stmt
prefix-stmt
submodule-header-stmts =
;; these stmts can appear in any order
yang-version-stmt
belongs-to-stmt
meta-stmts = ;; these stmts can appear in any order
[organization-stmt]
[contact-stmt]
[description-stmt]
[reference-stmt]
linkage-stmts = ;; these stmts can appear in any order
*import-stmt
*include-stmt
revision-stmts = *revision-stmt
body-stmts = *(extension-stmt /
feature-stmt /
identity-stmt /
typedef-stmt /
grouping-stmt /
data-def-stmt /
augment-stmt /
rpc-stmt /
notification-stmt /
deviation-stmt)
data-def-stmt = container-stmt /
leaf-stmt /
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leaf-list-stmt /
list-stmt /
choice-stmt /
anydata-stmt /
anyxml-stmt /
uses-stmt
yang-version-stmt = yang-version-keyword sep yang-version-arg-str
stmtend
yang-version-arg-str = < a string that matches the rule >
< yang-version-arg >
yang-version-arg = "1.1"
import-stmt = import-keyword sep identifier-arg-str optsep
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
prefix-stmt
[revision-date-stmt]
[description-stmt]
[reference-stmt]
"}" stmtsep
include-stmt = include-keyword sep identifier-arg-str optsep
(";" /
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
[revision-date-stmt]
[description-stmt]
[reference-stmt]
"}") stmtsep
namespace-stmt = namespace-keyword sep uri-str stmtend
uri-str = < a string that matches the rule >
< URI in RFC 3986 >
prefix-stmt = prefix-keyword sep prefix-arg-str stmtend
belongs-to-stmt = belongs-to-keyword sep identifier-arg-str
optsep
"{" stmtsep
prefix-stmt
"}" stmtsep
organization-stmt = organization-keyword sep string stmtend
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contact-stmt = contact-keyword sep string stmtend
description-stmt = description-keyword sep string stmtend
reference-stmt = reference-keyword sep string stmtend
units-stmt = units-keyword sep string stmtend
revision-stmt = revision-keyword sep revision-date optsep
(";" /
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
[description-stmt]
[reference-stmt]
"}") stmtsep
revision-date = date-arg-str
revision-date-stmt = revision-date-keyword sep revision-date stmtend
extension-stmt = extension-keyword sep identifier-arg-str optsep
(";" /
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
[argument-stmt]
[status-stmt]
[description-stmt]
[reference-stmt]
"}") stmtsep
argument-stmt = argument-keyword sep identifier-arg-str optsep
(";" /
"{" stmtsep
[yin-element-stmt]
"}") stmtsep
yin-element-stmt = yin-element-keyword sep yin-element-arg-str
stmtend
yin-element-arg-str = < a string that matches the rule >
< yin-element-arg >
yin-element-arg = true-keyword / false-keyword
identity-stmt = identity-keyword sep identifier-arg-str optsep
(";" /
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
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*if-feature-stmt
*base-stmt
[status-stmt]
[description-stmt]
[reference-stmt]
"}") stmtsep
base-stmt = base-keyword sep identifier-ref-arg-str
stmtend
feature-stmt = feature-keyword sep identifier-arg-str optsep
(";" /
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
*if-feature-stmt
[status-stmt]
[description-stmt]
[reference-stmt]
"}") stmtsep
if-feature-stmt = if-feature-keyword sep if-feature-expr-str
stmtend
if-feature-expr-str = < a string that matches the rule >
< if-feature-expr >
if-feature-expr = "(" if-feature-expr ")" /
if-feature-expr sep boolean-operator sep
if-feature-expr /
not-keyword sep if-feature-expr /
identifier-ref-arg
boolean-operator = and-keyword / or-keyword
typedef-stmt = typedef-keyword sep identifier-arg-str optsep
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
type-stmt
[units-stmt]
[default-stmt]
[status-stmt]
[description-stmt]
[reference-stmt]
"}" stmtsep
type-stmt = type-keyword sep identifier-ref-arg-str optsep
(";" /
"{" stmtsep
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[type-body-stmts]
"}") stmtsep
type-body-stmts = numerical-restrictions /
decimal64-specification /
string-restrictions /
enum-specification /
leafref-specification /
identityref-specification /
instance-identifier-specification /
bits-specification /
union-specification /
binary-specification
numerical-restrictions = range-stmt
range-stmt = range-keyword sep range-arg-str optsep
(";" /
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
[error-message-stmt]
[error-app-tag-stmt]
[description-stmt]
[reference-stmt]
"}") stmtsep
decimal64-specification = ;; these stmts can appear in any order
fraction-digits-stmt
[range-stmt]
fraction-digits-stmt = fraction-digits-keyword sep
fraction-digits-arg-str stmtend
fraction-digits-arg-str = < a string that matches the rule >
< fraction-digits-arg >
fraction-digits-arg = ("1" ["0" / "1" / "2" / "3" / "4" /
"5" / "6" / "7" / "8"])
/ "2" / "3" / "4" / "5" / "6" / "7" / "8" / "9"
string-restrictions = ;; these stmts can appear in any order
[length-stmt]
*pattern-stmt
length-stmt = length-keyword sep length-arg-str optsep
(";" /
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
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[error-message-stmt]
[error-app-tag-stmt]
[description-stmt]
[reference-stmt]
"}") stmtsep
pattern-stmt = pattern-keyword sep string optsep
(";" /
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
[modifier-stmt]
[error-message-stmt]
[error-app-tag-stmt]
[description-stmt]
[reference-stmt]
"}") stmtsep
modifier-stmt = modifier-keyword sep modifier-arg-str stmtend
modifier-arg-str = < a string that matches the rule >
< modifier-arg >
modifier-arg = invert-match-keyword
default-stmt = default-keyword sep string stmtend
enum-specification = 1*enum-stmt
enum-stmt = enum-keyword sep string optsep
(";" /
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
*if-feature-stmt
[value-stmt]
[status-stmt]
[description-stmt]
[reference-stmt]
"}") stmtsep
leafref-specification =
;; these stmts can appear in any order
path-stmt
[require-instance-stmt]
path-stmt = path-keyword sep path-arg-str stmtend
require-instance-stmt = require-instance-keyword sep
require-instance-arg-str stmtend
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require-instance-arg-str = < a string that matches the rule >
< require-instance-arg >
require-instance-arg = true-keyword / false-keyword
instance-identifier-specification =
[require-instance-stmt]
identityref-specification =
1*base-stmt
union-specification = 1*type-stmt
binary-specification = [length-stmt]
bits-specification = 1*bit-stmt
bit-stmt = bit-keyword sep identifier-arg-str optsep
(";" /
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
*if-feature-stmt
[position-stmt]
[status-stmt]
[description-stmt]
[reference-stmt]
"}") stmtsep
position-stmt = position-keyword sep
position-value-arg-str stmtend
position-value-arg-str = < a string that matches the rule >
< position-value-arg >
position-value-arg = non-negative-integer-value
status-stmt = status-keyword sep status-arg-str stmtend
status-arg-str = < a string that matches the rule >
< status-arg >
status-arg = current-keyword /
obsolete-keyword /
deprecated-keyword
config-stmt = config-keyword sep
config-arg-str stmtend
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config-arg-str = < a string that matches the rule >
< config-arg >
config-arg = true-keyword / false-keyword
mandatory-stmt = mandatory-keyword sep
mandatory-arg-str stmtend
mandatory-arg-str = < a string that matches the rule >
< mandatory-arg >
mandatory-arg = true-keyword / false-keyword
presence-stmt = presence-keyword sep string stmtend
ordered-by-stmt = ordered-by-keyword sep
ordered-by-arg-str stmtend
ordered-by-arg-str = < a string that matches the rule >
< ordered-by-arg >
ordered-by-arg = user-keyword / system-keyword
must-stmt = must-keyword sep string optsep
(";" /
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
[error-message-stmt]
[error-app-tag-stmt]
[description-stmt]
[reference-stmt]
"}") stmtsep
error-message-stmt = error-message-keyword sep string stmtend
error-app-tag-stmt = error-app-tag-keyword sep string stmtend
min-elements-stmt = min-elements-keyword sep
min-value-arg-str stmtend
min-value-arg-str = < a string that matches the rule >
< min-value-arg >
min-value-arg = non-negative-integer-value
max-elements-stmt = max-elements-keyword sep
max-value-arg-str stmtend
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max-value-arg-str = < a string that matches the rule >
< max-value-arg >
max-value-arg = unbounded-keyword /
positive-integer-value
value-stmt = value-keyword sep integer-value-str stmtend
integer-value-str = < a string that matches the rule >
< integer-value >
grouping-stmt = grouping-keyword sep identifier-arg-str optsep
(";" /
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
[status-stmt]
[description-stmt]
[reference-stmt]
*(typedef-stmt / grouping-stmt)
*data-def-stmt
*action-stmt
*notification-stmt
"}") stmtsep
container-stmt = container-keyword sep identifier-arg-str optsep
(";" /
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
[when-stmt]
*if-feature-stmt
*must-stmt
[presence-stmt]
[config-stmt]
[status-stmt]
[description-stmt]
[reference-stmt]
*(typedef-stmt / grouping-stmt)
*data-def-stmt
*action-stmt
*notification-stmt
"}") stmtsep
leaf-stmt = leaf-keyword sep identifier-arg-str optsep
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
[when-stmt]
*if-feature-stmt
type-stmt
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[units-stmt]
*must-stmt
[default-stmt]
[config-stmt]
[mandatory-stmt]
[status-stmt]
[description-stmt]
[reference-stmt]
"}" stmtsep
leaf-list-stmt = leaf-list-keyword sep identifier-arg-str optsep
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
[when-stmt]
*if-feature-stmt
type-stmt stmtsep
[units-stmt]
*must-stmt
*default-stmt
[config-stmt]
[min-elements-stmt]
[max-elements-stmt]
[ordered-by-stmt]
[status-stmt]
[description-stmt]
[reference-stmt]
"}" stmtsep
list-stmt = list-keyword sep identifier-arg-str optsep
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
[when-stmt]
*if-feature-stmt
*must-stmt
[key-stmt]
*unique-stmt
[config-stmt]
[min-elements-stmt]
[max-elements-stmt]
[ordered-by-stmt]
[status-stmt]
[description-stmt]
[reference-stmt]
*(typedef-stmt / grouping-stmt)
1*data-def-stmt
*action-stmt
*notification-stmt
"}" stmtsep
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key-stmt = key-keyword sep key-arg-str stmtend
key-arg-str = < a string that matches the rule >
< key-arg >
key-arg = node-identifier *(sep node-identifier)
unique-stmt = unique-keyword sep unique-arg-str stmtend
unique-arg-str = < a string that matches the rule >
< unique-arg >
unique-arg = descendant-schema-nodeid
*(sep descendant-schema-nodeid)
choice-stmt = choice-keyword sep identifier-arg-str optsep
(";" /
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
[when-stmt]
*if-feature-stmt
[default-stmt]
[config-stmt]
[mandatory-stmt]
[status-stmt]
[description-stmt]
[reference-stmt]
*(short-case-stmt / case-stmt)
"}") stmtsep
short-case-stmt = choice-stmt /
container-stmt /
leaf-stmt /
leaf-list-stmt /
list-stmt /
anydata-stmt /
anyxml-stmt
case-stmt = case-keyword sep identifier-arg-str optsep
(";" /
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
[when-stmt]
*if-feature-stmt
[status-stmt]
[description-stmt]
[reference-stmt]
*data-def-stmt
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"}") stmtsep
anydata-stmt = anydata-keyword sep identifier-arg-str optsep
(";" /
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
[when-stmt]
*if-feature-stmt
*must-stmt
[config-stmt]
[mandatory-stmt]
[status-stmt]
[description-stmt]
[reference-stmt]
"}") stmtsep
anyxml-stmt = anyxml-keyword sep identifier-arg-str optsep
(";" /
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
[when-stmt]
*if-feature-stmt
*must-stmt
[config-stmt]
[mandatory-stmt]
[status-stmt]
[description-stmt]
[reference-stmt]
"}") stmtsep
uses-stmt = uses-keyword sep identifier-ref-arg-str optsep
(";" /
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
[when-stmt]
*if-feature-stmt
[status-stmt]
[description-stmt]
[reference-stmt]
*refine-stmt
*uses-augment-stmt
"}") stmtsep
refine-stmt = refine-keyword sep refine-arg-str optsep
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
*if-feature-stmt
*must-stmt
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[presence-stmt]
*default-stmt
[config-stmt]
[mandatory-stmt]
[min-elements-stmt]
[max-elements-stmt]
[description-stmt]
[reference-stmt]
"}" stmtsep
refine-arg-str = < a string that matches the rule >
< refine-arg >
refine-arg = descendant-schema-nodeid
uses-augment-stmt = augment-keyword sep uses-augment-arg-str optsep
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
[when-stmt]
*if-feature-stmt
[status-stmt]
[description-stmt]
[reference-stmt]
1*(data-def-stmt / case-stmt /
action-stmt / notification-stmt)
"}" stmtsep
uses-augment-arg-str = < a string that matches the rule >
< uses-augment-arg >
uses-augment-arg = descendant-schema-nodeid
augment-stmt = augment-keyword sep augment-arg-str optsep
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
[when-stmt]
*if-feature-stmt
[status-stmt]
[description-stmt]
[reference-stmt]
1*(data-def-stmt / case-stmt /
action-stmt / notification-stmt)
"}" stmtsep
augment-arg-str = < a string that matches the rule >
< augment-arg >
augment-arg = absolute-schema-nodeid
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when-stmt = when-keyword sep string optsep
(";" /
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
[description-stmt]
[reference-stmt]
"}") stmtsep
rpc-stmt = rpc-keyword sep identifier-arg-str optsep
(";" /
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
*if-feature-stmt
[status-stmt]
[description-stmt]
[reference-stmt]
*(typedef-stmt / grouping-stmt)
[input-stmt]
[output-stmt]
"}") stmtsep
action-stmt = action-keyword sep identifier-arg-str optsep
(";" /
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
*if-feature-stmt
[status-stmt]
[description-stmt]
[reference-stmt]
*(typedef-stmt / grouping-stmt)
[input-stmt]
[output-stmt]
"}") stmtsep
input-stmt = input-keyword optsep
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
*must-stmt
*(typedef-stmt / grouping-stmt)
1*data-def-stmt
"}" stmtsep
output-stmt = output-keyword optsep
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
*must-stmt
*(typedef-stmt / grouping-stmt)
1*data-def-stmt
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"}" stmtsep
notification-stmt = notification-keyword sep
identifier-arg-str optsep
(";" /
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
*if-feature-stmt
*must-stmt
[status-stmt]
[description-stmt]
[reference-stmt]
*(typedef-stmt / grouping-stmt)
*data-def-stmt
"}") stmtsep
deviation-stmt = deviation-keyword sep
deviation-arg-str optsep
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
[description-stmt]
[reference-stmt]
(deviate-not-supported-stmt /
1*(deviate-add-stmt /
deviate-replace-stmt /
deviate-delete-stmt))
"}" stmtsep
deviation-arg-str = < a string that matches the rule >
< deviation-arg >
deviation-arg = absolute-schema-nodeid
deviate-not-supported-stmt =
deviate-keyword sep
not-supported-keyword-str stmtend
deviate-add-stmt = deviate-keyword sep add-keyword-str optsep
(";" /
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
[units-stmt]
*must-stmt
*unique-stmt
*default-stmt
[config-stmt]
[mandatory-stmt]
[min-elements-stmt]
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[max-elements-stmt]
"}") stmtsep
deviate-delete-stmt = deviate-keyword sep delete-keyword-str optsep
(";" /
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
[units-stmt]
*must-stmt
*unique-stmt
*default-stmt
"}") stmtsep
deviate-replace-stmt = deviate-keyword sep replace-keyword-str optsep
(";" /
"{" stmtsep
;; these stmts can appear in any order
[type-stmt]
[units-stmt]
[default-stmt]
[config-stmt]
[mandatory-stmt]
[min-elements-stmt]
[max-elements-stmt]
"}") stmtsep
not-supported-keyword-str = < a string that matches the rule >
< not-supported-keyword >
add-keyword-str = < a string that matches the rule >
< add-keyword >
delete-keyword-str = < a string that matches the rule >
< delete-keyword >
replace-keyword-str = < a string that matches the rule >
< replace-keyword >
;; represents the usage of an extension statement
unknown-statement = prefix ":" identifier [sep string] optsep
(";" /
"{" optsep
*((yang-stmt / unknown-statement) optsep)
"}") stmtsep
yang-stmt = action-stmt /
anydata-stmt /
anyxml-stmt /
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argument-stmt /
augment-stmt /
base-stmt /
belongs-to-stmt /
bit-stmt /
case-stmt /
choice-stmt /
config-stmt /
contact-stmt /
container-stmt /
default-stmt /
description-stmt /
deviate-add-stmt /
deviate-delete-stmt /
deviate-not-supported-stmt /
deviate-replace-stmt /
deviation-stmt /
enum-stmt /
error-app-tag-stmt /
error-message-stmt /
extension-stmt /
feature-stmt /
fraction-digits-stmt /
grouping-stmt /
identity-stmt /
if-feature-stmt /
import-stmt /
include-stmt /
input-stmt /
key-stmt /
leaf-list-stmt /
leaf-stmt /
length-stmt /
list-stmt /
mandatory-stmt /
max-elements-stmt /
min-elements-stmt /
modifier-stmt /
module-stmt /
must-stmt /
namespace-stmt /
notification-stmt /
ordered-by-stmt /
organization-stmt /
output-stmt /
path-stmt /
pattern-stmt /
position-stmt /
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prefix-stmt /
presence-stmt /
range-stmt /
reference-stmt /
refine-stmt /
require-instance-stmt /
revision-date-stmt /
revision-stmt /
rpc-stmt /
status-stmt /
submodule-stmt /
typedef-stmt /
type-stmt /
unique-stmt /
units-stmt /
uses-augment-stmt /
uses-stmt /
value-stmt /
when-stmt /
yang-version-stmt /
yin-element-stmt
;; Ranges
range-arg-str = < a string that matches the rule >
< range-arg >
range-arg = range-part *(optsep "|" optsep range-part)
range-part = range-boundary
[optsep ".." optsep range-boundary]
range-boundary = min-keyword / max-keyword /
integer-value / decimal-value
;; Lengths
length-arg-str = < a string that matches the rule >
< length-arg >
length-arg = length-part *(optsep "|" optsep length-part)
length-part = length-boundary
[optsep ".." optsep length-boundary]
length-boundary = min-keyword / max-keyword /
non-negative-integer-value
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;; Date
date-arg-str = < a string that matches the rule >
< date-arg >
date-arg = 4DIGIT "-" 2DIGIT "-" 2DIGIT
;; Schema Node Identifiers
schema-nodeid = absolute-schema-nodeid /
descendant-schema-nodeid
absolute-schema-nodeid = 1*("/" node-identifier)
descendant-schema-nodeid =
node-identifier
[absolute-schema-nodeid]
node-identifier = [prefix ":"] identifier
;; Instance Identifiers
instance-identifier = 1*("/" (node-identifier
[1*key-predicate /
leaf-list-predicate /
pos]))
key-predicate = "[" *WSP key-predicate-expr *WSP "]"
key-predicate-expr = node-identifier *WSP "=" *WSP quoted-string
leaf-list-predicate = "[" *WSP leaf-list-predicate-expr *WSP "]"
leaf-list-predicate-expr = "." *WSP "=" *WSP quoted-string
pos = "[" *WSP positive-integer-value *WSP "]"
quoted-string = (DQUOTE string DQUOTE) / (SQUOTE string SQUOTE)
;; leafref path
path-arg-str = < a string that matches the rule >
< path-arg >
path-arg = absolute-path / relative-path
absolute-path = 1*("/" (node-identifier *path-predicate))
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relative-path = 1*("../") descendant-path
descendant-path = node-identifier
[*path-predicate absolute-path]
path-predicate = "[" *WSP path-equality-expr *WSP "]"
path-equality-expr = node-identifier *WSP "=" *WSP path-key-expr
path-key-expr = current-function-invocation *WSP "/" *WSP
rel-path-keyexpr
rel-path-keyexpr = 1*(".." *WSP "/" *WSP)
*(node-identifier *WSP "/" *WSP)
node-identifier
;;; Keywords, using RFC 7405 syntax for case-sensitive strings
;; statement keywords
action-keyword = %s"action"
anydata-keyword = %s"anydata"
anyxml-keyword = %s"anyxml"
argument-keyword = %s"argument"
augment-keyword = %s"augment"
base-keyword = %s"base"
belongs-to-keyword = %s"belongs-to"
bit-keyword = %s"bit"
case-keyword = %s"case"
choice-keyword = %s"choice"
config-keyword = %s"config"
contact-keyword = %s"contact"
container-keyword = %s"container"
default-keyword = %s"default"
description-keyword = %s"description"
enum-keyword = %s"enum"
error-app-tag-keyword = %s"error-app-tag"
error-message-keyword = %s"error-message"
extension-keyword = %s"extension"
deviation-keyword = %s"deviation"
deviate-keyword = %s"deviate"
feature-keyword = %s"feature"
fraction-digits-keyword = %s"fraction-digits"
grouping-keyword = %s"grouping"
identity-keyword = %s"identity"
if-feature-keyword = %s"if-feature"
import-keyword = %s"import"
include-keyword = %s"include"
input-keyword = %s"input"
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key-keyword = %s"key"
leaf-keyword = %s"leaf"
leaf-list-keyword = %s"leaf-list"
length-keyword = %s"length"
list-keyword = %s"list"
mandatory-keyword = %s"mandatory"
max-elements-keyword = %s"max-elements"
min-elements-keyword = %s"min-elements"
modifier-keyword = %s"modifier"
module-keyword = %s"module"
must-keyword = %s"must"
namespace-keyword = %s"namespace"
notification-keyword = %s"notification"
ordered-by-keyword = %s"ordered-by"
organization-keyword = %s"organization"
output-keyword = %s"output"
path-keyword = %s"path"
pattern-keyword = %s"pattern"
position-keyword = %s"position"
prefix-keyword = %s"prefix"
presence-keyword = %s"presence"
range-keyword = %s"range"
reference-keyword = %s"reference"
refine-keyword = %s"refine"
require-instance-keyword = %s"require-instance"
revision-keyword = %s"revision"
revision-date-keyword = %s"revision-date"
rpc-keyword = %s"rpc"
status-keyword = %s"status"
submodule-keyword = %s"submodule"
type-keyword = %s"type"
typedef-keyword = %s"typedef"
unique-keyword = %s"unique"
units-keyword = %s"units"
uses-keyword = %s"uses"
value-keyword = %s"value"
when-keyword = %s"when"
yang-version-keyword = %s"yang-version"
yin-element-keyword = %s"yin-element"
;; other keywords
add-keyword = %s"add"
current-keyword = %s"current"
delete-keyword = %s"delete"
deprecated-keyword = %s"deprecated"
false-keyword = %s"false"
invert-match-keyword = %s"invert-match"
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max-keyword = %s"max"
min-keyword = %s"min"
not-supported-keyword = %s"not-supported"
obsolete-keyword = %s"obsolete"
replace-keyword = %s"replace"
system-keyword = %s"system"
true-keyword = %s"true"
unbounded-keyword = %s"unbounded"
user-keyword = %s"user"
and-keyword = %s"and"
or-keyword = %s"or"
not-keyword = %s"not"
current-function-invocation = current-keyword *WSP "(" *WSP ")"
;;; Basic Rules
prefix-arg-str = < a string that matches the rule >
< prefix-arg >
prefix-arg = prefix
prefix = identifier
identifier-arg-str = < a string that matches the rule >
< identifier-arg >
identifier-arg = identifier
;; An identifier MUST NOT start with (('X'|'x') ('M'|'m') ('L'|'l'))
identifier = (ALPHA / "_")
*(ALPHA / DIGIT / "_" / "-" / ".")
identifier-ref-arg-str = < a string that matches the rule >
< identifier-ref-arg >
identifier-ref-arg = identifier-ref
identifier-ref = [prefix ":"] identifier
string = < an unquoted string as returned by >
< the scanner, that matches the rule >
< yang-string >
yang-string = *yang-char
;; any Unicode or ISO/IEC 10646 character including tab, carriage
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;; return, and line feed, but excluding the other C0 control
;; characters, the surrogate blocks, and the noncharacters.
yang-char = %x09 / %x0A / %x0D / %x20-D7FF /
; exclude surrogate blocks %xD800-DFFF
%xE000-FDCF / ; exclude noncharacters %xFDD0-FDEF
%xFDF0-FFFD / ; exclude noncharacters %xFFFE-FFFF
%x10000-1FFFD / ; exclude noncharacters %x1FFFE-1FFFF
%x20000-2FFFD / ; exclude noncharacters %x2FFFE-2FFFF
%x30000-3FFFD / ; exclude noncharacters %x3FFFE-3FFFF
%x40000-4FFFD / ; exclude noncharacters %x4FFFE-4FFFF
%x50000-5FFFD / ; exclude noncharacters %x5FFFE-5FFFF
%x60000-6FFFD / ; exclude noncharacters %x6FFFE-6FFFF
%x70000-7FFFD / ; exclude noncharacters %x7FFFE-7FFFF
%x80000-8FFFD / ; exclude noncharacters %x8FFFE-8FFFF
%x90000-9FFFD / ; exclude noncharacters %x9FFFE-9FFFF
%xA0000-AFFFD / ; exclude noncharacters %xAFFFE-AFFFF
%xB0000-BFFFD / ; exclude noncharacters %xBFFFE-BFFFF
%xC0000-CFFFD / ; exclude noncharacters %xCFFFE-CFFFF
%xD0000-DFFFD / ; exclude noncharacters %xDFFFE-DFFFF
%xE0000-EFFFD / ; exclude noncharacters %xEFFFE-EFFFF
%xF0000-FFFFD / ; exclude noncharacters %xFFFFE-FFFFF
%x100000-10FFFD ; exclude noncharacters %x10FFFE-10FFFF
integer-value = ("-" non-negative-integer-value) /
non-negative-integer-value
non-negative-integer-value = "0" / positive-integer-value
positive-integer-value = (non-zero-digit *DIGIT)
zero-integer-value = 1*DIGIT
stmtend = optsep (";" / "{" stmtsep "}") stmtsep
sep = 1*(WSP / line-break)
; unconditional separator
optsep = *(WSP / line-break)
stmtsep = *(WSP / line-break / unknown-statement)
line-break = CRLF / LF
non-zero-digit = %x31-39
decimal-value = integer-value ("." zero-integer-value)
SQUOTE = %x27
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; single quote
;;; RFC 5234 core rules.
ALPHA = %x41-5A / %x61-7A
; A-Z / a-z
CR = %x0D
; carriage return
CRLF = CR LF
; Internet standard new line
DIGIT = %x30-39
; 0-9
DQUOTE = %x22
; double quote
HTAB = %x09
; horizontal tab
LF = %x0A
; linefeed
SP = %x20
; space
WSP = SP / HTAB
; whitespace
<CODE ENDS>
15. NETCONF Error Responses for YANG Related Errors
A number of NETCONF error responses are defined for error cases
related to the data-model handling. If the relevant YANG statement
has an "error-app-tag" substatement, that overrides the default value
specified below.
15.1. Error Message for Data That Violates a unique Statement
If a NETCONF operation would result in configuration data where a
unique constraint is invalidated, the following error is returned:
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error-tag: operation-failed
error-app-tag: data-not-unique
error-info: <non-unique>: Contains an instance identifier that
points to a leaf that invalidates the unique
constraint. This element is present once for each
non-unique leaf.
The <non-unique> element is in the YANG
namespace ("urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:1").
15.2. Error Message for Data That Violates a max-elements Statement
If a NETCONF operation would result in configuration data where a
list or a leaf-list would have too many entries the following error
is returned:
error-tag: operation-failed
error-app-tag: too-many-elements
This error is returned once, with the error-path identifying the list
node, even if there are more than one extra child present.
15.3. Error Message for Data That Violates a min-elements Statement
If a NETCONF operation would result in configuration data where a
list or a leaf-list would have too few entries the following error is
returned:
error-tag: operation-failed
error-app-tag: too-few-elements
This error is returned once, with the error-path identifying the list
node, even if there are more than one child missing.
15.4. Error Message for Data That Violates a must Statement
If a NETCONF operation would result in configuration data where the
restrictions imposed by a "must" statement is violated the following
error is returned, unless a specific "error-app-tag" substatement is
present for the "must" statement.
error-tag: operation-failed
error-app-tag: must-violation
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15.5. Error Message for Data That Violates a require-instance Statement
If a NETCONF operation would result in configuration data where a
leaf of type "instance-identifier" or "leafref" marked with require-
instance "true" refers to a non-existing instance, the following
error is returned:
error-tag: data-missing
error-app-tag: instance-required
error-path: Path to the instance-identifier or leafref leaf.
15.6. Error Message for Data That Violates a mandatory choice Statement
If a NETCONF operation would result in configuration data where no
nodes exists in a mandatory choice, the following error is returned:
error-tag: data-missing
error-app-tag: missing-choice
error-path: Path to the element with the missing choice.
error-info: <missing-choice>: Contains the name of the missing
mandatory choice.
The <missing-choice> element is in the YANG
namespace ("urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:1").
15.7. Error Message for the "insert" Operation
If the "insert" and "key" or "value" attributes are used in an
<edit-config> for a list or leaf-list node, and the "key" or "value"
refers to a non-existing instance, the following error is returned:
error-tag: bad-attribute
error-app-tag: missing-instance
16. IANA Considerations
This document registers one capability identifier URN from the
"Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF) Capability URNs" registry:
Index Capability Identifier
------------- ---------------------------------------------------
:yang-library urn:ietf:params:netconf:capability:yang-library:1.0
17. Security Considerations
This document defines a language with which to write and read
descriptions of management information. The language itself has no
security impact on the Internet.
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The same considerations are relevant as for the base NETCONF protocol
(see [RFC6241], Section 9).
Data modeled in YANG might contain sensitive information. RPCs or
notifications defined in YANG might transfer sensitive information.
Security issues are related to the usage of data modeled in YANG.
Such issues shall be dealt with in documents describing the data
models and documents about the interfaces used to manipulate the data
e.g., the NETCONF documents.
Data modeled in YANG is dependent upon:
o the security of the transmission infrastructure used to send
sensitive information.
o the security of applications that store or release such sensitive
information.
o adequate authentication and access control mechanisms to restrict
the usage of sensitive data.
YANG parsers need to be robust with respect to malformed documents.
Reading malformed documents from unknown or untrusted sources could
result in an attacker gaining privileges of the user running the YANG
parser. In an extreme situation, the entire machine could be
compromised.
18. Contributors
The following people all contributed significantly to the initial
YANG document:
- Andy Bierman (YumaWorks)
- Balazs Lengyel (Ericsson)
- David Partain (Ericsson)
- Juergen Schoenwaelder (Jacobs University Bremen)
- Phil Shafer (Juniper Networks)
19. Acknowledgements
The editor wishes to thank the following individuals, who all
provided helpful comments on various versions of this document:
Mehmet Ersue, Washam Fan, Joel Halpern, Per Hedeland, Leif Johansson,
Ladislav Lhotka, Gerhard Muenz, Peyman Owladi, Tom Petch, Randy
Presuhn, David Reid, Jernej Tuljak, Kent Watsen, Bert Wijnen, and
Robert Wilton.
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20. ChangeLog
RFC Editor: remove this section upon publication as an RFC.
20.1. Version -10
o Made single and double quote characters illegal in unquoted
strings.
o Allow "description" and "reference" in "import" and "include".
o Removed redundant NETCONF Error Message subsection.
o Editorial fixes and clarifications after second WGLC reviews.
20.2. Version -09
o Editorial fixes and clarifications after WGLC reviews.
o when statement context clarification.
o Allow "augment" to add conditionally mandatory nodes (see
Section 7.17).
o Allow non-unique config false leaf-lists.
o Made handling of choice and false "when" expressions non-NETCONF
specific.
o Changed the function signatures for "derived-from" and
"derived-from-or-self".
20.3. Version -08
o Fixes after WGLC reviews.
20.4. Version -07
o Fixes after WG review.
o Included solution Y60-01.
20.5. Version -06
o Included solution Y45-05.
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20.6. Version -05
o Included solution Y18-01.
o Included solution Y25-02 (parts of it was included in -04).
o Included solution Y34-05.
o Included solution Y36-03.
20.7. Version -04
o Incorporated changes to ABNF grammar after review and errata for
RFC 6020.
o Included solution Y16-03.
o Included solution Y49-04.
o Included solution Y58-01.
o Included solution Y59-01.
20.8. Version -03
o Incorporated changes from WG reviews.
o Included solution Y05-01.
o Included solution Y10-01.
o Included solution Y13-01.
o Included solution Y28-02.
o Included solution Y55-01 (parts of it was included in -01).
20.9. Version -02
o Included solution Y02-01.
o Included solution Y04-02.
o Included solution Y11-01.
o Included solution Y41-01.
o Included solution Y56-01.
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20.10. Version -01
o Included solution Y01-01.
o Included solution Y03-01.
o Included solution Y06-02.
o Included solution Y07-01.
o Included solution Y14-01.
o Included solution Y20-01.
o Included solution Y23-01.
o Included solution Y29-01.
o Included solution Y30-01.
o Included solution Y31-01.
o Included solution Y35-01.
20.11. Version -00
o Applied all reported errata for RFC 6020.
o Updated YANG version to 1.1, and made the "yang-version" statement
mandatory.
21. References
21.1. Normative References
[I-D.ietf-netconf-yang-library]
Bierman, A., Bjorklund, M., and K. Watsen, "YANG Module
Library", draft-ietf-netconf-yang-library-06 (work in
progress), April 2016.
[ISO.10646]
International Organization for Standardization,
"Information Technology - Universal Multiple-Octet Coded
Character Set (UCS)", ISO Standard 10646:2003, 2003.
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[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC3629] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, DOI 10.17487/RFC3629, November
2003, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3629>.
[RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
RFC 3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3986>.
[RFC4648] Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data
Encodings", RFC 4648, DOI 10.17487/RFC4648, October 2006,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4648>.
[RFC5234] Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5234, January 2008,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5234>.
[RFC5277] Chisholm, S. and H. Trevino, "NETCONF Event
Notifications", RFC 5277, DOI 10.17487/RFC5277, July 2008,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5277>.
[RFC6241] Enns, R., Ed., Bjorklund, M., Ed., Schoenwaelder, J., Ed.,
and A. Bierman, Ed., "Network Configuration Protocol
(NETCONF)", RFC 6241, DOI 10.17487/RFC6241, June 2011,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6241>.
[RFC7405] Kyzivat, P., "Case-Sensitive String Support in ABNF",
RFC 7405, DOI 10.17487/RFC7405, December 2014,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7405>.
[XML-NAMES]
Bray, T., Hollander, D., Layman, A., Tobin, R., and H.
Thompson, "Namespaces in XML 1.0 (Third Edition)", World
Wide Web Consortium Recommendation REC-xml-names-20091208,
December 2009,
<http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-xml-names-20091208>.
[XPATH] Clark, J. and S. DeRose, "XML Path Language (XPath)
Version 1.0", World Wide Web Consortium Recommendation
REC-xpath-19991116, November 1999,
<http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xpath-19991116>.
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[XSD-TYPES]
Biron, P. and A. Malhotra, "XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes
Second Edition", World Wide Web Consortium Recommendation
REC-xmlschema-2-20041028, October 2004,
<http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xmlschema-2-20041028>.
21.2. Informative References
[I-D.ietf-netconf-restconf]
Bierman, A., Bjorklund, M., and K. Watsen, "RESTCONF
Protocol", draft-ietf-netconf-restconf-13 (work in
progress), April 2016.
[I-D.ietf-netmod-yang-json]
Lhotka, L., "JSON Encoding of Data Modeled with YANG",
draft-ietf-netmod-yang-json-10 (work in progress), March
2016.
[I-D.vanderstok-core-comi]
Stok, P. and A. Bierman, "CoAP Management Interface",
draft-vanderstok-core-comi-09 (work in progress), March
2016.
[RFC2578] McCloghrie, K., Ed., Perkins, D., Ed., and J.
Schoenwaelder, Ed., "Structure of Management Information
Version 2 (SMIv2)", STD 58, RFC 2578,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2578, April 1999,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2578>.
[RFC2579] McCloghrie, K., Ed., Perkins, D., Ed., and J.
Schoenwaelder, Ed., "Textual Conventions for SMIv2",
STD 58, RFC 2579, DOI 10.17487/RFC2579, April 1999,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2579>.
[RFC3780] Strauss, F. and J. Schoenwaelder, "SMIng - Next Generation
Structure of Management Information", RFC 3780,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3780, May 2004,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3780>.
[RFC4844] Daigle, L., Ed. and Internet Architecture Board, "The RFC
Series and RFC Editor", RFC 4844, DOI 10.17487/RFC4844,
July 2007, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4844>.
[RFC6020] Bjorklund, M., Ed., "YANG - A Data Modeling Language for
the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)", RFC 6020,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6020, October 2010,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6020>.
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[RFC6643] Schoenwaelder, J., "Translation of Structure of Management
Information Version 2 (SMIv2) MIB Modules to YANG
Modules", RFC 6643, DOI 10.17487/RFC6643, July 2012,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6643>.
[RFC6691] Borman, D., "TCP Options and Maximum Segment Size (MSS)",
RFC 6691, DOI 10.17487/RFC6691, July 2012,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6691>.
[XPATH2.0]
Berglund, A., Boag, S., Chamberlin, D., Fernandez, M.,
Kay, M., Robie, J., and J. Simeon, "XML Path Language
(XPath) 2.0 (Second Edition)", World Wide Web Consortium
Recommendation REC-xpath20-20101214, December 2010,
<http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/REC-xpath20-20101214>.
[XSLT] Clark, J., "XSL Transformations (XSLT) Version 1.0", World
Wide Web Consortium Recommendation REC-xslt-19991116,
November 1999,
<http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xslt-19991116>.
Author's Address
Martin Bjorklund (editor)
Tail-f Systems
Email: mbj@tail-f.com
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