Internet DRAFT - draft-ietf-pals-ple

draft-ietf-pals-ple







Network Working Group                                        S. Gringeri
Internet-Draft                                              J. Whittaker
Intended status: Standards Track                                 Verizon
Expires: 23 April 2024                                        N. Leymann
                                                        Deutsche Telekom
                                                       C. Schmutzer, Ed.
                                                     Cisco Systems, Inc.
                                                                C. Brown
                                                       Ciena Corporation
                                                         21 October 2023


          Private Line Emulation over Packet Switched Networks
                         draft-ietf-pals-ple-01

Abstract

   This document describes a method for encapsulating high-speed bit-
   streams as virtual private wire services (VPWS) over packet switched
   networks (PSN) providing complete signal transport transparency.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on 23 April 2024.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2023 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
   and restrictions with respect to this document.  Code Components



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   extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
   described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
   provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction and Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Requirements Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Terminology and Reference Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     3.1.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.2.  Reference Models  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   4.  Emulated Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     4.1.  Generic PLE Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     4.2.  Ethernet services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       4.2.1.  10GBASE-R and 25GBASE-R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       4.2.2.  40GBASE-R, 50GBASE-R and 100GBASE-R . . . . . . . . .   9
       4.2.3.  200GBASE-R and 400GBASE-R . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       4.2.4.  Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE) . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     4.3.  SONET/SDH Services  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     4.4.  Fibre Channel Services  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
       4.4.1.  1GFC, 2GFC, 4GFC and 8GFC . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
       4.4.2.  16GFC and 32GFC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       4.4.3.  64GFC and 4-lane 128GFC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     4.5.  OTN Services  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   5.  PLE Encapsulation Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     5.1.  PSN and VPWS Demultiplexing Headers . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     5.2.  PLE Header  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       5.2.1.  PLE Control Word  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       5.2.2.  RTP Header  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   6.  PLE Payload Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     6.1.  Basic Payload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     6.2.  Byte aligned Payload  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   7.  PLE Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     7.1.  Common Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     7.2.  PLE IWF Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
       7.2.1.  PSN-bound Encapsulation Behavior  . . . . . . . . . .  21
       7.2.2.  CE-bound Decapsulation Behavior . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     7.3.  PLE Performance Monitoring  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   8.  QoS and Congestion Control  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
   9.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
   10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
   11. Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
   12. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
     12.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
     12.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
   Contributors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29




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1.  Introduction and Motivation

   This document describes a method called Private Line Emulation (PLE)
   for encapsulating high-speed bit-streams as Virtual Private Wire
   Service (VPWS) over Packet Switched Networks (PSN).  This emulation
   suits applications where signal transparency is required and data or
   framing structure interpretation of the PE would be counter
   productive.

   One example is two Ethernet connected CEs and the need for
   synchronous Ethernet operation between them without the intermediate
   PEs interfering or addressing concerns about Ethernet control
   protocol transparency for carrier Ethernet services, beyond the
   behavior definitions of MEF specifications.

   Another example would be a Storage Area Networking (SAN) extension
   between two data centers.  Operating at a bit-stream level allows for
   a connection between Fibre Channel switches without interfering with
   any of the Fibre Channel protocol mechanisms.

   Also SONET/SDH add/drop multiplexers or cross-connects can be
   interconnected without interfering with the multiplexing structures
   and networks mechanisms.  This is a key distinction to CEP defined in
   [RFC4842] where demultiplexing and multiplexing is desired in order
   to operate per SONET Synchronous Payload Envelope (SPE) and Virtual
   Tributary (VT) or SDH Virtual Container (VC).  Said in another way,
   PLE does provide an independent layer network underneath the SONET/
   SDH layer network, whereas CEP does operate at the same level and
   peer with the SONET/SDH layer network.

   The mechanisms described in this document follow principals similar
   to [RFC4553] but expanding the applicability beyond the narrow set of
   PDH interfaces (T1, E1, T3 and E3) and allow the transport of signals
   from many different technologies such as Ethernet, Fibre Channel,
   SONET/SDH [GR253]/[G.707] and OTN [G.709] at gigabit speeds by
   treating them as bit-stream payload defined in sections 3.3.3 and
   3.3.4 of [RFC3985].

2.  Requirements Notation

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   BCP14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

3.  Terminology and Reference Model




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3.1.  Terminology

   *  ACH - Associated Channel Header

   *  AIS - Alarm Indication Signal

   *  CBR - Constant Bit Rate

   *  CE - Customer Edge

   *  CSRC - Contributing SouRCe

   *  ES - Errored Second

   *  FEC - Forward Error Correction

   *  IWF - InterWorking Function

   *  LDP - Label Distribution Protocol

   *  LF - Local Fault

   *  MPLS - Multi Protocol Label Switching

   *  NSP - Native Service Processor

   *  ODUk - Optical Data Unit k

   *  OTN - Optical Transport Network

   *  OTUk - Optical Transport Unit k

   *  PCS - Physical Coding Sublayer

   *  PE - Provider Edge

   *  PLE - Private Line Emulation

   *  PLOS - Packet Loss Of Signal

   *  PSN - Packet Switched Network

   *  P2P - Point-to-Point

   *  QOS - Quality Of Service

   *  RSVP-TE - Resource Reservation Protocol Traffic Engineering




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   *  RTCP - RTP Control Protocol

   *  RTP - Realtime Transport Protocol

   *  SAN - Storage Area Network

   *  SES - Severely Errored Seconds

   *  SDH - Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

   *  SPE - Synchronous Payload Envelope

   *  SRTP - Secure Realtime Transport Protocol

   *  SRv6 - Segment Routing over IPv6 Dataplane

   *  SSRC - Synchronization SouRCe

   *  SONET - Synchronous Optical Network

   *  TCP - Transmission Control Protocol

   *  UAS - Unavailable Seconds

   *  VPWS - Virtual Private Wire Service

   *  VC - Virtual Circuit

   *  VT - Virtual Tributary

   Similar to [RFC4553] and [RFC5086] the term Interworking Function
   (IWF) is used to describe the functional block that encapsulates bit
   streams into PLE packets and in the reverse direction decapsulates
   PLE packets and reconstructs bit streams.

3.2.  Reference Models

   The generic reference model defined in Section 4.1 of [RFC4664] and
   Section 4.1 of [RFC3985] does apply to PLE.  Further the model
   defined in Section 4.2 of [RFC3985] and in particular the concept of
   a Native Service Processing (NSP) function defined in Section 4.2.2
   of [RFC3985] does apply to PLE as well.  The resulting reference
   model for PLE is illustrated in Figure 1








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                   |<--- p2p L2VPN service -->|
                   |                          |
                   |     |<-PSN tunnel->|     |
                   v     v              v     v
               +---------+              +---------+
               |   PE1   |==============|   PE2   |
               +---+-----+              +-----+---+
   +-----+     | N |     |              |     | N |     +-----+
   | CE1 |-----| S | IWF |.....VPWS.....| IWF | S |-----| CE2 |
   +-----+  ^  | P |     |              |     | P |  ^  +-----+
            |  +---+-----+              +-----+---+  |
     CE1 physical  ^                          ^  CE2 physical
      interface    |                          |   interface
                   |<--- emulated service --->|
                   |                          |
               attachment                 attachment
                circuit                    circuit

                       Figure 1: PLE Reference Model

   PLE embraces the minimum intervention principle outlined in
   Section 3.3.5 of [RFC3985] whereas the data is flowing through the
   PLE encapsulation layer as received without modifications.

   For some service types the NSP function is responsible for performing
   operations on the native data received from the CE.  Examples are
   terminating Forward Error Correction (FEC), terminating the OTUk
   layer for OTN or dealing with multi-lane processing.  After the NSP
   the IWF is generating the payload of the VPWS which is carried via a
   PSN tunnel.

                     J
                     |                                           G
                     |                                           |
                     | +-----+                 +-----+           v
      +-----+        v |- - -|=================|- - -|          +-----+
      |     |<---------|.............................|<---------|     |
      | CE1 |          | PE1 |       VPWS      | PE2 |          | CE2 |
      |     |--------->|.............................|--------->|     |
      +-----+          |- - -|=================|- - -| ^        +-----+
           ^           +-----+                 +-----+ |
           |              ^ C                   D ^    |
           A              |                       |    |
                          +-----------+-----------+    E
                                      |
                                     +-+
                                     |I|
                                     +-+



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                 Figure 2: Relative Network Scenario Timing

   To allow the clock of the transported signal to be carried across the
   PLE domain in a transparent way the network synchronization reference
   model and deployment scenario outlined in Section 4.3.2 of [RFC4197]
   is applicable.

   The local oscillators C of PE1 and D of PE2 are locked to a common
   clock I.

   As illustrated in Figure 2, the attachment circuit clock E is
   generated by PE2 via a differential clock recovery method in
   reference to the common clock I.  For this to work the difference
   between clock A and clock C (locked to I) MUST be explicitly
   transferred from PE1 to PE2 using the timestamp inside the RTP
   header.

   For the reverse direction PE1 does generate the attachment circuit
   clock J and the clock difference between G and D (locked to I)
   transferred from PE2 to PE1.

   The method used to lock clocks C and D to the common clock I is out
   of scope of this document, but there are already several well
   established concepts for achieving frequency synchronization
   available.

   While using external timing inputs (aka BITS) or synchronous Ethernet
   as defined in [G.8261] the characteristics and limits defined in
   [G.8262] have to be considered.

   While relying on precision time protocol (PTP) as defined in
   [G.8265.1], the network limits defined in [G.8261.1] have to be
   considered.

4.  Emulated Services

   This specification does describe the emulation of services from a
   wide range of technologies such as TDM, Ethernet, Fibre Channel or
   OTN as bit stream or structured bit stream as defined in
   Section 3.3.3 of [RFC3985] and Section 3.3.4 of [RFC3985].

4.1.  Generic PLE Service

   The generic PLE service is an example of the bit stream defined in
   Section 3.3.3 of [RFC3985].






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   Under the assumption that the CE-bound IWF is not responsible for any
   service specific operation, a bit stream of any rate can be carried
   using the generic PLE payload.

   There is no NSP function present for this service.

4.2.  Ethernet services

   Ethernet services are special cases of the structured bit stream
   defined in Section 3.3.4 of [RFC3985].

   IEEE has defined several layers for Ethernet in [IEEE802.3].
   Emulation is operating at the physical (PHY) layer, more precisely at
   the Physical Subcoding Layer (PCS).

   Over time many different Ethernet interface types have been specified
   in [IEEE802.3] with a varying set of characteristics such as optional
   vs mandatory FEC and single-lane vs multi-lane transmission.

   All Ethernet services are leveraging the basic PLE payload and
   interface specific mechanisms are confined to the respective service
   specific NSP functions.

4.2.1.  10GBASE-R and 25GBASE-R

   The PCS layers of 10GBASE-R defined in clause 49 and 25GBASE-R
   defined in clause 107 of [IEEE802.3] are based on a 64B/66B code.

   [IEEE802.3] clauses 74 and 108 do define an optional FEC layer, if
   present the PSN-bound NSP function MUST terminate the FEC and the CE-
   bound NSP function MUST generate the FEC.

   The PSN-bound NSP function is also responsible to detect 10GBASE-R
   and 25GBASE-R specific attachment circuit faults such as LOS and sync
   loss.

   The PSN-bound IWF is mapping the scrambled 64B/66B code stream into
   the basic PLE payload.

   The CE-bound NSP function MUST perform

   *  PCS code sync

   *  descrambling

   in order to properly





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   *  transform invalid 66B code blocks into proper error control
      characters /E/

   *  insert Local Fault (LF) ordered sets when the CE-bound IWF is in
      PLOS state or when PLE packets are received with the L-bit being
      set

   Note: Invalid 66B code blocks typically are a consequence of the CE-
   bound IWF inserting replacement data in case of lost PLE packets, or
   if the far-end PSN-bound NSP function did set sync headers to 11 due
   to uncorrectable FEC errors.

   Before sending the bit stream to the CE, the CE-bound NSP function
   MUST also scramble the 64B/66B code stream.

4.2.2.  40GBASE-R, 50GBASE-R and 100GBASE-R

   The PCS layers of 40GBASE-R and 100GBASE-R defined in clause 82 and
   of 50GBASE-R defined in clause 133 of [IEEE802.3] are based on a
   64B/66B code transmitted over multiple lanes.

   [IEEE802.3] clauses 74 and 91 do define an optional FEC layer, if
   present the PSN-bound NSP function MUST terminate the FEC and the CE-
   bound NSP function MUST generate the FEC.

   To gain access to the scrambled 64B/66B code stream the PSN-bound NSP
   further MUST perform

   *  block synchronization

   *  PCS lane de-skew

   *  PCS lane reordering

   The PSN-bound NSP function is also responsible to detect 40GBASE-R,
   50GBASE-R and 100GBASE-R specific attachment circuit faults such as
   LOS and loss of alignment.

   The PSN-bound IWF is mapping the serialized, scrambled 64B/66B code
   stream including the alignment markers into the basic PLE payload.

   The CE-bound NSP function MUST perform

   *  PCS code sync

   *  alignment marker removal

   *  descrambling



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   in order to properly

   *  transform invalid 66B code blocks into proper error control
      characters /E/

   *  insert Local Fault (LF) ordered sets when the CE-bound IWF is in
      PLOS state or when PLE packets are received with the L-bit being
      set

   Note: Invalid 66B code blocks typically are a consequence of the CE-
   bound IWF inserting replacement data in case of lost PLE packets, or
   if the far-end PSN-bound NSP function did set sync headers to 11 due
   to uncorrectable FEC errors.

   When sending the bit stream to the CE, the CE-bound NSP function MUST
   also perform

   *  scrambling of the 64B/66B code

   *  block distribution

   *  alignment marker insertion

4.2.3.  200GBASE-R and 400GBASE-R

   The PCS layers of 200GBASE-R and 400GBASE-R defined in clause 119 of
   [IEEE802.3] are based on a 64B/66B code transcoded to a 256B/257B
   code to reduce the overhead and make room for a mandatory FEC.

   To gain access to the 64B/66B code stream the PSN-bound NSP further
   MUST perform

   *  alignment lock and de-skew

   *  PCS Lane reordering and de-interleaving

   *  FEC decoding

   *  post-FEC interleaving

   *  alignment marker removal

   *  descrambling

   *  reverse transcoding from 256B/257B to 64B/66B






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   Further the PSN-bound NSP MUST perform rate compensation and
   scrambling before the PSN-bound IWF is mapping the same into the
   basic PLE payload.

   Rate compensation is applied so that the rate of the 66B encoded bit
   stream carried by PLE is 528/544 times the nominal bitrate of the
   200GBASE-R or 400GBASE-R at the PMA service interface.  X number of
   66 byte long rate compensation blocks are inserted every X*20479
   number of 66B client blocks.  For 200GBASE-R the value of X is 16 and
   for 400GBASE-R the value of X is 32.  Rate compensation blocks are
   special 66B control characters of type 0x00 that can easily be
   searched for by the CE-bound IWF in order to remove them.

   The PSN-bound NSP function is also responsible to detect 200GBASE-R
   and 400GBASE-R specific attachment circuit faults such as LOS and
   loss of alignment.

   The CE-bound NSP function MUST perform

   *  PCS code sync

   *  descrambling

   *  rate compensation block removal

   in order to properly

   *  transform invalid 66B code blocks into proper error control
      characters /E/

   *  insert Local Fault (LF) ordered sets when the CE-bound IWF is in
      PLOS state or when PLE packets are received with the L-bit being
      set

   Note: Invalid 66B code blocks typically are a consequence of the CE-
   bound IWF inserting replacement data in case of lost PLE packets, or
   if the far-end PSN-bound NSP function did set sync headers to 11 due
   to uncorrectable FEC errors.

   When sending the bit stream to the CE, the CE-bound NSP function MUST
   also perform

   *  transcoding from 64B/66B to 256B/257B

   *  scrambling

   *  alignment marker insertion




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   *  pre-FEC distribution

   *  FEC encoding

   *  PCS Lane distribution

4.2.4.  Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE)

   Section 78 of [IEEE802.3] does define the optional Low Power Idle
   (LPI) capability for Ethernet.  Two modes are defined

   *  deep sleep

   *  fast wake

   Deep sleep mode is not compatible with PLE due to the CE ceasing
   transmission.  Hence there is no support for LPI for 10GBASE-R
   services across PLE.

   When in fast wake mode the CE transmits /LI/ control code blocks
   instead of /I/ control code blocks and therefore PLE is agnostic to
   it.  For 25GBASE-R and higher services across PLE, LPI is supported
   as only fast wake mode is applicable.

4.3.  SONET/SDH Services

   SONET/SDH services are special cases of the structured bit stream
   defined in Section 3.3.4 of [RFC3985].

   SDH interfaces are defined in [G.707] and SONET interfaces are
   defined in [GR253].

   The PSN-bound NSP function does not modify the received data but is
   responsible to detect SONET/SDH interface specific attachment circuit
   faults such as LOS, LOF and OOF.

   Data received by the PSN-bound IWF is mapped into the basic PLE
   payload without any awareness of SONET/SDH frames.

   When the CE-bound IWF is in PLOS state or when PLE packets are
   received with the L-bit being set, the CE-bound NSP function is
   responsible for generating the

   *  MS-AIS maintenance signal defined in clause 6.2.4.1.1 of [G.707]
      for SDH services

   *  AIS-L maintenance signal defined in clause 6.2.1.2 of [GR253] for
      SONET services



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   at client frame boundaries.

4.4.  Fibre Channel Services

   Fibre Channel services are special cases of the structured bit stream
   defined in Section 3.3.4 of [RFC3985].

   The T11 technical committee of INCITS has defined several layers for
   Fibre Channel.  Emulation is operating at the FC-1 layer.

   Over time many different Fibre Channel interface types have been
   specified in FC-PI-x and FC-FS-x standards with a varying set of
   characteristics such as optional vs mandatory FEC and single-lane vs
   multi-lane transmission.

   All Fibre Channel services are leveraging the basic PLE payload and
   interface specific mechanisms are confined to the respective service
   specific NSP functions.

4.4.1.  1GFC, 2GFC, 4GFC and 8GFC

   The PSN-bound NSP function is responsible to detect Fibre Channel
   specific attachment circuit faults such as LOS and sync loss.

   The PSN-bound IWF is mapping the received 8B/10B code stream as is
   into the basic PLE payload.

   The CE-bound NSP function MUST perform transmission word sync in
   order to properly

   *  replace invalid transmission words with the special character
      K30.7

   *  insert Not Operational (NOS) ordered sets when the CE-bound IWF is
      in PLOS state or when PLE packets are received with the L-bit
      being set

   Note: Invalid transmission words typically are a consequence of the
   CE-bound IWF inserting replacement data in case of lost PLE packets.

   FC-FS-2 amendment 1 does define the use of scrambling for 8GFC, in
   this case the CE-bound NSP MUST also perform descrambling before
   replacing invalid transmission words or inserting NOIS ordered sets.
   And before sending the bit stream to the, the CE-bound NSP function
   MUST scramble the 8B/10B code stream.






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4.4.2.  16GFC and 32GFC

   FC-PI-5 amendment 1 defines a optional FEC layer for 16GFC.  For
   32GFC the FEC layer is, as defined in FC-PI-6, mandatory.  If FEC is
   present, the PSN-bound NSP function MUST terminate the FEC and the
   CE-bound NSP function must generate the FEC.

   The PSN-bound NSP function is responsible to detect Fibre Channel
   specific attachment circuit faults such as LOS and sync loss.

   The PSN-bound IWF is mapping the received 64B/66B code stream as is
   into the basic PLE payload.

   The CE-bound NSP function MUST perform

   *  transmission word sync

   *  descrambling

   in order to properly

   *  replace invalid transmission words with the error transmission
      word 1Eh

   *  insert Not Operational (NOS) ordered sets when the CE-bound IWF is
      in PLOS state or when PLE packets are received with the L-bit
      being set

   Note: Invalid transmission words typically are a consequence of the
   CE-bound IWF inserting replacement data in case of lost PLE packets,
   or if the far-end PSN-bound NSP function did set sync headers to 11
   due to uncorrectable FEC errors.

   Before sending the bit stream to the CE, the CE-bound NSP function
   MUST also scramble the 64B/66B code stream.

4.4.3.  64GFC and 4-lane 128GFC

   Both FC-PI-7 for 64GFC and FC-PI-6P for 4-lane 128GFC define a
   mandatory FEC layer.  The PSN-bound NSP function MUST terminate the
   FEC and the CE-bound NSP function must generate the FEC.

   To gain access to the 64B/66B code stream the PSN-bound NSP further
   MUST perform

   *  alignment lock and de-skew

   *  Lane reordering and de-interleaving



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   *  FEC decoding

   *  post-FEC interleaving

   *  alignment marker removal

   *  descrambling

   *  reverse transcoding from 256B/257B to 64B/66B

   Further the PSN-bound NSP MUST perform scrambling before the PSN-
   bound IWF is mapping the same into the basic PLE payload.

   Note : the use of rate compensation is for further study.

   The PSN-bound NSP function is also responsible to detect Fibre
   Channel specific attachment circuit faults such as LOS and sync loss.

   The CE-bound NSP function MUST perform

   *  transmission word sync

   *  descrambling

   in order to properly

   *  replace invalid transmission words with the error transmission
      word 1Eh

   *  insert Not Operational (NOS) ordered sets when the CE-bound IWF is
      in PLOS state or when PLE packets are received with the L-bit
      being set

   Note: Invalid transmission words typically are a consequence of the
   CE-bound IWF inserting replacement data in case of lost PLE packets,
   or if the farend PSN-bound NSP function did set sync headers to 11
   due to uncorrectable FEC errors.

   When sending the bit stream to the CE, the CE-bound NSP function MUST
   also perform

   *  transcoding from 64B/66B to 256B/257B

   *  scrambling

   *  alignment marker insertion

   *  pre-FEC distribution



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   *  FEC encoding

   *  Lane distribution

4.5.  OTN Services

   OTN services are special cases of the structured bit stream defined
   in Section 3.3.4 of [RFC3985].

   OTN interfaces are defined in [G.709].

   The PSN-bound NSP function MUST terminate the FEC and replace the
   OTUk overhead in row 1 columns 8-14 with all-0s fixed stuff which
   results in a extended ODUk frame as illustrated in Figure 3.  The
   frame alignment overhead (FA OH) in row 1 columns 1-7 is kept as it
   is.

                                  column #
      1      7 8     14 15                                         3824
     +--------+--------+----------------------- .. --------------------+
    1|  FA OH | All-0s |                                               |
     +--------+--------+                                               |
  r 2|                 |                                               |
  o  |                 |                                               |
  w 3|  ODUk overhead  |                                               |
  #  |                 |                                               |
    4|                 |                                               |
     +-----------------+----------------------- .. --------------------+

                      Figure 3: Extended ODUk Frame

   The PSN-bound NSP function is also responsible to detect OTUk
   specific attachment circuit faults such as LOS, LOF, LOM and AIS.

   The PSN-bound IWF is mapping the extended ODUk frame into the byte
   aligned PLE payload.

   The CE-bound NSP function will recover the ODUk by searching for the
   frame alignment overhead in the extended ODUk received from the CE-
   bound IWF and generates the FEC.

   When the CE-bound IWF is in PLOS state or when PLE packets are
   received with the L-bit being set, the CE-bound NSP function is
   responsible for generating the ODUk-AIS maintenance signal defined in
   clause 16.5.1 of [G.709] at client frame boundaries.






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5.  PLE Encapsulation Layer

   The basic packet format used by PLE is shown in the Figure 4.

   +-------------------------------+  -+
   |     PSN and VPWS Demux        |    \
   |          (MPLS/SRv6)          |     > PSN and VPWS
   |                               |    /  Demux Headers
   +-------------------------------+  -+
   |        PLE Control Word       |    \
   +-------------------------------+     > PLE Header
   |           RTP Header          |    /
   +-------------------------------+ --+
   |          Bit Stream           |    \
   |           Payload             |     > Payload
   |                               |    /
   +-------------------------------+ --+

                     Figure 4: PLE Encapsulation Layer

5.1.  PSN and VPWS Demultiplexing Headers

   This document does not imply any specific technology to be used for
   implementing the VPWS demultiplexing and PSN layers.

   When a MPLS PSN layer is used.  A VPWS label provides the
   demultiplexing mechanism as described in Section 5.4.2 of [RFC3985].
   The PSN tunnel can be a simple best path Label Switched Path (LSP)
   established using LDP [RFC5036] or Segment Routing [RFC8402] or a
   traffic engineered LSP established using RSVP-TE [RFC3209] or SR-TE
   [RFC9256].

   When PLE is applied to a SRv6 based PSN, the mechanisms defined in
   [RFC8402] and the End.DX2 endpoint behavior defined in [RFC8986] do
   apply.

5.2.  PLE Header

   The PLE header MUST contain the PLE control word (4 bytes) and MUST
   include a fixed size RTP header [RFC3550].  The RTP header MUST
   immediately follow the PLE control word.

5.2.1.  PLE Control Word

   The format of the PLE control word is in line with the guidance in
   [RFC4385] and is shown in Figure 5.





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   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |0 0 0 0|L|R|RSV|FRG|   LEN     |       Sequence number         |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                         Figure 5: PLE Control Word

   The bits 0..3 of the first nibble are set to 0 to differentiate a
   control word or Associated Channel Header (ACH) from an IP packet or
   Ethernet frame.  The first nibble MUST be set to 0000b to indicate
   that this header is a control word as defined in Section 3 of
   [RFC4385].

   The other fields in the control word are used as defined below:

   *  L

      Set by the PE to indicate that data carried in the payload is
      invalid due to an attachment circuit fault.  The downstream PE
      MUST play out appropriate replacement data.  The NSP MAY inject an
      appropriate native fault propagation signal.

   *  R

      Set by the downstream PE to indicate that the IWF experiences
      packet loss from the PSN or a server layer backward fault
      indication is present in the NSP.  The R bit MUST be cleared by
      the PE once the packet loss state or fault indication has cleared.

   *  RSV

      These bits are reserved for future use.  This field MUST be set to
      zero by the sender and ignored by the receiver.

   *  FRG

      These bits MUST be set to zero by the sender and ignored by the
      receiver.

   *  LEN

      In accordance to Section 3 of [RFC4385] the length field MUST
      always be set to zero as there is no padding added to the PLE
      packet.  To detect malformed packets the default, preconfigured or
      signaled payload size MUST be assumed.

   *  Sequence number



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      The sequence number field is used to provide a common PW
      sequencing function as well as detection of lost packets.  It MUST
      be generated in accordance with the rules defined in Section 5.1
      of [RFC3550] and MUST be incremented with every PLE packet being
      sent.

5.2.2.  RTP Header

   The RTP header MUST be included and is used for explicit transfer of
   timing information.  The RTP header is purely a formal reuse and RTP
   mechanisms, such as header extensions, contributing source (CSRC)
   list, padding, RTP Control Protocol (RTCP), RTP header compression,
   Secure Realtime Transport Protocol (SRTP), etc., are not applicable
   to PLE VPWS.

   The format of the RTP header is as shown in Figure 6.

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |V=2|P|X|  CC   |M|     PT      |       Sequence Number         |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                           Timestamp                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |           Synchronization Source (SSRC) Identifier            |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                          Figure 6: RTP Header

   *  V: Version

      The version field MUST be set to 2.

   *  P: Padding

      The padding flag MUST be set to zero by the sender and ignored by
      the receiver.

   *  X: Header extension

      The X bit MUST be set to zero by sender and ignored by receiver.

   *  CC: CSRC count

      The CC field MUST be set to zero by the sender and ignored by the
      receiver.

   *  M: Marker



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      The M bit MUST be set to zero by the sender and ignored by the
      receiver.

   *  PT: Payload type

      A PT value MUST be allocated from the range of dynamic values
      defined by [RFC3551] for each direction of the VPWS.  The same PT
      value MAY be reused both for direction and between different PLE
      VPWS.

   *  Sequence number

      The Sequence number in the RTP header MUST be equal to the
      sequence number in the PLE control word.  The sequence number of
      the RTP header MAY be used to extend the sequence number of the
      PLE control word from 16 to 32 bits.  If so, the initial value of
      the RTP sequence number MUST be 0 and incremented whenever the PLE
      control word sequence number cycles through from 0xFFFF to 0x0000.

   *  Timestamp

      Timestamp values are used in accordance with the rules established
      in [RFC3550].  For bit-streams up to 200 Gbps the frequency of the
      clock used for generating timestamps MUST be 125 MHz based on a
      the common clock I.  For bit-streams above 200 Gbps the frequency
      MUST be 250 MHz.

   *  SSRC: Synchronization source

      The SSRC field MAY be used for detection of misconnections.

6.  PLE Payload Layer

   A bit-stream is mapped into a PLE packet with a fixed payload size
   which MUST be defined during VPWS setup, MUST be the same in both
   directions of the VPWS and MUST remain unchanged for the lifetime of
   the VPWS.

   All PLE implementations MUST be capable of supporting the default
   payload size of 1024 bytes.

6.1.  Basic Payload

   The PLE payload is filled with incoming bits of the bit-stream
   starting from the most significant to the least significant bit
   without considering any structure of the bit-stream.





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6.2.  Byte aligned Payload

   The PLE payload is filled in a byte aligned manner, where the order
   of the payload bytes corresponds to their order on the attachment
   circuit.  Consecutive bits coming from the attachment circuit fill
   each payload byte starting from most significant bit to least
   significant.

   All PLE implementations MUST support the transport of OTN bit-streams
   using the byte aligned payload.

7.  PLE Operation

7.1.  Common Considerations

   A PLE VPWS can be established using manual configuration or
   leveraging mechanisms of a signaling protocol.

   Furthermore emulation of bit-stream signals using PLE is only
   possible when the two attachment circuits of the VPWS are of the same
   type (OC192, 10GBASE-R, ODU2, etc) and are using the same PLE payload
   type and payload size.  This can be ensured via manual configuration
   or via a signaling protocol

   PLE related control protocol extensions to PWE3 [RFC4447] and EVPN-
   VPWS [RFC8214] are out of scope of this document and are described in
   [I-D.schmutzer-bess-ple-vpws-signalling].

7.2.  PLE IWF Operation

7.2.1.  PSN-bound Encapsulation Behavior

   After the VPWS is set up, the PSN-bound IWF does perform the
   following steps:

   *  Packetize the data received from the CE is into a fixed size PLE
      payloads

   *  Add PLE control word and RTP header with sequence numbers, flags
      and timestamps properly set

   *  Add the VPWS demultiplexer and PSN headers

   *  Transmit the resulting packets over the PSN

   *  Set L bit in the PLE control word whenever attachment circuit
      detects a fault




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   *  Set R bit in the PLE control word whenever the local CE-bound IWF
      is in packet loss state

7.2.2.  CE-bound Decapsulation Behavior

   The CE-bound IWF is responsible for removing the PSN and VPWS
   demultiplexing headers, PLE control word and RTP header from the
   received packet stream and play-out of the bit-stream to the local
   attachment circuit.

   A de-jitter buffer MUST be implemented where the PLE packets are
   stored upon arrival.  The size of this buffer SHOULD be locally
   configurable to allow accommodation of specific PSN packet delay
   variation expected.

   The CE-bound IWF SHOULD use the sequence number in the control word
   to detect lost and mis-ordered packets.  It MAY use the sequence
   number in the RTP header for the same purposes.

   The payload of a lost packet MUST be replaced with equivalent amount
   of replacement data.  The contents of the replacement data MAY be
   locally configurable.  All PLE implementations MUST support
   generation of "0xAA" as replacement data.  The alternating sequence
   of 0s and 1s of the "0xAA" pattern does ensure clock synchronization
   is maintained.  While playing out the replacement data, the IWF will
   apply a holdover mechanism to maintain the clock.

   Whenever the VPWS is not operationally up, the CE-bound NSP function
   MUST inject the appropriate native downstream fault indication
   signal.

   Whenever a VPWS comes up, the CE-bound IWF enters the intermediate
   state, will start receiving PLE packets and will store them in the
   jitter buffer.  The CE-bound NSP function will continue to inject the
   appropriate native downstream fault indication signal until a pre-
   configured amount of payloads is stored in the jitter buffer.

   After the pre-configured amount of payload is present in the jitter
   buffer the CE-bound IWF transitions to the normal operation state and
   the content of the jitter buffer is played out to the CE in
   accordance with the required clock.  In this state the CE-bound IWF
   MUST perform egress clock recovery.

   The recovered clock MUST comply with the jitter and wander
   requirements applicable to the type of attachment circuit, specified
   in:

   *  [G.825] and [G.823] for SDH



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   *  [GR253] for SONET

   *  [G.8261] for ynchronous Ethernet

   *  [G.8251] for OTN

   Whenever the L bit is set in the PLE control word of a received PLE
   packet the CE-bound NSP function SHOULD inject the appropriate native
   downstream fault indication signal instead of playing out the
   payload.

   If the CE-bound IWF detects loss of consecutive packets for a pre-
   configured amount of time (default is 1 millisecond), it enters
   packet loss (PLOS) state and a corresponding defect is declared.

   If the CE-bound IWF detects a packet loss ratio (PLR) above a
   configurable signal-degrade (SD) threshold for a configurable amount
   of consecutive 1-second intervals, it enters the degradation (DEG)
   state and a corresponding defect is declared.  Possible values for
   the SD-PLR threshold are between 1..100% with the default being 15%.
   Possible values for consecutive intervals are 2..10 with the default
   7.

   While the PLOS defect is declared the CE-bound NSP function SHOULD
   inject the appropriate native downstream fault indication signal.
   Also the PSN-bound IWF SHOULD set the R bit in the PLE control word
   of every packet transmitted.

   The CE-bound IWF does change from the PLOS to normal state after the
   pre-configured amount of payload has been received similarly to the
   transition from intermediate to normal state.

   Whenever the R bit is set in the PLE control word of a received PLE
   packet the PLE performance monitoring statistics SHOULD get updated.

7.3.  PLE Performance Monitoring

   PLE SHOULD provide the following functions to monitor the network
   performance to be inline with expectations of transport network
   operators.

   The near-end performance monitors defined for PLE are as follows:

   *  ES-PLE : PLE Errored Seconds

   *  SES-PLE : PLE Severely Errored Seconds

   *  UAS-PLE : PLE Unavailable Seconds



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   Each second with at least one packet lost or a PLOS/DEG defect SHALL
   be counted as ES-PLE.  Each second with a PLR greater than 15% or a
   PLOS/DEG defect SHALL be counted as SES-PLE.

   UAS-PLE SHALL be counted after configurable number of consecutive
   SES-PLE have been observed, and no longer counted after a
   configurable number of consecutive seconds without SES-PLE have been
   observed.  Default value for each is 10 seconds.

   Once unavailability is detected, ES and SES counts SHALL be inhibited
   up to the point where the unavailability was started.  Once
   unavailability is removed, ES and SES that occurred along the
   clearing period SHALL be added to the ES and SES counts.

   A PLE far-end performance monitor is providing insight into the CE-
   bound IWF at the far end of the PSN.  The statistics are based on the
   PLE-RDI indication carried in the PLE control word via the R bit.

   The PLE VPWS performance monitors are derived from the definitions in
   accordance with [G.826]

8.  QoS and Congestion Control

   The PSN carrying PLE VPWS may be subject to congestion, but PLE VPWS
   representing constant bit-rate (CBR) flows cannot respond to
   congestion in a TCP-friendly manner as described in [RFC2913].

   Hence the PSN providing connectivity for the PLE VPWS between PE
   devices MUST be Diffserv [RFC2475] enabled and MUST provide a per
   domain behavior [RFC3086] that guarantees low jitter and low loss.

   To achieve the desired per domain behavior PLE VPWS SHOULD be carried
   over traffic-engineering paths through the PSN with bandwidth
   reservation and admission control applied.

9.  Security Considerations

   As PLE is leveraging VPWS as transport mechanism the security
   considerations described in [RFC7432] and [RFC3985] are applicable.

10.  IANA Considerations

   Applicable signaling extensions are out of the scope of this
   document, hence there are no new requirements from IANA.







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11.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thank all contributors and the working
   group for reviewing this document and providing useful comments and
   suggestions.

12.  References

12.1.  Normative References

   [G.707]    International Telecommunication Union (ITU), "Network node
              interface for the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)",
              January 2007, <https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.707>.

   [G.709]    International Telecommunication Union (ITU), "Interfaces
              for the optical transport network", June 2020,
              <https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.709>.

   [G.823]    International Telecommunication Union (ITU), "The control
              of jitter and wander within digital networks which are
              based on the 2048 kbit/s hierarchy", March 2000,
              <https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.823>.

   [G.825]    International Telecommunication Union (ITU), "The control
              of jitter and wander within digital networks which are
              based on the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)", March
              2000, <https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.825>.

   [G.8251]   International Telecommunication Union (ITU), "The control
              of jitter and wander within the optical transport network
              (OTN)", November 2022,
              <https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.8251>.

   [G.826]    International Telecommunication Union (ITU), "End-to-end
              error performance parameters and objectives for
              international, constant bit-rate digital paths and
              connections", December 2002,
              <https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.826>.

   [G.8261]   International Telecommunication Union (ITU), "Timing and
              synchronization aspects in packet networks", August 2019,
              <https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.8261>.

   [G.8261.1] International Telecommunication Union (ITU), "Packet delay
              variation network limits applicable to packet-based
              methods (Frequency synchronization)", February 2012,
              <https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.8261.1>.




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   [G.8262]   International Telecommunication Union (ITU), "Timing
              characteristics of synchronous equipment slave clock",
              November 2018, <https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.8262>.

   [G.8265.1] International Telecommunication Union (ITU), "Precision
              time protocol telecom profile for frequency
              synchronization", November 2022,
              <https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.8265.1>.

   [GR253]    Telcordia, "SONET Transport Systems - Common Generic
              Criteria", October 2009.

   [IEEE802.3]
              IEEE, "IEEE Standard for Ethernet", May 2022,
              <https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/802.3/10422/>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119>.

   [RFC2475]  Blake, S., Black, D., Carlson, M., Davies, E., Wang, Z.,
              and W. Weiss, "An Architecture for Differentiated
              Services", RFC 2475, DOI 10.17487/RFC2475, December 1998,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2475>.

   [RFC3086]  Nichols, K. and B. Carpenter, "Definition of
              Differentiated Services Per Domain Behaviors and Rules for
              their Specification", RFC 3086, DOI 10.17487/RFC3086,
              April 2001, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3086>.

   [RFC3550]  Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V.
              Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time
              Applications", STD 64, RFC 3550, DOI 10.17487/RFC3550,
              July 2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3550>.

   [RFC3551]  Schulzrinne, H. and S. Casner, "RTP Profile for Audio and
              Video Conferences with Minimal Control", STD 65, RFC 3551,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3551, July 2003,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3551>.

   [RFC3985]  Bryant, S., Ed. and P. Pate, Ed., "Pseudo Wire Emulation
              Edge-to-Edge (PWE3) Architecture", RFC 3985,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3985, March 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3985>.






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   [RFC4197]  Riegel, M., Ed., "Requirements for Edge-to-Edge Emulation
              of Time Division Multiplexed (TDM) Circuits over Packet
              Switching Networks", RFC 4197, DOI 10.17487/RFC4197,
              October 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4197>.

   [RFC4385]  Bryant, S., Swallow, G., Martini, L., and D. McPherson,
              "Pseudowire Emulation Edge-to-Edge (PWE3) Control Word for
              Use over an MPLS PSN", RFC 4385, DOI 10.17487/RFC4385,
              February 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4385>.

   [RFC4664]  Andersson, L., Ed. and E. Rosen, Ed., "Framework for Layer
              2 Virtual Private Networks (L2VPNs)", RFC 4664,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4664, September 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4664>.

   [RFC7432]  Sajassi, A., Ed., Aggarwal, R., Bitar, N., Isaac, A.,
              Uttaro, J., Drake, J., and W. Henderickx, "BGP MPLS-Based
              Ethernet VPN", RFC 7432, DOI 10.17487/RFC7432, February
              2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7432>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174>.

12.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.schmutzer-bess-ple-vpws-signalling]
              Gringeri, S., Whittaker, J., Schmutzer, C., and P.
              Brissette, "Private Line Emulation VPWS Signalling", Work
              in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-schmutzer-bess-ple-
              vpws-signalling-02, 3 May 2021,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-schmutzer-
              bess-ple-vpws-signalling-02>.

   [RFC1925]  Callon, R., "The Twelve Networking Truths", RFC 1925,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC1925, April 1996,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1925>.

   [RFC2913]  Klyne, G., "MIME Content Types in Media Feature
              Expressions", RFC 2913, DOI 10.17487/RFC2913, September
              2000, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2913>.

   [RFC3209]  Awduche, D., Berger, L., Gan, D., Li, T., Srinivasan, V.,
              and G. Swallow, "RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP
              Tunnels", RFC 3209, DOI 10.17487/RFC3209, December 2001,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3209>.





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   [RFC4447]  Martini, L., Ed., Rosen, E., El-Aawar, N., Smith, T., and
              G. Heron, "Pseudowire Setup and Maintenance Using the
              Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)", RFC 4447,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4447, April 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4447>.

   [RFC4553]  Vainshtein, A., Ed. and YJ. Stein, Ed., "Structure-
              Agnostic Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) over Packet
              (SAToP)", RFC 4553, DOI 10.17487/RFC4553, June 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4553>.

   [RFC4842]  Malis, A., Pate, P., Cohen, R., Ed., and D. Zelig,
              "Synchronous Optical Network/Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
              (SONET/SDH) Circuit Emulation over Packet (CEP)",
              RFC 4842, DOI 10.17487/RFC4842, April 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4842>.

   [RFC5036]  Andersson, L., Ed., Minei, I., Ed., and B. Thomas, Ed.,
              "LDP Specification", RFC 5036, DOI 10.17487/RFC5036,
              October 2007, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5036>.

   [RFC5086]  Vainshtein, A., Ed., Sasson, I., Metz, E., Frost, T., and
              P. Pate, "Structure-Aware Time Division Multiplexed (TDM)
              Circuit Emulation Service over Packet Switched Network
              (CESoPSN)", RFC 5086, DOI 10.17487/RFC5086, December 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5086>.

   [RFC8214]  Boutros, S., Sajassi, A., Salam, S., Drake, J., and J.
              Rabadan, "Virtual Private Wire Service Support in Ethernet
              VPN", RFC 8214, DOI 10.17487/RFC8214, August 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8214>.

   [RFC8402]  Filsfils, C., Ed., Previdi, S., Ed., Ginsberg, L.,
              Decraene, B., Litkowski, S., and R. Shakir, "Segment
              Routing Architecture", RFC 8402, DOI 10.17487/RFC8402,
              July 2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8402>.

   [RFC8986]  Filsfils, C., Ed., Camarillo, P., Ed., Leddy, J., Voyer,
              D., Matsushima, S., and Z. Li, "Segment Routing over IPv6
              (SRv6) Network Programming", RFC 8986,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8986, February 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8986>.

   [RFC9256]  Filsfils, C., Talaulikar, K., Ed., Voyer, D., Bogdanov,
              A., and P. Mattes, "Segment Routing Policy Architecture",
              RFC 9256, DOI 10.17487/RFC9256, July 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9256>.




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Contributors

   Andreas Burk
   1&1 Versatel
   Email: andreas.burk@magenta.de


   Faisal Dada
   AMD
   Email: faisal.dada@amd.com


   Gerald Smallegange
   Ciena Corporation
   Email: gsmalleg@ciena.com


   Erik van Veelen
   Aimvalley
   Email: erik.vanveelen@aimvalley.com


   Luca Della Chiesa
   Cisco Systems, Inc.
   Email: ldellach@cisco.com


   Nagendra Kumar Nainar
   Cisco Systems, Inc.
   Email: naikumar@cisco.com


   Carlos Pignataro
   North Carolina State University
   Email: cmpignat@ncsu.edu


Authors' Addresses

   Steven Gringeri
   Verizon
   Email: steven.gringeri@verizon.com


   Jeremy Whittaker
   Verizon
   Email: jeremy.whittaker@verizon.com




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   Nicolai Leymann
   Deutsche Telekom
   Email: N.Leymann@telekom.de


   Christian Schmutzer (editor)
   Cisco Systems, Inc.
   Email: cschmutz@cisco.com


   Chris Brown
   Ciena Corporation
   Email: cbrown@ciena.com






































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