Internet DRAFT - draft-ietf-sipping-consent-framework

draft-ietf-sipping-consent-framework



SIPPING                                                     J. Rosenberg
Internet-Draft                                             Cisco Systems
Expires: December 14, 2006                             G. Camarillo, Ed.
                                                                Ericsson
                                                               D. Willis
                                                           Cisco Systems
                                                           June 12, 2006


 A Framework for Consent-Based Communications in the Session Initiation
                             Protocol (SIP)
              draft-ietf-sipping-consent-framework-05.txt

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   This Internet-Draft will expire on December 14, 2006.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).

Abstract

   The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) supports communications across
   many media types, including real-time audio, video, text, instant
   messaging, and presence.  In its current form, it allows session
   invitations, instant messages, and other requests to be delivered



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   from one party to another without requiring explicit consent of the
   recipient.  Without such consent, it is possible for SIP to be used
   for malicious purposes, including amplification, and DoS (Denial of
   Service) attacks.  This document identifies a framework for consent-
   based communications in SIP.


Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Definitions and Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   3.  Relays and Translations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   4.  Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     4.1.  Permissions at a Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     4.2.  Consenting Manipulations on a Relay's Transaction Logic  .  6
     4.3.  Permission Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     4.4.  Recipients Grant Permissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
   5.  Framework Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     5.1.  Amplification Avoidance  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     5.2.  Subscription to the Permission Status  . . . . . . . . . . 10
     5.3.  Request for Permission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     5.4.  Permission Document Structure  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     5.5.  Permission Requested Notification  . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     5.6.  Permission Grant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
       5.6.1.  SIP Identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
       5.6.2.  P-Asserted-Identity  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
       5.6.3.  Return Routability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     5.7.  Permission Granted Notification  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     5.8.  Permission Revocation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
     5.9.  Request-contained URI Lists  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     5.10. Registrations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     5.11. Relays Generating Traffic towards Recipients . . . . . . . 20
   6.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
   7.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
   8.  Acknowledges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
   9.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
     9.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
     9.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
   Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 25











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1.  Introduction

   The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) [3] supports communications
   across many media types, including real-time audio, video, text,
   instant messaging, and presence.  This communication is established
   by the transmission of various SIP requests (such as INVITE and
   MESSAGE [5]) from an initiator to the recipient with whom
   communication is desired.  Although a recipient of such a SIP request
   can reject the request, and therefore decline the session, a SIP
   network will deliver a SIP request to its recipients without their
   explicit consent.

   Receipt of these requests without explicit consent can cause a number
   of problems in SIP networks.  These include amplification and DoS
   (Denial of Service) attacks.  These problems are described in more
   detail in a companion requirements document [13].

   This specification defines a basic framework for adding consent-based
   communication to SIP.


2.  Definitions and Terminology

   In this document, the key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED",
   "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT
   RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" are to be interpreted as
   described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 [1] and indicate requirement levels for
   compliant implementations.

   Recipient URI: The Request-URI of an outgoing request sent by an
      entity (e.g., a user agent or a proxy).  The sending of such
      request may have been the result of a translation operation.

      Any SIP server, be it a proxy, B2BUA (Back-to-Back User Agent), or
      some hybrid, that receives a request, translates its Request-URI
      into one or more next-hop URIs (i.e., recipient URIs), and
      delivers the request to those URIs.

   Target URI: The Request-URI of an incoming request that arrives to a
      relay that will perform a translation operation.

   Translation operation: Operation by which a relay translates the
      request URI of an incoming request (i.e., the target URI) into one
      or more URIs (i.e., recipient URIs) which are used as the request
      URIs of one or more outgoing requests.






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3.  Relays and Translations

   Relays play a key role in this framework.  A relay is defined as any
   SIP server, be it a proxy, B2BUA (Back-to-Back User Agent), or some
   hybrid, which receives a request, translates its Request-URI into one
   or more next hop URIs, and delivers the request to those URIs.  The
   Request-URI of the incoming request is referred to as 'target URI'
   and the destination URIs of the outgoing requests are referred to as
   'recipient URIs', as shown in Figure 1.


                       +---------------+
                       |               |  recipient URI
                       |               |---------------->
           target URI  |  Translation  |
        -------------->|   Operation   |  recipient URI
                       |               |---------------->
                       |               |
                       +---------------+

   Figure 1: Translation operation

   Thus, an essential aspect of a relay is that of translation.  When a
   relay receives a request, it translates, following its translation
   logic, the Request-URI into one or more additional URIs.  That is,
   the relay can create outgoing requests to one or more additional
   URIs.  The translation operation is what creates the consent problem.

   Additionally, since the translation operation can result in more than
   one URI, it is also the source of amplification.  Servers that do not
   perform translations, such as outbound proxy servers, do not cause
   amplification.

   Since the translation operation is based on local policy or local
   data (such as registrations), it is the vehicle by which a request is
   delivered directly to an endpoint, when it would not otherwise be
   possible to.  In other words, if a spammer has the address of a user,
   'user@example.com', it cannot deliver a MESSAGE request to the UA
   (User Agent) of that user without having access to the registration
   data that maps 'user@example.com' to the user agent on which that
   user is present.  Thus, it is the usage of this registration data,
   and more generally, the translation logic, which must be authorized
   in order to prevent undesired communications.  Of course, if the
   spammer knows the address of the user agent, it will be able to
   deliver requests directly to it.

   Figure 2 shows a relay that performs translations.  The user agent
   client in the figure sends a SIP request to a URI representing a



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   resource in the domain 'example.com' (resource@example.com).  This
   request may pass through a local outbound proxy (not shown), but
   eventually arrives at a server authoritative for the domain
   'example.com'.  This server, which acts as a relay, performs a
   translation operation, translating the target URI into one or more
   recipient URIs, which may or may not belong to the domain
   'example.com'.  This relay may be, for instance, a proxy server or a
   URI-list service [14].


                                                    +-------+
                                                    |       |
                                                   >|  UA   |
                                                  / |       |
                                                 /  +-------+
                                                /
                                               /
                  +-----------------------+   /
                  |                       |  /
    +-----+       |         Relay         | /       +-------+
    |     |       |                       |/        |       |
    | UA  |------>|                       |-------->| Proxy |
    |     |       |+---------------------+|\        |       |
    +-----+       ||     Translation     || \       +-------+
                  ||        Logic        ||  \
                  |+---------------------+|   \       [...]
                  +-----------------------+    \
                                                \
                                                 \  +-------+
                                                  \ |       |
                                                   >| B2BUA |
                                                    |       |
                                                    +-------+

   Figure 2: Relay performing a translation

   This framework allows potential recipients of a translation to agree
   to be actual recipients by giving the relay performing the
   translation permission to send them traffic.


4.  Architecture

   Figure 3 shows the architectural elements of this framework.
   Section 4.1 describes the role of permissions at a relay.
   Section 4.2 discusses the actions taken by a relay when its
   translation logic is manipulated by a client.  Section 4.3 introduces
   permission servers and their functionality.  Section 4.4 describes



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   how potential recipients can grant a relay permissions to add them to
   the relay's translation logic.


                  +-----------------------+ Permission +------------+
                  |                       |  Request   |            |
   +--------+     |         Relay         |----------->| Permission |
   |        |     |                       |            |   Server   |
   | Client |     |                       |            |            |
   |        |     |+-------+ +-----------+|            +------------+
   +--------+     ||Transl.| |Permissions||                   |
       |          ||Logic  | |           ||        Permission |
       |          |+-------+ +-----------+|         Request   |
       |          +-----------------------+                   V
       |               ^           ^                   +------------+
       | Manipulation  |           |  Permission Grant |            |
       +---------------+           +-------------------| Recipient  |
                                                       |            |
                                                       +------------+

   Figure 3: Reference Architecture

4.1.  Permissions at a Relay

   Relays implementing this framework obtain and store permissions
   associated to their translation logics.  These permissions indicate
   if a particular recipient has agreed to receive traffic or not at any
   given time.  Recipients that have not given the relay permission to
   send them traffic are simply ignored by the relay when performing a
   translation.

   Permissions are valid as long as the context where they were granted
   is valid or until they are revoked.  For example, the permissions
   obtained by a URI-list SIP service that distributes MESSAGE requests
   to a set of recipients will be valid as long as the URI-list SIP
   service exists or until the permissions are revoked.

4.2.  Consenting Manipulations on a Relay's Transaction Logic

   This framework aims to ensure that any particular relay only performs
   translations towards destinations that have given the relay
   permission to perform such a translation.  Consequently, when the
   translation logic of a relay is manipulated (e.g., a new recipient
   URI is added), the relay obtains permission from the new recipient in
   order to install the new translation logic.  Relays ask recipients
   for permission using MESSAGE [5] requests.

   For example, the relay hosting the URI-list service at



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   'friends@example.com' performs a translation from that URI to a set
   of recipient URIs.  When a client (e.g., the administrator of that
   URI-list service) adds 'bob@example.org' as a new recipient URI, the
   relay sends a MESSAGE request to 'bob@example.org' asking whether or
   not it is OK to perform the translation from 'friends@example.com' to
   'bob@example.org'.  The MESSAGE request carries in its message body a
   permission document that describes the translation for which
   permissions are being requested and a human readable part that also
   describes the translation.  If the answer is positive, the new
   translation logic is installed at the relay.  That is, the new
   recipient URI is added.

      The human-readable part is included so that user agents that do
      not understand permission documents can still process the request
      and display it in a sensible way to the user.

   Note that the mechanism to be used to manipulate the translation
   logic of a particular relay depends on the relay.  Two existing
   mechanisms to manipulate translation logic are XCAP [11] and REGISTER
   transactions.

   In any case, relays implementing this framework SHOULD have a means
   to indicate that a particular recipient URI is in the states
   specified in [10] (i.e., pending, waiting, error, denied, or
   granted).

4.3.  Permission Servers

   When a MESSAGE request with a permission document arrives to the
   recipient URI to which it was sent by the relay, the receiving user
   can grant or deny the permission needed to perform the translation.
   Nevertheless, users are not on-line all the time and, so, sometimes
   are not able to receive MESSAGE requests.

   This issue is also found in presence, where a user's status is
   reported by a presence server instead of by the user's user agents,
   which can go on and off line.  Similarly, we define permission
   servers, which are a key element of this framework.  Permission
   servers are network elements that act as SIP user agents and handle
   MESSAGE requests for a user.

   So, a permission server stores incoming MESSAGE requests when the
   user is unavailable and delivers them when the user is available
   again.  Conceptually, a permission server provides a store-and-
   forward message service.

   There are several mechanisms to implement store-and-forward message
   services (e.g., with an instant message to email gateway).  Any of



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   these mechanisms can be used between a user agent and its permission
   server as long as they agree on which mechanism to use.  Therefore,
   this framework does not make any recommendation on the interface
   between user agents and their permission servers.

      Note that the same store-and-forward message service can handle
      all incoming MESSAGE requests for a user while this is off line,
      not only those MESSAGE requests with a permission document in
      their bodies.

4.4.  Recipients Grant Permissions

   Relays include in the permission documents they generate URIs that
   can be used by the recipient of the document to grant or deny the
   relay the permission described in the document.  Relays always
   include SIP URIs and may include HTTP [2] URIs for this purpose.
   Consequently, recipients provide relays with permissions using SIP
   PUBLISH requests or HTTP GET requests.


5.  Framework Operations

   This section specifies this consent framework using an example of the
   prototypical call flow.  The elements described in Section 4 (i.e.,
   relays, translations, and permission servers) play an essential role
   in this call flow.

   Figure 4 shows the complete process to add a recipient URI
   ('B@example.com') to the translation logic of a relay.  User A
   attempts to add 'B@example.com' as a new recipient URI to the
   translation logic of the relay (1).  User A uses XCAP [11] and the
   XML (Extensible Markup Language) format for representing resource
   lists [12] to perform this addition.  Since the relay does not have
   permission from 'B@example.com' to perform translations towards that
   URI, the relay places 'B@example.com' in the pending state, as
   specified in [10].















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   A@example.com        Relay       B's Permission    B@example.com
                                        Server
         |(1) Add Recipient B@example.com  |                |
         |--------------->|                |                |
         |(2) HTTP 202 (Accepted)          |                |
         |<---------------|                |                |
         |                |(3) MESSAGE B@example            |
         |                |Permission Document              |
         |                |--------------->|                |
         |                |(4) 202 Accepted|                |
         |                |<---------------|                |
         |(5) SUBSCRIBE   |                |                |
         |Event: pending-additions         |                |
         |--------------->|                |                |
         |(6) 200 OK      |                |                |
         |<---------------|                |                |
         |(7) NOTIFY      |                |                |
         |<---------------|                |                |
         |(8) 200 OK      |                |                |
         |--------------->|                |                |
         |                |                |                |User B goes
         |                |                |                |  on line
         |                |                |(9) Request for |
         |                |                |  stored messages
         |                |                |<---------------|
         |                |                |(10) Delivery of|
         |                |                |  stored messages
         |                |                |--------------->|
         |                |(11) PUBLISH uri-up              |
         |                |Permission Document              |
         |                |<--------------------------------|
         |                |(12) 200 OK     |                |
         |                |-------------------------------->|
         |(13) NOTIFY     |                |                |
         |<---------------|                |                |
         |(14) 200 OK     |                |                |
         |--------------->|                |                |

   Figure 4: Prototypical call flow

5.1.  Amplification Avoidance

   Once 'B@example.com' is in the pending state, the relay needs to ask
   user B for permission by sending a MESSAGE request to
   'B@example.com'.  However, the relay needs to ensure that it is not
   used as an amplifier to launch amplification attacks.

   In such an attack, the attacker would add a large number of recipient



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   URIs to the translation logic of a relay.  The relay would then send
   a MESSAGE request to each of those URIs.  The bandwidth generated by
   the relay would be much higher than the bandwidth used by the
   attacker to add those URIs to the translation logic of the relay.

   This framework uses a credit-based authorization mechanism to avoid
   the attack just described.  It requires users adding new recipient
   URIs to a translation to generate an amount of bandwidth that is
   comparable to the bandwidth the relay will generate when sending
   MESSAGE requests towards those recipient URIs.  When XCAP is used,
   this requirement is met by not allowing clients to add more than one
   URI per HTTP transaction.

   Therefore, relays implementing this framework MUST NOT allow clients
   to add more than one URI per HTTP transaction.  If a client attempts
   to add more than one URI in a single HTTP transaction, the XCAP
   server SHOULD return an HTTP 403 (Forbidden) response.  The XCAP
   server SHOULD describe the reason for the refusal (i.e., only one URI
   can be added at a time) in the entity, as described in [2].

5.2.  Subscription to the Permission Status

   Clients can use the Pending Additions SIP event package [10] to be
   informed about the status of the operations they requested.  That is,
   the client will be informed when an operation (e.g., the addition of
   a URI to the translation logic of a relay) is authorized (and thus
   executed) or rejected.

   OPEN ISSUE: how do clients obtain the URI to subscribe to the Pending
   Additions event package, both when using XCAP and when using
   REGISTERs to manipulate the translation?

   In our example, after receiving the response from the server (2),
   user A subscribes to the Pending Additions event package at the relay
   (5).  This subscription keeps user A informed about the status of the
   permissions (e.g., granted or denied) the relay will obtain.

5.3.  Request for Permission

   Relays MUST obtain permissions from potential recipients before
   adding them to their translation logics.  Relays request permissions
   from potential recipients using MESSAGE requests.

   MESSAGE requests sent to request permissions MUST include a
   permission document and SHOULD include a human-readable part in their
   bodies.  MESSAGE requests also carry a body part that contains the
   same information as the permission document but in a human-readable
   format so that user agents that do not understand permission



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   documents can still process the request and display it in a sensible
   way to the user.

   Section 5.6 describes three methods a relay can use to authenticate
   recipients giving the relay permission to perform a particular
   translation.  Relays that use the method consisting of a return
   routability test have to send their MESSAGE requests to a SIPS URI,
   as specified in Section 5.6.

   In our example, on receiving the request to add User B to the
   translation logic of the relay (1), the relay generates a MESSAGE
   request (3) towards 'B@example.com'.  This MESSAGE request carries a
   permission document, which describes the translation that needs to be
   authorized and carries a set of URIs to be used by the recipient to
   grant or to deny the relay permission to perform that translation.
   User B will authorize the translation by using one of those URIs, as
   described in Section 5.6.  The MESSAGE request also carry a body part
   that contains the same information as the permission document but in
   a human-readable format.

   When User B uses one of the URIs in the permission document to grant
   or deny permissions, the relay needs to make sure that it was
   actually User B the one using that URI, and not an attacker.  The
   relay can use three methods to authenticate the permission document:
   SIP identity [7], P-Asserted-Identity [4], or a return routability
   test.  These methods are described in Section 5.6.

5.4.  Permission Document Structure

   A permission document is the XML representation of a permission.  A
   permission document contains several pieces of data:

   Identity of the Sender: A URI representing the identity of the sender
      for whom permissions are granted.

   Identity of the Original Recipient: A URI representing the identity
      of the original recipient, which is used as the input for the
      translation operation.  This is also called the target URI.

   Identity of the Final Recipient: A URI representing the result of the
      translation.  The permission grants ability for the sender to send
      requests to the target URI, and for a relay receiving those
      requests to forward them to this URI.  This is also called the
      recipient URI.







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   URIs to Grant Permission: URIs that recipients can use to grant the
      relay permission to perform the translation described in the
      document.  At least one of these URIs MUST be a SIP or SIPS URI.
      HTTP and HTTPS URIs MAY also be used.

   URIs to Deny Permission: URIs that recipients can use to deny the
      relay permission to perform the translation described in the
      document.  At least one of these URIs MUST be a SIP or SIPS URI.
      HTTP and HTTPS URIs MAY also be used.

   Permission documents may contain wildcards.  For example, a
   permission document may request permission for any relay to forward
   requests coming from a particular sender to a particular recipient.
   Such a permission document would apply to any target URI.  That is,
   the field containing the identity of the original recipient would
   match any URI.

   Entities implementing this framework MUST support the format for
   permission documents defined in [9].

   In our example, the permission document in the MESSAGE request (3)
   sent by the relay contains the following values:

   Identity of the Sender: Any.

   Identity of the Original Recipient: friends@example.com

   Identity of the Final Recipient: B@example.com

   URI to Grant Permission: sips:grant-1awdch5Fasddfce34@example.com

   URI to Grant Permission: https://example.com/grant-1awdch5Fasddfce34

   URI to Deny Permission: sips:deny-23rCsdfgvdT5sdfgye@example.com

   URI to Deny Permission: https://example.com/deny-23rCsdfgvdT5sdfgye

   It is expected that the Sender field often contains a wildcard.
   However, scenarios involving request-contained URI lists, such as the
   one described in Section 5.9, may require permission documents that
   apply to a specific sender.  Of course, in cases where the identity
   of the sender matters, relays MUST authenticate senders.

5.5.  Permission Requested Notification

   On receiving the MESSAGE request (3), User B's permission server
   stores it because User B is off line at that point.  When User B goes



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   on line, User B fetches all the requests its permission server has
   stored (9).

5.6.  Permission Grant

   A client gives a relay permission to execute the translation
   described in a permission document by sending a SIP PUBLISH or an
   HTTP GET request to one of the URIs to grant permissions contained in
   the document.  Similarly, a client denies a relay permission to
   execute the translation described in a permission document by sending
   a SIP PUBLISH or an HTTP GET request to one of the URIs to deny
   permissions contained in the document.

   In our example, User B obtains the permission document (10) that was
   received earlier by its permission server in the MESSAGE request (3).
   User B authorizes the translation described in the permission
   document received by sending a PUBLISH request (11) to the SIP URI to
   grant permissions contained in the permission document.

   Relays need to ensure that the SIP PUBLISH or the HTTP GET request
   received was generated by the recipient of the translation and not by
   an attacker.  Relays can use three methods to authenticate those
   requests: SIP identity, P-Asserted-Identity [4], or a return
   routability test.  While return routability tests can be used to
   authenticate both SIP PUBLISH and HTTP GET requests, SIP identity and
   P-Asserted-Identity can only be used to authenticate SIP PUBLISH
   requests.

5.6.1.  SIP Identity

   The SIP identity [7] mechanism can be used to authenticate the sender
   of a PUBLISH request.  The relay MUST check that the originator of
   the PUBLISH request is the owner of the recipient URI in the
   permission document.  Otherwise, the PUBLISH request SHOULD be
   responded with a 401 (Unauthorized) response and MUST NOT be
   processed further.

5.6.2.  P-Asserted-Identity

   The P-Asserted-Identity [4] mechanism can also be used to
   authenticate the sender of a PUBLISH request.  However, as discussed
   in RFC 3325 [4], this mechanism should only be used within networks
   of trusted SIP servers.  That is, the use of this mechanism is only
   applicable inside an administrative domain with previously agreed-
   upon policies.

   The relay MUST check that the originator of the PUBLISH request is
   the owner of the recipient URI in the permission document.



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   Otherwise, the PUBLISH request SHOULD be responded with a 401
   (Unauthorized) response and MUST NOT be processed further.

5.6.3.  Return Routability

   SIP identity provides a good authentication mechanism for incoming
   PUBLISH requests.  Nevertheless, SIP identity is not widely available
   on the public Internet yet.  That is why an authentication mechanism
   that can already be used at this point is needed.

   Return routability tests do not provide the same level of security as
   SIP identity, but they provide a good-enough security level in
   architectures where the SIP identity mechanism is not available
   (e.g., the current Internet).  The relay generates an unguessable URI
   (i.e., with a long and random-looking user part) and places it in the
   permission document in the MESSAGE request (3).  The recipient needs
   to send a SIP PUBLISH request or an HTTP GET request to that URI.
   Any incoming request sent to that URI SHOULD be considered
   authenticated by the relay.

      Note that the return routability method is the only one that
      allows the use of HTTP URIs in permission documents.  The other
      methods require the use of SIP URIs.

   Relays using a return routability test to perform this authentication
   MUST send the MESSAGE request with the permission document to a SIPS
   URI.  This ensures that attackers do not get access to the
   (unguessable) URI.  Thus, the only user able to use the (unguessable)
   URI is the receiver of the MESSAGE request.  Similarly, permission
   documents sent by relays using a return routability test MUST only
   contain secure URIs (i.e., SIPS and HTTPS) to grant and deny
   permissions.  The user part of these URIs MUST be cryptographically
   random with at least 32 bits of randomness.

   Relays can transition from return routability tests to SIP identity
   by simply requiring the use of SIP identity for incoming PUBLISH
   requests.  That is, such a relay would reject PUBLISH requests that
   did not use SIP identity.

5.7.  Permission Granted Notification

   On receiving the PUBLISH request (11), the relay sends a NOTIFY
   request (13) to inform user A that the permission for the translation
   has been received and that the translation logic at the relay has
   been updated.  That is, 'B@example.com' has been added as a recipient
   URI.





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5.8.  Permission Revocation

   At any time, if a client wants to revoke any permission, it uses the
   URI it received in the permission document to deny the permissions it
   previously granted.  If a client loses this URI for some reason, it
   needs to wait until it receives a new request produced by the
   translation.  Such a request will contain a Trigger-Consent header
   field with a URI.  That URI will have an escaped Refer-To header
   field identifying the client (i.e., the recipient of the
   translation).  The client needs to send a REFER request to the URI in
   the Trigger-Consent header field in order to receive a MESSAGE
   request from the relay.  Such a MESSAGE request will contain a
   permission document with a URI to revoke the permission that was
   previously granted.

   Figure 5 shows an example of how a user that lost the URI to revoke
   permissions at a relay can obtain a new URI using the Trigger-Consent
   header field of an incoming request.  The user rejects an incoming
   INVITE (1) request, which contains a Trigger-Consent header field.
   Using the URI in the that header field, the user sends a REFER
   request (4) to the relay.  On receiving the REFER request (4), the
   relay generates a MESSAGE request (6) towards the user.  Finally, the
   user revokes the permissions by sending a PUBLISH request (8) to the
   relay.



























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           Relay                     B@example.com
             |(1) INVITE                   |
             |    Trigger-Consent: <123@relay.example.com>
             |                 ?Refer-To=<B%40example.com>
             |---------------------------->|
             |(2) 603 Decline              |
             |<----------------------------|
             |(3) ACK                      |
             |---------------------------->|
             |(4) REFER 123@relay.example.com
             |    Refer-To: B@example.com  |
             |<----------------------------|
             |(5) 200 OK                   |
             |---------------------------->|
             |(6) MESSAGE B@example        |
             |    Permission Document      |
             |---------------------------->|
             |(7) 200 OK                   |
             |<----------------------------|
             |(8) PUBLISH uri-deny         |
             |<----------------------------|
             |(9) 200 OK                   |
             |---------------------------->|

   Figure 5: Permission Revocation

5.9.  Request-contained URI Lists

   In the scenarios described so far, a user adds recipient URIs to the
   translation logic of a relay.  However, the relay does not perform
   translations towards those URIs until permissions are obtained.

   URI-list services using request-contained URI lists are a special
   case because the selection of recipient URIs is performed at the same
   time as the communication attempt.  A user places a set of recipient
   URIs in a request and sends it to a relay so that the relay sends a
   similar request to all those recipient URIs.

   Relays implementing this framework and providing this type of URI-
   list services MUST maintain a list of recipient URIs from which
   permission have been received.  This list is manipulated in the same
   way as described in Section 5 and represents the set of URIs that
   will be accepted if a request containing a URI-list arrives to the
   relay.

   A relay that receives a request-contained URI-list with a URI for
   which the relay has no permissions SHOULD return a 470 (Consent
   Needed) response.  The relay SHOULD add a Permission-Missing header



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   field with the URIs for which the relay has no permissions.

   The following is the augmented Backus-Naur Form (BNF) [6] syntax of
   the Permission-Missing header field.  Some of its elements are
   defined in RFC 3261 [3].


     Permission-Missing  =  "Permission-Missing" HCOLON per-miss-spec
                            *( COMMA per-miss-spec )
     per-miss-spec       =  ( name-addr / addr-spec )
                           *( SEMI generic-param )

   The following is an example of a Permission-Missing header field:


     Permission-Missing:<sip:C@example.com>

   Figure 6 shows a relay that receives a request (1) that contains URIs
   for which the relay does not have permission.  The relay rejects the
   request with a 470 (Consent Needed) response (2).  That response
   contains a Permission-Missing header field with the URIs for which
   there was no permission.


       A@example.com               Relay
             |(1) INVITE             |
             |    B@example.com      |
             |    C@example.com      |
             |---------------------->|
             |(2) 470 Consent Needed |
             |    Permission-Missing: C@example.com
             |<----------------------|
             |(3) ACK                |
             |---------------------->|

   Figure 6: INVITE with a URI list in its body

5.10.  Registrations

   Registrations are a special type of translations.  The user
   registering has a trust relationship with the registrar in its home
   domain.  This is not the case when a user gives any type of
   permissions to a relay in a different domain.

   Traditionally, REGISTER transactions have performed two operations at
   the same time: setting up a translation and authorizing the use of
   that translation.  For example, a user registering its current
   contact URI is giving permission to the registrar to forward traffic



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   sent to the user's AoR (Address of Records) to the registered contact
   URI.  This works fine when the entity registering is the same as the
   one that will be receiving traffic at a later point (e.g., the entity
   receives traffic over the same connection used for the registration
   as described in [8]).  However, this schema creates some potential
   attacks which relate to third-party registrations.

   An attacker binds, via a registration, his or her AoR with the
   contact URI of a victim.  Now, the victim will receive unsolicited
   traffic that was originally addressed to the attacker.

   The process of authorizing a registration is shown in Figure 7.  User
   A performs a third-party registration (1) and receives a 202
   (Accepted) response (2).

   Since the relay does not have permission from 'a@ws123.example.com'
   to perform translations towards that URI, the relay places
   'a@ws123.example.com' in the 'pending' state.  Once
   'a@ws123.example.com' is in the 'Permission Pending' state, the
   registrar needs to ask 'a@ws123.example.com' for permission by
   sending a MESSAGE request (3).

   After receiving the response from the server (2), user A subscribes
   to the Pending Additions event package at the registrar (4).  This
   subscription keeps the user informed about the status of the
   permissions (e.g., granted or denied) the registrar will obtain.  The
   rest of the process is similar to the one described in Section 5.
























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       A@example.com         Registrar      a@ws123.example.com
             |(1) REGISTER       |                   |
             |Contact: a@ws123.example.com           |
             |------------------>|                   |
             |(2) 202 Accepted OK|                   |
             |<------------------|                   |
             |                   |(3) MESSAGE a@ws123.example
             |                   |Permission Document|
             |                   |------------------>|
             |                   |(4) 200 OK         |
             |                   |<------------------|
             |(5) SUBSCRIBE      |                   |
             |Event: pending-additions               |
             |------------------>|                   |
             |(6) 200 OK         |                   |
             |<------------------|                   |
             |(7) NOTIFY         |                   |
             |<------------------|                   |
             |(8) 200 OK         |                   |
             |------------------>|                   |
             |                   |(9) PUBLISH uri-up |
             |                   |<------------------|
             |                   |(10) 200 OK        |
             |                   |------------------>|
             |(11) NOTIFY        |                   |
             |<------------------|                   |
             |(12) 200 OK        |                   |
             |------------------>|                   |

   Figure 7: Registration

   Permission documents generated by registrars are typically very
   general.  For example, in one such document a registrar may ask a
   recipient for permission to forward any request from any sender to
   the recipient's URI.  This is the type of granularity that this
   framework intends to provide for registrations.  Users who want to
   define how incoming requests are treated with a finer granularity
   (e.g., requests from user A should only be accepted between 9:00 and
   11:00) should use other mechanisms such as CPL [15].

   Note that, as indicated previously, user agents using the same
   connection to register and to receive traffic from the registrar, as
   described in [8] do not need to use the mechanism described in this
   section.

   A user agent being registered by a third party may not be able to use
   the SIP Identity or P-Asserted-Identity mechanisms to prove to the
   registrar that the user agent is the owner of the URI being



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   registered (e.g., sip:user@192.0.2.1), which is the recipient URI of
   the translation.  In this case, return routability MUST be used.

5.11.  Relays Generating Traffic towards Recipients

   A relay executing a translation that involves sending a request to a
   URI from which permissions were obtained previously SHOULD add a
   Trigger-Consent header field to the request.  The URI in the Trigger-
   Consent header field MUST have an escaped Refer-To header field
   identifying the recipient of the translation so that a REFER request
   sent to that URI will cause a MESSAGE request to be sent to the
   recipient.

   On receiving a REFER request addressed to the URI a relay placed in a
   Trigger-Consent header field, the relay SHOULD send a MESSAGE request
   to the URI in the Refer-To header field with a permission document.

   The following is the augmented Backus-Naur Form (BNF) [6] syntax of
   the Trigger-Consent header field.  Some of its elements are defined
   in RFC 3261 [3].


     Trigger-Consent     =  "Trigger-Consent" HCOLON trigger-cons-spec
                            *( COMMA trigger-cons-spec )
     trigger-cons-spec   =  ( name-addr / addr-spec )
                           *( SEMI generic-param )

   The following is an example of a Trigger-Consent header field:


     Trigger-Consent:<sip:relay@example.com
                     ?Refer-To=<sip:recipient%40example.net>>


6.  IANA Considerations

   The IANA is requested to add the following new response code to the
   Methods and Response Codes subregistry under the SIP Parameters
   registry.


     Response Code Number:   470
     Default Reason Phrase:  Consent Needed
     Reference:              [RFCxxxx]

   Note to the RFC editor: substitute xxxx with the RFC number of this
   document.




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   The IANA is requested to add the following new SIP header field to
   the Header Fields subregistry under the SIP Parameters registry.


     Header Name:   Trigger-Consent
     Compact Form:  (none)
     Reference:     [RFCxxxx]

   Note to the RFC editor: substitute xxxx with the RFC number of this
   document.

   The IANA is requested to add the following new SIP header field to
   the Header Fields subregistry under the SIP Parameters registry.


     Header Name:   Permission-Missing
     Compact Form:  (none)
     Reference:     [RFCxxxx]

   Note to the RFC editor: substitute xxxx with the RFC number of this
   document.


7.  Security Considerations

   Security has been discussed throughout the whole document.  However,
   there are some issues that deserve special attention.

   The specifications of mechanisms to manipulate translation logic at
   relays usually stress the importance of client authentication and
   authorization.  Having relays authenticate and authorize clients
   manipulating their translation logic keeps unauthorized clients from
   adding recipients to a translation.  However, this does not prevent
   authorized clients to add recipients to a translation without their
   consent.  Additionally, some relays provide web interfaces for any
   client to add new recipients to the translation (e.g., many email
   mailing lists are operated in this way).  In this situation, every
   client is considered authorized to manipulate the translation logic
   at the relay.  This makes the use of this framework even more
   important.  Therefore, it is RECOMMENDED that relays performing
   translations implement this framework.

   As pointed out in Section 5.6.3, when return routability tests are
   used to authenticate recipients granting or denying permissions, the
   URIs used to grant or deny permissions need to be protected from
   attackers.  SIPS URIs provide a good tool to meet this requirement,
   as described in [9].




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   The information provided by the Pending Additions event package can
   be sensitive.  For this reason, as described in [10], relays need to
   use strong means for authentication and information confidentiality.
   SIPS URIs are a good mechanism to meet this requirement.


8.  Acknowledges

   Henning Schulzrinne, Jon Peterson, and Cullen Jennings provided
   useful ideas on this document.


9.  References

9.1.  Normative References

   [1]   Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
         Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [2]   Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L.,
         Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol --
         HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999.

   [3]   Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston, A.,
         Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E. Schooler, "SIP:
         Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261, June 2002.

   [4]   Jennings, C., Peterson, J., and M. Watson, "Private Extensions
         to the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) for Asserted Identity
         within Trusted Networks", RFC 3325, November 2002.

   [5]   Campbell, B., Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Huitema, C., and
         D. Gurle, "Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Extension for
         Instant Messaging", RFC 3428, December 2002.

   [6]   Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
         Specifications: ABNF", RFC 4234, October 2005.

   [7]   Peterson, J. and C. Jennings, "Enhancements for Authenticated
         Identity Management in the Session Initiation  Protocol (SIP)",
         draft-ietf-sip-identity-06 (work in progress), October 2005.

   [8]   Jennings, C. and R. Mahy, "Managing Client Initiated
         Connections in the Session Initiation Protocol  (SIP)",
         draft-ietf-sip-outbound-03 (work in progress), March 2006.

   [9]   Camarillo, G., "A Document Format for Requesting Consent",
         draft-camarillo-sipping-consent-format-01 (work in progress),



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         June 2006.

   [10]  Camarillo, G., "The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Pending
         Additions Event Package",
         draft-camarillo-sipping-pending-additions-00 (work in
         progress), June 2006.

   [11]  Rosenberg, J., "The Extensible Markup Language (XML)
         Configuration Access Protocol (XCAP)",
         draft-ietf-simple-xcap-11 (work in progress), May 2006.

   [12]  Rosenberg, J., "Extensible Markup Language (XML) Formats for
         Representing Resource Lists",
         draft-ietf-simple-xcap-list-usage-05 (work in progress),
         February 2005.

   [13]  Rosenberg, J., "Requirements for Consent-Based Communications
         in the Session Initiation  Protocol (SIP)",
         draft-ietf-sipping-consent-reqs-04 (work in progress),
         January 2006.

   [14]  Camarillo, G. and A. Roach, "Framework and Security
         Considerations for Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)  Uniform
         Resource Identifier (URI)-List Services",
         draft-ietf-sipping-uri-services-05 (work in progress),
         January 2006.

9.2.  Informative References

   [15]  Lennox, J., Wu, X., and H. Schulzrinne, "Call Processing
         Language (CPL): A Language for User Control of Internet
         Telephony Services", RFC 3880, October 2004.



















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Authors' Addresses

   Jonathan Rosenberg
   Cisco Systems
   600 Lanidex Plaza
   Parsippany, NJ  07054
   US

   Phone: +1 973 952-5000
   Email: jdrosen@cisco.com
   URI:   http://www.jdrosen.net


   Gonzalo Camarillo (editor)
   Ericsson
   Hirsalantie 11
   Jorvas  02420
   Finland

   Email: Gonzalo.Camarillo@ericsson.com


   Dean Willis
   Cisco Systems
   2200 E. Pres. George Bush Turnpike
   Richardson, TX  75082
   USA

   Email: dean.willis@softarmor.com






















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