Internet DRAFT - draft-ietf-softwire-lw4over6
draft-ietf-softwire-lw4over6
Softwire Working Group Y. Cui
Internet-Draft Tsinghua University
Intended status: Standards Track Q. Sun
Expires: May 17, 2015 China Telecom
M. Boucadair
France Telecom
T. Tsou
Huawei Technologies
Y. Lee
Comcast
I. Farrer
Deutsche Telekom AG
November 13, 2014
Lightweight 4over6: An Extension to the DS-Lite Architecture
draft-ietf-softwire-lw4over6-13
Abstract
Dual-Stack Lite (RFC 6333) describes an architecture for transporting
IPv4 packets over an IPv6 network. This document specifies an
extension to DS-Lite called Lightweight 4over6 which moves the
Network Address and Port Translation (NAPT) function from the
centralized DS-Lite tunnel concentrator to the tunnel client located
in the Customer Premises Equipment (CPE). This removes the
requirement for a Carrier Grade NAT function in the tunnel
concentrator and reduces the amount of centralized state that must be
held to a per-subscriber level. In order to delegate the NAPT
function and make IPv4 Address sharing possible, port-restricted IPv4
addresses are allocated to the CPEs.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on May 17, 2015.
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Lightweight 4over6 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5. Lightweight B4 Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.1. Lightweight B4 Provisioning with DHCPv6 . . . . . . . . . 7
5.2. Lightweight B4 Data Plane Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.2.1. Fragmentation Behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6. Lightweight AFTR Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.1. Binding Table Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.2. lwAFTR Data Plane Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7. Additional IPv4 address and Port Set Provisioning
Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
8. ICMP Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8.1. ICMPv4 Processing by the lwAFTR . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8.2. ICMPv4 Processing by the lwB4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
9. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
11. Author List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
12. Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
13. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
13.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
13.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1. Introduction
Dual-Stack Lite (DS-Lite, [RFC6333]) defines a model for providing
IPv4 access over an IPv6 network using two well-known technologies:
IP in IP [RFC2473] and Network Address Translation (NAT). The DS-
Lite architecture defines two major functional elements as follows:
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Basic Bridging BroadBand element: A B4 element is a function
implemented on a dual-stack capable
node, either a directly connected
device or a CPE, that creates an
IPv4-in-IPv6 tunnel to an AFTR.
Address Family Transition Router: An AFTR element is the combination
of an IPv4-in-IPv6 tunnel endpoint
and an IPv4-IPv4 NAT implemented on
the same node.
As the AFTR performs the centralized NAT44 function, it dynamically
assigns public IPv4 addresses and ports to requesting host's traffic
(as described in [RFC3022]). To achieve this, the AFTR must
dynamically maintain per-flow state in the form of active NAPT
sessions. For service providers with a large number of B4 clients,
the size and associated costs for scaling the AFTR can quickly become
prohibitive. It can also place a large NAPT logging overhead upon
the service provider in countries where legal requirements mandate
this.
This document describes a mechanism called Lightweight 4 over 6
(lw4o6), which provides a solution for these problems. By relocating
the NAPT functionality from the centralized AFTR to the distributed
B4s, a number of benefits can be realised:
o NAPT44 functionality is already widely supported and used in
today's CPE devices. Lw4o6 uses this to provide private<->public
NAPT44, meaning that the service provider does not need a
centralized NAT44 function.
o The amount of state that must be maintained centrally in the AFTR
can be reduced from per-flow to per-subscriber. This reduces the
amount of resources (memory and processing power) necessary in the
AFTR.
o The reduction of maintained state results in a greatly reduced
logging overhead on the service provider.
Operator's IPv6 and IPv4 addressing architectures remain independent
of each other. Therefore, flexible IPv4/IPv6 addressing schemes can
be deployed.
Lightweight 4over6 is a solution designed specifically for complete
independence between IPv6 subnet prefix and IPv4 address with or
without IPv4 address sharing. This is accomplished by maintaining
state for each softwire (per-subscriber state) in the central lwAFTR
and a hub-and-spoke forwarding architecture. [I-D.ietf-softwire-map]
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also offers these capabilities or, alternatively, allows for a
reduction of the amount of centralized state using rules to express
IPv4/IPv6 address mappings. This introduces an algorithmic
relationship between the IPv6 subnet and IPv4 address. This
relationship also allows the option of direct, meshed connectivity
between users.
The tunneling mechanism remains the same for DS-Lite and Lightweight
4over6. This document describes the changes to DS-Lite that are
necessary to implement Lightweight 4over6. These changes mainly
concern the configuration parameters and provisioning method
necessary for the functional elements.
Lightweight 4over6 features keeping per-subscriber state in the
service provider's network. It is categorized as Binding approach in
[I-D.ietf-softwire-unified-cpe] which defines a unified IPv4-in-IPv6
Softwire CPE.
This document extends the mechanism defined in [RFC7040] by allowing
address sharing. The solution in this document is also a variant of
A+P called Binding Table Mode (see Section 4.4 of [RFC6346]).
This document focuses on architectural considerations and
particularly on the expected behavior of the involved functional
elements and their interfaces. Deployment-specific issues are
discussed in a companion document. As such, discussions about
redundancy and provisioning policy are out of scope.
2. Conventions
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
3. Terminology
The document defines the following terms:
Lightweight 4over6 (lw4o6): An IPv4-over-IPv6 hub and spoke
mechanism, which extends DS-Lite by
moving the IPv4 translation (NAPT44)
function from the AFTR to the B4.
Lightweight B4 (lwB4): A B4 element (Basic Bridging BroadBand
element [RFC6333]), which supports
Lightweight 4over6 extensions. An lwB4
is a function implemented on a dual-
stack capable node, (either a directly
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connected device or a CPE), that
supports port-restricted IPv4 address
allocation, implements NAPT44
functionality and creates a tunnel to
an lwAFTR.
Lightweight AFTR (lwAFTR): An AFTR element (Address Family
Transition Router element [RFC6333]),
which supports Lightweight 4over6
extension. An lwAFTR is an IPv4-in-
IPv6 tunnel endpoint which maintains
per-subscriber address binding only and
does not perform a NAPT44 function.
Restricted Port-Set: A non-overlapping range of allowed
external ports allocated to the lwB4 to
use for NAPT44. Source ports of IPv4
packets sent by the B4 must belong to
the assigned port-set. The port set is
used for all port aware IP protocols
(TCP, UDP, SCTP etc.).
Port-restricted IPv4 Address: A public IPv4 address with a restricted
port-set. In Lightweight 4over6,
multiple B4s may share the same IPv4
address, however, their port-sets must
be non-overlapping.
Throughout the remainder of this document, the terms B4/AFTR should
be understood to refer specifically to a DS-Lite implementation. The
terms lwB4/lwAFTR refer to a Lightweight 4over6 implementation.
4. Lightweight 4over6 Architecture
The Lightweight 4over6 architecture is functionally similar to DS-
Lite. lwB4s and an lwAFTR are connected through an IPv6-enabled
network. Both approaches use an IPv4-in-IPv6 encapsulation scheme to
deliver IPv4 connectivity. The following figure shows the data plane
with the main functional change between DS-Lite and lw4o6:
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+--------+ +---------+ IPv4-in-IPv6 +---------+ +-------------+
|IPv4 LAN|---| B4 |================|AFTR/NAPT|----|IPv4 Internet|
+--------+ +---------+ +---------+ +-------------+
DS-Lite NAPT model: all state in the AFTR
+--------+ +---------+ IPv4-in-IPv6 +------+ +-------------+
|IPv4 LAN|---|lwB4/NAPT|================|lwAFTR|----|IPv4 Internet|
+--------+ +---------+ +------+ +-------------+
LW4over6 NAPT model:
subscriber state in the lwAFTR, NAPT state in lwB4
Figure 1 Comparison of DS-Lite and Lightweight 4over6 Data Plane
There are three main components in the Lightweight 4over6
architecture:
o The lwB4, which performs the NAPT function and encapsulation/de-
capsulation IPv4/IPv6.
o The lwAFTR, which performs the encapsulation/de-capsulation IPv4/
IPv6.
o The provisioning system, which tells the lwB4 which IPv4 address
and port set to use.
The lwB4 differs from a regular B4 in that it now performs the NAPT
functionality. This means that it needs to be provisioned with the
public IPv4 address and port set it is allowed to use. This
information is provided though a provisioning mechanism such as DHCP,
Port Control Protocol (PCP, [RFC6887]) or TR-69.
The lwAFTR needs to know the binding between the IPv6 address of each
subscriber and the IPv4 address and port set allocated to that
subscriber. This information is used to perform ingress filtering
upstream and encapsulation downstream. Note that this is per-
subscriber state as opposed to per-flow state in the regular AFTR
case.
The consequence of this architecture is that the information
maintained by the provisioning mechanism and the one maintained by
the lwAFTR MUST be synchronized (See figure 2). The precise
mechanism whereby this synchronization occurs is out of scope for
this document.
The solution specified in this document allows the assignment of
either a full or a shared IPv4 address to requesting CPEs. [RFC7040]
provides a mechanism for assigning a full IPv4 address only.
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+------------+
/-------|Provisioning|<-----\
| +------------+ |
| |
V V
+--------+ +---------+ IPv4/IPv6 +------+ +-------------+
|IPv4 LAN|---|lwB4/NAPT|==================|lwAFTR|----|IPv4 Internet|
+--------+ +---------+ +------+ +-------------+
Figure 2 Lightweight 4over6 Provisioning Synchronization
5. Lightweight B4 Behavior
5.1. Lightweight B4 Provisioning with DHCPv6
With DS-Lite, the B4 element only needs to be configured with a
single DS-Lite specific parameter so that it can set up the softwire
(the IPv6 address of the AFTR). Its IPv4 address can be taken from
the well-known range 192.0.0.0/29.
In lw4o6, a number of lw4o6 specific configuration parameters must be
provisioned to the lwB4. These are:
o IPv6 Address for the lwAFTR
o IPv4 External (Public) Address for NAPT44
o Restricted port-set to use for NAPT44
o IPv6 Binding Prefix
The lwB4 MUST implement DHCPv6 based configuration using
OPTION_S46_CONT_LW as described in section 5.3 of
[I-D.ietf-softwire-map-dhcp]. This means that the lifetime of the
softwire and the derived configuration information (e.g. IPv4 shared
address, IPv4 address) is bound to the lifetime of the DHCPv6 lease.
If stateful IPv4 configuration or additional IPv4 configuration
information is required, DHCP 4o6 [RFC7341] MUST be used.
Although it would be possible to extend lw4o6 to have more than one
active lw4o6 tunnel configured simultaneously, this document is only
concerned with the use of a single tunnel.
The IPv6 binding prefix field is provisioned so that the CE can
identify the correct prefix to use as the tunnel source. On receipt
of the necessary configuration parameters listed above, the lwB4
performs a longest prefix match between the IPv6 binding prefix and
its currently active IPv6 prefixes. The result forms the subnet to
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be used for sourcing the lw4o6 tunnel. The full /128 address is then
constructed in the same manner as [I-D.ietf-softwire-map].
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Operator Assigned Prefix |
. (64-bits) .
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Zero Padding | IPv4 Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| IPv4 Addr cont. | PSID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 3 Construction of the lw4o6 /128 Prefix
Operator Assigned Prefix: IPv6 prefix allocated to the client. If
the prefix length is less than 64, right padded with
zeros to 64-bits.
Padding: Padding (all zeros)
IPv4 Address: Public IPv4 address allocated to the client
PSID: Port Set ID allocated to the client, left padded with
zeros to 16-bits. If no PSID is provisioned, all
zeros.
In the event that the lwB4's IPv6 encapsulation source address is
changed for any reason (such as the DHCPv6 lease expiring), the
lwB4's dynamic provisioning process MUST be re-initiated. When the
lwB4's public IPv4 address or port set ID is changed for any reason,
the lwB4 MUST flush its NAPT table.
An lwB4 MUST support dynamic port-restricted IPv4 address
provisioning. The port set algorithm for provisioning this is
described in Section 5.1 of [I-D.ietf-softwire-map]. For lw4o6, the
number of a-bits SHOULD be 0, thus allocating a single contiguous
port set to each lwB4.
Provisioning of the lwB4 using DHCPv6 as described here allocates a
single PSID to the client. In the event that the client is
concurrently using all of the provisioned L4 ports it may be unable
to initiate any additional outbound connections. DHCPv6 based
provisioning does not provide a mechanism for the client to request
more L4 port numbers. Other provisioning mechanisms (e.g. PCP based
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provisioning [I-D.ietf-pcp-port-set]) provide this function. Issues
relevant to IP address sharing are discussed in more detail in
[RFC6269].
Unless an lwB4 is being allocated a full IPv4 address, it is
RECOMMENDED that PSIDs containing the system ports (0-1023) are not
allocated to lwB4s. The reserved ports are more likely to be
reserved by middleware, and therefore we recommend that they not be
issued to clients other than as a deliberate assignment.
Section 5.2.2 of [RFC6269] provides analysis of allocating system
ports to clients with IPv4 address sharing.
In the event that the lwB4 receives an ICMPv6 error message (type 1,
code 5) originating from the lwAFTR, the lwB4 interprets this to mean
that no matching entry in the lwAFTR's binding table has been found,
so the IPv4 payload is not being forwarded by the lwAFTR. The lwB4
MAY then re-initiate the dynamic port-restricted provisioning
process. The lwB4's re-initiation policy SHOULD be configurable.
On receipt of such an ICMP error message, the lwB4 MUST validate the
source address to be the same as the lwAFTR address that is
configured. In the event that these addresses do not match, the
lwAFTR MUST discard the ICMP error message.
In order to prevent forged ICMP messages (using the spoofed lwAFTR
address as the source) from being sent to lwB4s, the operator can
implement network ingress filtering as described in [RFC2827].
The DNS considerations described in Section 5.5 and Section 6.4 of
[RFC6333] apply to Lightweight 4over6; lw4o6 implementations MUST
comply with all requirements stated there.
5.2. Lightweight B4 Data Plane Behavior
Several sections of [RFC6333] provide background information on the
B4's data plane functionality and MUST be implemented by the lwB4 as
they are common to both solutions. The relevant sections are:
5.2 Encapsulation Covering encapsulation and de-
capsulation of tunneled traffic
5.3 Fragmentation and Reassembly Covering MTU and fragmentation
considerations (referencing
[RFC2473]).
7.1 Tunneling Covering tunneling and traffic
class mapping between IPv4 and IPv6
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(referencing [RFC2473] and
[RFC2983])
The lwB4 element performs IPv4 address translation (NAPT44) as well
as encapsulation and de-capsulation. It runs standard NAPT44
[RFC3022] using the allocated port-restricted address as its external
IPv4 address and port numbers.
The working flow of the lwB4 is illustrated in figure 4.
+-------------+
| lwB4 |
+--------+ IPv4 |------+------| IPv4-in-IPv6 +----------+
|IPv4 LAN|------->| |Encap.|-------------->|Configured|
| |<-------| NAPT | or |<--------------| lwAFTR |
+--------+ | |Decap.| +----------+
+------+------+
Figure 4 Working Flow of the lwB4
Hosts connected to the customer's network behind the lwB4 source IPv4
packets with an [RFC1918] address. When the lwB4 receives such an
IPv4 packet, it performs a NAPT44 function on the source address and
port by using the public IPv4 address and a port number from the
allocated port-set. Then, it encapsulates the packet with an IPv6
header. The destination IPv6 address is the lwAFTR's IPv6 address
and the source IPv6 address is the lwB4's IPv6 tunnel endpoint
address. Finally, the lwB4 forwards the encapsulated packet to the
configured lwAFTR.
When the lwB4 receives an IPv4-in-IPv6 packet from the lwAFTR, it de-
capsulates the IPv4 packet from the IPv6 packet. Then, it performs
NAPT44 translation on the destination address and port, based on the
available information in its local NAPT44 table.
If the IPv6 source address does not match the configured lwAFTR
address, then the packet MUST be discarded. If the decapsulated IPv4
packet does not match the lwB4's configuration (i.e. invalid
destination IPv4 address or port) then the packet MUST be dropped.
An ICMPv4 error message (type 13 - Communication Administratively
Prohibited) message MAY be sent back to the lwAFTR. The ICMP policy
SHOULD be configurable.
The lwB4 is responsible for performing ALG functions (e.g., SIP,
FTP), and other NAPT traversal mechanisms (e.g., UPnP, NAPT-PMP,
manual binding configuration, PCP) for the internal hosts, if
necessary. This requirement is typical for NAPT44 gateways available
today.
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It is possible that a lwB4 is co-located in a host. In this case,
the functions of NAPT44 and encapsulation/de-capsulation are
implemented inside the host.
5.2.1. Fragmentation Behaviour
For TCP and UDP traffic the NAPT44 implemented in the lwB4 MUST
conform with the behaviour and best current practices documented in
[RFC4787], [RFC5508], and [RFC5382]. If the lwB4 supports DCCP, then
the requirements in [RFC5597] MUST be implemented.
The NAPT44 in the lwB4 MUST implement ICMP message handling behaviour
conforming to the best current practice documented in [RFC5508]. If
the lwB4 receives an ICMP error (for errors detected inside the IPv6
tunnel), the node relays the ICMP error message to the original
source (the lwAFTR). This behaviour SHOULD be implemented conforming
to the section 8 of [RFC2473].
If IPv4 hosts behind different lwB4s sharing the same IPv4 address
send fragments to the same IPv4 destination host outside the
Lightweight 4over6 domain, those hosts may use the same IPv4
fragmentation identifier, resulting in incorrect reassembly of the
fragments at the destination host. Given that the IPv4 fragmentation
identifier is a 16-bit field, it could be used similarly to port
ranges: A lwB4 could rewrite the IPv4 fragmentation identifier to be
within its allocated port-set, if the resulting fragment identifier
space is large enough related to the rate fragments are sent.
However, splitting the identifier space in this fashion would
increase the probability of reassembly collision for all connections
through the lwB4. See also Section 5.3.1 of [RFC6864].
6. Lightweight AFTR Behavior
6.1. Binding Table Maintenance
The lwAFTR maintains an address binding table containing the binding
between the lwB4's IPv6 address, the allocated IPv4 address and
restricted port-set. Unlike the DS-Lite extended binding table
defined in section 6.6 of [RFC6333] which is a 5-tuple NAPT table,
each entry in the Lightweight 4over6 binding table contains the
following 3-tuples:
o IPv6 Address for a single lwB4
o Public IPv4 Address
o Restricted port-set
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The entry has two functions: the IPv6 encapsulation of inbound IPv4
packets destined to the lwB4 and the validation of outbound IPv4-in-
IPv6 packets received from the lwB4 for de-capsulation.
The lwAFTR does not perform NAPT and so does not need session
entries.
The lwAFTR MUST synchronize the binding information with the port-
restricted address provisioning process. If the lwAFTR does not
participate in the port-restricted address provisioning process, the
binding MUST be synchronized through other methods (e.g. out-of-band
static update).
If the lwAFTR participates in the port-restricted provisioning
process, then its binding table MUST be created as part of this
process.
For all provisioning processes, the lifetime of binding table entries
MUST be synchronized with the lifetime of address allocations.
6.2. lwAFTR Data Plane Behavior
Several sections of [RFC6333] provide background information on the
AFTR's data plane functionality and MUST be implemented by the lwAFTR
as they are common to both solutions. The relevant sections are:
6.2 Encapsulation Covering encapsulation and de-
capsulation of tunneled traffic
6.3 Fragmentation and Reassembly Fragmentation and re-assembly
considerations (referencing
[RFC2473])
7.1 Tunneling Covering tunneling and traffic
class mapping between IPv4 and IPv6
(referencing [RFC2473] and
[RFC2983])
When the lwAFTR receives an IPv4-in-IPv6 packet from an lwB4, it de-
capsulates the IPv6 header and verifies the source addresses and port
in the binding table. If both the source IPv4 and IPv6 addresses
match a single entry in the binding table and the source port is in
the allowed port-set for that entry, the lwAFTR forwards the packet
to the IPv4 destination.
If no match is found (e.g., no matching IPv4 address entry, port out
of range, etc.), the lwAFTR MUST discard or implement a policy (such
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as redirection) on the packet. An ICMPv6 type 1, code 5 (source
address failed ingress/egress policy) error message MAY be sent back
to the requesting lwB4. The ICMP policy SHOULD be configurable.
When the lwAFTR receives an inbound IPv4 packet, it uses the IPv4
destination address and port to lookup the destination lwB4's IPv6
address in its binding table. If a match is found, the lwAFTR
encapsulates the IPv4 packet. The source is the lwAFTR's IPv6
address and the destination is the lwB4's IPv6 address from the
matched entry. Then, the lwAFTR forwards the packet to the lwB4
natively over the IPv6 network.
If no match is found, the lwAFTR MUST discard the packet. An ICMPv4
type 3, code 1 (Destination unreachable, host unreachable) error
message MAY be sent back. The ICMP policy SHOULD be configurable.
The lwAFTR MUST support hairpinning of traffic between two lwB4s, by
performing de-capsulation and re-encapsulation of packets from one
lwB4 that need to be sent to another lwB4 associated with the same
AFTR. The hairpinning policy MUST be configurable.
7. Additional IPv4 address and Port Set Provisioning Mechanisms
In addition to the DHCPv6 based mechanism described in section 5.1,
several other IPv4 provisioning protocols have been suggested. These
protocols MAY be implemented. These alternatives include:
o DHCPv4 over DHCPv6: [RFC7341] describes implementing DHCPv4
messages over an IPv6 only service providers network. This
enables leasing of IPv4 addresses and makes DHCPv4 options
available to the DHCPv4-over-DHCPv6 client. An lwB4 MAY implement
[RFC7341] and [I-D.ietf-dhc-dynamic-shared-v4allocation] to
retrieve a shared IPv4 address with a set of ports.
o PCP[RFC6887]: an lwB4 MAY use [I-D.ietf-pcp-port-set] to retrieve
a restricted IPv4 address and a set of ports.
In a Lightweight 4over6 domain, the binding information MUST be
synchronized across the lwB4s, the lwAFTRs and the provisioning
server.
To prevent interworking complexity, it is RECOMMENDED that an
operator uses a single provisioning mechanism / protocol for their
implementation. In the event that more than one provisioning
mechanism / protocol needs to be used (for example during a migration
to a new provisioning mechanism), the operator SHOULD ensure that
each provisioning mechanism has a discrete set of resources (e.g.
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IPv4 address/PSID pools and lwAFTR tunnel addresses and binding
tables).
8. ICMP Processing
For both the lwAFTR and the lwB4, ICMPv6 MUST be handled as described
in [RFC2473].
ICMPv4 does not work in an address sharing environment without
special handling [RFC6269]. Due to the port-set style address
sharing, Lightweight 4over6 requires specific ICMP message handling
not required by DS-Lite.
8.1. ICMPv4 Processing by the lwAFTR
For inbound ICMP messages The following behavior SHOULD be
implemented by the lwAFTR to provide ICMP error handling and basic
remote IPv4 service diagnostics for a port restricted CPE:
1. Check the ICMP Type field.
2. If the ICMP type is set to 0 or 8 (echo reply or request), then
the lwAFTR MUST take the value of the ICMP identifier field as
the source port, and use this value to lookup the binding table
for an encapsulation destination. If a match is found, the
lwAFTR forwards the ICMP packet to the IPv6 address stored in the
entry; otherwise it MUST discard the packet.
3. If the ICMP type field is set to any other value, then the lwAFTR
MUST use the method described in REQ-3 of [RFC5508] to locate the
source port within the transport layer header in ICMP packet's
data field. The destination IPv4 address and source port
extracted from the ICMP packet are then used to make a lookup in
the binding table. If a match is found, it MUST forward the ICMP
reply packet to the IPv6 address stored in the entry; otherwise
it MUST discard the packet.
Otherwise the lwAFTR MUST discard all inbound ICMPv4 messages.
The ICMP policy SHOULD be configurable.
8.2. ICMPv4 Processing by the lwB4
The lwB4 MUST implement the requirements defined in [RFC5508] for
ICMP forwarding. For ICMP echo request packets originating from the
private IPv4 network, the lwB4 SHOULD implement the method described
in [RFC6346] and use an available port from its port-set as the ICMP
Identifier.
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9. Security Considerations
As the port space for a subscriber shrinks due to address sharing,
the randomness for the port numbers of the subscriber is decreased
significantly. This means it is much easier for an attacker to guess
the port number used, which could result in attacks ranging from
throughput reduction to broken connections or data corruption.
The port-set for a subscriber can be a set of contiguous ports or
non-contiguous ports. Contiguous port-sets do not reduce this
threat. However, with non-contiguous port-set (which may be
generated in a pseudo-random way [RFC6431]), the randomness of the
port number is improved, provided that the attacker is outside the
Lightweight 4over6 domain and hence does not know the port-set
generation algorithm.
The lwAFTR MUST rate limit ICMPv6 error messages (see Section 5.1) to
defend against DoS attacks generated by an abuse user.
More considerations about IP address sharing are discussed in
Section 13 of [RFC6269], which is applicable to this solution.
This document describes a number of different protocols which may be
used for the provisioning of lw4o6. In each case, the security
considerations relevant to the provisioning protocol are also
relevant to the provisioning of lw4o6 using that protocol. Lw4o6
does not add any additional provisioning protocol specific security
considerations.
10. IANA Considerations
This document does not include an IANA request.
11. Author List
The following are extended authors who contributed to the effort:
Jianping Wu
Tsinghua University
Department of Computer Science, Tsinghua University
Beijing 100084
P.R.China
Phone: +86-10-62785983
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Email: jianping@cernet.edu.cn
Peng Wu
Tsinghua University
Department of Computer Science, Tsinghua University
Beijing 100084
P.R.China
Phone: +86-10-62785822
Email: pengwu.thu@gmail.com
Qi Sun
Tsinghua University
Beijing 100084
P.R.China
Phone: +86-10-62785822
Email: sunqi@csnet1.cs.tsinghua.edu.cn
Chongfeng Xie
China Telecom
Room 708, No.118, Xizhimennei Street
Beijing 100035
P.R.China
Phone: +86-10-58552116
Email: xiechf@ctbri.com.cn
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Xiaohong Deng
France Telecom
Email: xiaohong.deng@orange.com
Cathy Zhou
Huawei Technologies
Section B, Huawei Industrial Base, Bantian Longgang
Shenzhen 518129
P.R.China
Email: cathyzhou@huawei.com
Alain Durand
Juniper Networks
1194 North Mathilda Avenue
Sunnyvale, CA 94089-1206
USA
Email: adurand@juniper.net
Reinaldo Penno
Cisco Systems, Inc.
170 West Tasman Drive
San Jose, California 95134
USA
Email: repenno@cisco.com
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Axel Clauberg
Deutsche Telekom AG
CTO-ATI
Landgrabenweg 151
Bonn, 53227
Germany
Email: axel.clauberg@telekom.de
Lionel Hoffmann
Bouygues Telecom
TECHNOPOLE
13/15 Avenue du Marechal Juin
Meudon 92360
France
Email: lhoffman@bouyguestelecom.fr
Maoke Chen
FreeBit Co., Ltd.
13F E-space Tower, Maruyama-cho 3-6
Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-0044
Japan
Email: fibrib@gmail.com
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12. Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank Ole Troan, Ralph Droms and Suresh
Krishnan for their comments and feedback.
This document is a merge of three documents:
[I-D.cui-softwire-b4-translated-ds-lite], [I-D.zhou-softwire-b4-nat]
and [I-D.penno-softwire-sdnat].
13. References
13.1. Normative References
[I-D.ietf-softwire-map-dhcp]
Mrugalski, T., Troan, O., Farrer, I., Perreault, S., Dec,
W., Bao, C., leaf.yeh.sdo@gmail.com, l., and X. Deng,
"DHCPv6 Options for configuration of Softwire Address and
Port Mapped Clients", draft-ietf-softwire-map-dhcp-10
(work in progress), November 2014.
[RFC1918] Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, R., Karrenberg, D., Groot, G., and
E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets", BCP
5, RFC 1918, February 1996.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2473] Conta, A. and S. Deering, "Generic Packet Tunneling in
IPv6 Specification", RFC 2473, December 1998.
[RFC4787] Audet, F. and C. Jennings, "Network Address Translation
(NAT) Behavioral Requirements for Unicast UDP", BCP 127,
RFC 4787, January 2007.
[RFC5382] Guha, S., Biswas, K., Ford, B., Sivakumar, S., and P.
Srisuresh, "NAT Behavioral Requirements for TCP", BCP 142,
RFC 5382, October 2008.
[RFC5508] Srisuresh, P., Ford, B., Sivakumar, S., and S. Guha, "NAT
Behavioral Requirements for ICMP", BCP 148, RFC 5508,
April 2009.
[RFC5597] Denis-Courmont, R., "Network Address Translation (NAT)
Behavioral Requirements for the Datagram Congestion
Control Protocol", BCP 150, RFC 5597, September 2009.
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[RFC6333] Durand, A., Droms, R., Woodyatt, J., and Y. Lee, "Dual-
Stack Lite Broadband Deployments Following IPv4
Exhaustion", RFC 6333, August 2011.
13.2. Informative References
[I-D.cui-softwire-b4-translated-ds-lite]
Cui, Y., Sun, Q., Boucadair, M., Tsou, T., Lee, Y., and I.
Farrer, "Lightweight 4over6: An Extension to the DS-Lite
Architecture", draft-cui-softwire-b4-translated-ds-lite-11
(work in progress), February 2013.
[I-D.ietf-dhc-dynamic-shared-v4allocation]
Cui, Y., Qiong, Q., Farrer, I., Lee, Y., Sun, Q., and M.
Boucadair, "Dynamic Allocation of Shared IPv4 Addresses",
draft-ietf-dhc-dynamic-shared-v4allocation-02 (work in
progress), September 2014.
[I-D.ietf-pcp-port-set]
Qiong, Q., Boucadair, M., Sivakumar, S., Zhou, C., Tsou,
T., and S. Perreault, "Port Control Protocol (PCP)
Extension for Port Set Allocation", draft-ietf-pcp-port-
set-07 (work in progress), November 2014.
[I-D.ietf-softwire-map]
Troan, O., Dec, W., Li, X., Bao, C., Matsushima, S.,
Murakami, T., and T. Taylor, "Mapping of Address and Port
with Encapsulation (MAP)", draft-ietf-softwire-map-11
(work in progress), October 2014.
[I-D.ietf-softwire-unified-cpe]
Boucadair, M., Farrer, I., Perreault, S., and S.
Sivakumar, "Unified IPv4-in-IPv6 Softwire CPE", draft-
ietf-softwire-unified-cpe-01 (work in progress), May 2013.
[I-D.penno-softwire-sdnat]
Penno, R., Durand, A., Hoffmann, L., and A. Clauberg,
"Stateless DS-Lite", draft-penno-softwire-sdnat-02 (work
in progress), March 2012.
[I-D.zhou-softwire-b4-nat]
Zhou, C., Boucadair, M., and X. Deng, "NAT offload
extension to Dual-Stack lite", draft-zhou-softwire-
b4-nat-04 (work in progress), October 2011.
[RFC2827] Ferguson, P. and D. Senie, "Network Ingress Filtering:
Defeating Denial of Service Attacks which employ IP Source
Address Spoofing", BCP 38, RFC 2827, May 2000.
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[RFC2983] Black, D., "Differentiated Services and Tunnels", RFC
2983, October 2000.
[RFC3022] Srisuresh, P. and K. Egevang, "Traditional IP Network
Address Translator (Traditional NAT)", RFC 3022, January
2001.
[RFC6269] Ford, M., Boucadair, M., Durand, A., Levis, P., and P.
Roberts, "Issues with IP Address Sharing", RFC 6269, June
2011.
[RFC6346] Bush, R., "The Address plus Port (A+P) Approach to the
IPv4 Address Shortage", RFC 6346, August 2011.
[RFC6431] Boucadair, M., Levis, P., Bajko, G., Savolainen, T., and
T. Tsou, "Huawei Port Range Configuration Options for PPP
IP Control Protocol (IPCP)", RFC 6431, November 2011.
[RFC6864] Touch, J., "Updated Specification of the IPv4 ID Field",
RFC 6864, February 2013.
[RFC6887] Wing, D., Cheshire, S., Boucadair, M., Penno, R., and P.
Selkirk, "Port Control Protocol (PCP)", RFC 6887, April
2013.
[RFC7040] Cui, Y., Wu, J., Wu, P., Vautrin, O., and Y. Lee, "Public
IPv4-over-IPv6 Access Network", RFC 7040, November 2013.
[RFC7341] Sun, Q., Cui, Y., Siodelski, M., Krishnan, S., and I.
Farrer, "DHCPv4-over-DHCPv6 (DHCP 4o6) Transport", RFC
7341, August 2014.
Authors' Addresses
Yong Cui
Tsinghua University
Beijing 100084
P.R.China
Phone: +86-10-62603059
Email: yong@csnet1.cs.tsinghua.edu.cn
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Qiong Sun
China Telecom
Room 708, No.118, Xizhimennei Street
Beijing 100035
P.R.China
Phone: +86-10-58552936
Email: sunqiong@ctbri.com.cn
Mohamed Boucadair
France Telecom
Rennes 35000
France
Email: mohamed.boucadair@orange.com
Tina Tsou
Huawei Technologies
2330 Central Expressway
Santa Clara, CA 95050
USA
Phone: +1-408-330-4424
Email: tena@huawei.com
Yiu L. Lee
Comcast
One Comcast Center
Philadelphia, PA 19103
USA
Email: yiu_lee@cable.comcast.com
Ian Farrer
Deutsche Telekom AG
CTO-ATI, Landgrabenweg 151
Bonn, NRW 53227
Germany
Email: ian.farrer@telekom.de
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