Internet DRAFT - draft-ietf-tsvwg-rfc6040update-shim
draft-ietf-tsvwg-rfc6040update-shim
Transport Area Working Group B. Briscoe
Internet-Draft Independent
Updates: 6040, 2661, 2784, 3931, 4380, 7450 (if 5 December 2023
approved)
Intended status: Standards Track
Expires: 7 June 2024
Propagating Explicit Congestion Notification Across IP Tunnel Headers
Separated by a Shim
draft-ietf-tsvwg-rfc6040update-shim-23
Abstract
RFC 6040 on "Tunnelling of Explicit Congestion Notification" made the
rules for propagation of ECN consistent for all forms of IP in IP
tunnel. This specification updates RFC 6040 to clarify that its
scope includes tunnels where two IP headers are separated by at least
one shim header that is not sufficient on its own for wide area
packet forwarding. It surveys widely deployed IP tunnelling
protocols that use such shim header(s) and updates the specifications
of those that do not mention ECN propagation (that is RFC 2661, RFC
3931, RFC 2784, RFC 4380 and RFC 7450, which respectively specify
L2TPv2, L2TPv3, GRE, Teredo and AMT). This specification also
updates RFC 6040 with configuration requirements needed to make any
legacy tunnel ingress safe.
Status of This Memo
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provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
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This Internet-Draft will expire on 7 June 2024.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2023 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Scope of RFC 6040 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.1. Feasibility of ECN Propagation between Tunnel Headers . . 5
3.2. Desirability of ECN Propagation between Tunnel Headers . 5
4. Making a non-ECN Tunnel Ingress Safe by Configuration . . . . 6
5. ECN Propagation and Fragmentation/Reassembly . . . . . . . . 7
6. IP-in-IP Tunnels with Tightly Coupled Shim Headers . . . . . 8
6.1. Specific Updates to Protocols under IETF Change
Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.1.1. L2TP (v2 and v3) ECN Extension . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.1.2. GRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.1.3. Teredo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.1.4. AMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Comments Solicited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
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1. Introduction
RFC 6040 on "Tunnelling of Explicit Congestion Notification"
[RFC6040] made the rules for propagation of Explicit Congestion
Notification (ECN [RFC3168]) consistent for all forms of IP in IP
tunnel.
A common pattern for many tunnelling protocols is to encapsulate an
inner IP header (v4 or v6) with shim header(s) then an outer IP
header (v4 or v6). Some of these shim headers are designed as
generic encapsulations, so they do not necessarily directly
encapsulate an inner IP header. Instead, they can encapsulate
headers such as link-layer (L2) protocols that in turn often
encapsulate IP.
To clear up confusion, this specification clarifies that the scope of
RFC 6040 includes any IP-in-IP tunnel, including those with shim
header(s) and other encapsulations between the IP headers. Where
necessary, it updates the specifications of the relevant
encapsulation protocols with the specific text necessary to comply
with RFC 6040.
This specification also updates RFC 6040 to state how operators ought
to configure a legacy tunnel ingress to avoid unsafe system
configurations.
2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
This specification uses the terminology defined in RFC 6040
[RFC6040].
3. Scope of RFC 6040
In section 1.1 of RFC 6040, its scope is defined as:
"...ECN field processing at encapsulation and decapsulation for
any IP-in-IP tunnelling, whether IPsec or non-IPsec tunnels. It
applies irrespective of whether IPv4 or IPv6 is used for either
the inner or outer headers. ..."
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This was intended to include cases where shim header(s) sit between
the IP headers. Many tunnelling implementers have interpreted the
scope of RFC 6040 as it was intended, but it is ambiguous.
Therefore, this specification updates RFC 6040 by adding the
following scoping text after the sentences quoted above:
It applies in cases where an outer IP header encapsulates an inner
IP header either directly or indirectly by encapsulating other
headers that in turn encapsulate (or might encapsulate) an inner
IP header.
There is another problem with the scope of RFC 6040. Like many IETF
specifications, RFC 6040 is written as a specification that
implementations can choose to claim compliance with. This means it
does not cover two important cases:
1. those cases where it is infeasible for an implementation to
access an inner IP header when adding or removing an outer IP
header;
2. those implementations that choose not to propagate ECN between IP
headers.
However, the ECN field is a non-optional part of the IP header (v4
and v6). So any implementation that creates an outer IP header has
to give the ECN field some value. There is only one safe value a
tunnel ingress can use if it does not know whether the egress
supports propagation of the ECN field; it has to clear the ECN field
in any outer IP header to 0b00.
However, an RFC has no jurisdiction over implementations that choose
not to comply with it or cannot comply with it, including all those
implementations that predated the RFC. Therefore, it would have been
unreasonable to add such a requirement to RFC 6040. Nonetheless, to
ensure safe propagation of the ECN field over tunnels, it is
reasonable to add requirements on operators, to ensure they configure
their tunnels safely (where possible). Before stating these
configuration requirements in Section 4, the factors that determine
whether propagating ECN is feasible or desirable will be briefly
introduced.
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3.1. Feasibility of ECN Propagation between Tunnel Headers
In many cases shim header(s) and an outer IP header are always added
to (or removed from) an inner IP packet as part of the same
procedure. We call this a tightly coupled shim header. Processing
the shim and outer together is often necessary because the shim(s)
are not sufficient for packet forwarding in their own right; not
unless complemented by an outer header. In these cases it will often
be feasible for an implementation to propagate the ECN field between
the IP headers.
In some cases a tunnel adds an outer IP header and a tightly coupled
shim header to an inner header that is not an IP header, but that in
turn encapsulates an IP header (or might encapsulate an IP header).
For instance an inner Ethernet (or other link layer) header might
encapsulate an inner IP header as its payload. We call this a
tightly coupled shim over an encapsulating header.
Digging to arbitrary depths to find an inner IP header within an
encapsulation is strictly a layering violation so it cannot be a
required behaviour. Nonetheless, some tunnel endpoints already look
within a L2 header for an IP header, for instance to map the Diffserv
codepoint between an encapsulated IP header and an outer IP header
[RFC2983]. In such cases at least, it should be feasible to also
(independently) propagate the ECN field between the same IP headers.
Thus, access to the ECN field within an encapsulating header can be a
useful and benign optimization. The guidelines in section 5 of
[I-D.ietf-tsvwg-ecn-encap-guidelines] give the conditions for this
layering violation to be benign.
3.2. Desirability of ECN Propagation between Tunnel Headers
Developers and network operators are encouraged to implement and
deploy tunnel endpoints compliant with RFC 6040 (as updated by the
present specification) in order to provide the benefits of wider ECN
deployment [RFC8087]. Nonetheless, propagation of ECN between IP
headers, whether separated by shim headers or not, has to be optional
to implement and to use, because:
* Legacy implementations of tunnels without any ECN support already
exist
* A network might be designed so that there is usually no bottleneck
within the tunnel
* If the tunnel endpoints would have to search within an L2 header
to find an encapsulated IP header, it might not be worth the
potential performance hit.
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4. Making a non-ECN Tunnel Ingress Safe by Configuration
Even when no specific attempt has been made to implement propagation
of the ECN field at a tunnel ingress, it ought to be possible for the
operator to render a tunnel ingress safe by configuration. The main
safety concern is to disable (clear to zero) the ECN capability in
the outer IP header at the ingress if the egress of the tunnel does
not implement ECN logic to propagate any ECN markings into the packet
forwarded beyond the tunnel. Otherwise, the non-ECN egress could
discard any ECN marking introduced within the tunnel, which would
break all the ECN-based control loops that regulate the traffic load
over the tunnel.
Therefore this specification updates RFC 6040 by inserting the
following text at the end of section 4.3:
"
Whether or not an ingress implementation claims compliance with
RFC 6040, RFC 4301 or RFC3168, when the outer tunnel header is IP
(v4 or v6), if possible, the ingress MUST be configured to zero
the outer ECN field in any of the following cases:
- if it is known that the tunnel egress does not support any of
the RFCs that define propagation of the ECN field (RFC 6040,
RFC 4301 or the full functionality mode of RFC 3168);
- or if the behaviour of the egress is not known or an egress
with unknown behaviour might be dynamically paired with the
ingress (one way for an operator of a tunnel ingress to
determine the behaviour of an otherwise unknown egress is
described in [decap-test]);
- or if an IP header might be encapsulated within a non-IP header
that the tunnel ingress is encapsulating, but the ingress does
not inspect within the encapsulation.
For the avoidance of doubt, the above only concerns the outer IP
header. The ingress MUST NOT alter the ECN field of the arriving
IP header that will become the inner IP header.
In order that the network operator can comply with the above
safety rules, even if an implementation of a tunnel ingress does
not claim to support RFC 6040, RFC 4301 or the full functionality
mode of RFC 3168:
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- it MUST NOT treat the former ToS octet (IPv4) or the former
Traffic Class octet (IPv6) as a single 8-bit field, as the
resulting linkage of ECN and Diffserv field propagation between
inner and outer is not consistent with the definition of the
6-bit Diffserv field in [RFC2474] and [RFC3260];
- it SHOULD be able to be configured to zero the ECN field of the
outer header.
"
For instance, if a tunnel ingress with no ECN-specific logic had a
configuration capability to refer to the last 2 bits of the old ToS
Byte of the outer (e.g. with a 0x3 mask) and set them to zero, while
also being able to allow the DSCP to be re-mapped independently, that
would be sufficient to satisfy both the above implementation
requirements.
There might be concern that the above "MUST NOT" makes compliant
implementations non-compliant at a stroke. However, by definition it
solely applies to equipment that provides Diffserv configuration.
Any such Diffserv equipment that is configuring treatment of the
former ToS octet (IPv4) or the former Traffic Class octet (IPv6) as a
single 8-bit field must have always been non-compliant with the
definition of the 6-bit Diffserv field in [RFC2474] and [RFC3260].
If a tunnel ingress does not have any ECN logic, copying the ECN
field as a side effect of copying the DSCP is a seriously unsafe bug
that risks breaking the feedback loops that regulate load on a
tunnel.
Zeroing the outer ECN field of all packets in all circumstances would
be safe, but it would not be sufficient to claim compliance with RFC
6040 because it would not meet the aim of introducing ECN support to
tunnels (see Section 4.3 of [RFC6040]).
5. ECN Propagation and Fragmentation/Reassembly
The following requirements update RFC6040, which omitted handling of
the ECN field during fragmentation or reassembly. These changes
might alter how many ECN-marked packets are propagated by a tunnel
that fragments packets, but this would not raise any backward
compatibility issues:
If a tunnel ingress fragments a packet, it MUST set the outer ECN
field of all the fragments to the same value as it would have set if
it had not fragmented the packet.
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Section 5.3 of [RFC3168] specifies ECN requirements for reassembly of
sets of outer fragments into packets (in outer fragmentation, the
fragmentation is visible in the outer header so that the tunnel
egress can reassemble the fragments [I-D.ietf-intarea-tunnels]). The
following two additional requirements apply at a tunnel egress:
* During reassembly of outer fragments, if the ECN fields of the
outer headers being reassembled into a single packet consist of a
mixture of Not-ECT and other ECN codepoints, the packet MUST be
discarded.
* If there is mix of ECT(0) and ECT(1) outer fragments, then the
reassembled packet MUST be set to ECT(1).
Reasoning: Originally [RFC3168] defined ECT(0) and ECT(1) as
equivalent, but RFC 3168 has been updated by [RFC8311] to make
ECT(1) available for congestion marking differences. The rule is
independent of the current experimental use of ECT(1) for L4S
[RFC9331]. The rule is compatible with PCN [RFC6660], which uses
2 levels of congestion severity, with the ranking of severity from
highest to lowest being CE, ECT(1), ECT(0)). The decapsulation
rules in [RFC6040] take a similar approach.
6. IP-in-IP Tunnels with Tightly Coupled Shim Headers
There follows a list of specifications of encapsulations with tightly
coupled shim header(s), in rough chronological order. The list is
confined to standards track or widely deployed protocols. The list
is not necessarily exhaustive so, for the avoidance of doubt, the
scope of RFC 6040 is defined in Section 3 and is not limited to this
list.
* PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) [RFC2637];
* L2TP (Layer 2 Tunnelling Protocol), specifically L2TPv2 [RFC2661]
and L2TPv3 [RFC3931], which not only includes all the L2-specific
specializations of L2TP, but also derivatives such as the Keyed
IPv6 Tunnel [RFC8159];
* GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation) [RFC2784] and NVGRE (Network
Virtualization using GRE) [RFC7637];
* GTP (GPRS Tunnelling Protocol), specifically GTPv1 [GTPv1], GTP v1
User Plane [GTPv1-U], GTP v2 Control Plane [GTPv2-C];
* Teredo [RFC4380];
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* CAPWAP (Control And Provisioning of Wireless Access Points)
[RFC5415];
* LISP (Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol) [RFC9300];
* AMT (Automatic Multicast Tunneling) [RFC7450];
* VXLAN (Virtual eXtensible Local Area Network) [RFC7348] and VXLAN-
GPE [I-D.ietf-nvo3-vxlan-gpe];
* The Network Service Header (NSH [RFC8300]) for Service Function
Chaining (SFC);
* Geneve [RFC8926];
* Direct tunnelling of an IP packet within a UDP/IP datagram (see
Section 3.1.11 of [RFC8085]);
* TCP Encapsulation of IKE and IPsec Packets (see Section 9.5 of
[RFC9329]).
Some of the listed protocols enable encapsulation of a variety of
network layer protocols as inner and/or outer. This specification
applies in the cases where there is an inner and outer IP header as
described in Section 3. Otherwise
[I-D.ietf-tsvwg-ecn-encap-guidelines] gives guidance on how to design
propagation of ECN into other protocols that might encapsulate IP.
Where protocols in the above list need to be updated to specify ECN
propagation and they are under IETF change control, update text is
given in the following subsections. For those not under IETF
control, it is RECOMMENDED that implementations of encapsulation and
decapsulation comply with RFC 6040. It is also RECOMMENDED that
their specifications are updated to add a requirement to comply with
RFC 6040 (as updated by the present document).
PPTP is not under the change control of the IETF, but it has been
documented in an informational RFC [RFC2637]. However, there is no
need for the present specification to update PPTP because L2TP has
been developed as a standardized replacement.
NVGRE is not under the change control of the IETF, but it has been
documented in an informational RFC [RFC7637]. NVGRE is a specific
use-case of GRE (it re-purposes the key field from the initial
specification of GRE [RFC1701] as a Virtual Subnet ID). Therefore
the text that updates GRE in Section 6.1.2 below is also intended to
update NVGRE.
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Although the definition of the various GTP shim headers is under the
control of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), it is hard
to determine whether the 3GPP or the IETF controls standardization of
the _process_ of adding both a GTP and an IP header to an inner IP
header. Nonetheless, the present specification is provided so that
the 3GPP can refer to it from any of its own specifications of GTP
and IP header processing.
The specification of CAPWAP already specifies RFC 3168 ECN
propagation and ECN capability negotiation. Without modification the
CAPWAP specification already interworks with the backward compatible
updates to RFC 3168 in RFC 6040.
LISP made the ECN propagation procedures in RFC 3168 mandatory from
the start. RFC 3168 has since been updated by RFC 6040, but the
changes are backwards compatible so there is still no need for LISP
tunnel endpoints to negotiate their ECN capabilities.
VXLAN is not under the change control of the IETF but it has been
documented in an informational RFC. In contrast, VXLAN-GPE (Generic
Protocol Extension) is being documented under IETF change control.
It is RECOMMENDED that VXLAN and VXLAN-GPE implementations comply
with RFC 6040 when the VXLAN header is inserted between (or removed
from between) IP headers. The authors of any future update to these
specifications are encouraged to add a requirement to comply with RFC
6040 as updated by the present specification.
The Network Service Header (NSH [RFC8300]) has been defined as a
shim-based encapsulation to identify the Service Function Path (SFP)
in the Service Function Chaining (SFC) architecture [RFC7665]. A
proposal has been made for the processing of ECN when handling
transport encapsulation [I-D.ietf-sfc-nsh-ecn-support].
The specification of Geneve already refers to RFC 6040 for ECN
encapsulation.
Section 3.1.11 of RFC 8085 already explains that a tunnel that
encapsulates an IP header within a UDP/IP datagram needs to follow
RFC 6040 when propagating the ECN field between inner and outer IP
headers. Section 3 of the present specification updates RFC 6040 to
clarify that its scope includes cases with a shim header between the
IP headers. So it indirectly updates the scope of RFC 8085 to
include cases with a shim header as well as a UDP header between the
IP headers.
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The requirements in Section 4 update RFC 6040, and hence indirectly
update the UDP usage guidelines in RFC 8085 to add the important but
previously unstated requirement that, if the UDP tunnel egress does
not, or might not, support ECN propagation, a UDP tunnel ingress has
to clear the outer IP ECN field to 0b00, e.g. by configuration.
Section 9.5 of TCP Encapsulation of IKE and IPsec Packets [RFC9329]
already recommends the compatibility mode of RFC 6040 in this case,
because there is not a one-to-one mapping between inner and outer
packets.
6.1. Specific Updates to Protocols under IETF Change Control
6.1.1. L2TP (v2 and v3) ECN Extension
The L2TP terminology used here is defined in [RFC2661] and [RFC3931].
L2TPv3 [RFC3931] is used as a shim header between any packet-switched
network (PSN) header (e.g. IPv4, IPv6, MPLS) and many types of layer
2 (L2) header. The L2TPv3 shim header encapsulates an L2-specific
sub-layer then an L2 header that is likely to contain an inner IP
header (v4 or v6). Then this whole stack of headers can be
encapsulated optionally within an outer UDP header then an outer PSN
header that is typically IP (v4 or v6).
L2TPv2 is used as a shim header between any PSN header and a PPP
header, which is in turn likely to encapsulate an IP header.
Even though these shims are rather fat (particularly in the case of
L2TPv3), they still fit the definition of a tightly coupled shim
header over an encapsulating header (Section 3.1), because all the
headers encapsulating the L2 header are added (or removed) together.
L2TPv2 and L2TPv3 are therefore within the scope of RFC 6040, as
updated by Section 3 above.
Implementation of the ECN extension to L2TPv2 and L2TPv3 defined in
Section 6.1.1.2 below is RECOMMENDED, in order to provide the
benefits of ECN [RFC8087], whenever a node within an L2TP tunnel
becomes the bottleneck for an end-to-end traffic flow.
6.1.1.1. Safe Configuration of a 'Non-ECN' Ingress LCCE
The following text is appended to both Section 5.3 of [RFC2661] and
Section 4.5 of [RFC3931] as an update to the base L2TPv2 and L2TPv3
specifications:
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The operator of an LCCE that does not support the ECN Extension in
Section 6.1.1.2 of [this document] MUST follow the configuration
requirements in Section 4 of [this document] to ensure it clears
the outer IP ECN field to 0b00 when the outer PSN header is IP (v4
or v6).
In particular, for an L2TP Control Connection Endpoint (LCCE)
implementation that does not support the ECN Extension, this means
that configuration of how it propagates the ECN field between inner
and outer IP headers MUST be independent of any configuration of the
Diffserv extension of L2TP [RFC3308].
6.1.1.2. ECN Extension for L2TP (v2 or v3)
When the outer PSN header and the payload inside the L2 header are
both IP (v4 or v6), to comply with RFC 6040, an LCCE will follow the
rules for propagation of the ECN field at ingress and egress in
Section 4 of RFC 6040 [RFC6040].
Before encapsulating any data packets, RFC 6040 requires an ingress
LCCE to check that the egress LCCE supports ECN propagation as
defined in RFC 6040 or one of its compatible predecessors ([RFC4301]
or the full functionality mode of [RFC3168]). If the egress supports
ECN propagation, the ingress LCCE can use the normal mode of
encapsulation (copying the ECN field from inner to outer).
Otherwise, the ingress LCCE has to use compatibility mode [RFC6040]
(clearing the outer IP ECN field to 0b00).
An LCCE can determine the remote LCCE's support for ECN either
statically (by configuration) or by dynamic discovery during setup of
each control connection between the LCCEs, using the ECN Capability
AVP defined in Section 6.1.1.2.1 below.
Where the outer PSN header is some protocol other than IP that
supports ECN, the appropriate ECN propagation specification will need
to be followed, e.g. "Explicit Congestion Marking in MPLS" [RFC5129].
Where no specification exists for ECN propagation by a particular
PSN, [I-D.ietf-tsvwg-ecn-encap-guidelines] gives general guidance on
how to design ECN propagation into a protocol that encapsulates IP.
6.1.1.2.1. ECN Capability AVP for Negotiation between LCCEs
The ECN Capability Attribute-Value Pair (AVP) defined here has
Attribute Type TBD. The AVP has the following format:
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|M|H|0|0|0|0| Length | Vendor ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| TBD |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 1: ECN Capability Attribute Value Pair for L2TP (v2 or v3)
This AVP MAY be present in the following message types: SCCRQ and
SCCRP (Start-Control-Connection-Request and Start-Control-Connection-
Reply). This AVP MAY be hidden (the H-bit set to 0 or 1) and is
optional (M-bit not set). The length (before hiding) of this AVP is
6 octets. The Vendor ID is the IETF Vendor ID of 0.
When an LCCE sends an ECN Capability AVP, it indicates that it
supports ECN propagation. When no ECN Capability AVP is present, it
indicates that the sender does not support ECN propagation.
If an LCCE initiating a control connection supports ECN propagation,
it will send a Start-Control-Connection-Request (SCCRQ) containing an
ECN Capability AVP. If the tunnel terminator supports ECN, it will
return a Start-Control-Connection-Reply (SCCRP) that also includes an
ECN Capability AVP. Then, for any sessions created by that control
connection, both ends of the tunnel can use the normal mode of RFC
6040, i.e. they can copy the IP ECN field from inner to outer when
encapsulating data packets.
If, on the other hand, the tunnel terminator does not support ECN it
will ignore the ECN Capability AVP and send an SCCRP to the tunnel
initiator without an ECN Capability AVP. The tunnel initiator
interprets the absence of the ECN Capability flag in the SCCRP as an
indication that the tunnel terminator is incapable of supporting ECN.
When encapsulating data packets for any sessions created by that
control connection, the tunnel initiator will then use the
compatibility mode of RFC 6040 to clear the ECN field of the outer IP
header to 0b00.
If the tunnel terminator does not support this ECN extension, the
network operator is still expected to configure it to comply with the
safety provisions set out in Section 6.1.1.1 above, when it acts as
an ingress LCCE.
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6.1.2. GRE
The GRE terminology used here is defined in [RFC2784]. GRE is often
used as a tightly coupled shim header between IP headers. Sometimes
the GRE shim header encapsulates an L2 header, which might in turn
encapsulate an IP header. Therefore GRE is within the scope of RFC
6040 as updated by Section 3 above.
Implementation of support for [RFC6040] as updated by the present
specification is RECOMMENDED for GRE tunnel endpoints, in order to
provide the benefits of ECN [RFC8087] whenever a node within a GRE
tunnel becomes the bottleneck for an end-to-end IP traffic flow
tunnelled over GRE using IP as the delivery protocol (outer header).
GRE itself does not support dynamic set-up and configuration of
tunnels. However, control plane protocols such as Next Hop
Resolution Protocol (NHRP) [RFC2332], Mobile IPv4 (MIP4) [RFC5944],
Mobile IPv6 (MIP6) [RFC6275], Proxy Mobile IP (PMIP) [RFC5845] and
IKEv2 [RFC7296] are sometimes used to set up GRE tunnels dynamically.
When these control protocols set up IP-in-IP or IPSec tunnels, it is
likely that the resulting tunnels will propagate the ECN field as
defined in RFC 6040 or one of its compatible predecessors (RFC 4301
or the full functionality mode of RFC 3168). However, if they use a
GRE encapsulation, this presumption is less sound.
Therefore, if the outer delivery protocol is IP (v4 or v6) the
operator is obliged to follow the safe configuration requirements in
Section 4 above. Section 6.1.2.1 below updates the base GRE
specification with this requirement, to emphasize its importance.
Where the delivery protocol is some protocol other than IP that
supports ECN, the appropriate ECN propagation specification will need
to be followed, e.g. Explicit Congestion Marking in MPLS [RFC5129].
Where no specification exists for ECN propagation by a particular
PSN, [I-D.ietf-tsvwg-ecn-encap-guidelines] gives more general
guidance on how to propagate ECN to and from protocols that
encapsulate IP.
6.1.2.1. Safe Configuration of a 'Non-ECN' GRE Ingress
The following text is appended to Section 3 of [RFC2784] as an update
to the base GRE specification:
The operator of a GRE tunnel ingress MUST follow the configuration
requirements in Section 4 of [this document] when the outer
delivery protocol is IP (v4 or v6).
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6.1.3. Teredo
Teredo [RFC4380] provides a way to tunnel IPv6 over an IPv4 network,
with a UDP-based shim header between the two.
For Teredo tunnel endpoints to provide the benefits of ECN, the
Teredo specification would have to be updated to include negotiation
of the ECN capability between Teredo tunnel endpoints. Otherwise it
would be unsafe for a Teredo tunnel ingress to copy the ECN field to
the IPv6 outer.
Those implementations known to the authors at the time of writing do
not support propagation of ECN, but that they do safely zero the ECN
field in the outer IPv6 header. However, the specification does not
mention anything about this.
To make existing Teredo deployments safe, it would be possible to add
ECN capability negotiation to those that are subject to remote OS
update. However, for those implementations not subject to remote OS
update, it will not be feasible to require them to be configured
correctly, because Teredo tunnel endpoints are generally deployed on
hosts.
Therefore, until ECN support is added to the specification of Teredo,
the only feasible further safety precaution available here is to
update the specification of Teredo implementations with the following
text, as a new section 5.1.3:
"5.1.3 Safe 'Non-ECN' Teredo Encapsulation
A Teredo tunnel ingress implementation that does not support ECN
propagation as defined in RFC 6040 or one of its compatible
predecessors (RFC 4301 or the full functionality mode of RFC 3168)
MUST zero the ECN field in the outer IPv6 header."
6.1.4. AMT
Automatic Multicast Tunneling (AMT [RFC7450]) is a tightly coupled
shim header that encapsulates an IP packet and is itself encapsulated
within a UDP/IP datagram. Therefore AMT is within the scope of RFC
6040 as updated by Section 3 above.
Implementation of support for [RFC6040] as updated by the present
specification is RECOMMENDED for AMT tunnel endpoints, in order to
provide the benefits of ECN [RFC8087] whenever a node within an AMT
tunnel becomes the bottleneck for an IP traffic flow tunnelled over
AMT.
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To comply with RFC 6040, an AMT relay and gateway will follow the
rules for propagation of the ECN field at ingress and egress
respectively, as described in Section 4 of RFC 6040 [RFC6040].
Before encapsulating any data packets, RFC 6040 requires an ingress
AMT relay to check that the egress AMT gateway supports ECN
propagation as defined in RFC 6040 or one of its compatible
predecessors (RFC 4301 or the full functionality mode of RFC 3168).
If the egress gateway supports ECN, the ingress relay can use the
normal mode of encapsulation (copying the IP ECN field from inner to
outer). Otherwise, the ingress relay has to use compatibility mode,
which means it has to clear the outer ECN field to zero [RFC6040].
An AMT tunnel is created dynamically (not manually), so the relay
will need to determine the remote gateway's support for ECN using the
ECN capability declaration defined in Section 6.1.4.2 below.
6.1.4.1. Safe Configuration of a 'Non-ECN' Ingress AMT Relay
The following text is appended to Section 4.2.2 of [RFC7450] as an
update to the AMT specification:
The operator of an AMT relay that does not support RFC 6040 or one
of its compatible predecessors (RFC 4301 or the full functionality
mode of RFC 3168) MUST follow the configuration requirements in
Section 4 of [this document] to ensure it clears the outer IP ECN
field to zero.
6.1.4.2. ECN Capability Declaration of an AMT Gateway
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| V=0 |Type=3 | Reserved |E|P| Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Request Nonce |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 2: Updated AMT Request Message Format
Bit 14 of the AMT Request Message counting from 0 (or bit 7 of the
Reserved field counting from 1) is defined here as the AMT Gateway
ECN Capability flag (E), as shown in Figure 2. The definitions of
all other fields in the AMT Request Message are unchanged from RFC
7450.
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When the E flag is set to 1, it indicates that the sender of the
message supports RFC 6040 ECN propagation. When it is cleared to
zero, it indicates the sender of the message does not support RFC
6040 ECN propagation. An AMT gateway "that supports RFC 6040 ECN
propagation" means one that propagates the ECN field to the forwarded
data packet based on the combination of arriving inner and outer ECN
fields, as defined in Section 4 of RFC 6040.
The other bits of the Reserved field remain reserved. They will
continue to be cleared to zero when sent and ignored when either
received or forwarded, as specified in Section 5.1.3.3. of RFC 7450.
An AMT gateway that does not support RFC 6040 MUST NOT set the E flag
of its Request Message to 1.
An AMT gateway that supports RFC 6040 ECN propagation MUST set the E
flag of its Relay Discovery Message to 1.
The action of the corresponding AMT relay that receives a Request
message with the E flag set to 1 depends on whether the relay itself
supports RFC 6040 ECN propagation:
* If the relay supports RFC 6040 ECN propagation, it will store the
ECN capability of the gateway along with its address. Then
whenever it tunnels datagrams towards this gateway, it MUST use
the normal mode of RFC 6040 to propagate the ECN field when
encapsulating datagrams (i.e. it copies the IP ECN field from
inner to outer).
* If the discovered AMT relay does not support RFC 6040 ECN
propagation, it will ignore the E flag in the Reserved field, as
per section 5.1.3.3. of RFC 7450.
If the AMT relay does not support RFC 6040 ECN propagation, the
network operator is still expected to configure it to comply with
the safety provisions set out in Section 6.1.4.1 above.
7. IANA Considerations
IANA is requested to assign the following L2TP Control Message
Attribute Value Pair:
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+================+================+=================+
| Attribute Type | Description | Reference |
+================+================+=================+
| TBD | ECN Capability | [this document] |
+----------------+----------------+-----------------+
Table 1
[TO BE REMOVED: This registration should take place at the following
location: https://www.iana.org/assignments/l2tp-parameters/l2tp-
parameters.xhtml ]
8. Security Considerations
The Security Considerations in [RFC6040] and
[I-D.ietf-tsvwg-ecn-encap-guidelines] apply equally to the scope
defined for the present specification.
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[I-D.ietf-tsvwg-ecn-encap-guidelines]
Briscoe, B. and J. Kaippallimalil, "Guidelines for Adding
Congestion Notification to Protocols that Encapsulate IP",
Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-tsvwg-ecn-
encap-guidelines-21, 10 November 2023,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-tsvwg-
ecn-encap-guidelines-21>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC2474] Nichols, K., Blake, S., Baker, F., and D. Black,
"Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS
Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers", RFC 2474,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2474, December 1998,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2474>.
[RFC2661] Townsley, W., Valencia, A., Rubens, A., Pall, G., Zorn,
G., and B. Palter, "Layer Two Tunneling Protocol "L2TP"",
RFC 2661, DOI 10.17487/RFC2661, August 1999,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2661>.
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[RFC2784] Farinacci, D., Li, T., Hanks, S., Meyer, D., and P.
Traina, "Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC 2784,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2784, March 2000,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2784>.
[RFC3168] Ramakrishnan, K., Floyd, S., and D. Black, "The Addition
of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP",
RFC 3168, DOI 10.17487/RFC3168, September 2001,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3168>.
[RFC3931] Lau, J., Ed., Townsley, M., Ed., and I. Goyret, Ed.,
"Layer Two Tunneling Protocol - Version 3 (L2TPv3)",
RFC 3931, DOI 10.17487/RFC3931, March 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3931>.
[RFC4301] Kent, S. and K. Seo, "Security Architecture for the
Internet Protocol", RFC 4301, DOI 10.17487/RFC4301,
December 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4301>.
[RFC4380] Huitema, C., "Teredo: Tunneling IPv6 over UDP through
Network Address Translations (NATs)", RFC 4380,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4380, February 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4380>.
[RFC5129] Davie, B., Briscoe, B., and J. Tay, "Explicit Congestion
Marking in MPLS", RFC 5129, DOI 10.17487/RFC5129, January
2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5129>.
[RFC6040] Briscoe, B., "Tunnelling of Explicit Congestion
Notification", RFC 6040, DOI 10.17487/RFC6040, November
2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6040>.
[RFC6660] Briscoe, B., Moncaster, T., and M. Menth, "Encoding Three
Pre-Congestion Notification (PCN) States in the IP Header
Using a Single Diffserv Codepoint (DSCP)", RFC 6660,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6660, July 2012,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6660>.
[RFC7450] Bumgardner, G., "Automatic Multicast Tunneling", RFC 7450,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7450, February 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7450>.
9.2. Informative References
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[decap-test]
Briscoe, B., "A Test for IP-ECN Propagation over a
Tunnel", Technical Report, TR-BB-2023-003,
DOI 10.48550/arXiv.2311.16825, November 2023,
<https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.16825>.
[GTPv1] 3GPP, "GPRS Tunnelling Protocol (GTP) across the Gn and Gp
interface", Technical Specification TS 29.060.
[GTPv1-U] 3GPP, "General Packet Radio System (GPRS) Tunnelling
Protocol User Plane (GTPv1-U)", Technical Specification TS
29.281.
[GTPv2-C] 3GPP, "Evolved General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
Tunnelling Protocol for Control plane (GTPv2-C)",
Technical Specification TS 29.274.
[I-D.ietf-intarea-tunnels]
Touch, J. D. and M. Townsley, "IP Tunnels in the Internet
Architecture", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
ietf-intarea-tunnels-13, 26 March 2023,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-intarea-
tunnels-13>.
[I-D.ietf-nvo3-vxlan-gpe]
Maino, F., Kreeger, L., and U. Elzur, "Generic Protocol
Extension for VXLAN (VXLAN-GPE)", Work in Progress,
Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-nvo3-vxlan-gpe-13, 4 November
2023, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-
nvo3-vxlan-gpe-13>.
[I-D.ietf-sfc-nsh-ecn-support]
Eastlake, D. E., Briscoe, B., Zhuang, S., Malis, A. G.,
and X. Wei, "Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) and
Congestion Feedback Using the Network Service Header (NSH)
and IPFIX", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-
sfc-nsh-ecn-support-12, 23 October 2023,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-sfc-nsh-
ecn-support-12>.
[RFC1701] Hanks, S., Li, T., Farinacci, D., and P. Traina, "Generic
Routing Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC 1701,
DOI 10.17487/RFC1701, October 1994,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1701>.
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[RFC2332] Luciani, J., Katz, D., Piscitello, D., Cole, B., and N.
Doraswamy, "NBMA Next Hop Resolution Protocol (NHRP)",
RFC 2332, DOI 10.17487/RFC2332, April 1998,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2332>.
[RFC2637] Hamzeh, K., Pall, G., Verthein, W., Taarud, J., Little,
W., and G. Zorn, "Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
(PPTP)", RFC 2637, DOI 10.17487/RFC2637, July 1999,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2637>.
[RFC2983] Black, D., "Differentiated Services and Tunnels",
RFC 2983, DOI 10.17487/RFC2983, October 2000,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2983>.
[RFC3260] Grossman, D., "New Terminology and Clarifications for
Diffserv", RFC 3260, DOI 10.17487/RFC3260, April 2002,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3260>.
[RFC3308] Calhoun, P., Luo, W., McPherson, D., and K. Peirce, "Layer
Two Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) Differentiated Services
Extension", RFC 3308, DOI 10.17487/RFC3308, November 2002,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3308>.
[RFC5415] Calhoun, P., Ed., Montemurro, M., Ed., and D. Stanley,
Ed., "Control And Provisioning of Wireless Access Points
(CAPWAP) Protocol Specification", RFC 5415,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5415, March 2009,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5415>.
[RFC5845] Muhanna, A., Khalil, M., Gundavelli, S., and K. Leung,
"Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) Key Option for Proxy
Mobile IPv6", RFC 5845, DOI 10.17487/RFC5845, June 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5845>.
[RFC5944] Perkins, C., Ed., "IP Mobility Support for IPv4, Revised",
RFC 5944, DOI 10.17487/RFC5944, November 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5944>.
[RFC6275] Perkins, C., Ed., Johnson, D., and J. Arkko, "Mobility
Support in IPv6", RFC 6275, DOI 10.17487/RFC6275, July
2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6275>.
[RFC7059] Steffann, S., van Beijnum, I., and R. van Rein, "A
Comparison of IPv6-over-IPv4 Tunnel Mechanisms", RFC 7059,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7059, November 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7059>.
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[RFC7296] Kaufman, C., Hoffman, P., Nir, Y., Eronen, P., and T.
Kivinen, "Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2
(IKEv2)", STD 79, RFC 7296, DOI 10.17487/RFC7296, October
2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7296>.
[RFC7348] Mahalingam, M., Dutt, D., Duda, K., Agarwal, P., Kreeger,
L., Sridhar, T., Bursell, M., and C. Wright, "Virtual
eXtensible Local Area Network (VXLAN): A Framework for
Overlaying Virtualized Layer 2 Networks over Layer 3
Networks", RFC 7348, DOI 10.17487/RFC7348, August 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7348>.
[RFC7637] Garg, P., Ed. and Y. Wang, Ed., "NVGRE: Network
Virtualization Using Generic Routing Encapsulation",
RFC 7637, DOI 10.17487/RFC7637, September 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7637>.
[RFC7665] Halpern, J., Ed. and C. Pignataro, Ed., "Service Function
Chaining (SFC) Architecture", RFC 7665,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7665, October 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7665>.
[RFC8085] Eggert, L., Fairhurst, G., and G. Shepherd, "UDP Usage
Guidelines", BCP 145, RFC 8085, DOI 10.17487/RFC8085,
March 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8085>.
[RFC8087] Fairhurst, G. and M. Welzl, "The Benefits of Using
Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN)", RFC 8087,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8087, March 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8087>.
[RFC8159] Konstantynowicz, M., Ed., Heron, G., Ed., Schatzmayr, R.,
and W. Henderickx, "Keyed IPv6 Tunnel", RFC 8159,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8159, May 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8159>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8300] Quinn, P., Ed., Elzur, U., Ed., and C. Pignataro, Ed.,
"Network Service Header (NSH)", RFC 8300,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8300, January 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8300>.
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[RFC8311] Black, D., "Relaxing Restrictions on Explicit Congestion
Notification (ECN) Experimentation", RFC 8311,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8311, January 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8311>.
[RFC8926] Gross, J., Ed., Ganga, I., Ed., and T. Sridhar, Ed.,
"Geneve: Generic Network Virtualization Encapsulation",
RFC 8926, DOI 10.17487/RFC8926, November 2020,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8926>.
[RFC9300] Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Meyer, D., Lewis, D., and A.
Cabellos, Ed., "The Locator/ID Separation Protocol
(LISP)", RFC 9300, DOI 10.17487/RFC9300, October 2022,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9300>.
[RFC9329] Pauly, T. and V. Smyslov, "TCP Encapsulation of Internet
Key Exchange Protocol (IKE) and IPsec Packets", RFC 9329,
DOI 10.17487/RFC9329, November 2022,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9329>.
[RFC9331] De Schepper, K. and B. Briscoe, Ed., "The Explicit
Congestion Notification (ECN) Protocol for Low Latency,
Low Loss, and Scalable Throughput (L4S)", RFC 9331,
DOI 10.17487/RFC9331, January 2023,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9331>.
Comments Solicited
This section is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.
Comments and questions are encouraged and very welcome. They can be
addressed to the IETF Transport Area working group mailing list
<tsvwg@ietf.org>, and/or to the authors.
Acknowledgements
Thanks to Ing-jyh (Inton) Tsang for initial discussions on the need
for ECN propagation in L2TP and its applicability. Thanks also to
Carlos Pignataro, Tom Herbert, Ignacio Goyret, Alia Atlas, Praveen
Balasubramanian, Joe Touch, Mohamed Boucadair, David Black, Jake
Holland, Sri Gundavelli, Gorry Fairhurst and Martin Duke for helpful
advice and comments. "A Comparison of IPv6-over-IPv4 Tunnel
Mechanisms" [RFC7059] helped to identify a number of tunnelling
protocols to include within the scope of this document.
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Bob Briscoe was part-funded by the Research Council of Norway through
the TimeIn project for early drafts, and for final drafts (from -17)
he was funded by Apple Inc. The views expressed here are solely those
of the authors.
Author's Address
Bob Briscoe
Independent
United Kingdom
Email: ietf@bobbriscoe.net
URI: https://bobbriscoe.net/
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